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EE 561 Digital Circuit Design

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EE 561 Digital Circuit Design ECE 5362 Computer Architecture and Design The Ohio State University Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Instructor: Yuan F. Zheng Course Contents • Study computer organization from hardware point of view and basic principles of computer architecture • Topics – Machine program sequencing – Addressing methods – implementation – Processor unit – instruction fetch & execution, hardwired and microprogramming control – I/O – interrupts, DMA Topics (continued) • Memory – caches, virtual memory • ALU – fast adder, subtraction, multiplication • Embedded system • Advanced architecture – pipelining, parallel and array • Machine problems – Study how to implement instruction of a simple computer (use OSIAC – created by Prof. Chuck Klein) – The computer will help learn a great deal for solid understanding of the theory Chapter 1. Basic Structure of Computers (reading pp.1-9, 17-21) • Computer type – Differ in size, cost, computational power, and intended use – Most common: PC workstation; mainframe; supercomputer; microcontroller • Functional units ALU I/O Memory (Input/Output) Control Unit Processor (CPU) Functional Units • Three (five) functional units: - I/O (input, output) - Memory - Processor (arithmetic and logic unit, control unit) • Memory - In the John von Neumann architecture, data and instructions are held in the same physical space called memory - Primary storage – main memory (mostly RAM, some ROM), what is the memory size in most PCs today? - Secondary storage – flash memory, hard drive, DVD (5Gbytes), et Memory (continued) • Fast memory – cache – in CPU or on CPU board – Store data and instructions temporarily brought there for faster access • Technical objective – Large memory for storing large programs and data – Operate at high clock rate – Not all possible – trade off Cache Main memory (RAM) Larger Faster Secondary storage (disc) I/O – Input/Output - Keyboard (I) - Printer (O) - Video terminal – both I/O - Memory mapped I/O - The buffer registers in the I/O devices that held data look like memory to CPU – ALU - Arithmetic and logic unit - Most instructions executed here - Also has registers – temporary storage of frequently used operands Control Unit • Control the processing and storage of data in the computer • It is the “nerve center” of computer • ALU + Control Unit = CPU • “Central Processing Unit” or “Processor” • Controls flow and processing of instruction/data Basic Operation of Computers • Transfer of information among registers/memory • Instructions break into small pieces called microinstructions • Microinstructions involved only register transfer • Register transfer notations – the documentation of computer design Basic Operational Concepts • Look at Fig. 1.2 (page 8) - connections between the processor and the main memory • Exam inside the processor • Besides ALU and control units, we see a set of general purpose registers • 1. PC: Program Counter – holds address of next instruction to be executed In memory ADD A1, B1 PC ADD A2, B1 Connections between the Processor and the Memory Memory Processor- Memory Interface Control PC R0 R1 .. ALU IR Rn-1 n General-Purpose Registers Processor Basic Operational Concepts (continued) 2. IR – Instruction register - holds instruction being executed - Connected to decoder which goes to control unit IR Decoder To Control Unit Basic Operational Concepts (continued) 3. Two memory –communicating registers in the processor-memory interface a) MAR – memory address register – holds address of location to or from which data are transferred b) MDR – memory data register – holds data to be written into or read out of a memory location Note: IR, MAR, and MDR are hidden to programmer 4. R0 – Rn-1 - general purpose register, available to programmer.
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