United States In cooperation with the Department of Mississippi Agricultural Agriculture and Forestry Experiment Soil Survey of Station Natural Attala County, Resources Conservation Service Mississippi

How To Use This Soil Survey

This document provides text and tables that describe the soils in the survey area. A symbol is assigned to each soil. The symbol relates the text and tables to soil maps. The soil maps are available online from the Web Soil Survey (http://websoilsurvey. nrcs.usda.gov/). Select the area for which you would like a soil map using the Area of Interest tab. After defining your area of interest, click on the Soil Map tab to view or print a soil map. Note the map unit symbols on the soil map. Turn to the Contents in this document. The Contents lists the map units by symbol and name and shows the page where each map unit is described. It also shows which tables have data on specific land uses for each detailed soil map unit and lists other sections of this publication that may address your specific needs.

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This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effort of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) has leadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey. Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in 1994. Soil names and descriptions were approved in 1997. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in this publication refer to conditions in the survey area in 1997. This survey was made cooperatively by the Natural Resources Conservation Service and the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station. The survey is part of the technical assistance furnished to the Attala County Soil and Water Conservation District. Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of these maps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If enlarged, maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at a larger scale. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

Cover: The Attala County Courthouse, which is in an area of Tippah silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, eroded.

Additional information about the Nation’s natural resources is available online from the Natural Resources Conservation Service at http://www.nrcs.usda.gov. iii

Contents

How To Use This Soil Survey ...... i 44D3—Providence silt loam, 8 to 15 percent Foreword ...... v slopes, severely eroded ...... 45 General Nature of the County ...... 2 48A—Stough loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 47 How This Survey Was Made ...... 2 50B2—Tippah silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, General Soil Map Units ...... 5 eroded ...... 48 1. Oaklimeter-Chenneby-Gillsburg ...... 5 50D2—Tippah silt loam, 5 to 15 percent 2. Kirkville-Mantachie-Gillsburg ...... 6 slopes, eroded ...... 50 3. Kinston-Mantachie ...... 7 51C2—Ora loam, 5 to 8 percent slopes, 4. Rosebloom-Arkabutla...... 7 eroded ...... 51 5. Calloway-Grenada-Deerford ...... 8 51D2—Ora loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, 6. Providence-Smithdale-Grenada ...... 9 eroded ...... 53 7. Tippah-Providence ...... 10 53C2—Sweatman loam, 5 to 8 percent 8. Smithdale-Providence-Sweatman ...... 11 slopes, eroded ...... 54 9. Smithdale-Providence-Ora ...... 12 53D2—Sweatman loam, 8 to 15 percent 10. Smithdale-Sweatman ...... 12 slopes, eroded ...... 56 Detailed Soil Map Units ...... 15 60D2—Smithdale-Sweatman complex, 8 to 15 2—Oaklimeter silt loam, occasionally percent slopes, eroded ...... 57 flooded ...... 16 60F2—Smithdale-Sweatman complex, 15 to 3—Chenneby silt loam, frequently flooded ...... 17 35 percent slopes, eroded ...... 59 4—Kirkville loam, occasionally flooded ...... 19 70—Smithdale-Udorthents complex, gullied ...... 61 5—Ariel silt loam, occasionally flooded ...... 20 80A—Calhoun silt loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes ... 63 6—Gillsburg silt loam, occasionally flooded ...... 22 Prime Farmland ...... 65 8—Mantachie loam, occasionally flooded ...... 23 Use and Management of the Soils ...... 67 9—Mantachie loam, frequently flooded ...... 25 Crops and Pasture ...... 67 10—Rosebloom-Arkabutla association, Woodland Management and Productivity ...... 68 frequently flooded ...... 26 Woodland Understory Vegetation ...... 69 11—Kinston loam, frequently flooded ...... 28 Recreation ...... 70 12—Rosebloom silt loam, ponded ...... 29 Wildlife Habitat ...... 70 14—Chenneby-Rosebloom complex, Engineering ...... 72 frequently flooded ...... 30 Building Site Development ...... 73 32D—Smithdale fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 Sanitary Facilities ...... 73 percent slopes ...... 31 Construction Materials ...... 74 32F—Smithdale fine sandy loam, 15 to 40 Water Management ...... 76 percent slopes ...... 33 Soil Properties ...... 77 40B2—Grenada silt loam, 1 to 3 percent Engineering Index Properties ...... 77 slopes, eroded ...... 35 Physical and Chemical Properties ...... 78 41A—Calloway silt loam, 0 to 2 percent Soil and Water Features ...... 79 slopes ...... 37 Classification of the Soils ...... 81 42A—Bude silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 38 Soil Series and Their Morphology ...... 81 43A—Calloway and Deerford soils, 0 to 2 Ariel Series ...... 81 percent slopes ...... 40 Arkabutla Series ...... 82 44B2—Providence silt loam, 2 to 5 percent Bude Series...... 83 slopes, eroded ...... 42 Calhoun Series ...... 85 44C2—Providence silt loam, 5 to 8 percent Calloway Series ...... 86 slopes, eroded ...... 44 Chenneby Series ...... 87 iv

Deerford Series ...... 88 References ...... 107 Gillsburg Series ...... 89 Glossary ...... 109 Grenada Series ...... 90 Tables ...... 123 Kinston Series ...... 92 Table 1.—Temperature and Precipitation ...... 124 Kirkville Series...... 92 Table 2.—Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall...... 125 Mantachie Series ...... 93 Table 3.—Growing Season ...... 125 Oaklimeter Series ...... 94 Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent Ora Series ...... 95 of the Soils ...... 126 Providence Series ...... 96 Table 5.—Land Capability Classes and Yields Rosebloom Series ...... 97 per Acre of Crops and Pasture ...... 127 Smithdale Series ...... 98 Table 6.—Woodland Management and Stough Series...... 99 Productivity ...... 129 Sweatman Series ...... 100 Table 7.—Woodland Understory Vegetation ..... 133 Tippah Series ...... 101 Table 8.—Recreational Development ...... 136 Formation of the Soils ...... 103 Table 9.—Wildlife Habitat ...... 139 Factors of Soil Formation ...... 103 Table 10.—Building Site Development ...... 141 Climate...... 103 Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities ...... 144 Plant and Animal Life ...... 103 Table 12.—Construction Materials ...... 147 Parent Material ...... 103 Table 13.—Water Management ...... 150 Relief...... 104 Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties ...... 154 Time ...... 104 Table 15.—Physical and Chemical Properties Processes of Horizon Differentiation ...... 104 of the Soils ...... 158 Geology ...... 104 Table 16.—Soil and Water Features ...... 160 Water Resources ...... 106 Table 17.—Classification of the Soils ...... 162

Issued 2003 v

Foreword

This soil survey contains information that affects land use planning in this survey area. It contains predictions of soil behavior for selected land uses. The survey also highlights soil limitations, improvements needed to overcome the limitations, and the impact of selected land uses on the environment. This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, ranchers, foresters, and agronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the management needed for maximum food and fiber production. Planners, community officials, engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers can use the survey to plan land use, select sites for construction, and identify special practices needed to ensure proper performance. Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, wildlife management, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the survey to help them understand, protect, and enhance the environment. Various land use regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may impose special restrictions on land use or land treatment. The information in this report is intended to identify soil properties that are used in making various land use or land treatment decisions. Statements made in this report are intended to help the land users identify and reduce the effects of soil limitations on various land uses. The landowner or user is responsible for identifying and complying with existing laws and regulations. Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are too unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are poorly suited to use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorly suited to basements or underground installations. These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this soil survey. Broad areas of soils are shown on the general soil map. The location of each soil is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey area is described. Information on specific uses is given for each soil. Help in using this publication and additional information are available at the local office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service or the Cooperative Extension Service.

Homer L. Wilkes State Conservationist Natural Resources Conservation Service

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Soil Survey of Attala County, Mississippi

By Paul R. Brass

Fieldwork by Paul R. Brass, Willie L. Green, Robert W. Wimbish, Ricky G. Cox, and James W. McMullen

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, in cooperation with the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station

ATTALA COUNTY is in the central part of the state (fig. 1). It has an area of about 737 square miles, or 471,900 acres. Included in this figure are lakes smaller than 40 acres in size and streams less than one- eighth mile in width. Kosciusko, the county seat, had a population of 6,986 in 1990. It is in the south-central part of the county. In 1990, the population of the county was 18,481. 1 The county is about 22 /2 miles from east to west on the northern border and about 34 miles from east to west in the southern part of the county. It is 24 miles long from north to south on the east side and is as much as 32 miles long on the west side along the Big Black River. It is bordered by Holmes County to the west; Carroll, Montgomery, and Choctaw Counties to the north; Choctaw and Winston Counties to the east; and Madison and JACKSON Leake Counties to the south. Attala County is drained by three main stream systems. The Big Black River is along the western border of the county. Along with its tributaries, it drains over 60 percent of the county, including the southwestern and north-central parts. The Yockanookany River and its tributaries drain about 30 percent of the county, including the northeastern, central, and south-central parts. Lobutcha Creek is in the southeastern part of the county. Along with its tributaries, it drains about 10 percent of the county. About 30 percent of the land area of the county is flood plains along rivers, creeks, and streams. About 2 percent is stream terraces. About 68 percent is uplands that have a dendritic drainage pattern. The upland ridges are nearly level to moderately sloping, Figure 1.—Location of Attala County in Mississippi. 2 Soil Survey

and the hillsides are mainly strongly sloping to very average at dawn is about 90 percent. The sun shines steep. 69 percent of the time possible in summer and 53 In 1997, about 390,000 acres, or 83 percent of the percent in winter. The prevailing wind is from the south. county, was used as commercial timberland and was Average windspeed is highest, 9.2 miles per hour, in owned by private landowners and forestry companies; March. about 25,000 acres, or 5 percent of the county, was used as pasture and hayland; and about 10,000 acres, Agriculture or 2 percent of the county, was used to produce corn, cotton, and soybeans. In 1900, about 150,341 acres, or 32 percent of the land area in Attala County, was used for cultivated crops and pasture (Rowland, 1907). In 1997, the General Nature of the County acreage of cultivated crops and pasture had dropped to 35,000 acres, or 7 percent of the land area. The Climate land that was taken out production of crops and forage was converted back to woodland (USDA–SCS, 1987). Table 1 gives data on temperature and precipitation Today, the agriculture-related industries in the for the survey area as recorded at Kosciusko in the county include 1 hardwood timber mill, 3 poultry period 1961 to 1987. Table 2 shows probable dates of producers with 12 chicken houses, and 1 dairy the first freeze in fall and the last freeze in spring. producer. Table 3 provides data on length of the growing season. In winter, the average temperature is 45.3 degrees History F and the average daily minimum temperature is 31.7 degrees. The lowest temperature on record, which Attala County was established on December 23, occurred at Kosciusko on February 3, 1951, is -4 1833. It was one of the 16 counties carved from the degrees. In summer, the average temperature is 70.4 territory ceded by the Choctaw Nation to the United degrees and the average daily maximum temperature States in 1830 by the treaty of “Dancing Rabbit.” The is 89.9 degrees. The highest recorded temperature, name Attala is said to be derived from Atala, the which occurred at Kosciusko on July 25, 1952, is 107 heroine of an Indian romance by Chateaubriand. degrees. Kosciusko, first known as Red Bud Springs, is the Growing degree days are shown in table 1. They county seat in Attala County. It was, and still is, an are equivalent to “heat units.” During the month, important trading center for central Mississippi. growing degree days accumulate by the amount that Kosciusko was named by an early pioneer, William D. the average temperature each day exceeds a base Dodd, who was the first representative of Attala temperature (40 degrees F). The normal monthly County in the State Legislative. He named the county accumulation is used to schedule single or successive after Tadeusz Kosciuszko, a Revolutionary War plantings of a crop between the last freeze in spring General from Poland. In the 1830s, the businesses in and the first freeze in fall. Kosciusko consisted of a tavern and a blacksmith The total annual precipitation is about 59 inches. Of shop. These businesses served people who traveled this, 30.6 inches, or 25 percent, usually falls in April up and down the Natchez Trace Trail. In the 1800s, the through September. The growing season for most towns of Attalaville, Valena, Burkettsville, and Bluff crops falls within this period. In 2 years out of 10, the Springs sprang up in the county. They were rainfall in April through October is less than 14 inches. abandoned before 1900. Other small towns in the The heaviest 1-day rainfall during the period of record county were Ethel, McCool, and Sallis. was 8.1 inches at Kosciusko on March 28, 1951. Thunderstorms occur on about 63 days each year, How This Survey Was Made and most occur in July. The average seasonal snowfall is about 1.3 inches. This survey was made to provide information about The greatest snow depth at any one time during the the soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey area. period of record was 7 inches on March 23, 1968. In The information includes a description of the soils and most years, no days have at least 1 inch of snow on miscellaneous areas and their location and a the ground. The number of such days varies greatly discussion of their suitability, limitations, and from year to year. management for specified uses. Soil scientists The average relative humidity in midafternoon is observed the steepness, length, and shape of the about 57 percent. Humidity is higher at night, and the slopes; the general pattern of drainage; and the kinds Attala County, Mississippi 3

of crops and native plants. They dug many holes to laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. Soil study the soil profile, which is the sequence of natural scientists interpret the data from these analyses and layers, or horizons, in a soil. The profile extends from tests as well as the field-observed characteristics and the surface down into the unconsolidated material in the soil properties to determine the expected behavior which the soil formed. The unconsolidated material is of the soils under different uses. Interpretations for all devoid of roots and other living organisms and has not of the soils are field tested through observation of the been changed by other biological activity. soils in different uses and under different levels of The soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey management. Some interpretations are modified to fit area are in an orderly pattern that is related to the local conditions, and some new interpretations are geology, landforms, relief, climate, and natural developed to meet local needs. Data are assembled vegetation of the area. Each kind of soil and from other sources, such as research information, miscellaneous area is associated with a particular kind production records, and field experience of specialists. of landform or with a segment of the landform. By For example, data on crop yields under defined levels observing the soils and miscellaneous areas in the of management are assembled from farm records and survey area and relating their position to specific from field or plot experiments on the same kinds of segments of the landform, a soil scientist develops a soil. concept or model of how they were formed. Thus, Predictions about soil behavior are based not only during mapping, this model enables the soil scientist on soil properties but also on such variables as to predict with a considerable degree of accuracy the climate and biological activity. Soil conditions are kind of soil or miscellaneous area at a specific location predictable over long periods of time, but they are not on the landscape. predictable from year to year. For example, soil Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge scientists can predict with a fairly high degree of into one another as their characteristics gradually accuracy that a given soil will have a high water table change. To construct an accurate soil map, however, within certain depths in most years, but they cannot soil scientists must determine the boundaries between predict that a high water table will always be at a the soils. They can observe only a limited number of specific level in the soil on a specific date (Federal soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations, Register, 1995). supplemented by an understanding of the soil- After soil scientists located and identified the vegetation-landscape relationship, are sufficient to significant natural bodies of soil in the survey area, verify predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial determine the boundaries. photographs and identified each as a specific map Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the unit. Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields, soil profiles that they studied. They noted soil color, roads, and rivers, all of which help in locating texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and boundaries accurately. amount of rock fragments, distribution of plant roots, reaction, and other features that enable them to Confidence Limits of Soil Survey identify soils. After describing the soils in the survey Information area and determining their properties, the soil scientists assigned the soils to taxonomic classes The statements about soil behavior in this survey (units). Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each can be thought of in terms of probability. They are taxonomic class has a set of soil characteristics with predictions of soil behavior. The behavior of a soil precisely defined limits. The classes are used as a depends not only on its own properties, but on basis for comparison to classify soils systematically. responses to such variables as climate and biological Soil taxonomy, the system of taxonomic classification activity. Soil conditions are predictable for the long used in the United States, is based mainly on the kind term, but they are unpredictable from year to year. For and character of soil properties and the arrangement example, while a soil scientist can state that a given of horizons within the profile. After the soil scientists soil has a high water table in most years, he cannot classified and named the soils in the survey area, they say with certainty that the water table will be present compared the individual soils with similar soils in the next year. same taxonomic class in other areas so that they Confidence limits are statistical expressions of the could confirm data and assemble additional data probability that the composition of a map unit or a based on experience and research. property of the soil will vary within prescribed limits. While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some Confidence limits can be assigned numerical values of the soils in the area generally are collected for based on a random sample. In the absence of specific 4

data to determine confidence limits, the natural Specific confidence limits for the composition of variability of soils and the way soil surveys are made soil associations and soil complexes in Attala must be considered. The composition of map units and County were determined by taking samples from other information is derived largely from extrapolations random transects made across mapped areas. Soil made from a small sample. The map units contain scientists made enough transects and took enough contrasting inclusions. Also, information about the soils samples to characterize each map unit at an 80 does not extend below a depth of 6 to 7 feet. The percent confidence level. For example, in 80 information presented in the soil survey is not meant percent of the areas mapped as Chenneby- to be used as a substitute for onsite investigations. Soil Rosebloom complex, frequently flooded, the survey information can be used to select from among percentage of each soil is within the range given in alternative practices or general designs that may be the map unit description. In as many as 20 percent needed to minimize the possibility of soil-related of the areas of this map unit, the percentage of failures. Onsite investigation is needed to interpret each soil may be either higher or lower than the specific points on the landscape. given range. 5

General Soil Map Units

The general soil map in this publication shows Landscape: Coastal Plain broad areas that have a distinctive pattern of soils, Landform: Flood plains relief, and drainage. Each map unit on the general soil Landform position: Flat or slightly concave slopes map is a unique natural landscape. Typically, it Slope: 0 to 2 percent consists of one or more major soils or miscellaneous Composition areas and some minor soils or miscellaneous areas. It is named for the major soils or miscellaneous areas. Percent of the survey area: 8 percent The components of one map unit can occur in another Oaklimeter soils: 53 percent but in a different pattern. Chenneby soils: 20 percent The general soil map can be used to compare the Gillsburg soils: 18 percent suitability of large areas for general land uses. Areas Minor soils: 9 percent, including Ariel, Bude, of suitable soils can be identified on the map. Likewise, Calloway, and Rosebloom soils areas where the soils are not suitable can be identified. Because of its small scale, the map is not suitable Soil Characteristics for planning the management of a farm or field or for Oaklimeter selecting a site for a road or building or other structure. Surface layer: Brown silt loam The soils in any one map unit differ from place to place Subsoil: Upper part—dark yellowish brown silt loam in slope, depth, drainage, and other characteristics that has grayish brown and yellowish brown that affect management. mottles; next part—light brownish gray and dark Limitations for cultivated crops, pasture and hay, yellowish brown silt loam; lower part—mottled light woodland, and urban uses are listed for each map brownish gray, yellowish brown, and dark unit. Cultivated crops are those grown extensively in yellowish brown silt loam the survey area. Pasture and hay refer to improved, Depth class: Very deep locally grown grasses and legumes. Woodland refers Drainage class: Moderately well drained 1 to areas of native or introduced trees. Urban uses Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1 /2 1 include residential, commercial, and industrial to 2 /2 feet from December through April developments. Slope: 0 to 2 percent The boundaries of the general soil map units in Parent material: Silty alluvium Attala County were matched with those of the Chenneby completed surveys of Carroll, Choctaw, Holmes, Surface layer: Brown silt loam Madison, Montgomery, and Winston Counties. In a few Subsoil: Upper part—brown silt loam that has pale areas, however, the names of the map units differ. brown and light brownish gray mottles; lower These differences result mainly because of changes in part—light brownish gray silt loam that has brown soil series concepts, differences in map unit design, mottles and changes in soil patterns near survey area Substratum: Gray silty clay loam that has light olive boundaries. brown mottles Depth class: Very deep 1. Oaklimeter-Chenneby-Gillsburg Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1 to Nearly level, moderately well drained and somewhat 1 2 /2 feet from December through April poorly drained, silty soils; on flood plains Slope: 0 to 2 percent Setting Parent material: Silty alluvium Location in the survey area: Western part of the Gillsburg county along the Big Black River Surface layer: Brown silt loam 6 Soil Survey

Subsoil: Upper part—mottled dark yellowish brown, Kirkville soils: 42 percent light brownish gray, and gray silt loam; next part— Mantachie soils: 31 percent light gray and gray silt loam that has brown Gillsburg soils: 24 percent mottles; lower part—grayish brown and yellowish Minor soils: 3 percent, including Ariel, Arkabutla, brown silty clay loam that has dark yellowish Kinston, and Stough soils brown and gray mottles Depth class: Very deep Soil Characteristics Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Kirkville Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1 to Surface layer: Brown loam that has grayish brown 2 feet from December through April mottles Slope: 0 to 2 percent Subsurface layer: Brown loam Parent material: Silty alluvium Subsoil: Upper part—brown fine sandy loam that has grayish brown mottles; next part—mottled Minor soils brown, dark yellowish brown, and light brownish • The well drained Ariel soils on high parts of natural gray fine sandy loam; lower part—grayish brown levees fine sandy loam that has yellowish brown • The somewhat poorly drained Bude and Calloway mottles soils in the higher positions on terraces Substratum: Mottled strong brown, yellowish brown, • The poorly drained Rosebloom soils in depressions grayish brown, and pale brown loam and sloughs Depth class: Very deep Use and Management Drainage class: Moderately well drained 1 Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1 /2 Major uses: Cultivated crops, pasture, and hayland 1 to 2 /2 feet from December through April Cropland Slope: 0 to 2 percent Management concerns: Wetness and flooding Parent material: Loamy alluvium Pasture and hayland Mantachie Management concerns: Wetness and flooding Surface layer: Brown loam that has gray mottles Subsoil: Upper part—mottled brown, yellowish brown, Woodland and gray sandy clay loam; lower part—gray sandy Management concerns: Equipment use, seedling clay loam that has brown mottles mortality, and plant competition Depth class: Very deep Urban development Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Management concerns: Wetness and flooding Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1 to 1 1 /2 feet from December through April Slope: 0 to 2 percent 2. Kirkville-Mantachie-Gillsburg Parent material: Loamy alluvium Nearly level, moderately well drained and somewhat Gillsburg poorly drained, loamy soils and somewhat poorly Surface layer: Brown silt loam drained, silty soils; on flood plains Subsoil: Upper part—mottled dark yellowish brown, light brownish gray, and gray silt loam; next part— Setting light gray and gray silt loam that has brown mottles; lower part—grayish brown and yellowish Location in the survey area: Western, central, brown silty clay loam that has dark yellowish southern, and eastern parts of the county brown and gray mottles Landscape: Coastal Plain Depth class: Very deep Landform: Flood plains Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Landform position: Kirkville—slightly convex slopes on Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1 to high parts of natural levees; Mantachie and 2 feet from December through April Gillsburg—flat or slightly concave slopes in the Slope: 0 to 2 percent lower positions Parent material: Silty alluvium Slope: 0 to 2 percent Minor soils Composition • The poorly drained Kinston soils in depressions and Percent of the survey area: 9 percent sloughs Attala County, Mississippi 7

• The well drained Ariel soils in positions similar to Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at the surface to those of the Kirkville soils a depth of 1 foot from December through April • The somewhat poorly drained Arkabutla soils in Slope: 0 to 2 percent positions similar to those of the Mantachie soils Parent material: Stratified loamy and sandy recent • The somewhat poorly drained Stough soils in the alluvium higher positions on terraces Mantachie Surface layer: Brown loam that has gray mottles Use and Management Subsoil: Upper part—mottled brown, yellowish brown, Major uses: Cultivated crops, pasture, and hayland and gray sandy clay loam; lower part—gray sandy clay loam that has brown mottles Cropland Depth class: Very deep Management concerns: Wetness and flooding Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Pasture and hayland Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1 to 1 Management concerns: Wetness and flooding 1 /2 feet from December through April Slope: 0 to 2 percent Woodland Parent material: Loamy alluvium Management concerns: Equipment use, seedling mortality, and plant competition Minor soils • The well drained Ariel and moderately well drained Urban development Kirkville soils on high parts of natural levees Management concerns: Wetness and flooding • The somewhat poorly drained Stough soils in the higher positions on terraces 3. Kinston-Mantachie Use and Management Nearly level, poorly drained and somewhat poorly Major uses: Cultivated crops and pasture in drained, loamy soils; on flood plains occasionally flooded areas and woodland in frequently flooded areas Setting Cropland Location in the survey area: Northeastern and Management concerns: Wetness and flooding southeastern parts of the county Pasture and hayland Landscape: Coastal Plain Management concerns: Wetness and flooding Landform: Flood plains Landform position: Kinston—flat or concave positions; Woodland Mantachie—flat or slightly convex slopes Management concerns: Equipment use, seedling Slope: 0 to 2 percent mortality, and plant competition Composition Urban development Management concerns: Wetness and flooding Percent of the survey area: 7 percent Kinston soils: 50 percent Mantachie soils: 34 percent 4. Rosebloom-Arkabutla Minor soils: 16 percent, including Ariel, Kirkville, Depressional and nearly level, poorly drained and and Stough soils somewhat poorly drained, silty soils; on flood plains Soil Characteristics Setting Kinston Surface layer: Dark grayish brown loam Location in the survey area: Northeastern, central, and Subsurface layer: Light brownish gray loam that has south-central parts of the county brown mottles Landscape: Coastal Plain Underlying material: Upper part—gray loam and clay Landform: Flood plains loam having brown mottles; lower part—gray Landform position: Rosebloom—flat to concave sandy clay loam that has brown mottles slopes; Arkabutla—convex to slightly concave Depth class: Very deep slopes Drainage class: Poorly drained Slope: 0 to 2 percent 8 Soil Survey

Composition Urban development Management concerns: Flooding and wetness Percent of the survey area: 6 percent Rosebloom soils: 65 percent Arkabutla soils: 25 percent 5. Calloway-Grenada-Deerford Minor soils: 10 percent, including Ariel, Gillsburg, Nearly level and very gently sloping, somewhat poorly Mantachie, Oaklimeter, and Stough soils drained and moderately well drained, silty soils; on Soil Characteristics stream terraces Rosebloom Setting Surface layer: Dark grayish brown silt loam that has gray mottles Location in the survey area: Southwestern part of the Subsoil: Upper part—gray silt loam that has brown county mottles; lower part—gray silty clay loam that has Landscape: Coastal Plain brown mottles Landform: Stream terraces Depth class: Very deep Landform position: Calloway and Deerford—flat to Drainage class: Poorly drained slightly concave slopes; Grenada—convex slopes Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at the surface to Slope: 0 to 3 percent a depth of 1 foot from December through April Composition Slope: 0 to 2 percent Parent material: Silty alluvium Percent of the survey area: 2 percent Calloway soils: 35 percent Arkabutla Grenada soils: 27 percent Surface layer: Brown silt loam Deerford soils: 12 percent Subsoil: Upper part—mottled brown and gray silt Minor soils: 26 percent, including Arkabutla, Bude, loam; next part—gray silt loam that has brown Calhoun, Gillsburg, Providence, and mottles; lower part—mottled brown and gray Rosebloom soils silty clay loam Depth class: Very deep Soil Characteristics Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Calloway Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1 to Surface layer: Light brownish gray silt loam 1 1 /2 feet from December through April Subsoil: Upper part—mottled yellowish brown and Slope: 0 to 2 percent gray silt loam; lower part—brittle and compact Parent material: Silty alluvium fragipan that is mottled yellowish brown and gray Depth class: Very deep Minor soils Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained • The well drained Ariel soils on high parts of natural Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1 to levees 2 feet from January through April • The somewhat poorly drained Gillsburg and Slope: 0 to 2 percent Mantachie soils in positions similar to those of the Parent material: Thick loess deposits Arkabutla soils • The moderately well drained Oaklimeter soils in the Grenada higher positions on flood plains Surface layer: Yellowish brown silt loam that has brown • The somewhat poorly drained Stough soils in the mottles higher positions on terraces Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish brown silt loam; lower part—brittle and compact silt loam fragipan that is Use and Management mottled in shades of brown, yellow, and gray Major uses: Woodland and pasture Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Moderately well drained Cropland 1 Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1 /2 Management concerns: Flooding and wetness 1 to 2 /2 feet from January through April Pasture and hayland Slope: 1 to 3 percent Management concerns: Flooding and wetness Parent material: Silty alluvium Woodland Deerford Management concerns: Equipment use, seedling Surface layer: Yellowish brown silt loam that has gray mortality, and plant competition and brown mottles in the lower part Attala County, Mississippi 9

Subsurface layer: Light gray silt loam that has yellow Landform: Stream terraces and uplands and brown mottles Landform position: Providence—summits; Smithdale— Subsoil: Silty clay loam mottled in shades of brown, shoulder slopes; Grenada—footslopes and yellow, and gray summits Depth class: Very deep Slope: 1 to 15 percent Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained 1 Composition Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of /2 to 1 1 /2 feet from December through April Percent of the survey area: 9 percent Slope: 0 to 2 percent Providence soils: 56 percent Parent material: Silty sediments Smithdale soils: 23 percent Grenada soils: 15 percent Minor soils Minor soils: 6 percent, including Bude, Calloway, • The poorly drained Calhoun and Rosebloom soils in Kinston, Mantachie, Sweatman, and Tippah drainageways and depressions soils • The somewhat poorly drained Arkabutla and Gillsburg soils in drainageways Soil Characteristics • The somewhat poorly drained Bude soils in positions Providence similar to those of the Calloway, Grenada, and Surface layer: Yellowish brown silt loam Deerford soils Subsoil: Upper part—dark brown silt loam; next part— • The moderately well drained Providence soils in the dark brown silty clay loam that has brown mottles; slightly higher positions lower part—mottled brownish, grayish, and yellowish silt loam and loam fragipan that is brittle Use and Management and dense Major uses: Cultivated crops, pasture, and hayland Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Moderately well drained Cropland 1 Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1 /2 Management concerns: Calloway and Grenada— to 3 feet from January through March seasonal wetness; Deerford—seasonal wetness Slope: 5 to 8 percent and high content of sodium Parent material: Silty sediments over loamy and sandy Pasture and hayland sediments Management concerns: Calloway and Grenada— Smithdale seasonal wetness; Deerford—seasonal wetness Surface layer: Brown fine sandy loam and high content of sodium Subsurface layer: Yellowish brown fine sandy loam Woodland Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish red sandy clay loam; Management concerns: Calloway—equipment use next part—yellowish red sandy loam; lower part— and plant competition; Grenada—plant yellowish sandy loam that has yellowish brown competition; Deerford—equipment use, seedling mottles mortality, and plant competition Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained Urban development Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 6 Management concerns: Wetness feet Slope: 8 to 15 percent 6. Providence-Smithdale-Grenada Parent material: Loamy sediments Grenada Very gently sloping to strongly sloping, moderately Surface layer: Yellowish brown silt loam that has brown well drained, silty soils that have a fragipan, on stream mottles terraces and uplands; and strongly sloping, well Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish brown silt loam; drained, loamy soils that do not have a fragipan, on lower part—brittle and compact silt loam uplands fragipan that is mottled in shades of brown, yellow, and gray Setting Depth class: Very deep Location in the survey area: Western and Drainage class: Moderately well drained 1 southwestern parts of the county Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1 /2 1 Landscape: Coastal Plain to 2 /2 feet from January through April 10 Soil Survey

Slope: 1 to 3 percent Providence soils: 39 percent Parent material: Silty alluvium Minor soils: 14 percent, including Ariel, Gillsburg, Rosebloom, Smithdale, and Sweatman soils Minor soils • The somewhat poorly drained Calloway soils on Soil Characteristics toeslopes • The poorly drained Kinston and somewhat poorly Tippah drained Mantachie soils in drainageways Surface layer: Yellowish brown silt loam • The well drained Sweatman soils on side slopes Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish red silty clay loam; • The moderately well drained Tippah soils on lower part—mottled brown and gray silty clay summits and shoulder slopes loam Depth class: Very deep Use and Management Drainage class: Moderately well drained Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 2 to Major uses: Cultivated crops, pasture, and hayland in 1 2 /2 feet from December through April the less sloping areas and woodland in the Slope: 2 to 15 percent steeper areas Parent material: Silty sediments over clayey Cropland sediments Management concerns: Erodibility and slope in the Providence steeper areas Surface layer: Yellowish brown silt loam Pasture and hayland Subsoil: Upper part—dark brown silt loam; next part— Management concerns: Slope in the steeper areas dark brown silty clay loam that has brown mottles; lower part—mottled brownish, grayish, and Woodland yellowish silt loam and loam fragipan that is brittle Management concerns: Providence—erosion in the and dense steeper areas and plant competition; Grenada— Depth class: Very deep plant competition Drainage class: Moderately well drained 1 Urban development Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1 /2 Management concerns: Providence—wetness, to 3 feet from January through March restricted permeability, and slope; Smithdale— Slope: 2 to 12 percent slope; Grenada—wetness Parent material: Silty sediments over loamy sediments 7. Tippah-Providence Minor soils • The well drained Ariel, somewhat poorly drained Gently sloping to strongly sloping, moderately well Gillsburg, and poorly drained Rosebloom soils on flood drained, silty soils that do not have a fragipan, on plains uplands; and nearly level to strongly sloping, • The well drained Smithdale and Sweatman soils on moderately well drained, silty soils that have a side slopes fragipan, on stream terraces and uplands Use and Management Setting Major uses: Cultivated crops, pasture, and hayland Location in the survey area: South-central part of the Cropland county Management concerns: Erosion Landscape: Coastal Plain Pasture and hayland Landform: Stream terraces and uplands Management concerns: Erosion in the steeper areas Landform position: Summits, shoulder slopes, and side slopes Woodland Slope: 2 to 15 percent Management concerns: Tippah—plant competition; Providence—erosion in the steeper areas Composition Urban development Percent of the survey area: 2 percent Management concerns: Tippah—wetness and shrink- Tippah soils: 47 percent swell potential; Providence—wetness and slope Attala County, Mississippi 11

8. Smithdale-Providence- Slope: 5 to 15 percent Parent material: Silty sediments over loamy Sweatman sediments Moderately sloping to steep, well drained, loamy and Sweatman clayey soils that do not have a fragipan, on uplands; Surface layer: Dark grayish brown loam and gently sloping to strongly sloping, moderately well Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish red silty clay; lower drained, silty soils that have a fragipan, on uplands part—yellowish red silty clay that has brown and red mottles Setting Substratum: Stratified grayish brown shale and loamy material that is mottled in shades of red, brown, Location in the survey area: Northeastern and south- and yellow central parts of the county Depth class: Very deep Landscape: Upper Coastal Plain Drainage class: Well drained Landform: Uplands Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 6 Landform position: Smithdale and Sweatman—side feet slopes; Providence—summits and shoulder slopes Slope: 5 to 15 percent Slope: 5 to 40 percent Parent material: Thinly laminated clay shale; sandy and loamy material Composition Percent of the survey area: 14 percent Minor soils Smithdale soils: 56 percent • The somewhat poorly drained Bude soils on low Providence soils: 19 percent terraces Sweatman soils: 18 percent • The poorly drained Kinston soils on narrow flood Minor soils: 7 percent, including Bude, Kinston, plains Kirkville, Mantachie, Ora, and Tippah soils • The moderately well drained Kirkville and somewhat poorly drained Mantachie soils on flood Soil Characteristics plains • The moderately well drained Ora and Tippah Smithdale soils on summits and shoulder slopes of narrow Surface layer: Brown fine sandy loam ridges Subsurface layer: Yellowish brown fine sandy loam Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish red sandy clay loam; Use and Management next part—yellowish red sandy loam; lower part— yellowish red sandy loam that has yellowish brown Major uses: Pasture and woodland; some cropland in mottles the less sloping areas Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained Cropland Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 6 Management concerns: Erodibility and equipment use feet in the steep areas Slope: 8 to 40 percent Parent material: Loamy sediments Pasture and hayland Management concerns: Erodibility and equipment use Providence in the steep areas Surface layer: Yellowish brown silt loam Subsoil: Upper part—dark brown silt loam; next part— Woodland dark brown silty clay loam that has brown mottles; Management concerns: Smithdale—erosion and lower part—mottled brownish, grayish, and equipment use in the steep areas; Providence— yellowish silt loam and loam fragipan that is brittle plant competition and dense Depth class: Very deep Urban development Drainage class: Moderately well drained Management concerns: Smithdale—slope; 1 Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1 /2 Providence—wetness and slope; Sweatman— to 3 feet from January through March shrink-swell potential and slope 12 Soil Survey

9. Smithdale-Providence-Ora Ora Surface layer: Yellowish brown loam Strongly sloping to steep, well drained, loamy soils that Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish red loam; next part— do not have a fragipan, on uplands; and gently sloping mottled reddish, brownish, yellowish, and grayish to strongly sloping, moderately well drained, silty and loam fragipan that is brittle and dense; lower loamy soils that have a fragipan, on stream terraces part—mottled reddish, brownish, yellowish, and and uplands grayish sandy clay loam fragipan that is brittle and dense Setting Substratum: Yellowish red sandy loam that has Location in the survey area: Scattered throughout the brownish yellow mottles county Depth class: Very deep Landscape: Coastal Plain Drainage class: Moderately well drained Landform: Uplands Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 2 to 1 Landform position: Summits, shoulder slopes, and 3 /2 feet from February to April footslopes Slope: 5 to 15 percent Slope: 5 to 40 percent Parent material: Loamy marine deposits Composition Minor soils • The somewhat poorly drained Bude soils on Percent of the survey area: 21 percent terraces Smithdale soils: 55 percent • The moderately well drained Kirkville and somewhat Providence soils: 23 percent poorly drained Mantachie soils on flood plains Ora soils: 17 percent • The moderately well drained Tippah soils on the Minor soils: 5 percent, including Bude, Kirkville, lower toeslopes Mantachie, and Tippah soils Use and Management Soil Characteristics Major uses: Woodland and pasture Smithdale Surface layer: Brown fine sandy loam Cropland Subsurface layer: Yellowish brown fine sandy loam Management concerns: Erodibility and equipment use Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish red sandy clay loam; in the steep areas next part—yellowish red sandy loam; lower part— Pasture and hayland yellowish red sandy loam that has yellowish brown Management concerns: Erodibility and equipment use mottles in the steep areas Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained Woodland Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 6 Management concerns: Smithdale—erosion and feet equipment use in the steep areas; Providence and Slope: 8 to 40 percent Ora—plant competition Parent material: Loamy sediments Urban development Providence Management concerns: Smithdale—slope; Providence Surface layer: Yellowish brown silt loam and Ora—wetness and slope Subsoil: Upper part—dark brown silt loam; next part— dark brown silty clay loam that has brown mottles; lower part—mottled brownish, grayish, and 10. Smithdale-Sweatman yellowish silt loam and loam fragipan that is brittle Moderately sloping to steep, well drained, loamy and and dense clayey soils; on uplands Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Moderately well drained 1 Setting Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1 /2 to 3 feet from January through March Location in the survey area: Scattered throughout the Slope: 5 to 15 percent county Parent material: Silty material over loamy and sandy Landscape: Coastal Plain sediments Landform: Uplands Attala County, Mississippi 13

Landform position: Shoulder slopes and backslopes Depth class: Very deep Slope: 8 to 35 percent Drainage class: Well drained Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 6 Composition feet Percent of the survey area: 22 percent Slope: 5 to 15 percent Smithdale soils: 58 percent Parent material: Thinly laminated clay shale; sandy Sweatman soils: 38 percent and loamy sediments Minor soils: 4 percent, including Bude, Kinston, Minor soils Kirkville, Mantachie, Ora, Providence, and • The somewhat poorly drained Bude soils on terraces Tippah soils • The poorly drained Kinston, moderately well drained Soil Characteristics Kirkville, and somewhat poorly drained Mantachie soils on flood plains Smithdale • The moderately well drained Ora and Providence Surface layer: Brown fine sandy loam soils on upland summits Subsurface layer: Yellowish brown fine sandy loam • The moderately well drained Tippah soils on upland Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish red fine sandy clay summits and shoulder slopes loam; next part—yellowish red sandy loam; lower part—yellowish red sandy loam that has yellowish Use and Management brown mottles Major uses: Pasture and woodland Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained Cropland Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than 6 Management concerns: Erodibility and equipment use feet in the steep areas Slope: 8 to 35 percent Pasture and hayland Parent material: Loamy sediments Management concerns: Erodibility and equipment use Sweatman in the steep areas Surface layer: Dark grayish brown loam Woodland Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish red silty clay; lower Management concerns: Erosion and equipment use in part—yellowish red silty clay that has brown and the steep areas red mottles Substratum: Stratified grayish brown shale and loamy Urban development material that is mottled in shades of red, brown, Management concerns: Smithdale—slope; and yellow Sweatman—shrink-swell potential and slope

15

Detailed Soil Map Units

The map units delineated on the detailed soil maps The presence of minor components in a map unit in in this survey represent the soils or miscellaneous no way diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the areas in the survey area. The map unit descriptions in data. The objective of mapping is not to delineate pure this section, along with the maps, can be used to taxonomic classes but rather to separate the determine the suitability and potential of a unit for landscape into landforms or landform segments that specific uses. They also can be used to plan the have similar use and management requirements. The management needed for those uses. delineation of such segments on the map provides A map unit delineation on a soil map represents an sufficient information for the development of resource area dominated by one or more major kinds of soil or plans. If intensive use of small areas is planned, miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and however, onsite investigation is needed to define and named according to the taxonomic classification of the locate the soils and miscellaneous areas. dominant soils. Within a taxonomic class there are An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name precisely defined limits for the properties of the soils. in the map unit descriptions. Each description includes On the landscape, however, the soils are natural general facts about the unit and gives the principal phenomena, and they have the characteristic hazards and limitations to be considered in planning variability of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range of for specific uses. some observed properties may extend beyond the Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make limits defined for a taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a up a soil series. Except for differences in texture of the single taxonomic class rarely, if ever, can be mapped surface layer, all the soils of a series have major without including areas of other taxonomic classes. horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, Consequently, every map unit is made up of the soils and arrangement. or miscellaneous areas for which it is named and Soils of one series can differ in texture of the some minor components that belong to taxonomic surface layer, slope, stoniness, salinity, degree of classes other than those of the major soils. erosion, and other characteristics that affect their use. Most minor soils have properties similar to those of On the basis of such differences, a soil series is the dominant soil or soils in the map unit, and thus divided into soil phases. Most of the areas shown on they do not affect use and management. These are the detailed soil maps are phases of soil series. The called noncontrasting, or similar, components. They name of a soil phase commonly indicates a feature may or may not be mentioned in a particular map unit that affects use or management. For example, description. Other minor components, however, have Smithdale fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, is properties and behavioral characteristics divergent a phase of the Smithdale series. enough to affect use or to require different Some map units are made up of two or more major management. These are called contrasting, or soils or miscellaneous areas. These map units are dissimilar, components. They generally are in small complexes, associations, or undifferentiated groups. areas and could not be mapped separately because of A complex consists of two or more soils or the scale used. Some small areas of strongly miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern or in contrasting soils or miscellaneous areas are identified such small areas that they cannot be shown by a special symbol on the maps. The contrasting separately on the maps. The pattern and proportion of components are mentioned in the map unit the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar descriptions. A few areas of minor components may in all areas. Smithdale-Sweatman complex, 8 to 15 not have been observed, and consequently they are percent slopes, eroded, is an example. not mentioned in the descriptions, especially where An association is made up of two or more the pattern was so complex that it was impractical to geographically associated soils or miscellaneous make enough observations to identify all the soils and areas that are shown as one unit on the maps. miscellaneous areas on the landscape. Because of present or anticipated uses of the map 16 Soil Survey

units in the survey area, it was not considered 48 to 60 inches—mottled light brownish gray, dark practical or necessary to map the soils or yellowish brown, and yellowish brown silt loam miscellaneous areas separately. The pattern and relative proportion of the soils or miscellaneous areas Soil Properties and Qualities are somewhat similar. Rosebloom-Arkabutla Depth class: Very deep association, frequently flooded, is an example. Drainage class: Moderately well drained An undifferentiated group is made up of two or Permeability: Moderate more soils or miscellaneous areas that could be Available water capacity: High mapped individually but are mapped as one unit 1 Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1 /2 because similar interpretations can be made for use 1 to 2 /2 feet from December through April and management. The pattern and proportion of the Shrink-swell potential: Low soils or miscellaneous areas in a mapped area are not Flooding: Occasional, for brief periods from December uniform. An area can be made up of only one of the through March major soils or miscellaneous areas, or it can be made Hazard of water erosion: Slight up of all of them. Calloway and Deerford soils, 0 to 2 Tilth: Fair percent slopes, is an undifferentiated group in this Parent material: Silty alluvium survey area. This survey includes miscellaneous areas. Such Minor Components areas have little or no soil material and support little or no vegetation. Water is an example. Dissimilar soils: Table 4 gives the acreage and proportionate extent • The somewhat poorly drained Mantachie and of each map unit. Other tables give properties of the Gillsburg soils on the lower, less convex slopes soils and the limitations, capabilities, and potentials for • The poorly drained Rosebloom soils in depressions many uses. The Glossary defines many of the terms Similar soils: used in describing the soils or miscellaneous areas. • Scattered areas of soils that have slightly more sand or clay in the subsoil than the Oaklimeter soil 2—Oaklimeter silt loam, Land Use occasionally flooded Dominant uses: Cultivated crops, pasture, and Setting hayland Other uses: Woodland Landscape: Coastal Plain Landform: Flood plains Cropland Landform position: Slightly convex slopes Suitability: Suited Slope: 0 to 2 percent Management concerns: Seasonal wetness and Shape of areas: Long and narrow flooding Size of areas: 10 to more than 160 acres Management measures and considerations: • Although most of the flooding occurs during the Composition winter and spring, crop loss can occur during the Oaklimeter and similar soils: 90 percent growing season. Dissimilar soils: 10 percent • Using well maintained drainageways and ditches to remove excess water improves productivity. Typical Profile Pasture and hayland Surface layer: Suitability: Well suited to pasture, suited to hayland 0 to 11 inches—brown silt loam that has pale brown Management concerns: Seasonal wetness and mottles flooding Subsoil: Management measures and considerations: 11 to 23 inches—dark yellowish brown silt loam that • Although most of the flooding occurs during the has grayish brown mottles winter and spring, livestock and hay may be damaged 23 to 31 inches—dark yellowish brown silt loam that any time of the year. has grayish brown and yellowish brown mottles • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and 31 to 48 inches—yellowish brown, light brownish gray, restricted use during wet periods help to keep the and dark yellowish brown silt loam pasture in good condition. Attala County, Mississippi 17

Woodland Management measures and considerations: Suitability: Well suited • A surface drainage system may be needed. Management concerns: Seedling mortality and plant • Managing this map unit is difficult because of the competition flooding. Use is severely limited during periods of Management measures and considerations: inundation. • Restricting the use of equipment and the harvesting Interpretive Groups of timber to the drier seasons helps to prevent rutting and compaction. Land capability classification: IIw Woodland ordination symbol: 10A Wildlife habitat Suitability: Well suited to openland wildlife and woodland wildlife, poorly suited to wetland wildlife 3—Chenneby silt loam, frequently Management concerns: Flooding Management measures and considerations: flooded • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving Setting undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a Landscape: Coastal Plain place to rest. Landform: Flood plains • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by Landform position: Flat or slightly concave slopes planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and Slope: 0 to 2 percent suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every Shape of areas: Narrow, elongated bands three years, rotated among several small tracts of Size of areas: 10 to 800 acres land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for Composition deer and the number of seed-producing plants for quail and turkey. Chenneby and similar soils: 90 percent • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by Dissimilar soils: 10 percent constructing shallow ponds that provide open water Typical Profile areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Surface layer: Dwellings 0 to 5 inches—brown silt loam Suitability: Unsuited Management concerns: Flooding Subsoil: Management measures and considerations: 5 to 14 inches—brown silt loam that has pale brown • This map unit is severely limited as a site for urban mottles development because of the flooding. A site that has 14 to 23 inches—brown silt loam that has light better suited soils should be selected. brownish gray mottles 23 to 35 inches—light brownish gray silt loam that has Septic tank absorption fields brown mottles Suitability: Poorly suited 35 to 50 inches—light brownish gray silt loam that has Management concerns: Flooding and wetness light brownish gray mottles Management measures and considerations: • Managing this map unit for septic tank absorption Substratum: fields is difficult because the seasonal high water table 50 to 60 inches—gray silty clay loam that has light 1 1 is at a depth of 1 /2 to 2 /2 feet. olive brown mottles • The local Health Department can be contacted for Soil Properties and Qualities guidance regarding sanitary facilities. Depth class: Very deep Local roads and streets Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Suitability: Poorly suited Permeability: Moderate Management concerns: Flooding Available water capacity: High Management measures and considerations: Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1 to • Well-compacted fill material can be used as a road 1 2 /2 feet from December through April base to help elevate roads above the flooding. Shrink-swell potential: Low Lawns and landscaping Flooding: Frequent, for brief periods from December Suitability: Suited through March Management concerns: Wetness and flooding Hazard of water erosion: Slight 18 Soil Survey

Tilth: Good establish seedlings and increases the seedling Parent material: Silty alluvium survival rate. • Site preparation practices, such as applying Minor Components herbicides and chopping, help to control competition Dissimilar soils: from undesirable plants. • The well drained Ariel and moderately well drained Wildlife habitat Oaklimeter soils in the higher positions on the flood Suitability: Well suited to woodland wildlife, suited to plain openland wildlife and wetland wildlife • Silty Bude soils that have a fragipan; in the higher Management concerns: None positions on stream terraces and uplands Management measures and considerations: • Silty Gillsburg and loamy Mantachie soils in • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving landscape positions similar to those of the Chenneby undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and soil pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a • The poorly drained Rosebloom soils in depressions place to rest. Similar soils: • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by • Scattered areas of soils that have slightly more sand planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and or clay in the subsoil than the Chenneby soil suitable understory plants. • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by Land Use constructing shallow ponds that provide open water areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Dominant uses: Woodland Other uses: Pasture Dwellings Suitability: Unsuited Cropland Management concerns: Flooding and wetness Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Management concerns: Frequent flooding • This map unit is severely limited as a site for urban Management measures and considerations: development because of the flooding and wetness. A • A major flood control project and a planned surface site that has better suited soils should be selected. drainage system would be needed to overcome the flooding. Septic tank absorption fields Suitability: Unsuited Pasture and hayland Management concerns: Flooding and wetness Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Management concerns: Seasonal wetness and • Managing this map unit for septic tank absorption frequent flooding fields is difficult because the seasonal high water table Management measures and considerations: 1 is at a depth of 1 to 2 /2 feet. • Although most of the flooding occurs during the • The local Health Department can be contacted for winter and spring, livestock and hay may be damaged guidance regarding sanitary facilities. during any time of the year. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, timely Local roads and streets deferment of grazing, and restricted use during Suitability: Poorly suited wet periods help to minimize compaction, maintain Management concerns: Low strength and flooding productivity, and keep the pasture in good Management measures and considerations: condition. • Well-compacted, high strength fill material can be used as a road base to help elevate roads above the Woodland flooding. Suitability: Well suited Management concerns: Equipment use, seedling Lawns and landscaping mortality, and plant competition Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Management concerns: Flooding • Restricting the use of standard wheeled and tracked Management measures and considerations: equipment to dry periods helps to prevent rutting and • An alternative site should be considered. compaction. Interpretive Groups • Harvesting timber during the summer helps to minimize the damage from the flooding. Land capability classification: IVw • Bedding the soil prior to planting helps to Woodland ordination symbol: 11W Attala County, Mississippi 19

4—Kirkville loam, occasionally Similar soils: flooded • Soils that have a surface layer of silt loam Setting Land Use Landscape: Coastal Plain Dominant uses: Cropland and pasture Landform: Flood plains Other uses: Woodland Landform position: Flat or slightly convex slopes Cropland Slope: 0 to 2 percent Suitability: Well suited Shape of areas: Elongated Management concerns: Seasonal wetness and Size of areas: 10 to 160 acres flooding Composition Management measures and considerations: • Although most of the flooding occurs during the Kirkville and similar soils: 90 percent winter and spring, crop loss can occur during the Dissimilar soils: 10 percent growing season. Typical Profile • Using well maintained drainageways and ditches to remove excess water improves productivity. Surface layer: 0 to 5 inches—brown loam Pasture and hayland 5 to 10 inches—brown loam Suitability: Well suited Management concerns: Seasonal wetness and Subsoil: flooding 10 to 18 inches—brown fine sandy loam Management measures and considerations: 18 to 25 inches—mottled brown, dark yellowish brown, • Although most of the flooding occurs during the and brownish gray fine sandy loam winter and spring, livestock and hay may be damaged 25 to 43 inches—grayish brown fine sandy loam that any time of the year. has yellowish brown mottles • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and Substratum: restricted use during wet periods help to keep the 43 to 60 inches—mottled grayish brown, strong brown, pasture in good condition. yellowish brown, and pale brown loam Woodland Suitability: Well suited Soil Properties and Qualities Management concerns: Equipment use and plant Depth class: Very deep competition Drainage class: Moderately well drained Management measures and considerations: Permeability: Moderate • Restricting logging to periods when the soil is not Available water capacity: Moderate saturated minimizes rutting and the damage caused to 1 Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1 /2 tree roots by compaction. 1 to 2 /2 feet from December through April • Site preparation practices, such as chopping, Shrink-swell potential: Low prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to Flooding: Occasional, for brief periods from December control competition from unwanted plants. through March • Harvesting timber during the summer or fall helps to Hazard of water erosion: Slight minimize the damage from the flooding. Tilth: Good • Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent Parent material: Loamy alluvium to streams helps to control siltation and provides shade for the surface of the water, thereby improving Minor Components aquatic habitat. Dissimilar soils: Wildlife habitat • The well drained Ariel soils, which have more silt Suitability: Well suited to openland wildlife and and less sand than the Kirkville soil and are in the woodland wildlife, poorly suited to wetland wildlife higher areas Management concerns: Wetness and flooding • The somewhat poorly drained Mantachie soils, Management measures and considerations: which have more clay than the Kirkville soil and are in • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving the slightly lower areas undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and 20 Soil Survey

pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a Slope: 0 to 2 percent place to rest. Shape of areas: Long and narrow • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by Size of areas: 5 to 100 acres planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and Composition suitable understory plants. • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by Ariel and similar soils: 85 percent constructing shallow ponds that provide open water Dissimilar soils: 15 percent areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Typical Profile Dwellings Surface layer: Suitability: Unsuited 0 to 8 inches—dark brown silt loam Management concerns: Flooding Management measures and considerations: Subsoil: • This map unit is severely limited as a site for 8 to 19 inches—dark yellowish brown silt loam dwellings because of the flooding. 19 to 27 inches—dark brown silt loam that has pale • A site that has better suited soils should be selected. brown and yellowish brown mottles 27 to 36 inches—brown silt loam that has light Septic tank absorption fields brownish gray and dark yellowish brown mottles Suitability: Unsuited 36 to 48 inches—mottled brown, yellowish brown, and Management concerns: Flooding gray silt loam Management measures and considerations: 48 to 60 inches—mottled brown, yellowish brown, and • This map unit is severely limited as a site for gray silt loam septic tank absorption fields because of the flooding. Soil Properties and Qualities • A site that has better suited soils should be Depth class: Very deep selected. Drainage class: Well drained • The local Health Department can be contacted for Permeability: Moderately slow additional guidance regarding sanitary facilities. Available water capacity: High 1 Local roads and streets Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 2 /2 Suitability: Poorly suited to 4 feet from December through April Management concerns: Flooding Shrink-swell potential: Low Management measures and considerations: Flooding: Occasional, for brief periods, mainly from • Well-compacted fill material can be used as a road December through March base to help elevate roads above the flooding. Hazard of water erosion: Slight Tilth: Good Lawns and landscaping Parent material: Silty alluvium Suitability: Suited Management concerns: Flooding Minor Components Management measures and considerations: Dissimilar soils: • Managing this map unit is difficult because of the • The somewhat poorly drained Mantachie and flooding. Use is severely limited during periods of poorly drained Kinston soils in flat or concave inundation. positions Interpretive Groups Similar soils: Land capability classification: IIw • Scattered areas of soils that have slightly more sand Woodland ordination symbol: 10W or clay in the subsoil than the Ariel soil Land Use 5—Ariel silt loam, occasionally Dominant uses: Cropland and pasture (fig. 2) flooded Other uses: Woodland Cropland Setting Suitability: Suited Landscape: Coastal Plain Management concerns: Flooding Landform: Flood plains Management measures and considerations: Landform position: Slightly convex slopes • Managing this map unit as cropland is difficult Attala County, Mississippi 21

Figure 2.—An area of Ariel silt loam, occasionally flooded, which is well suited to cotton production where protected from flooding. because of the hazard of flooding during the growing harvesting of timber to the drier seasons helps to season. prevent the formation of ruts and minimizes surface • An alternative site should be selected. compaction. Pasture and hayland Wildlife habitat Suitability: Well suited to pasture, suited to hayland Suitability: Well suited to openland wildlife and Management concerns: Flooding woodland wildlife, poorly suited to wetland wildlife Management measures and considerations: Management concerns: None • Although most of the flooding occurs during the Management measures and considerations: winter, livestock and hay may be damaged any time of • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving the year. undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, weed and pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a brush control, and restricted use during wet periods place to rest. help to keep the pasture in good condition. • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by Woodland planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and Suitability: Well suited suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every Management concerns: Plant competition three years, rotated among several small tracts of Management measures and considerations: land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for • Using site preparation practices, such as deer and the number of seed-producing plants for chopping, prescribed burning, and applying quail and turkey. herbicides, helps to control competition from • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by unwanted plants. constructing shallow ponds that provide open water • Restricting the use of equipment and the areas for waterfowl and furbearers. 22 Soil Survey

Dwellings Typical Profile Suitability: Unsuited Surface layer: Management concerns: Flooding 0 to 5 inches—brown silt loam Management measures and considerations: • This map unit is severely limited as a site for urban Subsoil: development because of the flooding. 5 to 12 inches—mottled dark yellowish brown, brown, • A site that has better suited soils should be and light brownish gray silt loam selected. 12 to 19 inches—mottled dark brown and gray silt loam Septic tank absorption fields 19 to 28 inches—light gray silt loam that has strong Suitability: Unsuited brown mottles Management concerns: Flooding, wetness, and slow 28 to 38 inches—gray silt loam that has yellowish percolation brown and light yellowish brown mottles Management measures and considerations: 38 to 48 inches—grayish brown and yellowish brown • This map unit is severely limited as a site for septic silty clay loam that has gray mottles tank absorption fields because the seasonal high 1 48 to 60 inches—grayish brown silty clay that has water table is at a depth of 2 /2 to 4 feet and because brown and dark yellowish brown mottles of the flooding. • The local Health Department can be contacted for Soil Properties and Qualities guidance regarding sanitary facilities. Depth class: Very deep Local roads and streets Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Suitability: Poorly suited Permeability: Moderately slow Management concerns: Flooding Available water capacity: High Management measures and considerations: Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1 to • Well-compacted fill material can be used as a road 2 feet from December to April base to help elevate roads above the flooding. Shrink-swell potential: Low Flooding: Occasional, for brief periods, mainly from Lawns and landscaping December through March Suitability: Suited Hazard of water erosion: Slight Management concerns: Flooding Tilth: Good Management measures and considerations: Parent material: Silty alluvium • Managing this map unit is difficult because of the flooding. Use is severely limited during periods of Minor Components inundation. Dissimilar soils: Interpretive Groups • The well drained Ariel soils in the higher positions on the flood plain Land capability classification: IIw • Bude soils, which have a fragipan and are on stream Woodland ordination symbol: 10A terraces and uplands • The poorly drained Kinston soils in the lower 6—Gillsburg silt loam, occasionally positions flooded Similar soils: • Scattered areas of soils that have slightly more sand Setting or clay in the subsoil than the Gillsburg soil Landscape: Coastal Plain Land Use Landform: Flood plains Dominant uses: Cropland and pasture Landform position: Flat or slightly concave slopes Other uses: Woodland Slope: 0 to 2 percent Shape of areas: Long and narrow Cropland Size of areas: 10 to 300 acres Suitability: Suited Management concerns: Seasonal wetness and Composition flooding Gillsburg and similar soils: 90 percent Management measures and considerations: Dissimilar soils: 10 percent • Although most of the flooding occurs during the Attala County, Mississippi 23

winter and spring, crop loss can occur during the constructing shallow ponds that provide open water growing season. areas for waterfowl and furbearers. • Using well maintained drainageways and ditches to Dwellings remove excess water improves productivity. Suitability: Unsuited • Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil Management concerns: Flooding and wetness testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants Management measures and considerations: and maximizes productivity. • A site that has better suited soils should be selected. Pasture and hayland Septic tank absorption fields Suitability: Well suited to pasture, suited to hayland Suitability: Unsuited Management concerns: Compaction, slow infiltration, Management concerns: Flooding, wetness, and slow and poor tilth percolation Management measures and considerations: Management measures and considerations: • Although most of the flooding occurs during the • A site that has better suited soils should be winter and spring, livestock and hay may be damaged considered. during any time of the year. • Harvesting hay as soon as possible helps to Local roads and streets minimize the damage from the flooding. Suitability: Poorly suited • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, timely Management concerns: Flooding deferment of grazing, and restricted use during wet Management measures and considerations: periods help to prevent compaction, maintain • Well-compacted fill material can be used as a road productivity, and keep the pasture in good condition. base to help elevate roads above the flooding. • Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil Lawns and landscaping testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants Suitability: Suited and maximizes productivity. Management concerns: Wetness and flooding Woodland Management measures and considerations: Suitability: Well suited • Topsoil from disturbed areas should be stockpiled Management concerns: Equipment use, seedling and then replaced before landscaping. mortality, and plant competition • A surface or subsurface drainage system may be Management measures and considerations: needed. • If pine trees are planted, site preparation is needed Interpretive Groups to control competition from undesirable plants. The benefits of site preparation, however, do not extend Land capability classification: IIw beyond one growing season. Woodland ordination symbol: 10W • Restricting the use of equipment and the harvesting of timber to the drier seasons helps to prevent the formation of ruts and minimizes surface compaction. 8—Mantachie loam, occasionally Wildlife habitat flooded Suitability: Well suited to openland wildlife and Setting woodland wildlife, fairly suited to wetland wildlife Management concerns: None Landscape: Coastal Plain Management measures and considerations: Landform: Flood plains • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving Landform position: Flat or slightly concave slopes undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and Slope: 0 to 2 percent pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a Shape of areas: Long and narrow place to rest. Size of areas: 5 to 600 acres • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by Composition planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every Mantachie and similar soils: 85 percent three years, rotated among several small tracts of Dissimilar soils: 15 percent land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for Typical Profile deer and the number of seed-producing plants for quail and turkey. Surface layer: • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by 0 to 7 inches—brown loam that has gray mottles 24 Soil Survey

Subsoil: Pasture and hayland 7 to 18 inches—mottled brown, yellowish brown, and Suitability: Well suited to pasture, suited to hayland gray sandy clay loam Management concerns: Seasonal wetness and 18 to 26 inches—gray sandy clay loam that has strong flooding brown mottles Management measures and considerations: 26 to 48 inches—gray clay loam that has strong brown • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and mottles restricted use during wet periods help to keep the 48 to 60 inches—gray sandy clay loam that has strong pasture in good condition. brown mottles Woodland Suitability: Well suited Soil Properties and Qualities Management concerns: Equipment use, seedling Depth class: Very deep mortality, and plant competition Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Management measures and considerations: Permeability: Moderate • If pine trees are planted, site preparation is needed Available water capacity: High to control competition from undesirable plants. The Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1 to benefits of site preparation, however, do not extend 1 1 /2 feet from December through April beyond one growing season. Shrink-swell potential: Low • Restricting the use of equipment and the Flooding: Occasional, for very brief periods from harvesting of timber to the drier seasons helps to December through March prevent the formation of ruts and minimizes surface Hazard of water erosion: Slight compaction. Tilth: Good Wildlife habitat Parent material: Loamy alluvium Suitability: Well suited to openland wildlife and woodland wildlife, suited to wetland wildlife Minor Components Management concerns: Flooding and wetness Dissimilar soils: Management measures and considerations: • The moderately well drained Kirkville and Oaklimeter • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving soils on the slightly higher, more convex parts of undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and natural levees pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a • The poorly drained Kinston soils in the slightly lower, place to rest. more concave positions • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and Similar soils: suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every • Scattered areas of soils that have slightly less sand three years, rotated among several small tracts of or clay in the subsoil than the Mantachie soil land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for Land Use deer and the number of seed-producing plants for quail and turkey. Dominant uses: Cropland and pasture • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by Other uses: Woodland constructing shallow ponds that provide open water Cropland areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Suitability: Well suited Dwellings Management concerns: Seasonal wetness and Suitability: Unsuited flooding Management concerns: Flooding and wetness Management measures and considerations: Management measures and considerations: • Although most of the flooding occurs during the • This map unit is severely limited as a site for winter and spring, crop loss can occur during the dwellings because of the flooding and wetness. growing season. • A site that has better suited soils should be selected. • Using well maintained drainageways and ditches to remove excess water improves productivity. Septic tank absorption fields • Returning crop residue to the soil improves tilth. Suitability: Unsuited • Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil Management concerns: Flooding and wetness testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants Management measures and considerations: and maximizes productivity. • A site that has better suited soils should be selected. Attala County, Mississippi 25

Local roads and streets Available water capacity: High Suitability: Poorly suited Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1 to 1 Management concerns: Flooding 1 /2 feet from December through April Management measures and considerations: Shrink-swell potential: Low • Well-compacted fill material can be used as a road Flooding: Frequent, for long periods from December base to help elevate roads above the flooding. through March Hazard of water erosion: Slight Lawns and landscaping Tilth: Good Suitability: Fairly suited Parent material: Loamy alluvium Management concerns: Wetness and flooding Management measures and considerations: Minor Components • Managing this map unit is difficult because of the Dissimilar soils: flooding. Use is severely limited during periods of • The moderately well drained Kirkville and Oaklimeter inundation. soils on the slightly higher, more convex parts of • A surface drainage system may be needed in some natural levees areas. • The poorly drained Kinston soils in the slightly lower, Interpretive Groups more concave positions Land capability classification: IIw Similar soils: Woodland ordination symbol: 10W • Soils that are similar to the Mantachie soil but have a surface layer of silt loam 9—Mantachie loam, frequently Land Use flooded Dominant uses: Woodland Other uses: Pasture Setting Cropland Landscape: Coastal Plain Suitability: Poorly suited Landform: Flood plains Management concerns: Seasonal wetness and Landform position: Flat or slightly concave slopes flooding Slope: 0 to 2 percent Management measures and considerations: Shape of areas: Long and narrow • A major flood control project and a planned surface Size of areas: 160 to 3,000 acres drainage system would be needed to overcome the Composition flooding. Mantachie and similar soils: 85 percent Pasture and hayland Dissimilar soils: 15 percent Suitability: Suited to pasture, poorly suited to hayland Commonly grown crops: Bahiagrass, common Typical Profile bermudagrass, and white clover Surface layer: Management concerns: Flooding and wetness 0 to 7 inches—brown loam that has gray mottles Management measures and considerations: • Although most of the flooding occurs during the Subsoil: winter and spring, livestock and hay may be damaged 7 to 18 inches—mottled brown, yellowish brown, and during any time of the year. gray sandy clay loam • Proper stocking rates and restricted grazing during 18 to 26 inches—gray sandy clay loam that has strong wet periods help to prevent compaction and keep the brown mottles pasture in good condition. 26 to 48 inches—gray clay loam that has strong brown • Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil and yellowish brown mottles testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants 48 to 60 inches—gray sandy clay loam that has strong and maximizes productivity. brown mottles Woodland Soil Properties and Qualities Suitability: Suited Depth class: Very deep Productivity class: Very high for loblolly pine Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Management concerns: Equipment use, seedling Permeability: Moderate survival, and plant competition 26 Soil Survey

Management measures and considerations: Management measures and considerations: • Restricting the use of standard wheeled and tracked • A site that has better suited soils should be selected. equipment to dry periods helps to prevent rutting and Interpretive Groups compaction. • Harvesting timber during the summer and fall helps Land capability classification: Vw to minimize the damage from the flooding. Woodland ordination symbol: 10W • Planting seedlings on raised beds helps to establish the seedlings and increases the seedling 10—Rosebloom-Arkabutla survival rate. • Site preparation practices, such as applying association, frequently flooded herbicides and chopping, help to control competition Setting from unwanted plants. • Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent Landscape: Coastal Plain to streams helps to control siltation and provides Landform: Flood plains shade for the surface of the water, thereby improving Landform position: Rosebloom—slightly concave aquatic habitat. slopes; Arkabutla—flat or slightly concave slopes Slope: 0 to 2 percent Wildlife habitat Shape of areas: Long and narrow; irregular Suitability: Suited to openland wildlife and wetland Size of areas: 60 to 700 acres wildlife, well suited to woodland wildlife Management concerns: Flooding Composition Management measures and considerations: Rosebloom and similar soils: 45 percent • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving Arkabutla and similar soils: 40 percent undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and Dissimilar soils: 15 percent pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a place to rest. Typical Profile • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by Rosebloom planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and Surface layer: suitable understory plants. 0 to 6 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam that has • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by gray mottles constructing shallow ponds that provide open water areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Subsoil: 6 to 19 inches—gray silt loam that has yellowish brown Dwellings mottles Suitability: Unsuited 19 to 34 inches—gray silty clay loam that has Management concerns: Flooding yellowish brown mottles Management measures and considerations: 34 to 60 inches—gray silty clay loam that has • This map unit is severely limited as a site for urban yellowish brown and strong brown mottles development because of the flooding. • A site that has better suited soils should be selected. Arkabutla Surface layer: Septic tank absorption fields 0 to 5 inches—brown silt loam Suitability: Unsuited Management concerns: Flooding and wetness Subsoil: Management measures and considerations: 5 to 12 inches—mottled dark yellowish brown, brown, • A site that has better suited soils should be selected. and light brownish gray silt loam 12 to 19 inches—mottled dark grayish brown and gray Local roads and streets silt loam Suitability: Poorly suited 19 to 28 inches—light gray silt loam that has strong Management concerns: Flooding brown mottles Management measures and considerations: 28 to 38 inches—gray silt loam that has yellowish • An alternative site should be selected for road brown mottles construction. 38 to 48 inches—mottled grayish brown, yellowish Lawns and landscaping brown, and gray silty clay loam Suitability: Unsuited 48 to 60 inches—grayish brown silty clay loam that Management concerns: Flooding has dark brown and dark yellowish brown mottles Attala County, Mississippi 27

Soil Properties and Qualities • Restricting the use of equipment and the harvesting of timber to the drier seasons helps to Depth class: Very deep prevent the formation of ruts and minimizes surface Drainage class: Rosebloom—poorly drained; compaction. Arkabutla—somewhat poorly drained; Permeability: Moderate Wildlife habitat Available water capacity: High Suitability: Rosebloom—suited to openland wildlife and Seasonal high water table: Rosebloom—at the surface woodland wildlife, well suited to wetland wildlife; to a depth of 1 foot from December through April; Arkabutla—suited to openland wildlife and wetland 1 Arkabutla—at a depth of 1 to 1 /2 feet from wildlife, well suited to woodland wildlife December through April Management measures and considerations: Shrink-swell potential: Low • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving Flooding: Frequent, for brief periods from December undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and through March pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a Hazard of water erosion: Slight place to rest. Tilth: Good • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by Parent material: Silty alluvium planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and suitable understory plants. Minor Components • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by Dissimilar soils: constructing shallow ponds that provide open water • The well drained Ariel and moderately well drained areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Oaklimeter soils in the higher areas on the flood plain Dwellings Similar soils: Suitability: Unsuited • Scattered areas of soils that have more sand in the Management concerns: Flooding subsoil than the Rosebloom and Arkabutla soils • This map unit is severely limited as a site for urban • Scattered areas that are ponded most of the time, development because of the flooding. except during prolonged droughts • A site that has better suited soils should be selected. Land Use Septic tank absorption fields Suitability: Unsuited Dominant uses: Woodland Management concerns: Flooding and wetness Other uses: Pasture Management measures and considerations: Cropland • A site that has better suited soils should be selected. Suitability: Poorly suited Local roads and streets Management concerns: Flooding and wetness Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Management concerns: Rosebloom—low strength, • A major flood control project and a planned surface wetness, and flooding; Arkabutla—low strength and subsurface drainage system would be needed to and flooding overcome the flooding and wetness. Management measures and considerations: Well- Pasture and hayland compacted, high strength fill material can be used Suitability: Poorly suited as a road base to help elevate roads above the Management concerns: Flooding and wetness flooding. Management measures and considerations: Lawns and landscaping • A major, well planned drainage system would be Suitability: Unsuited needed to overcome the flooding and wetness. Management concerns: Rosebloom—wetness and Woodland flooding; Arkabutla—flooding Suitability: Suited Management measures and considerations: Management concerns: Equipment use, seedling • A site that has better suited soils should be selected. mortality, and plant competition Interpretive Groups Management measures and considerations: • If pine trees are planted, site preparation is needed Land capability classification: Rosebloom—Vw; to control competition from undesirable plants. The Arkabutla—IVw benefits of site preparation, however, do not extend Woodland ordination symbol: Rosebloom—9W; beyond one growing season. Arkabutla—10W 28 Soil Survey

11—Kinston loam, frequently Similar soils: • Scattered areas of very poorly drained soils in flooded sloughs and other shallow depressions Setting Land Use Landscape: Coastal Plain Dominant uses: Woodland Landform: Flood plains Other uses: Pasture and hayland Landform position: Concave slopes Slope: 0 to 2 percent Cropland Shape of areas: Long and narrow Suitability: Poorly suited Size of areas: 5 to 1,600 acres Management concerns: Wetness and flooding Management measures and considerations: Composition • A major flood control project and a planned surface Kinston and similar soils: 85 percent drainage system would be needed to overcome the Dissimilar soils: 15 percent flooding and wetness. Typical Profile Pasture and hayland Suitability: Suited Surface layer: Management concerns: Wetness 0 to 7 inches—dark grayish brown loam Management measures and considerations: Subsurface layer: • Proper stocking, controlled grazing, and weed and 7 to 14 inches—light brownish gray loam that has light brush control help to keep the pasture in good yellowish brown mottles condition. Underlying material: Woodland 14 to 21 inches—gray loam that has yellowish brown Suitability: Well suited mottles Management concerns: Equipment use, seedling 21 to 31 inches—gray clay loam that has strong brown mortality, and plant competition mottles Management measures and considerations: 31 to 54 inches—gray sandy clay loam that has strong • Restricting the use of equipment and the brown mottles harvesting of timber to the drier seasons helps to 54 to 60 inches—gray sandy clay loam that has prevent the formation of ruts and minimizes surface yellowish brown mottles compaction. • If pine trees are planted, site preparation is needed Soil Properties and Qualities to control competition from undesirable plants. The Depth class: Very deep benefits of site preparation, however, do not extend Drainage class: Poorly drained beyond one growing season. Permeability: Moderate Wildlife habitat Available water capacity: Moderate Suitability: Poorly suited to openland wildlife and Seasonal high water table: Near the surface to a depth woodland wildlife, suited to wetland wildlife of 1 foot from December through April Management measures and considerations: Shrink-swell potential: Low • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving Flooding: Frequent, for brief periods from December undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and through March pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a Hazard of water erosion: Slight place to rest. Tilth: Not applicable • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by Parent material: Stratified loamy alluvium planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and Minor Components suitable understory plants. • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by Dissimilar soils: constructing shallow ponds that provide open water • The moderately well drained Kirkville soils on the areas for waterfowl and furbearers. slightly higher, more convex parts of natural levees • The somewhat poorly drained Stough soils on low Dwellings stream terraces Suitability: Unsuited • The somewhat poorly drained Mantachie soils in the Management concerns: Seasonal wetness and slightly higher positions on the flood plain frequent flooding Attala County, Mississippi 29

Management measures and considerations: Substratum: • A site that has better suited soils should be 38 to 80 inches—gray silty clay loam that has strong selected. brown mottles Septic tank absorption fields Soil Properties and Qualities Suitability: Unsuited Depth class: Very deep Management concerns: Seasonal wetness and Drainage class: Poorly drained frequent flooding Permeability: Slow Management measures and considerations: Available water capacity: High • A site that has better suited soils should be selected. Seasonal high water table: Apparent, from 2 feet Local roads and streets above the surface to a depth of 1 foot from Suitability: Poorly suited December through April Management concerns: Low strength, wetness, and Shrink-swell potential: Low flooding Flooding: Frequent, for long periods from December Management measures and considerations: through March • Well-compacted, high strength fill material can be Hazard of water erosion: Slight used as a road base to help elevate roads above the Tilth: Fair flooding. Parent material: Silty alluvium Lawns and landscaping Minor Components Suitability: Unsuited Dissimilar soils: Management concerns: Wetness and flooding • The somewhat poorly drained Mantachie and Management measures and considerations: moderately well drained Oaklimeter soils in the higher • A site that has better suited soils should be selected. areas Interpretive Groups Similar soils: Land capability classification: VIw • Scattered areas of soils that have slightly more sand Woodland ordination symbol: 9W or clay in the subsoil than the Rosebloom soil Land Use 12—Rosebloom silt loam, ponded Dominant uses: Woodland Other uses: Pasture and hayland Setting Cropland Landscape: Coastal Plain Suitability: Unsuited Landform: Flood plains Management concerns: Wetness, ponding, and Landform position: Depressions and sloughs flooding Slope: 0 to 1 percent Management measures and considerations: Shape of areas: Oblong and rounded • This map unit is severely limited for crop production. Size of areas: 5 to 160 acres • A site that has better suited soils should be Composition selected. Rosebloom and similar soils: 85 percent Pasture and hayland Dissimilar soils: 15 percent Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns: Wetness, ponding, and Typical Profile flooding Surface layer: Management measures and considerations: 0 to 4 inches—brown silt loam • Using land shaping or grading to construct outlets 4 to 9 inches—gray silt loam that has dark yellowish for surface water helps to eliminate ponding. brown and strong brown mottles • Well maintained drainageways and ditches help to remove excess water. Subsoil: 9 to 27 inches—gray silt loam that has dark yellowish Woodland brown mottles Suitability: Poorly suited 27 to 38 inches—light brownish gray silt loam that has Management concerns: Equipment use, seedling dark yellowish brown mottles mortality, and plant competition 30 Soil Survey

Management measures and considerations: 14—Chenneby-Rosebloom • Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes rutting and the damage caused to tree roots by complex, frequently flooded compaction. Setting • Planting seedlings on raised beds helps to establish the seedlings and increases the seedling survival rate. Landscape: Coastal Plain • Site preparation practices, such as chopping, Landform: Flood plains prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to Landform position: Slightly concave slopes control competition from unwanted plants. Slope: 0 to 2 percent Shape of areas: Long and narrow Wildlife habitat Size of areas: 20 to 300 acres Suitability: Poorly suited to openland wildlife and woodland wildlife, well suited to wetland wildlife Composition Management concerns: None Chenneby and similar soils: 55 percent Management measures and considerations: Rosebloom and similar soils: 30 percent • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by Dissimilar soils: 15 percent constructing shallow ponds that provide open water areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Typical Profile Dwellings Chenneby Suitability: Unsuited Surface layer: Management concerns: Flooding, ponding, and 0 to 5 inches—brown silt loam wetness Management measures and considerations: Subsoil: • This map unit is severely limited as a site for 5 to 14 inches—brown silt loam that has pale brown dwellings. mottles • A site that has better suited soils should be selected. 14 to 23 inches—brown silty loam that has light brownish gray mottles Septic tank absorption fields 23 to 35 inches—light brownish gray silt loam that has Suitability: Unsuited brown mottles Management concerns: Flooding, ponding, and 35 to 50 inches—light brownish gray silt loam that has wetness light brownish gray mottles Management measures and considerations: • This map unit is severely limited as a site for septic Substratum: tank absorption fields. 50 to 60 inches—gray silty clay loam that has light • A site that has better suited soils should be selected. olive brown mottles Local roads and streets Rosebloom Suitability: Unsuited Surface layer: Management concerns: Low strength, ponding, and 0 to 6 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam that has flooding gray mottles Management measures and considerations: Subsoil: • Well-compacted, high strength fill material can be 6 to 19 inches—gray silt loam that has yellowish brown used as a road base to help elevate roads above the mottles ponding and flooding. 19 to 34 inches—gray silty clay loam that has Lawns and landscaping yellowish brown mottles Suitability: Unsuited 34 to 60 inches—gray silty clay loam that has Management concerns: Ponding and flooding yellowish brown and strong brown mottles Management measures and considerations: Soil Properties and Qualities • This map unit is severely limited as a site for lawns and landscaping. Depth class: Very deep • A site that has better suited soils should be selected. Drainage class: Chenneby—somewhat poorly drained; Rosebloom—poorly drained Interpretive Groups Permeability: Moderate Land capability classification: VIw Available water capacity: High Woodland ordination symbol: 6W Seasonal high water table: Chenneby—at a depth of 1 Attala County, Mississippi 31

1 to 2 /2 feet from December through April; undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and Rosebloom—at the surface to a depth of 1 foot pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a from December through April place to rest. Shrink-swell potential: Low • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by Flooding: Frequent, for brief periods from December planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and through March suitable understory plants. Hazard of water erosion: Slight • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by Tilth: Good constructing shallow ponds that provide open water Parent material: Silty alluvium areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Minor Components Dwellings Suitability: Unsuited Dissimilar soils: Management concerns: Flooding and wetness • The well drained Ariel and moderately well drained Management measures and considerations: Oaklimeter soils in the higher positions on the flood plain • A site that has better suited soils should be Similar soils: selected. • Scattered areas of soils that have more sand in the Septic tank absorption fields subsoil than the Chenneby and Rosebloom soils Suitability: Unsuited Land Use Management concerns: Flooding and wetness Management measures and considerations: Dominant uses: Woodland • A site that has better suited soils should be Other uses: Pasture selected. Cropland Local roads and streets Suitability: Poorly suited Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns: Frequent flooding Management concerns: Chenneby—low strength and Management measures and considerations: flooding; Rosebloom—low strength, wetness, and • A major flood control structure and a well planned flooding drainage system would be needed to overcome the Management measures and considerations: flooding. • Well-compacted, high strength fill material can be Pasture and hayland used to help elevate roads above the flooding. Suitability: Suited Lawns and landscaping Management concerns: Wetness and flooding Suitability: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: Management concerns: Chenneby—flooding; • A major, well planned drainage system would be Rosebloom—wetness and flooding needed to overcome the flooding and wetness. Management measures and considerations: • During prolonged wet periods, animals must be • A site that has better suited soils should be selected. moved to higher ground to prevent drowning. Interpretive Groups Woodland Suitability: Well suited Land capability classification: Chenneby—IVw; Management concerns: Equipment use, seedling Rosebloom—Vw mortality, and plant competition Woodland ordination symbol: Chenneby 11W; Management measures and considerations: Rosebloom—9W • Restricting the use of equipment and the harvesting of timber to the drier seasons helps to prevent the formation of ruts and minimizes surface compaction. 32D—Smithdale fine sandy loam, 8 Wildlife habitat to 15 percent slopes Suitability: Chenneby—suited to openland wildlife and Setting wetland wildlife, well suited to woodland wildlife; Rosebloom—suited to openland wildlife and Landscape: Coastal Plain woodland wildlife, well suited to wetland wildlife Landform: Ridges, hillslopes, and dissected uplands Management concerns: None Landform position: Shoulder slopes and backslopes Management measures and considerations: Shape of areas: Irregular • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving Size of areas: 20 to 200 acres 32 Soil Survey

Composition Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet Shrink-swell potential: Low Smithdale and similar soils: 85 percent Hazard of flooding: None Dissimilar soils: 15 percent Hazard of water erosion: Severe Typical Profile Tilth: Good Parent material: Loamy sediments Surface layer: 0 to 5 inches—brown fine sandy loam Minor Components Subsurface layer: Dissimilar soils: 5 to 10 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam • The moderately well drained Ora and Providence Subsoil: soils, which have a fragipan and are on ridgetops 10 to 41 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam • The poorly drained Kinston soils in narrow 41 to 60 inches—yellowish red sandy loam drainageways 60 to 80 inches—yellowish red sandy loam that has Similar soils: yellowish brown mottles • Scattered areas of soils that have more clay in the Soil Properties and Qualities subsoil than the Smithdale soil Depth class: Very deep Land Use Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Dominant uses: Pasture and woodland (fig. 3) Available water capacity: High Other uses: None

Figure 3.—An area of Smithdale fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, that has a good cover of permanent pasture. Attala County, Mississippi 33

Cropland Dwellings Suitability: Unsuited Suitability: Suited Management concerns: Severe hazard of erosion Management concerns: Slope Management measures and considerations: Management measures and considerations: • This map unit is not recommended for use as • Designing structures to conform to the natural slope cropland. or building in the less sloping areas reduces the • A less sloping site that has better suited soils should hazard of erosion. be selected. • Land grading or shaping prior to construction minimizes the damage caused by surface flow of Pasture and hayland water and reduces the hazard of erosion. Suitability: Suited Management concerns: Erodibility due to slope, Septic tank absorption fields equipment use, and soil fertility Suitability: Suited Management measures and considerations: Management concerns: Slope • Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the Management measures and considerations: slope reduces the hazard of erosion and increases the • Installing the distribution lines on the contour rate of germination. improves system performance. • Fencing livestock away from creeks and streams Local roads and streets helps to prevent sedimentation and streambank Suitability: Suited erosion. Management concerns: Slope • During the establishment, maintenance, or Management measures and considerations: renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime and • Designing roads to conform to the contour and fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the providing adequate water-control structures, such as availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes culverts, help to maintain the stability of the road. productivity. • Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible • Using rotational grazing and implementing a well after construction helps to stabilize the soil and planned schedule of clipping and harvesting help to reduces the hazard of erosion. maintain the pasture and increase productivity. Lawns and landscaping Woodland Suitability: Suited Suitability: Well suited Management concerns: Slope and erodibility Management concerns: Erosion Management measures and considerations: Management measures and considerations: • Topsoil from disturbed areas should be stockpiled • Waterbars are needed to prevent erosion on roads. and then replaced before landscaping. • Grass should be established following completion of • Designing plantings to conform to the natural harvesting. contour of the slope reduces the hazard of erosion Wildlife habitat and increases the rate of water infiltration. Suitability: Well suited to openland wildlife and • Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion- woodland wildlife, very poorly suited to wetland control structures, such as sediment fences and catch wildlife basins, help to keep the soil on the site. Management concerns: None Interpretive Groups Management measures and considerations: • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving Land capability classification: IVe undisturbed areas of vegetation around pasture. Woodland ordination symbol: 9A These areas provide wildlife with food and a place to rest. • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by 32F—Smithdale fine sandy loam, 15 planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the existing plant cover, or promoting the natural to 40 percent slopes establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning Setting every three years, rotated among several small tracts of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse Landscape: Coastal Plain for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for Landform: Hillslopes quail and turkey. Landform position: Shoulder slopes and backslopes 34 Soil Survey

Shape of areas: Irregular • A site that has better suited soils should be selected. Size of areas: 20 to 200 acres Pasture and hayland Composition Suitability: Poorly suited to pasture, unsuited to hayland Smithdale and similar soils: 85 percent Management concerns: Erodibility and equipment use Dissimilar soils: 15 percent Management measures and considerations: Typical Profile • Managing this map unit for pasture and hayland is difficult because of the slope. Surface layer: • Proper stocking, controlled grazing, and weed and 0 to 5 inches—brown fine sandy loam brush control help to maintain the pasture in good Subsurface layer: condition. 5 to 10 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam Woodland Subsoil: Suitability: Poorly suited 10 to 41 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam Management concerns: Erosion and equipment use 41 to 60 inches—yellowish red sandy loam Management measures and considerations: 60 to 80 inches—yellowish red sandy loam that has • Installing broad-based dips, waterbars, and culverts yellowish brown mottles helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and landings. Soil Properties and Qualities • Reseeding all disturbed areas with adapted grasses Depth class: Very deep and legumes helps to prevent erosion and the siltation Drainage class: Well drained of streams. Permeability: Moderate • Constructing roads, fire lanes, and skid trails on the Available water capacity: High contour helps to overcome the slope limitations. Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet • Reforesting immediately after harvest, using minimal Shrink-swell potential: Low site preparation, and planting recommended tree Hazard of flooding: None species help to control erosion and siltation of Hazard of water erosion: Severe streams. Tilth: Good • Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent Parent material: Loamy sediments to streams helps to control siltation and provides shade for the surface of the water, thereby improving Minor Components aquatic habitat. Dissimilar soils: Wildlife habitat • The poorly drained Kinston soils in narrow Suitability: Suited to openland wildlife, well suited to drainageways woodland wildlife, and very poorly suited to • The moderately well drained Ora and Providence wetland wildlife soils, which have a fragipan and are on narrow Management concerns: None ridgetops Management measures and considerations: • The clayey Sweatman soils on the lower part of the • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving slopes undisturbed areas of vegetation around pasture. Similar soils: These areas provide wildlife with food and a place to • Scattered areas of loamy soils that do not have a rest. decrease in clay content within a depth of 60 inches • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the Land Use existing plant cover, or promoting the natural Dominant uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning Other uses: Pasture every three years, rotated among several small tracts of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse Cropland for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for Suitability: Unsuited quail and turkey. Management concerns: Erodibility and equipment use Management measures and considerations: Dwellings • This map unit is severely limited as a site for crop Suitability: Suited production. Management concerns: Slope Attala County, Mississippi 35

Management measures and considerations: Typical Profile • Designing structures to conform to the natural slope Surface layer: or building in the less sloping areas reduces the 0 to 5 inches—yellowish brown silt loam that has hazard of erosion. grayish brown mottles • Land grading or shaping prior to construction minimizes the damage caused by surface flow of Subsoil: water and reduces the hazard of erosion. 5 to 13 inches—yellowish brown silt loam 13 to 21 inches—yellowish brown silt loam that has Septic tank absorption fields pale brown mottles Suitability: Suited 21 to 25 inches—brittle, compact fragipan of mottled Management concerns: Slope light gray, pale brown, yellowish brown, and light Management measures and considerations: olive brown silt loam • Installing the distribution lines on the contour 25 to 37 inches—brittle, compact fragipan of yellowish improves system performance. brown and gray silt loam that has strong brown Local roads and streets mottles Suitability: Suited 37 to 47 inches—brittle, compact fragipan of dark Management concerns: Slope yellowish brown and gray silt loam that has Management measures and considerations: yellowish brown mottles • Designing roads on the contour and providing 47 to 60 inches—brittle, compact fragipan of mottled adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, yellowish brown, dark yellowish brown, gray, and help to maintain road stability. pale brown silt loam Lawns and landscaping Soil Properties and Qualities Suitability: Suited Management concerns: Slope and soil fertility Depth class: Very deep Management measures and considerations: Drainage class: Moderately well drained • Topsoil from disturbed areas should be stockpiled Permeability: Slow and then replaced before landscaping. Available water capacity: Moderate 1 • Lime, fertilizer, mulch, and irrigation help to establish Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1 /2 1 lawns and landscape plants. to 2 /2 feet from January through April • Designing plantings to conform to the natural Shrink-swell potential: Low contour of the slope reduces the hazard of erosion Hazard of flooding: None and increases the rate of water infiltration. Hazard of water erosion: Slight • Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion- Tilth: Good control structures, such as sediment fences and catch Parent material: Silty material basins, help to keep soil on the site. Minor Components Interpretive Groups Dissimilar soils: Land capability classification: VIIe • The somewhat poorly drained Calloway soils, which Woodland ordination symbol: 9R have gray mottles within a depth of 16 inches • Poorly drained soils in narrow drainageways 40B2—Grenada silt loam, 1 to 3 Similar soils: percent slopes, eroded • Scattered areas of soils that have more sand than the Grenada soil in the lower part of the fragipan Setting Landscape: Coastal Plain Land Use Landform: Stream terraces and uplands (fig. 4) Dominant uses: Cropland and pasture Landform position: Summits and shoulder slopes Other uses: Woodland and orchards Shape of areas: Broad and somewhat irregular Size of areas: 5 to 150 acres Cropland Suitability: Well suited Composition Management concerns: Seasonal wetness Grenada and similar soils: 90 percent Management measures and considerations: Dissimilar soils: 10 percent • Grassed waterways, surface field ditches, and 36 Soil Survey

Figure 4.—A healthy, well managed pecan orchard in an area of Grenada silt loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes, eroded. proper arrangement of rows are needed to remove • Restricting the use of equipment and the harvesting excess water. of timber to the drier seasons helps to prevent the • Returning crop residue to the soil improves fertility formation of ruts and minimizes surface compaction. and tilth and reduces the extent of crusting and Wildlife habitat packing. Suitability: Well suited to openland wildlife and woodland wildlife, very poorly suited to wetland Pasture and hayland wildlife Suitability: Well suited Management concerns: None Management concerns: Seasonal wetness Management measures and considerations: Management measures and considerations: • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, timely undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and deferment of grazing, and weed and brush control pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a help to prevent surface compaction and improve tilth. place to rest. Woodland • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by Suitability: Well suited planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the Management concerns: Plant competition existing plant cover, or promoting the natural Management measures and considerations: establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning • If pine trees are planted, site preparation is needed every three years, rotated among several small tracts to control competition from undesirable plants. The of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse benefits of site preparation, however, do not extend for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for beyond one growing season. quail and turkey. Attala County, Mississippi 37

Dwellings Landform position: Lower toeslopes and footslopes Suitability: Suited Shape of areas: Broad and irregular Management concerns: Wetness Size of areas: 20 to 200 acres Management measures and considerations: Composition • Installing a subsurface drainage system helps to lower the seasonal high water table. Calloway and similar soils: 90 percent • Care should be taken to prevent erosion during Dissimilar soils: 10 percent construction, and vegetation should be established as soon as possible. Typical Profile Septic tank absorption fields Surface layer: Suitability: Poorly suited 0 to 6 inches—light brownish gray silt loam Management concerns: Wetness and slow percolation Subsoil: Management measures and considerations: 6 to 13 inches—yellowish brown silt loam that has gray • The local Health Department can be contacted for mottles guidance regarding sanitary facilities. 13 to 22 inches—mottled yellowish brown and gray silt • Using suitable fill material to raise the filter field a loam sufficient distance above the seasonal high water table 22 to 28 inches—brittle, compact fragipan of mottled and increasing the size of the field improve system yellowish brown, gray, and light yellowish brown performance. silt loam • Installing the distribution lines during dry periods 28 to 48 inches—brittle, compact fragipan of yellowish helps to control smearing and sealing of trench walls. brown silty clay loam that has gray mottles Local roads and streets 48 to 60 inches—brittle, compact fragipan of yellowish Suitability: Poorly suited brown silty clay loam that has gray mottles Management concerns: Low strength Management measures and considerations: Soil Properties and Qualities • Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and Depth class: Very deep compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained soil. Permeability: Slow • Constructing roads on raised, well-compacted fill Available water capacity: Moderate material helps to overcome the wetness. Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1 to Lawns and landscaping 2 feet from January through April Suitability: Suited Shrink-swell potential: Low Management concerns: Wetness Hazard of flooding: None Management measures and considerations: Hazard of water erosion: Slight • A surface or subsurface drainage system may be Tilth: Good needed in some areas. Parent material: Thick loess deposits • Lime, fertilizer, mulch, and irrigation help to establish lawns and landscape plants. Minor Components • Topsoil from disturbed areas should be stockpiled Dissimilar soils: and then replaced before landscaping. • The poorly drained Calhoun soils, which are on Interpretive Groups adjacent flood plains and in depressions Land capability classification: IIe Similar soils: Woodland ordination symbol: 8A • Soils that are moderately well drained Land Use 41A—Calloway silt loam, 0 to 2 Dominant uses: Cropland and pasture percent slopes Other uses: Woodland Cropland Setting Suitability: Well suited Landscape: Coastal Plain Management concerns: Wetness, slow runoff, and Landform: Stream terraces and uplands slow permeability 38 Soil Survey

Management measures and considerations: Dwellings • Using well maintained drainageways and ditches to Suitability: Poorly suited remove excess water improves productivity. Management concerns: Wetness • Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil Management measures and considerations: testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants • Proper design and careful installation help to offset and maximizes productivity. the wetness. • Returning crop residue to the soil improves fertility Septic tank absorption fields and tilth and reduces the extent of crusting and Suitability: Poorly suited packing. Management concerns: Wetness and slow percolation Pasture and hayland Management measures and considerations: Suitability: Well suited • Using suitable fill material to raise the filter field a Management concerns: Wetness, slow runoff, and sufficient distance above the seasonal high water table slow permeability and increasing the size of the field improve system Management measures and considerations: performance. • Proper stocking rates, controlled grazing, and • Installing the distribution lines during dry periods weed and brush control help to control erosion, helps to control smearing and sealing of trench walls. slow runoff, and reduce the extent of surface • The local Health Department can be contacted for compaction. guidance regarding sanitary facilities. • Restricting use during wet periods helps to keep the Local roads and streets pasture in good condition. Suitability: Poorly suited Woodland Management concerns: Low strength Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Management concerns: Equipment use, seedling • Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and mortality, and plant competition compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the soil. Management measures and considerations: • Constructing roads on raised, well-compacted fill • If pine trees are planted, site preparation is needed material helps to overcome the wetness. to control competition from undesirable plants. The Lawns and landscaping benefits of site preparation, however, do not extend Suitability: Suited beyond one growing season. Management concerns: Wetness • Restricting the use of equipment and the Management measures and considerations: harvesting of timber to the drier seasons helps to • A surface or subsurface drainage system may be prevent the formation of ruts and minimizes surface needed in some areas. compaction. • Lime, fertilizer, mulch, and irrigation help to establish Wildlife habitat lawns and landscape plants. Suitability: Well suited to openland wildlife and Interpretive Groups woodland wildlife, poorly suited to wetland wildlife Management concerns: No significant limitations affect Land capability classification: IIe wildlife habitat. Woodland ordination symbol: 8W Management measures and considerations: • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and 42A—Bude silt loam, 0 to 2 percent pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a slopes place to rest. Setting • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by planting or encouraging the growth of oaks trees and Landscape: Coastal Plain suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every Landform: Uplands and stream terraces three years, rotated among several small tracts of Landform position: Lower toeslopes and footslopes land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for Shape of areas: Irregular deer and the number of seed-producing plants for Size of areas: 5 to 80 acres quail and turkey. Composition • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by constructing shallow ponds that provide open water Bude and similar soils: 90 percent areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Dissimilar soils: 10 percent Attala County, Mississippi 39

Typical Profile Management concerns: Seasonal wetness Management measures and considerations: Surface layer: • A drainage system can help to overcome the 0 to 5 inches—mottled dark brown, light yellowish wetness. brown, and dark grayish brown silt loam • Field ditches are needed, and plant rows should be Subsoil: arranged to remove excess water. 5 to 11 inches—yellowish brown silt loam that has light • Returning crop residue to the soil improves fertility brownish gray mottles and tilth and reduces the extent of crusting. 11 to 16 inches—mottled light brownish gray, light Pasture and hayland yellowish brown, light olive brown, and brown silt Suitability: Suited loam Management concerns: Wetness 16 to 20 inches—brittle, compact fragipan of mottled Management measures and considerations: gray, light yellowish brown, light olive brown, and • Overgrazing or grazing when the soil is too wet yellowish brown silt loam causes compaction and poor tilth. 20 to 29 inches—brittle, compact fragipan of mottled • Proper stocking rates, controlled grazing, and weed gray, yellowish brown, strong brown, and light gray and brush control help to maintain good tilth and silty clay loam reduce the extent of surface compaction. 29 to 40 inches—brittle, compact fragipan of mottled yellowish brown and gray silty clay loam Woodland 40 to 56 inches—brittle, compact fragipan of mottled Suitability: Well suited yellowish brown, light olive brown, and gray clay Management concerns: Equipment use, seedling loam mortality, and plant competition 56 to 64 inches—brittle, compact fragipan of mottled Management measures and considerations: light olive brown, yellowish brown, and gray clay • If pine trees are planted, site preparation is needed loam to control competition from undesirable plants. The benefits of site preparation, however, do not extend Soil Properties and Qualities beyond one growing season. Depth class: Very deep • Restricting the use of equipment and the Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained harvesting of timber to the drier seasons helps to Permeability: Slow prevent the formation of ruts and minimizes surface Available water capacity: Moderate compaction. 1 Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of /2 to 1 Wildlife habitat 1 /2 feet from January through April Suitability: Well suited to openland wildlife and Shrink-swell potential: Low woodland wildlife, suited to wetland wildlife Hazard of flooding: None Management concerns: None Hazard of water erosion: Slight Management measures and considerations: Tilth: Fair • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving Parent material: Silty material over loamy sediments undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and Minor Components pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a place to rest. Dissimilar soils: • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by • The well drained Ariel soils on flood plains planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and • Silty Gillsburg soils on flood plains suitable understory plants. • The poorly drained Rosebloom soils on adjacent • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by flood plains constructing shallow ponds that provide open water Similar soils: areas for waterfowl and furbearers. • Soils that are moderately well drained Dwellings Land Use Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns: Wetness Dominant uses: Cropland and pasture Management measures and considerations: Other uses: Woodland • This map unit is severely limited as a site for Cropland dwellings because of the flooding and wetness. Suitability: Suited • A site that has better suited soils should be selected. 40 Soil Survey

Septic tank absorption fields Subsoil: Suitability: Poorly suited 6 to 13 inches—yellowish brown silt loam that has gray Management concerns: Wetness and restricted mottles permeability 13 to 22 inches—mottled yellowish brown and gray silt Management measures and considerations: loam • This map unit is severely limited as a site for septic 22 to 28 inches—brittle, compact fragipan of mottled tank absorption fields because of the wetness and yellowish brown, gray, and light yellowish brown restricted permeability. silt loam • A site that has better suited soils should be selected. 28 to 48 inches—brittle, compact fragipan of yellowish • The local Health Department can be contacted for brown silty clay loam that has gray and light additional guidance regarding sanitary facilities. brownish gray mottles 48 to 60 inches—brittle, compact fragipan of yellowish Local roads and streets brown silty clay loam that has gray mottles Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns: Low strength and wetness Deerford Management measures and considerations: Surface layer: • Using well-compacted, high strength roadfill helps to 0 to 3 inches—yellowish brown silt loam overcome the low strength. 3 to 7 inches—light yellowish brown silt loam that has • Constructing proper ditches and installing culverts grayish brown and light brownish gray mottles help to overcome the wetness. Subsurface layer: Lawns and landscaping 7 to 11 inches—light gray silt loam that has brownish Suitability: Poorly suited yellow and strong brown mottles Management concerns: Wetness Subsoil: Management measures and considerations: 11 to 28 inches—mottled brownish yellow, very pale • Topsoil from disturbed areas should be stockpiled brown, and light brownish gray silty clay loam and then replaced before landscaping. 28 to 36 inches—brownish yellow silty clay loam that • A surface or subsurface drainage system may be has light gray and gray mottles needed in some areas. 36 to 45 inches—brownish yellow silty clay loam that Interpretive Groups has light brownish gray mottles 45 to 60 inches—brownish yellow silty clay loam that Land capability classification: IIw has light brownish gray mottles Woodland ordination symbol: 9W Soil Properties and Qualities 43A—Calloway and Deerford soils, Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained 0 to 2 percent slopes Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: Calloway—moderate; Setting Deerford—low Landscape: Coastal Plain Seasonal high water table: Calloway—perched, at a Landform: Terraces and uplands depth of 1 to 2 feet from December through April; 1 1 Landform position: Toeslopes and flat to slightly Deerford—perched, at a depth of /2 to 1 /2 feet concave slopes on uplands and low terraces from December through April Shape of areas: Irregular Shrink-swell potential: Calloway—low; Deerford— Size of areas: 20 to 200 acres moderate Hazard of flooding: None Composition Hazard of water erosion: Slight Calloway and similar soils: 55 percent Tilth: Good Deerford and similar soils: 30 percent Parent material: Thick loess deposits Dissimilar soils: 15 percent Other distinctive properties: A high content of sodium in the subsoil of the Deerford soil Typical Profile Minor Components Calloway Surface layer: Dissimilar soils: 0 to 6 inches—light brownish gray silt loam • The poorly drained Calhoun soils, which do not have Attala County, Mississippi 41

a fragipan or a high content of sodium and are in the Wildlife habitat lower areas Suitability: Calloway—well suited to openland wildlife • The moderately well drained Grenada soils, which and woodland wildlife, poorly suited to wetland do not have a high content of sodium and are in the wildlife; Deerford—well suited to openland wildlife higher areas and woodland wildlife, suited to wetland wildlife • The poorly drained Kinston soils in narrow Management measures and considerations: drainageways • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and Similar soils: None pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a place to rest. Land Use • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by Dominant uses: Cropland and pasture planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and Other uses: Woodland suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every three years, rotated among several small tracts of Cropland land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for Suitability: Poorly suited deer and the number of seed-producing plants for Management concerns: Calloway—wetness; quail and turkey. Deerford—wetness and high content of sodium • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by Management measures and considerations: constructing shallow ponds that provide open water • Conservation practices, such as using a areas for waterfowl and furbearers. conservation tillage system, arranging rows to remove excess water, installing and maintaining surface field Dwellings ditches, and incorporating crop residue into the Suitability: Unsuited subsoil, should be used. Management concerns: Wetness Management measures and considerations: Pasture and hayland • This map unit is severely limited as a site for urban Suitability: Poorly suited development because of the wetness. Management concerns: Calloway—wetness; • A site that has better suited soils should be selected. Deerford—wetness and high content of sodium Septic tank absorption fields Management measures and considerations: Suitability: Unsuited • Proper stocking rates, controlled grazing, and weed Management concerns: Wetness and slow percolation and brush control help to keep the pasture in good Management measures and considerations: condition. • A site that has better suited soils should be selected. • The local Health Department can be contacted for Woodland guidance regarding sanitary facilities. Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns: Equipment use, seedling Local roads and streets mortality, and plant competition Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Management concerns: Low strength and wetness • Restricting the use of standard wheeled and tracked Management measures and considerations: equipment to dry periods helps to prevent rutting and • Using well-compacted, high strength road fill, compaction. constructing proper ditches, and installing culverts • Harvesting timber during the summer or fall help to overcome the low strength and the wetness. minimizes rutting and the damage caused to tree roots Lawns and landscaping by compaction. Suitability: Unsuited • Planting seedlings on raised beds helps to Management concerns: Calloway—wetness; establish the seedlings and increases the seedling Deerford—excess sodium and wetness survival rate. Management measures and considerations: • Site preparation practices, such as applying • A site that has better suited soils should be selected. herbicides and chopping, help to control competition from unwanted plants. Interpretive Groups • Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent to streams helps to control siltation and provides Land capability classification: Calloway—IIw; shade for the surface of the water, thereby improving Deerford—IIIw aquatic habitat. Woodland ordination symbol: 8W 42 Soil Survey

44B2—Providence silt loam, 2 to 5 clay in the subsoil than the Providence soil, do not have a fragipan, and are on the steeper slopes percent slopes, eroded • The poorly drained Kinston soils in narrow drainageways Setting Similar soils: Landscape: Coastal Plain • Scattered areas of soils that have more sand in the Landform: Terraces and uplands subsoil than the Providence soil Landform position: Summits and shoulder slopes Shape of areas: Irregular Land Use Size of areas: 5 to more than 100 acres Dominant uses: Pasture and cropland (fig. 5) Composition Other uses: Woodland Providence and similar soils: 85 percent Cropland Dissimilar soils: 15 percent Suitability: Suited Management concerns: Erosion Typical Profile Management measures and considerations: Surface layer: • Conservation tillage, contour farming, terraces, and 0 to 5 inches—yellowish brown silt loam grassed waterways slow runoff and help to control further erosion. Subsoil: • Returning crop residue to the soil improves fertility and 5 to 11 inches—dark brown silt loam tilth and reduces the extent of crusting and packing. 11 to 18 inches—dark brown silty clay loam that has yellowish brown mottles Pasture and hayland 18 to 28 inches—brittle, compact fragipan of strong Suitability: Well suited brown silt loam that has light yellowish brown and Management concerns: Soil compaction light brownish gray mottles Management measures and considerations: 28 to 38 inches—brittle, compact fragipan of mottled • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and deferred dark brown, yellowish brown, and light brownish grazing during wet periods help to keep the pasture in gray silt loam good condition. 38 to 48 inches—brittle, compact fragipan of yellowish Woodland brown loam that has light brownish gray mottles Suitability: Well suited 48 to 60 inches—brittle, compact fragipan of mottled Management concerns: Plant competition yellowish brown, dark brown, and light brownish Management measures and considerations: gray loam • If pine trees are planted, site preparation is needed Soil Properties and Qualities to control competition from undesirable plants. The benefits of site preparation, however, do not extend Depth class: Very deep beyond one growing season. Drainage class: Moderately well drained • Restricting the use of equipment and the harvesting Permeability: Moderately slow of timber to the drier seasons helps to prevent the Available water capacity: Moderate 1 formation of ruts and minimizes surface compaction. Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1 /2 to 3 feet from January through March Wildlife habitat Shrink-swell potential: Low Suitability: Well suited to openland wildlife and Hazard of flooding: None woodland wildlife, very poorly suited to wetland Hazard of water erosion: Moderate wildlife Tilth: Good Management concerns: None Parent material: Silty material over loamy and sandy Management measures and considerations: sediments • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and Minor Components pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a Dissimilar soils: place to rest. • The well drained Smithdale soils, which have more • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by sand in the subsoil than the Providence soil, do not planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and have a fragipan, and are on the steeper slopes suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every • The well drained Sweatman soils, which have more three years, rotated among several small tracts of Attala County, Mississippi 43

Figure 5.—An area of Providence silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, eroded. Hybrid bermudagrass is being grown in the foreground.

land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for Local roads and streets deer and the number of seed-producing plants for Suitability: Poorly suited quail and turkey. Management concerns: Low strength Management measures and considerations: Dwellings • Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed, Suitability: Suited compacting the roadbed, and designing roads to Management concerns: Wetness conform to the natural slope improve soil performance. Management measures and considerations: • Constructing roads on raised, well-compacted fill • Proper design, careful construction, and a well material helps to overcome the wetness. planned drainage system can help to overcome the wetness. Lawns and landscaping Septic tank absorption fields Suitability: Suited Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns: Wetness Management concerns: Wetness and slow percolation Management measures and considerations: Management measures and considerations: • Topsoil from disturbed areas should be stockpiled • Using suitable fill material to raise the filter field a and then replaced before landscaping. sufficient distance above the seasonal high water table • Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion- and increasing the size of the field improve system control structures, such as sediment fences and catch performance. basins, help to keep the soil on the site. • The local Health Department can be contacted for • Lime, fertilizer, mulch, and irrigation help to establish additional guidance regarding sanitary facilities. lawns and landscape plants. 44 Soil Survey

Interpretive Groups Minor Components Land capability classification: IIe Dissimilar soils: Woodland ordination symbol: 8W • The well drained Smithdale soils, which have more sand in the subsoil than the Providence soil, do not have a fragipan, and are on the steeper slopes 44C2—Providence silt loam, 5 to 8 • The well drained Sweatman soils, which have more percent slopes, eroded clay in the subsoil than the Providence soil, do not have a fragipan, and are on the steeper slopes Setting • The poorly drained Kinston soils in narrow drainageways Landscape: Coastal Plain Landform: Terraces and uplands Similar soils: Landform position: Shoulder slopes and backslopes • Scattered areas of soils that have more sand in the Shape of areas: Elongated subsoil than the Providence soil Size of areas: 5 to more than 100 acres Land Use Composition Dominant uses: Pasture and cropland Providence and similar soils: 85 percent Other uses: Woodland Dissimilar soils: 15 percent Cropland Typical Profile Suitability: Suited Management concerns: Erosion Surface layer: Management measures and considerations: 0 to 5 inches—yellowish brown silt loam • Conservation tillage, contour farming, terraces, and Subsoil: grassed waterways slow runoff and help to control 5 to 11 inches—dark brown silt loam further erosion. 11 to 18 inches—dark brown silty clay loam that has • Returning crop residue to the soil improves fertility yellowish brown mottles and tilth and reduces the extent of crusting and 18 to 28 inches—brittle, compact fragipan of strong packing. brown silt loam that has light yellowish brown and Pasture and hayland light brownish gray mottles Suitability: Well suited 28 to 38 inches—brittle, compact fragipan of mottled Management concerns: Soil compaction dark brown, yellowish brown, and light brownish Management measures and considerations: gray silt loam • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and deferred 38 to 48 inches—brittle, compact fragipan of grazing during wet periods help to keep the pasture in yellowish brown loam that has light brownish good condition. gray mottles 48 to 60 inches—brittle, compact fragipan of mottled Woodland yellowish brown, dark brown, and light brownish Suitability: Well suited gray loam Management concerns: Erosion and plant competition Management measures and considerations: Soil Properties and Qualities • Restricting the use of equipment and the harvesting Depth class: Very deep of timber to the drier seasons helps to prevent the Drainage class: Moderately well drained formation of ruts and minimizes surface compaction. Permeability: Moderately slow • Waterbars are needed to prevent erosion on roads. Available water capacity: Moderate • Grass should be established following completion of 1 Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1 /2 harvesting. to 3 feet from January through March • Planting appropriate tree species as recommended Shrink-swell potential: Low by a forester helps to achieve maximum productivity Hazard of flooding: None and to ensure seedling survival. Hazard of water erosion: Moderate • If pine trees are planted, site preparation is needed Tilth: Good to control competition from undesirable plants. The Parent material: Silty material over loamy and sandy benefits of site preparation, however, do not extend sediments beyond one growing season. Attala County, Mississippi 45

Wildlife habitat • A surface or subsurface drainage system may be Suitability: Well suited to openland wildlife and needed in some areas. woodland wildlife, very poorly suited to wetland Interpretive Groups wildlife Management concerns: None Land capability classification: IIIe Management measures and considerations: Woodland ordination symbol: 8W • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and pasture. These areas provide wildlife 44D3—Providence silt loam, 8 to 15 with food and a place to rest. percent slopes, severely eroded • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the Setting existing plant cover, or promoting the natural Landscape: Coastal Plain establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed Landform: Terraces and uplands burning every three years, rotated among several Landform position: Shoulder slopes and backslopes small tracts of land, can increase the amount of Shape of areas: Irregular palatable browse for deer and the number of seed- Size of areas: 5 to 300 acres producing plants for quail and turkey. Composition Dwellings Suitability: Suited Providence and similar soils: 85 percent Management concerns: Wetness Dissimilar soils: 15 percent Management measures and considerations: Typical Profile • Installing a subsurface drainage system helps to lower the seasonal high water table. Surface layer: • Care should be taken to prevent erosion during 0 to 5 inches—dark brown silt loam construction, and vegetation should be reestablished Subsoil: as soon as possible after construction. 5 to 11 inches—dark brown silt loam Septic tank absorption fields 11 to 18 inches—dark brown silty clay loam that has Suitability: Poorly suited yellowish brown mottles Management concerns: Wetness and slow percolation 18 to 28 inches—brittle, compact fragipan of strong Management measures and considerations: brown silt loam that has light yellowish brown and • Using suitable fill material to raise the filter field a light brownish gray mottles sufficient distance above the seasonal high water table 28 to 38 inches—brittle, compact fragipan of mottled and increasing the size of the field improve system dark brown, yellowish brown, and light brownish performance. gray silt loam • Installing the distribution lines during dry periods 38 to 48 inches—brittle, compact fragipan of helps to control smearing and sealing of trench yellowish brown loam that has light brownish walls. gray mottles • The local Health Department can be contacted for 48 to 60 inches—brittle, compact fragipan of mottled additional guidance regarding sanitary facilities. yellowish brown, dark brown, and light brownish gray loam Local roads and streets Suitability: Poorly suited Soil Properties and Qualities Management concerns: Low strength Depth class: Very deep Management measures and considerations: Drainage class: Moderately well drained • Using well-compacted, high strength roadfill helps to Permeability: Moderately slow overcome the low strength. Available water capacity: Moderate 1 Lawns and landscaping Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1 /2 Suitability: Suited to 3 feet from January through March Management concerns: Wetness Shrink-swell potential: Low Management measures and considerations: Hazard of flooding: None • Topsoil from disturbed areas should be stockpiled Hazard of water erosion: Moderate and then replaced before landscaping. Tilth: Good 46 Soil Survey

Parent material: Silty material over loamy and sandy to streams helps to control siltation and provides sediments shade for the surface of the water. • Waterbars are needed to prevent erosion on roads. Minor Components • Grass should be established following completion of Dissimilar soils: harvesting. • The well drained Smithdale soils, which have more • Planting appropriate tree species as recommended sand in the subsoil than the Providence soil, do not by a forester helps to achieve maximum productivity have a fragipan, and are on the slightly steeper slopes and to ensure seedling survival. • The well drained Sweatman soils, which have more • If pine trees are planted, site preparation is needed clay in the subsoil than the Providence soil, do not to control competition from undesirable plants. The have a fragipan, and are on the slightly steeper slopes benefits of site preparation, however, do not extend • The somewhat poorly drained Mantachie soils in beyond one growing season. drainageways Wildlife habitat Similar soils: Suitability: Well suited to openland wildlife and • Scattered areas of soils that have more sand in the woodland wildlife, very poorly suited to wetland subsoil than the Providence soil wildlife • Soils that are similar to the Providence soil but are Management concerns: None well drained Management measures and considerations: • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving Land Use undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and Dominant uses: Pasture pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a Other uses: Woodland place to rest. • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by Cropland planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the Suitability: Poorly suited existing plant cover, or promoting the natural Management concerns: Erosion establishment of desirable plants. Management measures and considerations: • Because of the hazard of further erosion, this soil is Dwellings better suited to a permanent cover of grasses, Suitability: Suited legumes, or trees than to cultivated crops. Management concerns: Wetness and slope Management measures and considerations: Pasture and hayland • Structures can be designed to conform to the natural Suitability: Suited slope. Management concerns: Slope and shallow gullies • Land grading or shaping prior to construction Management measures and considerations: minimizes the damage caused by surface flow of • Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the water and reduces the hazard of further erosion. slope reduces the hazard of further erosion and increases the rate of germination. Septic tank absorption fields • Fencing livestock away from creeks and streams Suitability: Poorly suited helps to prevent streambank erosion and Management concerns: Wetness and slow percolation sedimentation. Management measures and considerations: • Using rotational grazing and implementing a well • Installing the distribution lines on the contour planned schedule of clipping and harvesting help to improves system performance. maintain the pasture and increase productivity. Local roads and streets • Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil Suitability: Poorly suited testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants Management concerns: Low strength and maximizes productivity. Management measures and considerations: Woodland • Designing roads to conform to the contour and Suitability: Suited providing adequate water-control structures, such Management concerns: Erosion and plant competition as culverts, help to maintain the stability of the Management measures and considerations: roads. • Constructing roads, fire lanes, and skid trails on the • Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible contour helps to overcome the slope limitations. after construction helps to stabilize the soil and • Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent reduces the hazard of further erosion. Attala County, Mississippi 47

Lawns and landscaping Soil Properties and Qualities Suitability: Poorly suited Depth class: Very deep Management concerns: Wetness and slope Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Management measures and considerations: Permeability: Moderately slow • Topsoil from disturbed areas should be stockpiled Available water capacity: Moderate and then replaced before landscaping. Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1 to • A surface or subsurface drainage system may be 1 1 /2 feet from January through April needed. Shrink-swell potential: Low • Designing plantings to conform to the natural Hazard of flooding: None contour of the slope reduces the hazard of erosion Hazard of water erosion: Slight and increases the rate of water infiltration. Tilth: Good • Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion- Parent material: Loamy material control structures, such as sediment fences and catch basins, help to keep soil on the site. Minor Components Dissimilar soils: Interpretive Groups • The moderately well drained Ora soils, which have Land capability classification: VIe more clay in the subsoil than the Stough soil and are Woodland ordination symbol: 8W in the higher areas • The poorly drained Kinston soils in narrow drainageways 48A—Stough loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes Similar soils: None Land Use Setting Dominant uses: Cropland and pasture Landscape: Coastal Plain Other uses: Woodland Landform: Terraces and upland flats Landform position: Planar to slightly convex toeslopes Cropland and summits Suitability: Suited Shape of areas: Oblong Management concerns: Wetness Size of areas: 5 to 100 acres Management measures and considerations: • Using open ditches and diversions to remove excess Composition water improves productivity. • Delaying spring planting minimizes the clodding and Stough and similar soils: 85 percent rutting that occurs if equipment is used when the soil Dissimilar soils: 15 percent is wet. • Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil Typical Profile testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants Surface layer: and maximizes productivity. 0 to 5 inches—light yellowish brown loam Pasture and hayland Subsurface layer: Suitability: Suited 5 to 8 inches—mottled yellowish brown, pale brown, Management concerns: Compaction and grayish brown loam Management measures and considerations: • Using well maintained drainageways and ditches to Subsoil: remove excess water improves productivity. 8 to 15 inches—yellowish brown loam that has light • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, timely brownish gray mottles deferment of grazing, and restricted use during wet 15 to 23 inches—brittle, compact, mottled yellowish periods help to prevent compaction, maintain brown, gray, and strong brown sandy clay productivity, and keep the pasture in good condition. loam • Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil 23 to 37 inches—brittle, compact, mottled yellowish testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants brown, gray, and strong brown sandy clay loam and maximizes productivity. 37 to 60 inches—brittle, compact, mottled dark yellowish brown, yellowish brown, grayish brown, Woodland and strong brown sandy clay loam Suitability: Well suited 48 Soil Survey

Management concerns: Equipment use and plant Lawns and landscaping competition Suitability: Suited Management measures and considerations: Management concerns: Wetness and droughtiness • If pine trees are planted, site preparation is needed Management measures and considerations: to control competition from undesirable plants. The • Topsoil from disturbed areas should be stockpiled benefits of site preparation, however, do not extend and then replaced before landscaping. beyond one growing season. • A surface or subsurface drainage system may be • Restricting the use of equipment and the needed in some areas. harvesting of timber to the drier seasons helps to • Lime, fertilizer, mulch, and irrigation help to establish prevent the formation of ruts and minimizes surface lawns and landscape plants. compaction. Interpretive Groups Wildlife habitat Land capability classification: IIw Suitability: Well suited to openland wildlife and Woodland ordination symbol: 9W woodland wildlife, suited to wetland wildlife Management concerns: None Management measures and considerations: 50B2—Tippah silt loam, 2 to 5 • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and percent slopes, eroded pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a Setting place to rest. • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by Landscape: Coastal Plain planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the Landform: Upland ridgetops existing plant cover, or promoting the natural Landform position: Summits and shoulder slopes establishment of desirable plants. Shape of areas: Oblong • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by Size of areas: 10 to 80 acres constructing shallow ponds that provide open water Composition areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Tippah and similar soils: 85 percent Dwellings Dissimilar soils: 15 percent Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns: Wetness Typical Profile Management measures and considerations: Surface layer: • Proper design, careful construction, and a well 0 to 5 inches—yellowish brown silt loam that has planned drainage system are needed to overcome the pockets of yellowish red soil material from the wetness. These measures can significantly increase subsoil costs. Subsoil: Septic tank absorption fields 5 to 20 inches—yellowish red silty clay loam Suitability: Poorly suited 20 to 28 inches—strong brown silty clay loam that has Management concerns: Wetness and slow percolation light brownish gray mottles Management measures and considerations: 28 to 33 inches—mottled strong brown, yellowish • This map unit is severely limited as a site for septic brown, and gray silty clay tank absorption fields because of the wetness and 33 to 43 inches—mottled light olive brown, grayish restricted permeability. brown, yellowish brown, and gray silty clay loam • A site that has better suited soils should be selected. 43 to 60 inches—mottled light olive brown, grayish • The local Health Department can be contacted for brown, yellowish brown, and gray silty clay loam additional guidance regarding sanitary facilities. Soil Properties and Qualities Local roads and streets Suitability: Suited Depth class: Very deep Management concerns: Wetness Drainage class: Moderately well drained Management measures and considerations: Permeability: Slow • Using well-compacted roadfill, constructing proper Available water capacity: High ditches, and installing culverts help to overcome the Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 2 to 1 wetness. 2 /2 feet from December through April Attala County, Mississippi 49

Shrink-swell potential: High Wildlife habitat Hazard of flooding: None Suitability: Well suited to openland wildlife and Hazard of water erosion: Severe woodland wildlife, poorly suited to wetland wildlife Tilth: Fair Management concerns: None Parent material: Silty material over clayey sediments Management measures and considerations: • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving Minor Components undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a Dissimilar soils: place to rest. • The well drained Sweatman soils, which have more • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by clay in the subsoil than the Tippah soil and are in the planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and more sloping areas suitable understory plants. • Ora soils, which have a fragipan, have more sand in the subsoil than the Tippah soil, and are in similar Dwellings landscape positions Suitability: Poorly suited • The poorly drained Kinston soils in narrow Management concerns: Wetness and shrink-swell drainageways potential Management measures and considerations: Similar soils: None • Installing a subsurface drainage system helps to lower the seasonal high water table. Land Use • Care should be taken to prevent further erosion Dominant uses: Cropland and pasture during construction, and vegetation should be Other uses: Woodland reestablished as soon as possible after construction. Cropland Suitability: Well suited Septic tank absorption fields Management concerns: Erosion Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Management concerns: Wetness and slow percolation • Conservation tillage, contour farming, grassed Management measures and considerations: waterways, and terraces can reduce the hazard of • Using suitable fill material to raise the filter field a further erosion. sufficient distance above the seasonal high water table and increasing the size of the field improve system Pasture and hayland performance. Suitability: Well suited • Installing the distribution lines during dry periods Management concerns: Erosion helps to control smearing and sealing of trench walls. Management measures and considerations: • The local Health Department can be contacted for • Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the additional guidance regarding sanitary facilities. slope reduces the hazard of further erosion and increases the rate of germination. Local roads and streets • Proper stocking rates and restricted grazing Suitability: Poorly suited during wet periods help to prevent compaction and Management concerns: Low strength keep the pasture in good condition. Management measures and considerations: • During the establishment, maintenance, or • Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and renovation of pasture and hayland, applying lime compacting the roadbed help to overcome the low and fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases strength of the natural soil. the availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes • Removing as much of the clay that has a high productivity. shrink-swell potential as possible and increasing the thickness of the base aggregate improve soil Woodland performance. Suitability: Well suited • Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible Management concerns: Plant competition after construction helps to stabilize the soil and Management measures and considerations: reduces the hazard of further erosion. • If pine trees are planted, site preparation is needed to control competition from undesirable Lawns and landscaping plants. The benefits of site preparation, however, do Suitability: Well suited not extend beyond one growing season. Management concerns: None 50 Soil Survey

Management measures and considerations: Hazard of flooding: None • Topsoil from disturbed areas should be stockpiled Hazard of water erosion: Severe and then replaced before landscaping. Tilth: Fair • Quickly establishing permanent ground cover helps Parent material: Silty material over clayey sediment to keep the soil on the site. • Lime, fertilizer, mulch, and irrigation help to establish Minor Components lawns and landscape plants. Dissimilar soils: Interpretive Groups • The well drained Sweatman soils, which have more clay in the subsoil than the Tippah soil and are in the Land capability classification: IIe more sloping areas Woodland ordination symbol: 8A • Ora soils, which have a fragipan, have more sand in the subsoil than the Tippah soil, and are in similar 50D2—Tippah silt loam, 5 to 15 landscape positions • The poorly drained Kinston soils in narrow percent slopes, eroded drainageways Setting Similar soils: • Soils that have a slope of less than 5 percent Landscape: Coastal Plain Landform: Upland ridges Land Use Landform position: Summits and shoulder slopes Shape of areas: Oblong Dominant uses: Pasture and woodland Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres Other uses: Cropland Cropland Composition Suitability: Poorly suited or unsuited Tippah and similar soils: 85 percent Management concerns: Severe hazard of erosion Dissimilar soils: 15 percent Management measures and considerations: • Conservation practices, such as conservation tillage, Typical Profile rotation of grasses and legumes, contour strip cropping, the return of crop residue to the soil, Surface layer: minimum tillage, contour farming, and terraces, should 0 to 5 inches—yellowish brown silt loam that has be used. pockets of yellowish red soil material from the • This map unit is not suited to cropland in areas subsoil where the slope is greater than 8 percent. Subsoil: Pasture and hayland 5 to 20 inches—yellowish red silty clay loam Suitability: Suited 20 to 28 inches—strong brown silty clay loam that has Management concerns: Severe hazard of erosion light brownish gray mottles Management measures and considerations: 28 to 33 inches—mottled strong brown, yellowish • Proper stocking rates and controlled grazing help to brown, and gray silty clay keep the pasture in good condition. 33 to 43 inches—mottled light olive brown, grayish brown, yellowish brown, and gray silty clay loam Woodland 43 to 60 inches—mottled light olive brown, grayish Suitability: Suited brown, yellowish brown, and gray silty clay loam Management concerns: Plant competition Management measures and considerations: Soil Properties and Qualities • If pine trees are planted, site preparation is needed to control competition from undesirable plants. The Depth class: Very deep benefits of site preparation, however, do not extend Drainage class: Moderately well drained beyond one growing season. Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: High Wildlife habitat Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 2 to Suitability: Well suited to openland wildlife and 1 2 /2 feet from December through April woodland wildlife, poorly suited to wetland wildlife Shrink-swell potential: High Management concerns: None Attala County, Mississippi 51

Management measures and considerations: 51C2—Ora loam, 5 to 8 percent • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and slopes, eroded pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a Setting place to rest. • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by Landscape: Coastal Plain planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the Landform: Terraces and uplands existing plant cover, or promoting the natural Landform position: Shoulder slopes and backslopes establishment of desirable plants. Shape of areas: Irregular Size of areas: 5 to 40 acres Dwellings Suitability: Suited Composition Management concerns: Wetness, high shrink-swell Ora and similar soils: 85 percent potential, and slope Dissimilar soils: 15 percent Management measures and considerations: • Proper design, careful construction, and a well Typical Profile planned drainage system are needed to overcome the Surface layer: limitations. These measures can significantly increase 0 to 4 inches—yellowish brown loam costs. Subsoil: Septic tank absorption fields 4 to 17 inches—yellowish red loam Suitability: Poorly suited 17 to 26 inches—brittle, compact fragipan of mottled Management concerns: Wetness and slow percolation yellowish red, strong brown, and light brownish Management measures and considerations: gray loam • Increasing the size of the absorption field improves 26 to 36 inches—brittle, compact fragipan of mottled system performance. yellowish red, yellowish brown, light brownish gray, • Installing the distribution lines during dry periods and pale brown sandy clay loam helps to control smearing and sealing of trench walls. • The local Health Department can be contacted for Substratum: additional guidance regarding sanitary facilities. 36 to more than 60 inches—yellowish red sandy loam that has brownish yellow mottles Local roads and streets Suitability: Suited Soil Properties and Qualities Management concerns: Low strength Depth class: Very deep Management measures and considerations: Drainage class: Moderately well drained • Using well-compacted, high strength roadfill helps to Permeability: Moderately slow overcome the low strength. Available water capacity: Moderate Lawns and landscaping Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 2 to 1 Suitability: Suited 3 /2 feet from February through April Management concerns: Slope Shrink-swell potential: Low Management measures and considerations: Hazard of flooding: None • Topsoil from disturbed areas should be stockpiled Hazard of water erosion: Moderate and then replaced before landscaping. Tilth: Good • Lime, fertilizer, mulch, and irrigation help to establish Parent material: Loamy marine deposits lawns and landscape plants. Minor Components • Designing plantings to conform to the natural contour of the slope reduces the hazard of further Dissimilar soils: erosion and increases the rate of water infiltration. • The well drained Smithdale soils, which do not have • Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion- a fragipan and are in landscape positions similar to control structures, such as sediment fences and catch those of the Ora soil basins, help to keep soil on the site. • Tippah soils, which have a yellower subsoil than the Ora soil, are less sandy, do not have a fragipan, and Interpretive Groups are in similar landscape positions Land capability classification: IVe • The poorly drained Kinston soils in narrow Woodland ordination symbol: 8A drainageways 52 Soil Survey

Similar soils: existing plant cover, or promoting the natural • Scattered soils that have more clay in the subsoil establishment of desirable plants. than the Ora soil Dwellings Land Use Suitability: Suited Management concerns: Wetness Dominant uses: Woodland and pasture Management measures and considerations: Other uses: Cropland • Installing a subsurface drainage system helps to Cropland lower the seasonal high water table. Suitability: Suited • Care should be taken to prevent further erosion Management concerns: Erosion during construction, and vegetation should be Management measures and considerations: reestablished as soon as possible after construction. • Using cover crops and grasses and legumes in the Septic tank absorption fields cropping system, incorporating crop residue into the Suitability: Poorly suited surface layer, and using a conservation tillage system Management concerns: Wetness and slow percolation help to reduce the extent of crusting and the hazard of Management measures and considerations: further erosion. • Using suitable fill material to raise the filter field a Pasture and hayland sufficient distance above the seasonal high water table Suitability: Well suited and increasing the size of the field improve system Management concerns: Soil compaction performance. Management measures and considerations: • Installing the distribution lines during dry periods • Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the helps to control smearing and sealing of trench walls. slope reduces the hazard of further erosion and • The local Health Department can be contacted for increases the rate of germination. additional guidance regarding sanitary facilities. • Proper stocking rates and restricted grazing during Local roads and streets wet periods help to prevent compaction and keep the Suitability: Poorly suited pasture in good condition. Management concerns: Low strength and wetness • Chisel plowing and subsoiling when seedbeds are Management measures and considerations: prepared help to break through hardpans, increasing • Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and root penetration and the rate of water infiltration. compacting the roadbed help to overcome the low • Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil strength of the natural soil. testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants • Constructing roads on raised, well-compacted fill and maximizes productivity. material helps to overcome the wetness. Woodland • Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible Suitability: Well suited after construction helps to stabilize the soil and Management concerns: Plant competition reduces the hazard of further erosion. Management measures and considerations: Lawns and landscaping • If pine trees are planted, site preparation is needed Suitability: Well suited to control competition from undesirable plants. The Management concerns: Soil fertility benefits of site preparation, however, do not extend Management measures and considerations: beyond one growing season. • Because of the restricted rooting depth, establishing Wildlife habitat and maintaining lawns and landscaping are difficult, Suitability: Well suited to openland wildlife and especially if the soil has been significantly disturbed by woodland wildlife, very poorly suited to wetland construction. wildlife • Applying supplemental irrigation and seeding or Management concerns: None planting varieties that are adapted to droughty Management measures and considerations: conditions increase the survival rate of grasses and • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving landscaping plants. undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and • Topsoil from disturbed areas should be stockpiled pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a and then replaced before landscaping. place to rest. • Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion- • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by control structures, such as sediment fences and catch planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the basins, help to keep the soil on the site. Attala County, Mississippi 53

• Lime, fertilizer, mulch, and irrigation help to establish a fragipan and are in landscape positions similar to lawns and landscape plants. those of the Ora soil • Tippah soils, which have a yellower subsoil than the Interpretive Groups Ora soil, are less sandy, do not have a fragipan, and Land capability classification: IIIe are in similar landscape positions Woodland ordination symbol: 8W • The poorly drained Kinston soils in narrow drainageways 51D2—Ora loam, 8 to 15 percent Similar soils: • Scattered areas of soils that have less sand in the slopes, eroded subsoil than the Ora soil Setting Land Use Landscape: Coastal Plain Dominant uses: Woodland and pasture Landform: Uplands Other uses: Cropland Landform position: Shoulder slopes and backslopes Cropland Shape of areas: Irregular Suitability: Poorly suited Size of areas: 10 to 40 acres Management concerns: Severe hazard of erosion Composition Management measures and considerations: • If row crops are grown, intensive soil conserving Ora and similar soils: 85 percent practices are needed, including conservation tillage, Dissimilar soils: 15 percent contour farming, terraces, grassed waterways, Typical Profile vegetated filter strips, vegetated field borders, and a cropping system that includes grasses and legumes in Surface layer: the rotation. 0 to 4 inches—yellowish brown loam Pasture and hayland Subsoil: Suitability: Suited 4 to 17 inches—yellowish red loam Management concerns: Erosion and soil compaction 17 to 26 inches—brittle, compact fragipan of mottled Management measures and considerations: yellowish red, strong brown, and light brownish • Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the gray loam slope reduces the hazard of further erosion and 26 to 36 inches—brittle, compact fragipan of mottled increases the rate of germination. yellowish red, yellowish brown, light brownish gray, • Proper stocking, controlled grazing, and weed and and pale brown sandy clay loam brush control help to keep the pasture in good Substratum: condition and reduce the extent of compaction. 36 to more than 60 inches—yellowish red sandy loam Woodland that has brownish yellow mottles Suitability: Well suited Soil Properties and Qualities Management concerns: Plant competition Management measures and considerations: Depth class: Very deep • Site preparation practices, such as chopping, Drainage class: Moderately well drained prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to Permeability: Moderately slow control competition from unwanted plants. Available water capacity: Moderate • If pine trees are planted, site preparation is needed Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 2 to 1 to control competition from undesirable plants. The 3 /2 feet from February through April benefits of site preparation, however, do not extend Shrink-swell potential: Low beyond one growing season. Hazard of flooding: None Hazard of water erosion: Severe Wildlife habitat Tilth: Good Suitability: Well suited to openland wildlife and Parent material: Loamy marine deposits woodland wildlife, very poorly suited to wetland wildlife Minor Components Management concerns: None Dissimilar soils: Management measures and considerations: • The well drained Smithdale soils, which do not have • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving 54 Soil Survey

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and Management measures and considerations: pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a • Because of the restricted rooting depth, establishing place to rest. and maintaining lawns and landscaping are difficult, • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by especially if the soil has been significantly disturbed by planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and construction. suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every • Applying supplemental irrigation and seeding or three years, rotated among several small tracts of planting varieties that are adapted to droughty land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for conditions increase the survival rate of grasses and deer and the number of seed-producing plants for landscaping plants. quail and turkey. • Topsoil from disturbed areas should be stockpiled • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by and then replaced before landscaping. constructing shallow ponds that provide open water • Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion- areas for waterfowl and furbearers. control structures, such as sediment fences and catch basins, help to keep the soil on the site. Dwellings • Lime, fertilizer, mulch, and irrigation help to establish Suitability: Poorly suited lawns and landscape plants. Management concerns: Wetness and slope Management measures and considerations: Interpretive Groups • Installing a subsurface drainage system helps to Land capability classification: IVe lower the seasonal high water table. Woodland ordination symbol: 8W • Care should be taken to prevent further erosion during construction, and vegetation should be reestablished as soon as possible after construction. 53C2—Sweatman loam, 5 to 8 Septic tank absorption fields percent slopes, eroded Suitability: Poorly suited Setting Management concerns: Wetness and slow percolation Management measures and considerations: Landscape: Coastal Plain • Using suitable fill material to raise the filter field a Landform: Uplands sufficient distance above the seasonal high water table Landform position: Summits, shoulder slopes, and and increasing the size of the field improve system backslopes performance. Shape of areas: Irregular • Installing the distribution lines during dry periods Size of areas: 5 to 250 acres helps to control smearing and sealing of trench walls. Composition • The local Health Department can be contacted for additional guidance regarding sanitary facilities. Sweatman and similar soils: 85 percent Dissimilar soils: 15 percent Local roads and streets Suitability: Suited Typical Profile Management concerns: Low strength, wetness, and Surface layer: slope 0 to 3 inches—dark grayish brown loam Management measures and considerations: • Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and Subsoil: compacting the roadbed help to overcome the low 3 to 14 inches—yellowish red silty clay strength of the natural soil. 14 to 21 inches—yellowish red silty clay that has pale • Constructing roads on raised, well-compacted fill brown and red mottles material helps to overcome the wetness. 21 to 26 inches—yellowish red silty clay that has pale • Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible brown and red mottles and light gray shale after construction helps to stabilize the soil and fragments reduces the hazard of further erosion. Substratum: Lawns and landscaping 26 to more than 60 inches—stratified soft, Suitability: Suited weathered, grayish brown shale and loamy soil Management concerns: Erodibility and root material mottled in shades of red, brown, and penetration yellow Attala County, Mississippi 55

Soil Properties and Qualities Woodland Suitability: Suited Depth class: Very deep Management concerns: Equipment use Drainage class: Well drained Management measures and considerations: Permeability: Moderately slow • Restricting logging to periods when the soil has the Available water capacity: High proper moisture content minimizes rutting and the Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet damage caused to tree roots by compaction. Shrink-swell potential: Moderate • Restricting logging to periods when the soil has the Hazard of flooding: None proper moisture content minimizes rutting and the Hazard of water erosion: Severe damage caused to tree roots by compaction. Tilth: Fair • Unsurfaced roads may be impassable during wet Parent material: Thinly laminated clay shale; sandy periods because of the high content of clay in the and loamy materials soil. • Site preparation practices, such as chopping, Minor Components prescribed burning, and applying herbicides, help to Dissimilar soils: control competition from unwanted plants. • The moderately well drained Providence soils, which Wildlife habitat have a fragipan, have less clay in the subsoil than the Suitability: Well suited to openland wildlife and Sweatman soil, and are in the less sloping areas woodland wildlife, very poorly suited to wetland • The moderately well drained Tippah soils, which wildlife have less clay in the subsoil than the Sweatman soil Management concerns: None and are in the less sloping areas Management measures and considerations: • The somewhat poorly drained Mantachie soils in • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving drainageways undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and Similar soils: pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a • Soils that have less clay in the subsoil than the place to rest. Sweatman soil • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by • Soils that have a slope of more than 8 percent planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every Land Use three years, rotated among several small tracts of Dominant uses: Pasture and woodland land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for Other uses: Cropland deer and the number of seed-producing plants for quail and turkey. Cropland • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by Suitability: Poorly suited constructing shallow ponds that provide open water Management concerns: Erosion areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Management measures and considerations: • If cultivated crops are grown, the return of crop Dwellings (without basements) residue to the soil, minimum tillage, crop rotation, Suitability: Suited contour farming, terraces, and grassed waterways are Management concerns: Shrink-swell potential needed. Management measures and considerations: • Reinforcing foundations and footings or backfilling Pasture and hayland with coarse-textured material helps to strengthen Suitability: Suited buildings and prevents the damage caused by Management concerns: Erosion shrinking and swelling. Management measures and considerations: • Care should be taken to prevent further erosion • Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the during construction, and vegetation should be slope reduces the hazard of further erosion and reestablished as soon as possible after construction. increases the rate of germination. • Using rotational grazing and implementing a well Septic tank absorption fields planned schedule of clipping and harvesting help to Suitability: Poorly suited maintain the pasture and increase productivity. Management concerns: Slow percolation • Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil Management measures and considerations: testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants • Increasing the size of the absorption field improves and maximizes productivity. system performance. 56 Soil Survey

• Installing the distribution lines during dry periods 21 to 26 inches—yellowish red silty clay that has pale helps to control smearing and sealing of trench walls. brown and red mottles and light gray shale • The local Health Department can be contacted for fragments additional guidance regarding sanitary facilities. Substratum: Local roads and streets 26 to more than 60 inches—stratified soft, weathered, Suitability: Poorly suited grayish brown shale and loamy soil material Management concerns: Low strength mottled in shades of red, brown, and yellow Management measures and considerations: Soil Properties and Qualities • Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the Depth class: Very deep soil. Drainage class: Well drained • Designing roads to conform to the natural contour Permeability: Moderately slow and providing adequate water-control structures, such Available water capacity: High as culverts, help to maintain road stability. Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Lawns and landscaping Hazard of flooding: None Suitability: Well suited Hazard of water erosion: Severe Management concerns: Soil fertility and erosion Tilth: Fair Management measures and considerations: Parent material: Thinly laminated clay shale; sandy • Topsoil from disturbed areas should be stockpiled and loamy materials and then replaced before landscaping. • Lime, fertilizer, mulch, and irrigation help to establish Minor Components lawns and landscape plants. Dissimilar soils: • Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion- • The moderately well drained Providence soils, which control structures, such as sediment fences and catch have a fragipan, have less clay in the subsoil than the basins, help to keep the soil on the site. Sweatman soil, and are in the less sloping areas Interpretive Groups • The moderately well drained Tippah soils, which have less clay in the subsoil than the Sweatman soil Land capability classification: IVe and are in the less sloping areas Woodland ordination symbol: 9C • The somewhat poorly drained Mantachie soils in drainageways 53D2—Sweatman loam, 8 to 15 Similar soils: percent slopes, eroded • Soils that have less clay in the subsoil than the Sweatman soil Setting • Soils that have a slope of less than 8 percent Landscape: Coastal Plain Land Use Landform: Uplands Dominant uses: Pasture and woodland Landform position: Shoulder slopes and backslopes Other uses: None Shape of areas: Irregular Size of areas: 5 to 400 acres Cropland Suitability: Unsuited Composition Management concerns: Severe hazard of erosion Sweatman and similar soils: 85 percent Management measures and considerations: Dissimilar soils: 15 percent • This map unit is not recommended for use as cropland. Typical Profile Pasture and hayland Surface layer: Suitability: Poorly suited 0 to 3 inches—dark grayish brown loam Management concerns: Erosion Subsoil: Management measures and considerations: 3 to 14 inches—yellowish red silty clay • Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the 14 to 21 inches—yellowish red silty clay that has pale slope reduces the hazard of further erosion and brown and red mottles increases the rate of germination. Attala County, Mississippi 57

• The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper with coarse-textured material helps to strengthen areas if hay is harvested. buildings and prevents the damage caused by • Using rotational grazing and implementing a well shrinking and swelling. planned schedule of clipping and harvesting help to Septic tank absorption fields maintain the pasture and increase productivity. Suitability: Poorly suited • Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil Management concerns: Slow percolation testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants Management measures and considerations: and maximizes productivity. • Increasing the size of the absorption field improves Woodland system performance. Suitability: Suited • Installing the distribution lines during dry periods Management concerns: Equipment use helps to control smearing and sealing of trench walls. Management measures and considerations: • The local Health Department can be contacted for • Installing broad-based dips, waterbars, and additional guidance regarding sanitary facilities. culverts helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, Local roads and streets and landings. Suitability: Poorly suited • Establishing a permanent plant cover on roads Management concerns: Low strength, slope and landings after logging helps to reduce the Management measures and considerations: hazard of further erosion and the siltation of • Incorporating sand and gravel into the roadbed and streams. compacting the roadbed improve the strength of the • Constructing roads, fire lanes, and skid trails on soil. the contour helps to overcome the slope limitations. • Designing roads to conform to the natural contour Wildlife habitat and providing adequate water-control structures, such Suitability: Well suited to openland wildlife and as culverts, help to maintain road stability. woodland wildlife, very poorly suited to wetland Lawns and landscaping wildlife Suitability: Suited Management concerns: None Management concerns: Slope Management measures and considerations: Management measures and considerations: • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving • Topsoil from disturbed areas should be stockpiled undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and and then replaced before landscaping. pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a • Designing plantings to conform to the natural place to rest. contour of the slope reduces the hazard of further • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by erosion and increases the rate of water infiltration. planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and • Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion- suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every control structures, such as sediment fences and catch three years, rotated among several small tracts of basins, help to keep soil on the site. land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for Interpretive Groups quail and turkey. Land capability classification: VIe • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by Woodland ordination symbol: 9C constructing shallow ponds that provide open water areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Dwellings 60D2—Smithdale-Sweatman Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns: Moderate shrink-swell complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes, potential and the slope eroded Management measures and considerations: Setting • Structures can be designed to conform to the natural slope. Landscape: Coastal Plain • Land grading or shaping prior to construction Landform: Uplands minimizes the damage caused by surface flow of Landform position: Shoulder slopes and backslopes water and reduces the hazard of further erosion. Shape of areas: Irregular • Reinforcing foundations and footings or backfilling Size of areas: 160 to 1,000 acres 58 Soil Survey

Composition have a fragipan, have more silt in the subsoil than the Smithdale and Sweatman soils, and are in the less Smithdale and similar soils: 50 percent sloping areas Sweatman and similar soils: 35 percent • The moderately well drained Ora soils, which have a Dissimilar soils: 15 percent fragipan and are in the less sloping areas • The moderately well drained Tippah soils in the less Typical Profile sloping areas Smithdale • The somewhat poorly drained Mantachie soils in Surface layer: drainageways 0 to 5 inches—brown fine sandy loam Similar soils: Subsurface layer: • Soils that have a slope of less than 8 percent 5 to 10 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam Land Use Subsoil: Dominant uses: Pasture and woodland 10 to 41 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam Other uses: None 41 to 60 inches—yellowish red sandy loam 60 to 80 inches—yellowish red sandy loam that has Cropland yellowish brown mottles Suitability: Unsuited Management concerns: Erosion Sweatman Management measures and considerations: Surface layer: • This map unit is not recommended for use as 0 to 3 inches—dark grayish brown loam cropland. Subsoil: Pasture and hayland 3 to 14 inches—yellowish red silty clay Suitability: Well suited 14 to 21 inches—yellowish red silty clay that has pale Management concerns: Erosion brown and red mottles Management measures and considerations: 21 to 26 inches—yellowish red silty clay that has pale • Special care should be taken to prevent further brown and red mottles and light gray shale erosion when pastures are renovated or seedbeds are fragments established. Substratum: • The slope can limit equipment use in the steeper 26 to more than 60 inches—stratified soft, weathered, areas. grayish brown shale and loamy soil material • Fencing livestock away from streams helps to mottled in shades of red, brown, and yellow minimize streambank erosion and sedimentation. Soil Properties and Qualities Woodland Suitability: Well suited Depth class: Very deep Management concerns: Sweatman—equipment use Drainage class: Well drained and erosion Permeability: Smithdale—moderate; Sweatman— Management measures and considerations: moderately slow • Installing broad-based dips, waterbars, and culverts Available water capacity: Smithdale—moderate; helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and Sweatman—high landings. Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet • Establishing a permanent plant cover on roads and Shrink-swell potential: Smithdale—low; Sweatman— landings after logging helps to reduce the hazard of moderate further erosion and the siltation of streams. Hazard of flooding: None • Constructing roads, fire lanes, and skid trails on the Hazard of water erosion: Severe contour helps to overcome the slope limitations. Tilth: Smithdale—good; Sweatman—fair • Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent Parent material: Smithdale—loamy sediments; to streams helps to control siltation and provides Sweatman—thinly laminated clay shale; sandy shade for the surface of the water. and loamy materials Wildlife habitat Minor Components Suitability: Well suited to openland wildlife and Dissimilar soils: woodland wildlife, very poorly suited to wetland • The moderately well drained Providence soils, which wildlife Attala County, Mississippi 59

Management concerns: None • Using well-compacted, high strength roadfill as a Management measures and considerations: base helps to overcome the low strength in areas of • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving the Sweatman soil. undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and Lawns and landscaping pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a Suitability: Suited place to rest. Management concerns: Slope • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by Management measures and considerations: planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and • Topsoil from disturbed areas should be stockpiled suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every and then replaced before landscaping. three years, rotated among several small tracts of • Designing plantings to conform to the natural land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for contour of the slope reduces the hazard of further deer and the number of seed-producing plants for erosion and increases the rate of water infiltration. quail and turkey. • Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion- • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by control structures, such as sediment fences and catch constructing shallow ponds that provide open water basins, help to keep soil on the site. areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Interpretive Groups Dwellings Suitability: Suited Land capability classification: Smithdale—IVe; Management concerns: Smithdale—slope; Sweatman—VIe Sweatman—shrink-swell potential and the slope Woodland ordination symbol: Smithdale—9A; Management measures and considerations: Sweatman—9C • Dwellings can be designed to conform to the natural slope. • Land grading or shaping prior to construction 60F2—Smithdale-Sweatman minimizes the damage caused by surface flow of water and reduces the hazard of further complex, 15 to 35 percent erosion. slopes, eroded • Proper design and careful installation procedures Setting help overcome the slope and the shrinking and swelling of the soil. Landscape: Coastal Plain Landform: Uplands Septic tank absorption fields Landform position: Shoulder slopes and backslopes Suitability: Smithdale—suited; Sweatman—poorly Shape of areas: Irregular suited Size of areas: 200 to 1,000 acres Management concerns: Smithdale—slope; Sweatman—slow percolation Composition Management measures and considerations: • Increasing the size of the absorption field improves Smithdale and similar soils: 50 percent system performance. Sweatman and similar soils: 35 percent • Installing the distribution lines during dry periods Dissimilar soils: 15 percent helps to control smearing and sealing of trench walls. Typical Profile • The local Health Department can be contacted for Smithdale additional guidance regarding sanitary facilities. Surface layer: Local roads and streets 0 to 5 inches—brown fine sandy loam Suitability: Smithdale—suited; Sweatman—poorly Subsurface layer: suited 5 to 10 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam Management concerns: Smithdale—slope; Sweatman—low strength Subsoil: Management measures and considerations: 10 to 41 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam • Designing roads to conform to the natural contour 41 to 60 inches—yellowish red sandy loam helps to overcome the slope in areas of the Smithdale 60 to 80 inches—yellowish red sandy loam that has soil. yellowish brown mottles 60 Soil Survey

Sweatman Cropland Surface layer: Suitability: Unsuited 0 to 3 inches—dark grayish brown loam Management concerns: Severe hazard of erosion Management measures and considerations: Subsoil: • This map unit is not recommended for use as 3 to 14 inches—yellowish red silty clay cropland. 14 to 21 inches—yellowish red silty clay that has pale brown and red mottles Pasture and hayland 21 to 26 inches—yellowish red silty clay that has pale Suitability: Poorly suited brown and red mottles and light gray shale Management concerns: Severe hazard of erosion fragments Management measures and considerations: • Special care should be taken to prevent further Substratum: erosion when pastures are renovated or seedbeds are 26 to more than 60 inches—stratified soft, weathered, established. grayish brown shale and loamy soil material • The slope can limit equipment use in the steeper mottled in shades of red, brown and yellow areas. Soil Properties and Qualities • Fencing livestock away from streams helps to minimize streambank erosion and sedimentation. Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained Woodland Permeability: Smithdale—moderate; Sweatman— Suitability: Suited moderately slow Management concerns: Erosion and equipment use Available water capacity: Smithdale—moderate; Management measures and considerations: Sweatman—high • Waterbars are needed to prevent erosion on roads. Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet • Grass should be established following completion of Shrink-swell potential: Smithdale—low; Sweatman— harvesting. moderate • Establishing a permanent plant cover on roads and Hazard of flooding: None landings after logging helps to reduce the hazard of Hazard of water erosion: Severe further erosion and the siltation of streams. Tilth: Smithdale—good; Sweatman—fair • Constructing roads, fire lanes, and skid trails on the Parent material: Smithdale—loamy sediments; contour helps to overcome the slope limitations. Sweatman—thinly laminated clay shale; sandy • Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent and loamy materials to streams helps to control siltation and provides shade for the surface of the water. Minor Components Wildlife habitat Dissimilar soils: Suitability: Suited to openland wildlife, well suited to • The moderately well drained Providence soils, which woodland wildlife, and very poorly suited to have a fragipan, have more silt in the subsoil than the wetland wildlife Smithdale and Sweatman soils, and are in the less Management concerns: Erodibility and equipment use sloping areas Management measures and considerations: • The moderately well drained Ora soils, which have a • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving fragipan and are in the less sloping areas undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and • The moderately well drained Tippah soils in the less pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a sloping areas place to rest. • The somewhat poorly drained Mantachie soils in • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by drainageways planting or encouraging the growth of trees and Similar soils: adapted understory plants. Prescribed burning every • Scattered areas of moderately well drained, clayey three years, rotated among several small tracts of soils that have more clay in the lower part of the land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for subsoil than the Smithdale and Sweatman soils deer and the number of seed-producing plants for quail and turkey. Land Use • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by Dominant uses: Woodland constructing shallow ponds that provide open water Other uses: Pasture areas for waterfowl and furbearers. Attala County, Mississippi 61

Dwellings (without basements) 70—Smithdale-Udorthents Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns: Slope complex, gullied Management measures and considerations: Setting • Structures can be designed to conform to the natural slope. Landscape: Coastal Plain • Land grading or shaping prior to construction Landform: Hillslopes minimizes the damage caused by surface flow of Landform position: Smithdale—uneroded areas water and reduces the hazard of further erosion. between gullies on shoulder slopes and • Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion- backslopes; Udorthents—narrow ridges between control structures, such as sediment fences and gullies and areas within gullies catch basins, help to keep the soil on the site. Slope: 8 to 15 percent Shape of areas: Irregular Septic tank absorption fields Size of areas: 5 to 250 acres Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns: Smithdale—slope; Composition Sweatman—slope and slow percolation Smithdale and similar soils: 55 percent Management measures and considerations: Udorthents and similar soils: 30 percent • Increasing the size of the absorption field and Dissimilar soils: 15 percent installing distribution lines on the contour improve system performance. Typical Profile • Installing the distribution lines during dry periods helps to control smearing and sealing of trench Smithdale soil walls. Surface layer: • The local Health Department can be contacted for 0 to 5 inches—brown fine sandy loam additional guidance regarding sanitary facilities. Subsurface layer: Local roads and streets 5 to 10 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam Suitability: Poorly suited Subsoil: Management concerns: Smithdale—slope; 10 to 41 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam Sweatman—low strength and slope 41 to 60 inches—yellowish red sandy loam Management measures and considerations: 60 to 80 inches—yellowish red sandy loam that has • Designing roads to conform to the natural contour yellowish brown mottles helps to overcome the slope. • Using well-compacted, high strength roadfill as a Udorthents base helps to overcome the low strength in areas of A typical pedon has not been described. The the Sweatman soil. Udorthents consist of loamy to sandy subsoil and substratum horizons that have been exposed by Lawns and landscaping erosion in areas of Smithdale and similar soils. Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns: Slope Soil Properties and Qualities Management measures and considerations: Depth class: Very deep • Topsoil from disturbed areas should be stockpiled Drainage class: Well drained and then replaced before landscaping. Permeability: Smithdale—moderate; Udorthents— • Designing plantings to conform to the natural variable contour of the slope reduces the hazard of further Available water capacity: Smithdale—high; erosion and increases the rate of water infiltration. Udorthents—variable • Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion- Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet control structures, such as sediment fences and catch Shrink-swell potential: Low basins, help to keep soil on the site. Hazard of flooding: None Hazard of water erosion: Severe Interpretive Groups Tilth: Smithdale—good; Udorthents—poor Land capability classification: Smithdale—VIe; Parent material: Smithdale—loamy sediments Sweatman—VIIe Other distinctive properties: Numerous deep gullies Woodland ordination symbol: 9R throughout the unit 62 Soil Survey

Minor Components Management concerns: None Management measures and considerations: Dissimilar soils: • Wildlife habitat can be improved by planting • The moderately well drained Ora and Providence appropriate vegetation, maintaining the existing plant soils on narrow ridgetops and the upper parts of cover, or promoting the natural establishment of slopes desirable plants. Prescribed burning every three years, • Sweatman soils, which are in positions similar to rotated among several small tracts of land, can those of the Smithdale soil and have clayey subsoil increase the amount of palatable browse for deer and layers the number of seed-producing plants for quail and • The poorly drained Kinston soils in narrow turkey. drainageways Dwellings Similar soils: None Suitability: Unsuited Land Use Management concerns: Slope and severe gully erosion Dominant uses: Woodland Management measures and considerations: Other uses: Pasture • This map unit is severely limited as a site for Cropland dwellings because of the deep gullies. Suitability: Unsuited • A site that has better suited soils should be Management concerns: Erodibility and equipment use selected. Management measures and considerations: Septic tank absorption fields • This map unit is severely limited for crop production Suitability: Unsuited because of the numerous deep gullies. Management concerns: Severe gully erosion • A site that has better suited soils should be selected. Management measures and considerations: Pasture and hayland • The local Health Department can be contacted for Suitability: Poorly suited to pasture, unsuited to guidance regarding sanitary facilities. hayland Local roads and streets Management concerns: Erodibility and equipment use Suitability: Suited Management measures and considerations: Management concerns: Slope • Special care should be taken to prevent further Management measures and considerations: erosion when renovating pastures and establishing • Constructing roads on the contour and filling the seedbeds. gullies with appropriate roadfill help to overcome the • Managing this map unit for pasture and hayland is slope limitation. difficult because of the numerous gullies and the slope. Lawns and landscaping Suitability: Suited Woodland Management concerns: Slope Suitability: Suited Management measures and considerations: Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, • Topsoil from disturbed areas of the Smithdale soil and seedling mortality should be stockpiled and then replaced before Management measures and considerations: landscaping. • Cable logging methods help to overcome the • Designing plantings to conform to the natural equipment limitations and reduce the hazard of contour of the slope reduces the hazard of further erosion caused by road construction, skid further erosion and increases the rate of water trails, and heavy machinery. infiltration. • Special site preparation, such as subsoiling and • Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion- filling in the gullies, helps to establish seedlings, control structures, such as sediment fences and catch reduces the seedling mortality rate, and increases basins, help to keep soil on the site. early seedling growth. Interpretive Groups Wildlife habitat Suitability: Well suited to openland wildlife and Land capability classification: VIIe woodland wildlife, very poorly suited to wetland Woodland ordination symbol: Smithdale—9A; wildlife Udorthents—none assigned Attala County, Mississippi 63

80A—Calhoun silt loam, 0 to 1 Land Use percent slopes Dominant uses: Woodland Other uses: Pasture and hayland; some cropland Setting Cropland Landscape: Coastal Plain Suitability: Poorly suited Landform: Terraces and flood plains Management concerns: Wetness Landform position: Flat or slightly concave slopes Management measures and considerations: Shape of areas: Elongated to irregular • A well maintained drainage system that includes Size of areas: 10 to 75 acres open ditches and land shaping increases productivity. • Tilling when the soil has the proper moisture content Composition helps to prevent clodding and crusting. Calhoun and similar soils: 90 percent • Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil Dissimilar soils: 10 percent testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes productivity. Typical Profile Pasture and hayland Surface layer: Suitability: Suited 0 to 5 inches—brown silt loam Management concerns: Wetness Management measures and considerations: Subsurface layer: • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, timely 5 to 20 inches—grayish brown silt loam that has deferment of grazing, and restricted use during wet yellowish brown mottles periods help to minimize compaction, maintain Subsoil: productivity, and keep the pasture in good condition. 20 to 32 inches—gray silty clay loam that has light Woodland olive brown mottles Suitability: Suited 32 to 45 inches—light grayish brown silt loam that has Management concerns: Equipment use, seedling yellowish brown mottles mortality, and plant competition Substratum: Management measures and considerations: 45 to 60 inches—mottled yellowish brown, light • If pine trees are planted, site preparation is needed brownish gray, and gray silt loam to control competition from undesirable plants. The benefits of site preparation, however, do not extend Soil Properties and Qualities beyond one growing season. • Restricting the use of equipment and the Depth class: Very deep harvesting of timber to the drier seasons helps to Drainage class: Poorly drained prevent the formation of ruts and minimizes surface Permeability: Slow compaction. Available water capacity: High • Bedding the soil prior to planting helps to Seasonal high water table: Near the surface to a depth 1 establish seedlings and increases the seedling of 1 /2 feet from late December through April survival rate. Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of flooding: None Wildlife habitat Hazard of water erosion: Slight Suitability: Suited to openland wildlife and woodland Tilth: Fair wildlife, well suited to wetland wildlife Parent material: Silty material Management concerns: None Other distinctive properties: Ponding in low places, Management measures and considerations: especially from December through April • Openland wildlife habitat can be improved by leaving undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and Minor Components pasture. These areas provide wildlife with food and a place to rest. Dissimilar soils: • Woodland wildlife habitat can be improved by • The somewhat poorly drained Calloway and planting or encouraging the growth of oak trees and moderately well drained Grenada soils, which are in suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every the higher positions and have a fragipan three years, rotated among several small tracts of Similar soils: None land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for 64

deer and the number of seed-producing plants for Local roads and streets quail and turkey. Suitability: Poorly suited • Wetland wildlife habitat can be improved by Management concerns: Low strength and wetness constructing shallow ponds that provide open water Management measures and considerations: areas for waterfowl and furbearers. • Using well-compacted, high strength roadfill, constructing proper ditches, and installing culverts Dwellings help to overcome the low strength and wetness. Suitability: Unsuited Management concerns: Wetness Lawns and landscaping Management measures and considerations: Suitability: Poorly suited • A site that has better suited soils should be Management concerns: Wetness considered. Management measures and considerations: • Topsoil from disturbed areas should be stockpiled Septic tank absorption fields and then replaced before landscaping. Suitability: Unsuited • A surface or subsurface drainage system may be Management concerns: Wetness and slow percolation needed in some areas. Management measures and considerations: • A site that has better suited soils should be Interpretive Groups considered. • The local Health Department can be contacted for Land capability classification: IIIw guidance regarding sanitary facilities. Woodland ordination symbol: 9W 65

Prime Farmland

Prime farmland is one of several kinds of important survey area has been the loss of some prime farmland farmland defined by the U.S. Department of to industrial and urban uses. The loss of prime Agriculture. It is of major importance in meeting the farmland to other uses puts pressure on marginal Nation’s short- and long-range needs for food and lands, which generally are more erodible, droughty, fiber. Because the supply of high-quality farmland is and less productive and cannot be easily cultivated. limited, the U.S. Department of Agriculture recognizes The map units in the survey area that are that responsible levels of government, as well as considered prime farmland are listed below. This list individuals, should encourage and facilitate the wise does not constitute a recommendation for a particular use of our Nation’s prime farmland. land use. On some soils included in the list, measures Prime farmland, as defined by the U.S. Department that overcome a hazard or limitation, such as flooding, of Agriculture, is land that has the best combination of wetness, and droughtiness, are needed. Onsite physical and chemical characteristics for producing evaluation is needed to determine whether or not the food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops and is hazard or limitation has been overcome by corrective available for these uses. It could be cultivated land, measures. The extent of each listed map unit is shown pastureland, forestland, or other land, but it is not in table 4. The location is shown on the detailed soil urban or built-up land or water areas. The soil qualities, maps. The soil qualities that affect use and growing season, and moisture supply are those management are described under the heading needed for the soil to economically produce sustained “Detailed Soil Map Units.” high yields of crops when proper management, The map units that meet the requirements for prime including water management, and acceptable farming farmland are: methods are applied. In general, prime farmland has an adequate and dependable supply of moisture from 2 Oaklimeter silt loam, occasionally flooded precipitation or irrigation, a favorable temperature and 4 Kirkville loam, occasionally flooded growing season, acceptable acidity or alkalinity, an 5 Ariel silt loam, occasionally flooded acceptable salt and sodium content, and few or no 6 Gillsburg silt loam, occasionally flooded rocks. It is permeable to water and air. It is not 8 Mantachie loam, occasionally flooded excessively erodible or saturated with water for long 40B2 Grenada silt loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes periods, and it either is not frequently flooded during 41A Calloway silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes the growing season or is protected from flooding. 42A Bude silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes Slope ranges mainly from 0 to 5 percent. More 44B2 Providence silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, detailed information about the criteria for prime eroded farmland is available at the local office of the Natural 50B2 Tippah silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, eroded Resources Conservation Service. 80A Calhoun silt loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes A recent trend in land use in some parts of the (where drained)

67

Use and Management of the Soils

This soil survey is an inventory and evaluation of used by the Natural Resources Conservation Service the soils in the survey area. It can be used to adjust is explained. land uses to the limitations and potentials of natural Planners of management systems for individual resources and the environment. Also, it can help to fields or farms should consider the detailed prevent soil-related failures in land uses. information given in the description of each soil under In preparing a soil survey, soil scientists, the heading “Detailed Soil Map Units.” Specific conservationists, engineers, and others collect information can be obtained from the local office of the extensive field data about the nature and behavioral Natural Resources Conservation Service or the characteristics of the soils. They collect data on Cooperative Extension Service. erosion, droughtiness, flooding, and other factors that Yields per Acre affect various soil uses and management. Field experience and collected data on soil properties and The average yields per acre that can be expected performance are used as a basis in predicting soil of the principal crops under a high level of behavior. management are shown in table 5. In any given Information in this section can be used to plan the year, yields may be higher or lower than those use and management of soils for crops and pasture; indicated in the table because of variations in as rangeland and woodland; as sites for buildings, rainfall and other climatic factors. The land sanitary facilities, highways and other transportation capability classification of each map unit also is systems, and parks and other recreational facilities; shown in the table. and for wildlife habitat. It can be used to identify the The yields are based mainly on the experience and potentials and limitations of each soil for specific land records of farmers, conservationists, and extension uses and to help prevent construction failures caused agents. Available yield data from nearby counties and by unfavorable soil properties. results of field trials and demonstrations are also Planners and others using soil survey information considered. can evaluate the effect of specific land uses on The management needed to obtain the indicated productivity and on the environment in all or part of the yields of the various crops depends on the kind of soil survey area. The survey can help planners to maintain and the crop. Management can include drainage, or create a land use pattern in harmony with the erosion control, and protection from flooding; the natural soil. proper planting and seeding rates; suitable high- Contractors can use this survey to locate sources yielding crop varieties; appropriate and timely tillage; of sand and gravel, roadfill, and topsoil. They can use control of weeds, plant diseases, and harmful insects; it to identify areas where bedrock, wetness, or very favorable soil reaction and optimum levels of nitrogen, firm soil layers can cause difficulty in excavation. phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements for each Health officials, highway officials, engineers, and crop; effective use of crop residue, barnyard manure, others may also find this survey useful. The survey and green manure crops; and harvesting that ensures can help them plan the safe disposal of wastes and the smallest possible loss. locate sites for pavements, sidewalks, campgrounds, For yields of irrigated crops, it is assumed that the playgrounds, lawns, and trees and shrubs. irrigation system is adapted to the soils and to the crops grown, that good-quality irrigation water is Crops and Pasture uniformly applied as needed, and that tillage is kept to a minimum. General management needed for crops and pasture The estimated yields reflect the productive capacity is suggested in this section. The estimated yields of of each soil for each of the principal crops. Yields are the main crops and pasture plants are listed for each likely to increase as new production technology is soil, and the system of land capability classification developed. The productivity of a given soil compared 68 Soil Survey

with that of other soils, however, is not likely to Capability subclasses are soil groups within one change. class. They are designated by adding a small letter, e Crops other than those shown in the table are or w to the class numeral, for example, IIe. The letter e grown in the survey area, but estimated yields are not shows that the main hazard is the risk of erosion listed because the acreage of such crops is small. The unless close-growing plant cover is maintained, and w local office of the Natural Resources Conservation shows that water in or on the soil interferes with plant Service or of the Cooperative Extension Service can growth or cultivation (in some soils the wetness can be provide information about the management and partly corrected by artificial drainage). productivity of the soils for those crops. In class I there are no subclasses because the soils of this class have few limitations. Class V contains only Land Capability Classification the subclasses indicated by w because the soils in Land capability classification shows, in a general class V are subject to little or no erosion. They have way, the suitability of soils for most kinds of field crops other limitations that restrict their use to pasture, (USDA–SCS, 1961). Crops that require special rangeland, woodland, wildlife habitat, or recreation. management are excluded. The soils are grouped The capability classification of each map unit is according to their limitations for field crops, the risk of given in the section “Detailed Soil Map Units” and in damage if they are used for crops, and the way they the yields table. respond to management. The criteria used in grouping the soils do not include major and generally expensive Woodland Management and Productivity landforming that would change slope, depth, or other characteristics of the soils, nor do they include Table 6 can be used by woodland owners or forest possible but unlikely major reclamation projects. managers in planning the use of soils for wood crops. Capability classification is not a substitute for Only those soils suitable for wood crops are listed. The interpretations designed to show suitability and table lists the ordination symbol for each soil. Soils limitations of groups of soils for rangeland, for assigned the same ordination symbol require the woodland, and for engineering purposes. same general management and have about the same In the capability system, soils are generally grouped potential productivity. at three levels—capability class, subclass, and unit. The first part of the ordination symbol, a number, Only class and subclass are used in this survey. indicates the potential productivity of the soils for an Capability classes, the broadest groups, are indicator tree species. The number indicates the designated by numerals I through VIII. The numerals volume, in cubic meters per hectare per year, which indicate progressively greater limitations and narrower the indicator species can produce in a pure stand choices for practical use. The classes are defined as under natural conditions. The number 1 indicates low follows: potential productivity; 2 or 3, moderate; 4 or 5, Class I soils have few limitations that restrict their moderately high; 6 to 8, high; 9 to 11, very high; and use. 12 to 39, extremely high. The second part of the Class II soils have moderate limitations that reduce symbol, a letter, indicates the major kind of soil the choice of plants or that require moderate limitation. The letter R indicates steep slopes; W, conservation practices. excess water in or on the soil; and C, clay in the upper Class III soils have severe limitations that reduce part of the soil. The letter A indicates that limitations or the choice of plants or that require special restrictions are insignificant. If a soil has more than conservation practices, or both. one limitation, the priority is as follows: R, W, and C. Class IV soils have very severe limitations that In the table, slight, moderate, and severe indicate reduce the choice of plants or that require very careful the degree of the major soil limitations to be management, or both. considered in management. Class V soils are not likely to erode but have other Erosion hazard is the probability that damage will limitations, impractical to remove, that limit their use. occur as a result of site preparation and cutting where Class VI soils have severe limitations that make the soil is exposed along roads, skid trails, and fire them generally unsuitable for cultivation. lanes and in log-handling areas. Forests that have Class VII soils have very severe limitations that been burned or overgrazed are also subject to erosion. make them unsuitable for cultivation. Ratings of the erosion hazard are based on the Class VIII soils and miscellaneous areas have percent of the slope. A rating of slight indicates that no limitations that nearly preclude their use for particular prevention measures are needed under commercial crop production. ordinary conditions. A rating of moderate indicates that Attala County, Mississippi 69

erosion-control measures are needed in certain but it will not prevent the eventual development of fully silvicultural activities. A rating of severe indicates that stocked stands. A rating of severe indicates that special precautions are needed to control erosion in competition can be expected to prevent regeneration most silvicultural activities. unless precautionary measures are applied. Equipment limitation reflects the characteristics and The potential productivity of merchantable or conditions of the soil that restrict use of the equipment common trees on a soil is expressed as a site index generally needed in woodland management or and as a volume number. The site index is the average harvesting. The chief characteristics and conditions height, in feet, that dominant and codominant trees of considered in the ratings are slope, stones on the a given species attain in a specified number of years. surface, rock outcrops, soil wetness, and texture of the The site index applies to fully stocked, even-aged, surface layer. A rating of slight indicates that under unmanaged stands. Commonly grown trees are those normal conditions the kind of equipment and season that woodland managers generally favor in of use are not significantly restricted by soil factors. intermediate or improvement cuttings. They are Soil wetness can restrict equipment use, but the wet selected on the basis of growth rate, quality, value, period does not exceed 1 month. A rating of moderate and marketability. indicates that equipment use is moderately restricted The volume, a number, is the yield likely to be because of one or more soil factors. If the soil is wet, produced by the most important trees. Volume is the wetness restricts equipment use for a period of 1 expressed as the average yearly growth in cords per to 3 months. A rating of severe indicates that acre per year calculated at the age of 25 years for fully equipment use is severely restricted either as to the stocked, unmanaged stands of loblolly pine and at the kind of equipment that can be used or the season of age of 30 years for fully stocked, unmanaged stands use. If the soil is wet, the wetness restricts equipment of oak, sweetgum, and water tupelo. use for more than 3 months. The first species listed under common trees for a Seedling mortality refers to the death of naturally soil is the indicator species for that soil. It generally is occurring or planted tree seedlings, as influenced by the most common species on the soil and is the one the kinds of soil, soil wetness, or topographic that determines the ordination class. conditions. The factors used in rating the soils for Trees to plant are those that are suitable for seedling mortality are texture of the surface layer, commercial wood production. depth to a seasonal high water table and the length of the period when the water table is high, rock Woodland Understory Vegetation fragments in the surface layer, effective rooting depth, and slope aspect. A rating of slight indicates that Understory vegetation consists of grasses, forbs, seedling mortality is not likely to be a problem under shrubs, and other plants. If well managed, some normal conditions. Expected mortality is less than 25 woodland can produce enough understory vegetation percent. A rating of moderate indicates that some to support grazing of livestock or wildlife, or both, problems from seedling mortality can be expected. without damage to the trees. Extra precautions are advisable. Expected mortality is The quantity and quality of understory vegetation 25 to 50 percent. A rating of severe indicates that vary with the kind of soil, the age and kind of trees in seedling mortality is a serious problem. Extra the canopy, the density of the canopy, and the depth precautions are important. Replanting may be and condition of the litter. The density of the canopy necessary. Expected mortality is more than 50 determines the amount of light that understory plants percent. receive. Plant competition ratings indicate the degree to Table 7 shows, for each soil suitable for woodland, which undesirable species are expected to invade and the potential for producing understory vegetation. The grow when openings are made in the tree canopy. The total production of understory vegetation includes the main factors that affect plant competition are depth to herbaceous plants and the leaves, twigs, and fruit of the water table and the available water capacity. A woody plants up to a height of 4.5 feet. It is expressed rating of slight indicates that competition from in pounds per acre of air-dry vegetation in favorable, undesirable plants is not likely to prevent natural normal, and unfavorable years. In a favorable year, soil regeneration or suppress the more desirable species. moisture is above average during the optimum part of Planted seedlings can become established without the growing season; in a normal year, soil moisture is undue competition. A rating of moderate indicates that average; and in an unfavorable year, it is below competition may delay the establishment of desirable average. species. Competition may hamper stand development, The table also lists the common names of the 70 Soil Survey

characteristic vegetation on each soil and the Picnic areas are subject to heavy foot traffic. Most composition, by percentage of air-dry weight, of each vehicular traffic is confined to access roads and kind of plant. The table shows the kind and percentage parking areas. The best soils for picnic areas are firm of understory plants expected under a canopy density when wet, are not dusty when dry, are not subject to that is most nearly typical of woodland in which the flooding during the period of use, and do not have production of wood crops is highest. slopes or stones or boulders that increase the cost of shaping sites or of building access roads and parking Recreation areas. Playgrounds require soils that can withstand The soils of the survey area are rated in table 8 intensive foot traffic. The best soils are almost level according to limitations that affect their suitability for and are not wet or subject to flooding during the recreation. The ratings are based on restrictive soil season of use (fig. 6). The surface is free of stones features, such as wetness, slope, and texture of the and boulders, is firm after rains, and is not dusty when surface layer. Susceptibility to flooding is considered. dry. If grading is needed, the depth of the soil over Not considered in the ratings, but important in bedrock or a hardpan should be considered. evaluating a site, are the location and accessibility of Paths and trails for hiking and horseback riding the area, the size and shape of the area and its scenic should require little or no cutting and filling. The best quality, vegetation, access to water, potential water soils are not wet, are firm after rains, are not dusty impoundment sites, and access to public sewer lines. when dry, and are not subject to flooding more than The capacity of the soil to absorb septic tank effluent once a year during the period of use. They have and the ability of the soil to support vegetation are also moderate slopes and few or no stones or boulders on important. Soils subject to flooding are limited for the surface. recreational uses by the duration and intensity of Golf fairways are subject to heavy foot traffic and flooding and the season when flooding occurs. In some light vehicular traffic. Cutting or filling may be planning recreational facilities, onsite assessment of required. The best soils for use as golf fairways are the height, duration, intensity, and frequency of firm when wet, are not dusty when dry, and are not flooding is essential. subject to prolonged flooding during the period of use. In the table, the degree of soil limitation is They have moderate slopes and no stones or boulders expressed as slight, moderate, or severe. Slight on the surface. The suitability of the soil for tees or means that soil properties are generally favorable and greens is not considered in rating the soils. that limitations are minor and easily overcome. Moderate means that limitations can be overcome or Wildlife Habitat alleviated by planning, design, or special maintenance. Severe means that soil properties are unfavorable and Soils affect the kind and amount of vegetation that that limitations can be offset only by costly soil is available to wildlife as food and cover. They also reclamation, special design, intensive maintenance, affect the construction of water impoundments. The limited use, or a combination of these measures. kind and abundance of wildlife depend largely on the The information in the table can be supplemented amount and distribution of food, cover, and water. by other information in this survey, for example, Wildlife habitat can be created or improved by planting interpretations for septic tank absorption fields in table appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the existing 11 and interpretations for dwellings without basements plant cover, or by promoting the natural establishment and for local roads and streets in table 10. of desirable plants. Camp areas require site preparation, such as In table 9, the soils in the survey area are rated shaping and leveling the tent and parking areas, according to their potential for providing habitat for stabilizing roads and intensively used areas, and various kinds of wildlife. This information can be used installing sanitary facilities and utility lines. Camp in planning parks, wildlife refuges, nature study areas, areas are subject to heavy foot traffic and some and other developments for wildlife; in selecting soils vehicular traffic. The best soils have mild slopes and that are suitable for establishing, improving, or are not wet or subject to flooding during the period of maintaining specific elements of wildlife habitat; and in use. The surface has few or no stones or boulders, determining the intensity of management needed for absorbs rainfall readily but remains firm, and is not each element of the habitat. dusty when dry. Strong slopes and stones or boulders The potential of the soil is rated good, fair, poor, or can greatly increase the cost of constructing very poor. A rating of good indicates that the element campsites. or kind of habitat is easily established, improved, or Attala County, Mississippi 71

Figure 6.—A drainage ditch in an area of Kinston loam, frequently flooded, that has been straightened, deepened, and protected to prevent attenuation of the channel and flooding onto the adjacent athletic complex.

maintained. Few or no limitations affect management, stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and soil and satisfactory results can be expected. A rating of moisture are also considerations. Examples of grain fair indicates that the element or kind of habitat can be and seed crops are corn, wheat, oats, grain sorghum, established, improved, or maintained in most places. soybeans, rye, and millet. Moderately intensive management is required for Grasses and legumes are domestic perennial satisfactory results. A rating of poor indicates that grasses and herbaceous legumes. Soil properties and limitations are severe for the designated element or features that affect the growth of grasses and legumes kind of habitat. Habitat can be created, improved, or are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface layer, maintained in most places, but management is difficult available water capacity, wetness, surface stoniness, and must be intensive. A rating of very poor indicates flooding, and slope. Soil temperature and soil moisture that restrictions for the element or kind of habitat are are also considerations. Examples of grasses and very severe and that unsatisfactory results can be legumes are tall fescue, bahiagrass, Johnsongrass, expected. Creating, improving, or maintaining habitat clover, lespedeza, chufa, and alfalfa. is impractical or impossible. Wild herbaceous plants are native or naturally The elements of wildlife habitat are described in the established grasses and forbs, including weeds. Soil following paragraphs. properties and features that affect the growth of these Grain and seed crops are domestic grains and plants are depth of the root zone, texture of the seed-producing herbaceous plants. Soil properties surface layer, available water capacity, wetness, and features that affect the growth of grain and seed surface stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and crops are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface soil moisture are also considerations. Examples of wild layer, available water capacity, wetness, slope, surface herbaceous plants are dewberry, blackberry, 72 Soil Survey

goldenrod, beggarweed, crotons, pokeweed, attracted to such areas are ducks, geese, herons, paspalums, ragweed, and partridge pea. shore birds, muskrat, mink, otter, turtles, rails, Hardwood trees and woody understory produce kingfishers, and beaver. nuts or other fruit, buds, catkins, twigs, bark, and foliage. Soil properties and features that affect the Engineering growth of hardwood trees and shrubs are depth of the root zone, available water capacity, and wetness. This section provides information for planning land Examples of these plants are oak, yellow-poplar, black uses related to urban development and to water cherry, sweetgum, apple, hawthorn, dogwood, hickory, management. Soils are rated for various uses, and the persimmon, sumac, blackberry, and blueberry. most limiting features are identified. Ratings are given Examples of fruit-producing shrubs that are suitable for building site development, sanitary facilities, for planting on soils rated good are pyracantha plum, construction materials, and water management. The autumn-olive, and crabapple. ratings are based on observed performance of the Coniferous plants furnish browse and seeds. Soil soils and on the estimated data and test data in the properties and features that affect the growth of “Soil Properties” section. coniferous trees, shrubs, and ground cover are depth Information in this section is intended for land use of the root zone, available water capacity, and planning, for evaluating land use alternatives, and for wetness. Examples of coniferous plants are pine, planning site investigations prior to design and redcedar, and bald cypress. construction. The information, however, has limitations. Wetland plants are annual and perennial wild For example, estimates and other data generally apply herbaceous plants that grow on moist or wet sites. only to that part of the soil within a depth of 5 or 6 feet. Submerged or floating aquatic plants are excluded. Because of the map scale, small areas of different Soil properties and features affecting wetland plants soils may be included within the mapped areas of a are texture of the surface layer, wetness, reaction, specific soil. salinity, slope, and surface stoniness. Examples of The information is not site specific and does not wetland plants are smartweed, wild millet, rushes, eliminate the need for onsite investigation of the soils sedges, reeds, barnyardgrass, pondweed, cattails, or for testing and analysis by personnel experienced in and watershield. the design and construction of engineering works. Shallow water areas have an average depth of less Government ordinances and regulations that than 5 feet. Some are naturally wet areas. Others are restrict certain land uses or impose specific design created by dams, levees, or other water-control criteria were not considered in preparing the structures. Soil properties and features affecting information in this section. Local ordinances and shallow water areas are wetness, slope, and regulations should be considered in planning, in site permeability. Examples of shallow water areas are selection, and in design. marshes, waterfowl feeding areas, and ponds. Soil properties, site features, and observed The habitat for various kinds of wildlife is described performance were considered in determining the in the following paragraphs. ratings in this section. During the fieldwork for this soil Habitat for openland wildlife consists of cropland, survey, determinations were made about grain-size pasture, meadows, and areas that are overgrown with distribution, liquid limit, plasticity index, soil reaction, grasses, herbs, shrubs, and vines. These areas soil wetness, depth to a seasonal high water table, produce grain and seed crops, grasses and legumes, slope, likelihood of flooding, natural soil structure and wild herbaceous plants. Wildlife attracted to these aggregation, and soil density. Data were collected areas include bobwhite quail, meadowlark, field about kinds of clay minerals, mineralogy of the sand sparrow, cottontail rabbits, coyote, armadillo, dove, and silt fractions, and the kinds of adsorbed cations. killdeer, hawks, and red fox. Estimates were made for erodibility, permeability, Habitat for woodland wildlife consists of areas of corrosivity, shrink-swell potential, available water deciduous plants or coniferous plants or both and capacity, and other behavioral characteristics affecting associated grasses, legumes, and wild herbaceous engineering uses. plants. Wildlife attracted to these areas include wild This information can be used to evaluate the turkey, woodcock, thrushes, woodpeckers, squirrels, potential of areas for residential, commercial, gray fox, raccoon, deer, bear, bobcat, opossum, and industrial, and recreational uses; make preliminary skunk. estimates of construction conditions; evaluate Habitat for wetland wildlife consists of open, marshy alternative routes for roads, streets, highways, or swampy shallow water areas. Some of the wildlife pipelines, and underground cables; evaluate Attala County, Mississippi 73

alternative sites for sanitary landfills, septic tank basements, for dwellings with basements, and for absorption fields, and sewage lagoons; plan detailed dwellings without basements. The ratings are based onsite investigations of soils and geology; locate on soil properties, site features, and observed potential sources of gravel, sand, earthfill, and topsoil; performance of the soils. A high water table, flooding, plan drainage systems, irrigation systems, ponds, shrinking and swelling, and organic layers can cause terraces, and other structures for soil and water the movement of footings. A high water table, depth to conservation; and predict performance of proposed a cemented pan, slope, and flooding affect the ease of small structures and pavements by comparing the excavation and construction. Landscaping and grading performance of existing similar structures on the same that require cuts and fills of more than 5 or 6 feet are or similar soils. not considered. The information in the tables, along with the soil Local roads and streets have an all-weather surface maps, the soil descriptions, and other data provided in and carry automobile and light truck traffic all year. this survey, can be used to make additional They have a subgrade of cut or fill soil material; a base interpretations. of gravel, crushed rock, or stabilized soil material; and Some of the terms used in this soil survey have a a flexible or rigid surface. Cuts and fills are generally special meaning in soil science and are defined in the limited to less than 6 feet. The ratings are based on Glossary. soil properties, site features, and observed performance of the soils. Depth to a cemented pan, a Building Site Development high water table, flooding, large stones, and slope Table 10 shows the degree and kind of soil affect the ease of excavating and grading. Soil limitations that affect shallow excavations, dwellings strength (as inferred from the engineering with and without basements, small commercial classification of the soil), shrink-swell potential, frost buildings, local roads and streets, and lawns and action potential, and depth to a high water table affect landscaping. The limitations are considered slight if the traffic-supporting capacity. soil properties and site features are generally Lawns and landscaping require soils on which turf favorable for the indicated use and limitations are and ornamental trees and shrubs can be established minor and easily overcome; moderate if soil properties and maintained. The ratings are based on soil or site features are not favorable for the indicated use properties, site features, and observed performance of and special planning, design, or maintenance is the soils. Soil reaction, a high water table, depth to needed to overcome or minimize the limitations; and bedrock or to a cemented pan, the available water severe if soil properties or site features are so capacity in the upper 40 inches, and the content of unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that special salts, sodium, and sulfidic materials affect plant design, significant increases in construction costs, and growth. Flooding, wetness, slope, stoniness, and the possibly increased maintenance are required. Special amount of sand, clay, or organic matter in the surface feasibility studies may be required where the soil layer affect trafficability after vegetation is established. limitations are severe. Sanitary Facilities Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug to a maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet for basements, graves, Table 11 shows the degree and kind of soil utility lines, open ditches, and other purposes. The limitations that affect septic tank absorption fields, ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills. The limitations observed performance of the soils. The ease of are considered slight if soil properties and site features digging, filling, and compacting is affected by the depth are generally favorable for the indicated use and to a cemented pan or a very firm dense layer; stone limitations are minor and easily overcome; moderate if content; soil texture; and slope. The time of the year soil properties or site features are not favorable for the that excavations can be made is affected by the depth indicated use and special planning, design, or to a seasonal high water table and the susceptibility of maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the the soil to flooding. The resistance of the excavation limitations; and severe if soil properties or site features walls or banks to sloughing or caving is affected by are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that soil texture and depth to the water table. special design, significant increases in construction Dwellings and small commercial buildings are costs, and possibly increased maintenance are structures built on shallow foundations on undisturbed required. soil. The load limit is the same as that for single-family The table also shows the suitability of the soils for dwellings no higher than three stories. Ratings are use as daily cover for landfill. A rating of good made for small commercial buildings without indicates that soil properties and site features are 74 Soil Survey

favorable for the use and good performance and low overtops the lagoon. A high content of organic matter maintenance can be expected; fair indicates that soil is detrimental to proper functioning of the lagoon properties and site features are moderately favorable because it inhibits aerobic activity. Slope, bedrock, and for the use and one or more soil properties or site cemented pans can cause construction problems, and features make the soil less desirable than the soils large stones can hinder compaction of the lagoon rated good; and poor indicates that one or more soil floor. properties or site features are unfavorable for the use Sanitary landfills are areas where solid waste is and overcoming the unfavorable properties requires disposed of by burying it in soil. There are two types of special design, extra maintenance, or costly alteration. landfill—trench and area. In a trench landfill, the waste Septic tank absorption fields are areas in which is placed in a trench. It is spread, compacted, and effluent from a septic tank is distributed into the soil covered daily with a thin layer of soil excavated at the through subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that site. In an area landfill, the waste is placed in part of the soil between depths of 24 and 72 inches is successive layers on the surface of the soil. The waste evaluated. The ratings are based on soil properties, is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin site features, and observed performance of the soils. layer of soil from a source away from the site. Permeability, a high water table, depth to a cemented Both types of landfill must be able to bear heavy pan, and flooding affect absorption of the effluent. vehicular traffic. Both types involve a risk of ground- Large stones and bedrock or a cemented pan interfere water pollution. Ease of excavation and revegetation with installation. should be considered. Unsatisfactory performance of septic tank The ratings in the table are based on soil absorption fields, including excessively slow properties, site features, and observed performance of absorption of effluent, surfacing of effluent, and hillside the soils. Permeability, depth to a cemented pan, a seepage, can affect public health. Ground water can high water table, slope, and flooding affect both types be polluted if highly permeable sand and gravel or of landfill. Texture, stones and boulders, highly organic fractured bedrock is less than 4 feet below the base of layers, soil reaction, and content of salts and sodium the absorption field, if slope is excessive, or if the affect trench landfills. Unless otherwise stated, the water table is near the surface. There must be ratings apply only to that part of the soil within a depth unsaturated soil material beneath the absorption field of about 6 feet. For deeper trenches, a limitation rated to filter the effluent effectively. Many local ordinances slight or moderate may not be valid. Onsite require that this material be of a certain thickness. investigation is needed. Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed to Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the used to cover compacted solid waste in an area solid and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly sanitary landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite, level floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments transported to the landfill, and spread over the waste. of compacted soil. Lagoons generally are designed to Soil texture, wetness, coarse fragments, and slope hold the sewage within a depth of 2 to 5 feet. Nearly affect the ease of removing and spreading the material impervious soil material for the lagoon floor and sides during wet and dry periods. Loamy or silty soils that is required to minimize seepage and contamination of are free of large stones or excess gravel are the best ground water. cover for a landfill. Clayey soils are sticky or cloddy The table gives ratings for the natural soil that and are difficult to spread; sandy soils are subject to makes up the lagoon floor. The surface layer and, wind erosion. generally, 1 or 2 feet of soil material below the surface After soil material has been removed, the soil layer are excavated to provide material for the material remaining in the borrow area must be thick embankments. The ratings are based on soil enough over a cemented pan or the water table to properties, site features, and observed performance of permit revegetation. The soil material used as the final the soils. Considered in the ratings are slope, cover for a landfill should be suitable for plants. The permeability, a high water table, depth to a cemented surface layer generally has the best workability, more pan, flooding, large stones, and content of organic organic matter, and the best potential for plants. matter. Material from the surface layer should be stockpiled for Excessive seepage resulting from rapid use as the final cover. permeability in the soil or a water table that is high Construction Materials enough to raise the level of sewage in the lagoon causes a lagoon to function unsatisfactorily. Pollution Table 12 gives information about the soils as a results if seepage is excessive or if floodwater source of roadfill, sand, gravel, and topsoil. The soils Attala County, Mississippi 75

are rated good, fair, or poor as a source of roadfill and purposes is not evaluated, nor are factors that affect topsoil. They are rated as a probable or improbable excavation of the material. source of sand and gravel. The ratings are based on The properties used to evaluate the soil as a source soil properties and site features that affect the removal of sand or gravel are gradation of grain sizes (as of the soil and its use as construction material. Normal indicated by the engineering classification of the soil), compaction, minor processing, and other standard the thickness of suitable material, and the content of construction practices are assumed. Each soil is rock fragments. Kinds of rock, acidity, and stratification evaluated to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. are given in the soil series descriptions. Gradation of Roadfill is soil material that is excavated in one grain sizes is given in the table on engineering index place and used in road embankments in another properties. place. In this table, the soils are rated as a source of A soil rated as a probable source has a layer of roadfill for low embankments, generally less than 6 clean sand or gravel or a layer of sand or gravel that is feet high and less exacting in design than higher up to 12 percent silty fines. This material must be at embankments. least 3 feet thick and less than 50 percent, by weight, The ratings are for the soil material below the large stones. All other soils are rated as an improbable surface layer to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. It is assumed source. Coarse fragments of soft bedrock, such as that soil layers will be mixed during excavating and shale and siltstone, are not considered to be sand and spreading. Many soils have layers of contrasting gravel. suitability within their profile. The table showing Topsoil is used to cover an area so that vegetation engineering index properties provides detailed can be established and maintained. The upper 40 information about each soil layer. This information can inches of a soil is evaluated for use as topsoil. Also help to determine the suitability of each layer for use evaluated is the reclamation potential of the borrow as roadfill. The performance of soil after it is stabilized area. with lime or cement is not considered in the ratings. Plant growth is affected by toxic material and by The ratings are based on soil properties, site such properties as soil reaction, available water features, and observed performance of the soils. The capacity, and fertility. The ease of excavating, loading, thickness of suitable material is a major consideration. and spreading is affected by rock fragments, slope, a The ease of excavation is affected by large stones, a water table, soil texture, and thickness of suitable high water table, and slope. How well the soil performs material. Reclamation of the borrow area is affected by in place after it has been compacted and drained is slope, a water table, rock fragments, bedrock, and determined by its strength (as inferred from the toxic material. engineering classification of the soil) and shrink-swell Soils rated good have friable, loamy material to a potential. depth of at least 40 inches. They are free of stones Soils rated good contain significant amounts of and cobbles, have little or no gravel, and have slopes sand or gravel or both. They have at least 5 feet of of less than 8 percent. They are low in content of suitable material, a low shrink-swell potential, few soluble salts, are naturally fertile or respond well to cobbles and stones, and slopes of 15 percent or less. fertilizer, and are not so wet that excavation is difficult. Depth to the water table is more than 3 feet. Soils Soils rated fair are sandy soils, loamy soils that rated fair are more than 35 percent silt- and clay-sized have a relatively high content of clay, soils that have particles and have a plasticity index of less than 10. only 20 to 40 inches of suitable material, soils that They have a moderate shrink-swell potential, slopes of have an appreciable amount of gravel, stones, or 15 to 25 percent, or many stones. Depth to the water soluble salts, or soils that have slopes of 8 to 15 table is 1 to 3 feet. Soils rated poor have a plasticity percent. The soils are not so wet that excavation is index of more than 10, a high shrink-swell potential, difficult. many stones, or slopes of more than 25 percent. They Soils rated poor are very sandy or clayey, have less are wet and have a water table at a depth of less than than 20 inches of suitable material, have a large 1 foot. They may have layers of suitable material, but amount of gravel, stones, or soluble salts, have slopes the material is less than 3 feet thick. of more than 15 percent, or have a seasonal high Sand and gravel are natural aggregates suitable for water table at or near the surface. commercial use with a minimum of processing. They The surface layer of most soils is generally are used in many kinds of construction. Specifications preferred for topsoil because of its organic matter for each use vary widely. In the table, only the content. Organic matter greatly increases the probability of finding material in suitable quantity is absorption and retention of moisture and nutrients for evaluated. The suitability of the material for specific plant growth. 76

Water Management that are fed only by surface runoff and embankment ponds that impound water 3 feet or more above the Table 13 gives information on the soil properties original surface. Excavated ponds are affected by and site features that affect water management. The depth to a permanent water table, permeability of the degree and kind of soil limitations are given for pond aquifer, and quality of the water as inferred from the reservoir areas; embankments, dikes, and levees; and salinity of the soil. aquifer-fed excavated ponds. The limitations are Drainage is the removal of excess surface and considered slight if soil properties and site features are subsurface water from the soil. How easily and generally favorable for the indicated use and effectively the soil is drained depends on the depth to limitations are minor and are easily overcome; bedrock, to a cemented pan, or to other layers that moderate if soil properties or site features are not affect the rate of water movement; permeability; depth favorable for the indicated use and special planning, to a high water table or depth of standing water if the design, or maintenance is needed to overcome or soil is subject to ponding; slope; susceptibility to minimize the limitations; and severe if soil properties or flooding; subsidence of organic layers; and the site features are so unfavorable or so difficult to potential for frost action. Excavating and grading and overcome that special design, significant increase in the stability of ditchbanks are affected by depth to construction costs, and possibly increased bedrock or to a cemented pan, large stones, slope, maintenance are required. and the hazard of cutbanks caving. The productivity of This table also gives for each soil the restrictive the soil after drainage is adversely affected by extreme features that affect drainage, irrigation, terraces and acidity or by toxic substances in the root zone, such as diversions, and grassed waterways. salts, sodium, and sulfur. Availability of drainage Pond reservoir areas hold water behind a dam or outlets is not considered in the ratings. embankment. Soils best suited to this use have low Irrigation is the controlled application of water to seepage potential in the upper 60 inches. The supplement rainfall and support plant growth. The seepage potential is determined by the permeability of design and management of an irrigation system are the soil and the depth to fractured bedrock or other affected by depth to the water table, the need for permeable material. Excessive slope can affect the drainage, flooding, available water capacity, intake storage capacity of the reservoir area. rate, permeability, erosion hazard, and slope. The Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised construction of a system is affected by large stones structures of soil material, generally less than 20 feet and depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan. The high, constructed to impound water or to protect land performance of a system is affected by the depth of against overflow. In this table, the soils are rated as a the root zone, the amount of salts or sodium, and soil source of material for embankment fill. The ratings reaction. apply to the soil material below the surface layer to a Terraces and diversions are embankments or a depth of about 5 feet. It is assumed that soil layers will combination of channels and ridges constructed be uniformly mixed and compacted during across a slope to control erosion and conserve construction. moisture by intercepting runoff. Slope, wetness, large The ratings do not indicate the ability of the natural stones, and depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan soil to support an embankment. Soil properties to a affect the construction of terraces and diversions. A depth even greater than the height of the embankment restricted rooting depth, a severe hazard of wind can affect performance and safety of the embankment. erosion or water erosion, an excessively coarse Generally, deeper onsite investigation is needed to texture, and restricted permeability adversely affect determine these properties. maintenance. Soil material in embankments must be resistant to Grassed waterways are natural or constructed seepage, piping, and erosion and have favorable channels, generally broad and shallow, that conduct compaction characteristics. Unfavorable features surface water to outlets at a nonerosive velocity. Large include less than 5 feet of suitable material and a high stones, wetness, slope, and depth to bedrock or to a content of organic matter or sodium. A high water table cemented pan affect the construction of grassed affects the amount of usable material. It also affects waterways. A hazard of wind erosion, low available trafficability. water capacity, restricted rooting depth, toxic Aquifer-fed excavated ponds are pits or dugouts substances such as salts and sodium, and restricted that extend to a ground-water aquifer or to a depth permeability adversely affect the growth and below a permanent water table. Excluded are ponds maintenance of the grass after construction. 77

Soil Properties

Data relating to soil properties are collected during than 52 percent sand. If the content of particles the course of the soil survey. The data and the coarser than sand is as much as about 15 percent, an estimates of soil and water features, listed in tables, appropriate modifier is added, for example, “gravelly.” are explained on the following pages. Textural terms are defined in the Glossary. Soil properties are determined by field examination Classification of the soils is determined according to of the soils and by laboratory index testing of some the Unified soil classification system (ASTM, 2001) benchmark soils. Established standard procedures are and the system adopted by the American Association followed. During the survey, many shallow borings are of State Highway and Transportation Officials made and examined to identify and classify the soils (AASHTO, 2000). and to delineate them on the soil maps. Samples are The Unified system classifies soils according to taken from some typical profiles and tested in the properties that affect their use as construction laboratory to determine grain-size distribution, material. Soils are classified according to grain-size plasticity, and compaction characteristics. distribution of the fraction less than 3 inches in Estimates of soil properties are based on field diameter and according to plasticity index, liquid limit, examinations, on laboratory tests of samples from the and organic matter content. Sandy and gravelly soils survey area, and on laboratory tests of samples of are identified as GW, GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, and similar soils in nearby areas. Tests verify field SC; silty and clayey soils as ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, and observations, verify properties that cannot be OH; and highly organic soils as PT. Soils exhibiting estimated accurately by field observation, and help to engineering properties of two groups can have a dual characterize key soils. classification, for example, CL-ML. The estimates of soil properties shown in the tables The AASHTO system classifies soils according to include the range of grain-size distribution and those properties that affect roadway construction and Atterberg limits, the engineering classification, and the maintenance. In this system, the fraction of a mineral physical and chemical properties of the major layers of soil that is less than 3 inches in diameter is classified each soil. Pertinent soil and water features also are in one of seven groups from A-1 through A-7 on the given. basis of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, and plasticity index. Soils in group A-1 are coarse grained Engineering Index Properties and low in content of fines (silt and clay). At the other extreme, soils in group A-7 are fine grained. Highly Table 14 gives estimates of the engineering organic soils are classified in group A-8 on the basis of classification and of the range of index properties for visual inspection. the major layers of each soil in the survey area. Most If laboratory data are available, the A-1, A-2, and A- soils have layers of contrasting properties within the 7 groups are further classified as A-1-a, A-1-b, A-2-4, upper 5 or 6 feet. A-2-5, A-2-6, A-2-7, A-7-5, or A-7-6. As an additional Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each refinement, the suitability of a soil as subgrade layer is indicated. The range in depth and information material can be indicated by a group index number. on other properties of each layer are given for each Group index numbers range from 0 for the best soil series under the heading “Soil Series and Their subgrade material to 20 or higher for the poorest. Morphology.” Rock fragments 3 to 10 inches in diameter are Texture is given in the standard terms used by the indicated as a percentage of the total soil on a dry- U.S. Department of Agriculture. These terms are weight basis. The percentages are estimates defined according to percentages of sand, silt, and determined mainly by converting volume percentage clay in the fraction of the soil that is less than 2 in the field to weight percentage. millimeters in diameter. “Loam,” for example, is soil that Percentage (of soil particles) passing designated is 7 to 27 percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and less sieves is the percentage of the soil fraction less than 3 78 Soil Survey

inches in diameter based on an ovendry weight. The is influenced by texture, kind of clay, content of organic sieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA Standard matter, and soil structure. Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 0.420, and 0.074 Permeability refers to the ability of a soil to transmit millimeters, respectively. Estimates are based on water or air. The estimates indicate the rate of laboratory tests of soils sampled in the survey area downward movement of water when the soil is and in nearby areas and on estimates made in the saturated. They are based on soil characteristics field. observed in the field, particularly structure, porosity, Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits) and texture. Permeability is considered in the design of indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil. The soil drainage systems and septic tank absorption estimates are based on test data from the survey area fields. or from nearby areas and on field examination. Available water capacity refers to the quantity of The estimates of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, water that the soil is capable of storing for use by and plasticity index are generally rounded to the plants. The capacity for water storage is given in nearest 5 percent. Thus, if the ranges of gradation and inches of water per inch of soil for each major soil Atterberg limits extend a marginal amount (1 or 2 layer. The capacity varies, depending on soil percentage points) across classification boundaries, properties that affect the retention of water and the the classification in the marginal zone is omitted in the depth of the root zone. The most important properties table. are the content of organic matter, soil texture, bulk density, and soil structure. Available water capacity is Physical and Chemical Properties an important factor in the choice of plants or crops to be grown and in the design and management of Table 15 shows estimates of some characteristics irrigation systems. Available water capacity is not an and features that affect soil behavior. These estimates estimate of the quantity of water actually available to are given for the major layers of each soil in the survey plants at any given time. area. The estimates are based on field observations Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity and and on test data for these and similar soils. is expressed as a range in pH values. The range in pH Clay as a soil separate consists of mineral soil of each major horizon is based on many field tests. For particles that are less than 0.002 millimeter in many soils, values have been verified by laboratory diameter. In this table, the estimated clay content of analyses. Soil reaction is important in selecting crops each major soil layer is given as a percentage, by and other plants, in evaluating soil amendments for weight, of the soil material that is less than 2 fertility and stabilization, and in determining the risk of millimeters in diameter. corrosion. The amount and kind of clay greatly affect the Shrink-swell potential is the potential for volume fertility and physical condition of the soil. They change in a soil with a loss or gain in moisture. Volume determine the ability of the soil to adsorb cations and change occurs mainly because of the interaction of to retain moisture. They influence shrink-swell clay minerals with water and varies with the amount potential, permeability, plasticity, the ease of soil and type of clay minerals in the soil. The size of the dispersion, and other soil properties. The amount and load on the soil and the magnitude of the change in kind of clay in a soil also affect tillage and earthmoving soil moisture content influence the amount of swelling operations. of soils in place. Laboratory measurements of swelling Moist bulk density is the weight of soil (ovendry) per of undisturbed clods were made for many soils. For unit volume. Volume is measured when the soil is at others, swelling was estimated on the basis of the kind field moisture capacity, that is, the moisture content at and amount of clay minerals in the soil and on 1 /3-bar moisture tension. Weight is determined after measurements of similar soils. drying the soil at 105 degrees C. In this table, the If the shrink-swell potential is rated moderate to estimated moist bulk density of each major soil very high, shrinking and swelling can cause damage horizon is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter of to buildings, roads, and other structures. Special soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. design is often needed. Bulk density data are used to compute shrink-swell Shrink-swell potential classes are based on the potential, available water capacity, total pore space, change in length of an unconfined clod as moisture and other soil properties. The moist bulk density of a content is increased from air-dry to field capacity. The soil indicates the pore space available for water and classes are low, a change of less than 3 percent; roots. A bulk density of more than 1.6 can restrict moderate, 3 to 6 percent; high, 6 to 9 percent; and water storage and root penetration. Moist bulk density very high, greater than 9 percent. Attala County, Mississippi 79

Erosion factor K indicates the susceptibility of a soil texture or fine texture. These soils have a slow rate to sheet and rill erosion by water. Factor K is one of six of water transmission. factors used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate (USLE) to predict the average annual rate of soil loss (high runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These by sheet and rill erosion in tons per acre per year. The consist chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell estimates are based primarily on percentage of silt, potential, soils that have a high water table, soils that sand, and organic matter (up to 4 percent) and on soil have a claypan or clay layer at or near the surface, structure and permeability. Values of K range from and soils that are shallow over nearly impervious 0.02 to 0.64. Other factors being equal, the higher the material. These soils have a very slow rate of water value, the more susceptible the soil is to sheet and rill transmission. erosion by water. If a soil is assigned to two hydrologic groups in the Erosion factor T is an estimate of the maximum table, the first letter is for drained areas and the average annual rate of soil erosion by wind or water second is for undrained areas. that can occur without affecting crop productivity over Flooding, the temporary inundation of an area, is a sustained period. The rate is in tons per acre per caused by overflowing streams, by runoff from year. adjacent slopes, or by tides. Water standing for short Organic matter is the plant and animal residue in periods after rainfall or snowmelt is not considered the soil at various stages of decomposition. In the flooding, and water standing in swamps and marshes table, the estimated content of organic matter is is considered ponding rather than flooding. expressed as a percentage, by weight, of the soil The table gives the frequency and duration of material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. flooding and the time of year when flooding is most The content of organic matter in a soil can be likely. maintained or increased by returning crop residue to Frequency, duration, and probable dates of the soil. Organic matter affects the available water occurrence are estimated. Frequency is expressed as capacity, infiltration rate, and tilth. It is a source of none, rare, occasional, and frequent. None means that nitrogen and other nutrients for crops. flooding is not probable; rare that it is unlikely but possible under unusual weather conditions (the Soil and Water Features chance of flooding is nearly 0 percent to 5 percent in any year); occasional that it occurs, on the average, Table 16 gives estimates of various soil and water once or less in 2 years (the chance of flooding is 5 to features. The estimates are used in land use planning 50 percent in any year); and frequent that it occurs, on that involves engineering considerations. the average, more than once in 2 years (the chance of Hydrologic soil groups are based on estimates of flooding is more than 50 percent in any year). runoff potential. Soils are assigned to one of four Common is used when the occasional and frequent groups according to the rate of water infiltration when classes are grouped for certain purposes. Duration is the soils are not protected by vegetation, are expressed as very brief if less than 2 days, brief if 2 to thoroughly wet, and receive precipitation from long- 7 days, long if 7 days to 1 month, and very long if duration storms. more than 1 month. Probable dates are expressed in The four hydrologic soil groups are: months. About two-thirds to three-fourths of all flooding Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low occurs during the stated period. runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist The information is based on evidence in the soil mainly of deep, well drained to excessively drained profile, namely thin strata of gravel, sand, silt, or clay sands or gravelly sands. These soils have a high rate deposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in organic of water transmission. matter content with increasing depth; and little or no Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate horizon development. when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of Also considered are local information about the moderately deep or deep, moderately well drained or extent and levels of flooding and the relation of each well drained soils that have moderately fine texture to soil on the landscape to historic floods. Information on moderately coarse texture. These soils have a the extent of flooding based on soil data is less moderate rate of water transmission. specific than that provided by detailed engineering Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate surveys that delineate flood-prone areas at specific when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils flood frequency levels. having a layer that impedes the downward High water table (seasonal) is the highest level of a movement of water or soils of moderately fine saturated zone in the soil in most years. The estimates 80

are based mainly on observations of the water table at Depth to bedrock is based on many soil borings selected sites and on the evidence of a saturated and on observations during soil mapping. zone, namely grayish colors or mottles (redoximorphic Risk of corrosion pertains to potential soil-induced features) in the soil. Indicated in the table are the electrochemical or chemical action that dissolves or depth to the seasonal high water table; the kind of weakens uncoated steel or concrete. The rate of water table—that is, perched or apparent; and the corrosion of uncoated steel is related to such factors months of the year that the water table commonly is as soil moisture, particle-size distribution, acidity, and high. A water table that is seasonally high for less than electrical conductivity of the soil. The rate of corrosion 1 month is not indicated in the table. of concrete is based mainly on the sulfate and sodium An apparent water table is a thick zone of free water content, texture, moisture content, and acidity of the in the soil. It is indicated by the level at which water soil. Special site examination and design may be stands in an uncased borehole after adequate time is needed if the combination of factors results in a severe allowed for adjustment in the surrounding soil. A hazard of corrosion. The steel in installations that perched water table is water standing above an intersect soil boundaries or soil layers is more unsaturated zone. In places an upper, or perched, susceptible to corrosion than steel in installations that water table is separated from a lower one by a dry are entirely within one kind of soil or within one soil zone. layer. Two numbers in the column showing depth to the For uncoated steel, the risk of corrosion, expressed water table indicate the normal range in depth to a as low, moderate, or high, is based on soil drainage saturated zone. Depth is given to the nearest half foot. class, total acidity, electrical resistivity near field The first numeral in the range indicates the highest capacity, and electrical conductivity of the saturation water level. A plus sign preceding the range in depth extract. indicates that the water table is above the surface of For concrete, the risk of corrosion is also expressed the soil. “More than 6.0” indicates that the water table as low, moderate, or high. It is based on soil texture, is below a depth of 6 feet or that it is within a depth of acidity, and amount of sulfates in the saturation 6 feet for less than a month. extract. 81

Classification of the Soils

The system of soil classification used by the FAMILY. Families are established within a National Cooperative Soil Survey has six categories subgroup on the basis of physical and chemical (Soil Survey Staff, 1998 and 1999). Beginning with the properties and other characteristics that affect broadest, these categories are the order, suborder, management. Generally, the properties are those of great group, subgroup, family, and series. horizons below plow depth where there is much Classification is based on soil properties observed in biological activity. Among the properties and the field or inferred from those observations or from characteristics considered are particle-size class, laboratory measurements. Table 17 shows the mineralogy class, cation-exchange activity class, soil classification of the soils in the survey area. The temperature regime, soil depth, and reaction class. A categories are defined in the following paragraphs. family name consists of the name of a subgroup ORDER. Twelve soil orders are recognized. The preceded by terms that indicate soil properties. An differences among orders reflect the dominant soil- example is fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic Typic forming processes and the degree of soil formation. Fragiudalfs. Each order is identified by a word ending in sol. An SERIES. The series consists of soils within a example is Alfisol (Buol, Hole, and McCracken, 1980). family that have horizons similar in color, texture, SUBORDER. Each order is divided into suborders structure, reaction, consistence, mineral and chemical primarily on the basis of properties that influence soil composition, and arrangement in the profile. An genesis and are important to plant growth or example is the Providence series. The soils of the properties that reflect the most important variables Providence series are fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic within the orders. The last syllable in the name of a Typic Fragiudalfs. suborder indicates the order. An example is Udalf (Ud, meaning humid, plus alf, from Alfisol). GREAT GROUP. Each suborder is divided into Soil Series and Their Morphology great groups on the basis of close similarities in kind, In this section, each soil series recognized in the arrangement, and degree of development of survey area is described. Characteristics of the soil pedogenic horizons; soil moisture and temperature and the material in which it formed are identified for regimes; type of saturation; and base status. Each each series. A pedon, a small three-dimensional area great group is identified by the name of a suborder of soil, that is typical of the series in the survey area is and by a prefix that indicates a property of the soil. An described. The detailed description of each soil example is Fragiudalfs (Fragi, meaning presence of a horizon follows standards in the “Soil Survey Manual” fragipan plus udalf, the suborder of the Alfisols that (Soil Survey Division Staff, 1993). Many of the has a udic moisture regime). technical terms used in the descriptions are defined in SUBGROUP. Each great group has a typic “Soil Taxonomy” (Soil Survey Staff, 1999) and in “Keys subgroup. Other subgroups are intergrades or to Soil Taxonomy” (Soil Survey Staff, 1998). Unless extragrades. The typic subgroup is the central concept otherwise indicated, colors in the descriptions are for of the great group; it is not necessarily the most moist soil. Following the pedon description is the range extensive. Intergrades are transitions to other orders, of important characteristics of the soils in the series. suborders, or great groups. Extragrades have some properties that are not representative of the great group but do not indicate transitions to any other Ariel Series taxonomic class. Each subgroup is identified by one or more adjectives preceding the name of the great Depth class: Very deep group. The adjective Typic identifies the subgroup that Drainage class: Well drained typifies the great group. An example is Typic Permeability: Moderately slow Fragiudalfs. Parent material: Silty alluvium 82 Soil Survey

Landscape: Coastal Plain manganese concretions; few thin seams of gray Landform: Flood plains silt between prisms; the gray areas are iron Landform position: Slightly convex slopes depletions; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Slope: 0 to 2 percent Bwxb2—48 to 60 inches; 35 percent brown (10YR Taxonomic class: Coarse-silty, mixed, active, thermic 5/3), 35 percent gray (10YR 6/1), and 30 percent Fluventic Dystrochrepts strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silt loam; weak very coarse prismatic structure parting to weak Ariel soils are commonly associated on the medium subangular blocky; friable, dense and landscape with Kirkville, Mantachie, and Oaklimeter slightly brittle; common medium manganese soils. The moderately well drained Kirkville and concretions; few thin seams of gray silt between Oaklimeter soils are in the slightly lower positions on the prisms; the gray areas are iron depletions; the flood plains. The somewhat poorly drained Mantachie strong brown areas are masses of iron soils are in the lower positions on the flood plain. accumulation; strongly acid. Typical Pedon Range in Characteristics Ariel silt loam, occasionally flooded; about 300 feet Solum thickness: More than 60 inches south and 550 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. Depth to contrasting soil material: 20 to 50 inches to a 25, T. 15 N., R. 6 E.; USGS Hesterville topographic buried solum quadrangle; lat. 33 degrees 08 minutes 12 seconds N. Reaction: Strongly acid or very strongly acid and long. 89 degrees 37 minutes 53 seconds W. throughout the profile, except for the surface layer Ap1—0 to 3 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; weak in areas that have been limed fine granular structure; friable; many fine roots; few A or Ap horizon: fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma iron accumulations in root channels; few fine faint of 2 or 3 grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in pores; Texture—silt loam moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Ap2—3 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; weak Bw horizon: fine and medium granular structure; friable; Color—hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and common fine roots; moderately acid; abrupt chroma of 3 or 4 smooth boundary. Texture—silt loam Bw1—8 to 19 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Redoximorphic features—none to common silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky masses of iron accumulation in shades of structure; friable; few fine roots; strongly acid; clear brown or yellow smooth boundary. Bwxb horizon: Bw2—19 to 27 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; Color—multicolored in shades of brown and gray weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; Texture—silt loam, silty clay loam, or loam few fine roots; few medium faint pale brown (10YR Redoximorphic features—few to many black or 6/3) iron depletions; few medium distinct yellowish brown manganese concretions and few or brown (10YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation; common iron depletions, masses of iron strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. accumulation, or both Bw3—27 to 36 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine pores; common fine and medium distinct Arkabutla Series light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; common medium distinct dark yellowish brown Depth class: Very deep (10YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation that are Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained firm and brittle; strongly acid; gradual wavy Permeability: Moderate boundary. Parent material: Silty alluvium Bwxb1—36 to 48 inches; 35 percent brown (10YR Landscape: Coastal Plain 5/3), 35 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), and Landform: Flood plains 30 percent gray (10YR 6/1) silt loam; weak very Landform position: Flat to slightly concave slopes coarse prismatic structure parting to weak Slope: 0 to 2 percent medium subangular blocky; friable, dense and Taxonomic class: Fine-silty, mixed, active, acid, slightly brittle; common fine and medium thermic Aeric Fluvaquents Attala County, MIssissippi 83

Arkabutla soils are commonly associated on the to weak medium subangular blocky; friable; many landscape with Ariel, Bude, Rosebloom, and fine and medium black and brown manganese Oaklimeter soils. The well drained Ariel and concretions; strongly acid; gradual irregular moderately well drained Oaklimeter soils are in the boundary. higher positions on the flood plains. The poorly drained Bg5—48 to 60 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty Rosebloom soils are in the lower positions on the flood clay loam; weak very coarse prismatic structure plains. The Bude soils have a fragipan and are on parting to weak medium subangular blocky; adjacent stream terraces. friable; many black and brown manganese concretions; many medium distinct brown (10YR Typical Pedon 4/3) and dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses Arkabutla silt loam in an area of Rosebloom-Arkabutla of iron accumulation; strongly acid. association, frequently flooded; about 1,800 feet north Range in Characteristics and 300 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 30, T. 13 N., R. 8 E.; USGS Singleton topographic Solum thickness: More than 40 inches quadrangle; lat. 32 degrees 57 minutes 00 seconds N. Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid, except and long. 89 degrees 36 minutes 38 seconds W. for the surface layer in areas that have been limed Ap—0 to 5 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam; weak A or Ap horizon: fine and medium granular structure; friable; many Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma fine roots; many medium distinct yellowish brown of 2 or 3 (10YR 5/6) and fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR Texture—silt loam 4/6) masses of iron accumulation in root channels; Bw horizon: strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. Color—commonly no dominant matrix color and Bw—5 to 12 inches; 35 percent dark yellowish multicolored in shades of brown and gray; or brown (10YR 4/4), 35 percent brown (10YR hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 5/3), and 30 percent light brownish gray (2.5Y Texture—silt loam or loam 6/2) silt loam; weak fine and medium Redoximorphic features (where present)—few or subangular blocky structure; friable; common common iron accumulation in shades of brown fine roots; few coatings of silt and oxides on ped faces; the light brownish gray areas are iron Bg horizon: depletions; strongly acid; gradual wavy Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma boundary. of 1 or 2; or no dominant matrix color and Bg1—12 to 19 inches; 55 percent dark grayish brown multicolored in shades of gray and brown (10YR 4/2) and 45 percent gray (10YR 6/1) silt Texture—silt loam, loam, or silty clay loam loam; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bude Series Bg2—19 to 28 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) silt loam; weak Depth class: Very deep fine and medium subangular blocky structure; Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained friable; few fine roots; few black and brown Permeability: Slow manganese concretions; many medium distinct Parent material: Thin mantle of loess and the strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron underlying loamy sediments accumulation; strongly acid; gradual wavy Landscape: Coastal Plain boundary. Landform: Uplands and stream terraces Bg3—28 to 38 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) silt loam; weak Landform position: Toeslopes and footslopes very coarse prismatic structure parting to weak Slope: 0 to 2 percent medium subangular blocky; friable; common black Taxonomic class: Fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic and brown manganese concretions; many medium Glossaquic Fragiudalfs distinct yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) masses of iron accumulation; strongly acid; gradual irregular Bude soils are commonly associated on the boundary. landscape with Oaklimeter, Gillsburg, and Providence Bg4—38 to 48 inches; 45 percent grayish brown soils. The moderately well drained Oaklimeter and silty (10YR 5/2), 30 percent yellowish brown (10YR Gillsburg soils are on flood plains and do not have a 5/6), and 25 percent gray (10YR 6/1) silty clay fragipan. The moderately well drained Providence soils loam; weak very coarse prismatic structure parting are on the higher ridges. 84 Soil Survey

Typical Pedon areas are iron depletions; very strongly acid; clear irregular boundary. Bude silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes; about 400 feet 2Btx1—29 to 40 inches; 45 percent yellowish brown north and 200 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. (10YR 5/6), 30 percent gray (5Y 5/1), and 25 14, T. 14 N., R. 7 E.; USGS Kosciusko topographic percent gray (10YR 6/1) silty clay loam; weak quadrangle; lat. 33 degrees 03 minutes 55 seconds N. very coarse prismatic structure parting to and long. 89 degrees 33 minutes 30 seconds W. moderate coarse subangular blocky; firm and Ap—0 to 5 inches; 35 percent dark brown (10YR 4/3), compact, brittle in more than 60 percent of the 35 percent light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4), and volume; many vesicular pores; common faint 30 percent dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt clay films on faces of prisms; common thin loam; weak fine and medium granular structure; seams of gray silt between prisms; few black very friable; many fine roots; few fine black and and brown concretions; the light gray and gray brown manganese concretions; the dark grayish areas are iron depletions; very strongly acid; brown areas are iron depletions; the light yellowish gradual wavy boundary. brown areas are masses of iron accumulation; 2Btx2—40 to 56 inches; 35 percent yellowish brown moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (10YR 5/6), 35 percent light olive brown (2.5Y Bw1—5 to 11 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt 5/4), and 30 percent gray (10YR 6/1) clay loam; loam; weak fine and medium subangular blocky weak very coarse prismatic structure parting to structure; friable; common fine roots; slightly moderate coarse subangular blocky; firm in 40 to plastic; many fine pores; few fine black and 60 percent of the volume; many fine vesicular yellowish brown concretions; many distinct light pores; common faint clay films on faces of prisms; brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; very common thin seams of gray silt between prisms; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. common fine black and brown concretions; the Bw2—11 to 16 inches; 30 percent light brownish light gray areas are iron depletions; very strongly gray (10YR 6/2), 25 percent light yellowish acid; gradual wavy boundary. brown (2.5Y 6/4), 25 percent light olive brown 2Btx3—56 to 64 inches; 35 percent light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6), and 20 percent pale brown (10YR (2.5Y 5/4), 35 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), 6/3) silt loam; weak fine and medium and 30 percent gray (10YR 5/1) clay loam; weak subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine very coarse prismatic structure parting to weak roots; many fine pores; few fine black and brown coarse angular blocky; firm, brittle in 40 to 60 concretions; the light brownish gray and pale percent of the volume; many vesicular pores; few brown areas are iron depletions; very strongly faint clay films on faces of prisms; few fine black acid; clear smooth boundary. and brown concretions; few seams of gray silt E/B—16 to 20 inches; 35 percent light brownish gray between prisms; the gray areas are iron (2.5Y 6/2) and 25 percent light yellowish brown depletions; very strongly acid. (2.5Y 6/4) loam (E) that has silt tonguing between Range in Characteristics peds; 25 percent light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) and 15 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt loam Solum thickness: More than 60 inches (B); weak very coarse prismatic structure parting Depth to contrasting soil material: 18 to 40 inches to a to weak medium subangular blocky; friable; the fragipan light olive brown material is dense and brittle; Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid many fine vesicular pores; few black and brown throughout the profile, except for the surface layer concretions; very strongly acid; clear irregular in areas that have been limed boundary. A or Ap horizon: Btx—20 to 29 inches; 30 percent yellowish brown Color—commonly no dominant matrix color and (10YR 5/6), 25 percent gray (5Y 6/1), 25 percent multicolored in shades of brown and gray; hue strong brown (7.5YR 5/6), and 20 percent light of 10YR, value of 4, and chroma of 2 to 4; or gray (10YR 7/1) silty clay loam; weak very coarse hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 4 prismatic structure; firm, brittle in about 60 percent to 6 of the volume; many fine vesicular pores; few Texture—silt loam distinct and common faint clay films on faces of peds; prism faces coated with gray silt; few fine Bw horizon: black and brown concretions; the strong brown Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma areas are masses of iron accumulation; the gray of 4 to 8; hue of 7.5YR, value of 5, and chroma Attala County, MIssissippi 85

of 6; or no dominant matrix color and Typical Pedon multicolored in shades of brown and gray Calhoun silt loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes; about 2,000 Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam feet south and 300 feet east of the northwest corner of Redoximorphic features—iron depletions in the sec. 27, T. 13 N., R. 4 E.; USGS Goodman topographic upper 10 inches quadrangle; lat. 32 degrees 56 minutes 55 seconds N. E/B horizon: and long. 89 degrees 33 minutes 30 seconds W. Color—(E part) hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 or Ap—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; 6, and chroma of 2 to 4; (B part) hue of 10YR or weak fine granular structure; very friable; many 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 to 8 fine roots; common fine black concretions; Texture—(E part) silt loam; (B part) silt loam or common fine faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty clay loam iron depletions in root channels; moderately Redoximorphic features—common or many iron acid; abrupt smooth boundary. depletions and masses of iron accumulation Eg1—5 to 12 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt Btx horizon: loam; weak fine and medium granular structure; Color—commonly no dominant matrix color and friable; common fine roots; common medium multicolored in shades of brown or gray; or hue black and yellowish brown concretions; common of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of 1 or 2 iron accumulation; strongly acid; clear smooth Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam boundary. Redoximorphic features—masses of iron Eg2—12 to 20 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt accumulation in shades of brown loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; common 2Btx horizon: fine brown and black concretions; many fine Color—commonly no dominant matrix color and distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of multicolored in shades of brown and gray; or iron accumulation; strongly acid; gradual wavy hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and boundary. chroma of 1 or 2 B/E—20 to 32 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) silty clay loam; Texture—silt loam, loam, or clay loam weak coarse prismatic structure parting to Redoximorphic features—common or many iron moderate medium subangular blocky; very firm; depletions and masses of iron accumulation common faint clay films on faces of peds; common thin light gray (10YR 7/1) clay depletions on faces of peds; seams of grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt 1 Calhoun Series loam (E) /2 to 2 inches in width extend through horizon and make up 15 to 20 percent of the Depth class: Very deep matrix; common fine black and brown concretions; Drainage class: Poorly drained common fine distinct light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) Permeability: Slow masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; Parent material: Loess gradual wavy boundary. Landscape: Coastal Plain Btg—32 to 45 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) Landform: Stream terraces and flood plains silt loam; weak coarse prismatic structure Landform position: Flat to concave slopes; shallow parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; depressions very firm; few small pores; few faint clay films on Slope: 0 to 1 percent faces of peds; common black and brown Taxonomic class: Fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic concretions; common medium distinct yellowish Typic Glossaqualfs brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; Calhoun soils are commonly associated on the very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. landscape with Calloway, Grenada, and Oaklimeter Cg—45 to 60 inches; 35 percent yellowish brown soils. The somewhat poorly drained Calloway soils are (10YR 5/6), 35 percent light brownish gray in the slightly higher positions. The moderately well (2.5Y 6/2), and 30 percent gray (10YR 6/1) silt drained Grenada soils are in the slightly higher, more loam; massive; very firm; common fine black convex positions. The moderately well drained and brown concretions; areas of yellowish Oaklimeter soils are on the narrower parts of the flood brown are masses of iron accumulation; plains. strongly acid. 86 Soil Survey

Range in Characteristics positions. The moderately well drained Grenada soils are in the higher positions. The silty Deerford soils are Solum thickness: 40 to 80 inches in positions similar to those of the Calloway soils and Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid, have a higher content of exchangeable sodium in the except for the surface layer in areas that have subsoil. been limed Typical Pedon A or Ap horizon: Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma Calloway silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes; about 1,500 of 1 to 3 feet north and 1,200 feet east of the southwest corner Texture—silt loam of sec. 36, T. 14 N., R. 4 E.; USGS Durant topographic quadrangle; lat. 33 degrees 01 minutes 20 seconds N. Eg horizon: and long. 89 degrees 50 minutes 53 seconds W. Color—hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 1 or 2 Ap—0 to 6 inches; dark brownish gray (10YR 4/2) Texture—silt loam silt loam; weak fine and medium granular Redoximorphic features—few or common masses structure; very friable; many fine roots; few fine of iron accumulation in shades of brown and brown and black concretions; strongly acid; yellow abrupt smooth boundary. Bw1—6 to 13 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Btg horizon: silt loam; weak fine and medium subangular Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; chroma of 1 or 2 common medium distinct gray (10YR 6/1) iron Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam depletions; few fine brown and black Redoximorphic features—few or common masses concretions; strongly acid; clear smooth of iron accumulation in shades of brown or boundary. yellow Bw2—13 to 22 inches; 60 percent yellowish brown Cg horizon: (10YR 5/4) and 40 percent gray (10YR 6/1) silt Color—commonly no dominant matrix color and loam; weak fine and medium subangular blocky multicolored in shades of gray and brown; or structure; friable; few fine roots; common fine hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 1 brown and black concretions; strongly acid; or 2 abrupt wavy boundary. Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam E/B—22 to 28 inches; 35 percent gray (10YR 6/1) Redoximorphic features—few or common masses silt (E) between prisms; moderate coarse of iron accumulation in shades of brown or prismatic structure; compact and friable; 35 yellow percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and 30 percent light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) silt loam (B); weak fine and medium subangular Calloway Series blocky structure; friable and compact, brittle; common fine and medium brown and black Depth class: Very deep concretions; common fine voids; few fine roots Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained in cracks; the yellowish brown areas are Permeability: Moderate above the fragipan and slow in masses of iron accumulation; strongly acid; the fragipan gradual wavy boundary. Parent material: Thick loess deposits Btx1—28 to 48 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Landscape: Coastal Plain silty clay loam; weak very coarse prismatic Landform: Stream terraces and uplands structure; very firm and compact, brittle; many Landform position: Toeslopes and flat to slightly medium distinct light gray (10YR 6/1) and light concave slopes on uplands and low terraces brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; Slope: 0 to 2 percent common faint and few distinct clay films on Taxonomic class: Fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic faces of peds; common fine and medium brown Glossaquic Fragiudalfs and black concretions; few fine voids; few gray Calloway soils are commonly associated on the silt tongues between prisms; strongly acid; landscape with Calhoun, Grenada, and Deerford soils. gradual smooth boundary. The poorly drained Calhoun soils are in the lower Btx2—48 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Attala County, MIssissippi 87

silty clay loam; weak very coarse prismatic Chenneby Series structure; very firm and compact, brittle; few faint clay films on faces of peds; common Depth class: Very deep medium distinct gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions; Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained few seams of gray silt between prisms; common Permeability: Moderate fine and medium brown and black concretions; Parent material: Silty alluvium strongly acid. Landscape: Coastal Plain Landform: Flood plains Range in Characteristics Landform position: Slightly concave slopes Solum thickness: More than 60 inches Slope: 0 to 2 percent Depth to contrasting material: 14 to 38 inches to a Taxonomic class: Fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic fragipan Fluvaquentic Dystrochrepts Reaction: Moderately acid or strongly acid in the upper Chenneby soils are commonly associated on the part of the solum and strongly acid to moderately landscape with Rosebloom and Oaklimeter soils. The alkaline in the lower part poorly drained Rosebloom soils are at lower elevations Ap horizon: than the Chenneby soils and are farther from the river Color—hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma channel. The moderately well drained Oaklimeter soils of 1 or 2 are in the higher positions near tributaries of the main Texture—silt loam channel. A horizon (where present): Typical Pedon Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4 Chenneby silt loam, frequently flooded; about 500 feet Texture—silt loam north and 1,010 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 32, T. 13 N., R. 4 E.; USGS Goodman topographic Bw horizon: quadrangle; lat. 32 degrees 55 minutes 24 seconds N. Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and and long. 89 degrees 54 minutes 09 seconds W. chroma of 4 to 6; or no dominant matrix horizon and multicolored in shades of brown and gray A—0 to 5 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; weak Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam medium granular structure; friable; few fine roots; Redoximorphic features—few to many iron moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. depletions in shades of gray and masses of iron Bw1—5 to 14 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam; accumulation in shades of brown weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint pale brown (10YR 6/3) iron E/B horizon (where present): depletions lining pores; common fine and medium Color—(E part) hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 or black and brown concretions; very strongly acid; 6, and chroma of 1 or 2; (B part) hue of 10YR, gradual smooth boundary. value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 6 or shades Bw2—14 to 23 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; of brown or gray and no dominant matrix weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; horizon few fine roots; common fine faint light brownish Texture—(E part) silt or silt loam; (B part) silt loam gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; common fine or silty clay loam black concretions; very strongly acid; gradual Redoximorphic features—common or many iron smooth boundary. depletions in shades of gray and masses of iron Bg1—23 to 35 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) accumulation in shades of brown silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky Btx horizon: structure; friable; many medium distinct brown Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5, and (10YR 5/3) masses of iron accumulation; common chroma of 2 to 6 fine and medium black and brown concretions; Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam; material in the very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. prisms is brittle and very firm; silty tongues are Bg2—35 to 50 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) friable. silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky Redoximorphic features—few or common iron structure; friable; few medium faint light brownish depletions in shades of gray, masses of iron gray (2.5Y 6/2) iron depletions; moderately acid; accumulation in shades of brown, or both gradual smooth boundary. 88 Soil Survey

Cg—50 to 60 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) silty clay loam; positions. The somewhat poorly drained Calloway soils firm; massive; common fine distinct light olive are in positions similar to those of the Deerford soils brown (2.5Y 5/4) masses of iron accumulation; and do not have a high content of sodium. strongly acid. Typical Pedon Range in Characteristics Deerford silt loam in an area of Calloway and Deerford Solum thickness: 40 to 70 inches soils, 0 to 2 percent slopes; about 400 feet north and Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid, 200 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 2, T. 13 except for the surface layer in areas that have N., R. 4 E.; USGS Newport topographic quadrangle; been limed lat. 32 degrees 59 minutes 53 seconds N. and long. 89 degrees 51 minutes 34 seconds W. A horizon: Color—hue of 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma Ap1—0 to 3 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt of 2 to 4 loam; moderate fine granular structure; friable; Texture—slit loam many fine roots; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Bw horizon: Ap2—3 to 7 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Color—hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 3 to 5, and silt loam; weak medium and thin platy structure; chroma of 3 or 4 firm; many fine roots; common fine and medium Redoximorphic features (where present)—few or faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and light brownish common iron depletions in shades of gray and gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; very strongly acid; masses of iron accumulation in shades of abrupt smooth boundary. brown Eg—7 to 11 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) silt loam; Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam moderate medium platy structure; firm; common Bg horizon: fine roots; many medium and fine brown and black Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and concretions; few medium prominent brownish chroma of 2 to 6 yellow (10YR 6/8) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) Texture—silt loam masses of iron accumulation; strongly acid; abrupt Redoximorphic features—few to many masses of irregular boundary. iron accumulation in shades of brown B/E—11 to 28 inches; 35 percent brownish yellow (10YR 6/8), 30 percent very pale brown (10YR Cg horizon: 7/4), and 35 percent light gray (10YR 7/2) silty Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and clay loam (B); moderate medium prismatic chroma of 1 or 2; or no dominant matrix color structure parting to moderate medium Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam subangular blocky; very firm; common fine Redoximorphic features—few or common masses roots; common faint and distinct and few of iron accumulation in shades of brown prominent clay films on faces of peds and in pores; about 20 percent light gray (10YR 6/2) Deerford Series silt loam (E) in vertical seams between prisms; the brownish yellow areas are masses of iron Depth class: Very deep accumulation; the light brownish gray areas are Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained iron depletions; strongly acid; gradual wavy Permeability: Slow boundary. Parent material: Silty sediments that have a low Btn1—28 to 36 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) content of sand silty clay loam; weak coarse prismatic structure; Landscape: Upper Coastal Plain very firm; few fine roots; common distinct pale Landform: Terraces and uplands brown (10YR 6/3) clay films on faces of peds and Landform position: Flat to slightly concave slopes on in pores; about 10 percent light gray (10YR 7/2) low terraces silt loam (E) in seams between prisms; few fine Slope: 0 to 2 percent gypsum crystals; common medium black Taxonomic class: Fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic concretions; many fine distinct gray (10YR 5/1) Albic Glossic Natraqualfs iron depletions; slightly acid; gradual irregular Deerford soils are commonly associated on the boundary. landscape with Calhoun and Calloway soils. The Btn2—36 to 45 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) poorly drained Calhoun soils are in the slightly lower silty clay loam; weak medium prismatic Attala County, MIssissippi 89

structure; firm; few fine roots; few distinct pale Gillsburg Series brown (10YR 6/3) clay films on faces of peds and in peds; few medium gypsum crystals; Depth class: Very deep common fine and medium black concretions; Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained common medium distinct light brownish gray Permeability: Moderately slow (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; neutral; gradual Parent material: Silty alluvium wavy boundary. Landscape: Coastal Plain BC—45 to 60 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) silty Landform: Flood plains clay loam; massive; firm; common fine and Landform position: Flat to slightly concave slopes medium black concretions; many medium distinct Slope: 0 to 2 percent light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; Taxonomic class: Coarse-silty, mixed, active, acid, slightly alkaline. thermic Aeric Fluvaquents Range in Characteristics Gillsburg soils are commonly associated on the landscape with Ariel, Bude, and Oaklimeter soils. The Solum thickness: 40 to 80 inches well drained Ariel and moderately well drained Depth to contrasting soil material: 16 to 32 inches to a Oaklimeter soils are in the slightly higher positions on subhorizon that has more than 15 percent the flood plains. The Bude soils have a fragipan and exchangeable sodium are on stream terraces. Reaction: Very strongly acid to slightly acid in the Ap horizon through the upper part of the Btn horizon, Typical Pedon except the surface layers in areas that have been limed, from neutral to slightly alkaline in the lower Gillsburg silt loam, occasionally flooded; about 300 part of the Btn horizon, and from neutral to feet south and 300 feet east of the northwest corner moderately alkaline in the BC horizon of sec. 7, T. 14 N., R. 8 E.; USGS Kosciusko topographic quadrangle; lat. 33 degrees 05 minutes A or Ap horizon: 32 seconds N. and long. 89 degrees 31 minutes 24 Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma seconds W. of 2 to 4 Texture—silt loam Ap—0 to 5 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam; weak fine and medium granular structure; friable; many Eg horizon: fine roots; many medium distinct yellowish brown Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and (10YR 5/6) and few fine distinct strong brown chroma of 1 or 2 (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation along Texture—silt loam or silt root channels; strongly acid; abrupt wavy Redoximorphic features (where present)—masses boundary. of iron accumulation in shades of brown or Bw1—5 to 12 inches; 35 percent dark yellowish yellow brown (10YR 4/4), 35 percent brown (10YR B/E horizon (where present): 5/3), and 30 percent light brownish gray (2.5Y Color—(B part) no dominant color and 6/2) silt loam; weak fine and medium multicolored in shades of brown, yellow, and subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine gray; (E part) hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 to roots; few strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of 7, and chroma of 1 or 2 iron accumulation; the areas of light brownish Texture—(B part) silty clay loam; (E part) silt loam gray are iron depletions; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Btn horizon: Bw2—12 to 19 inches; 50 percent dark brown (10YR Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma 4/3) and 50 percent gray (10YR 6/1) silt loam; of 3 to 6 weak fine and medium subangular blocky Texture—silty clay loam or silt loam structure; friable; common fine roots; the gray Redoximorphic features—common or many iron areas are iron depletions; strongly acid; gradual or clay depletions in shades of gray wavy boundary. BC horizon: Bg—19 to 28 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1) silt loam; Color—similar to those of the Btn horizon weak fine and medium subangular blocky Texture—silty clay loam structure; friable; few fine roots; few fine and Redoximorphic features—common or many iron medium black and brown concretions; many and clay depletions in shades of gray medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses 90 Soil Survey

of iron accumulation; strongly acid; gradual wavy Texture—silt loam boundary. Redoximorphic features—iron depletions in Egb—28 to 38 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) silt loam; weak shades of gray and masses of iron very coarse prismatic structure parting to weak accumulation in shades of brown medium subangular blocky; friable, brittle; Bg or Bgb horizon: common fine and medium black and brown Color—hue of 10YR, value of 5 to 7, and chroma concretions; many medium distinct yellowish of 1 or 2; or no dominant matrix color and brown (10YR 5/6) and light yellowish brown (10YR multicolored in shades of brown, yellow, and 6/4) masses of iron accumulation; strongly acid; gray gradual irregular boundary. Texture—silt loam or loam E/Bb—38 to 48 inches; 55 percent grayish brown Redoximorphic features—few to many masses of (10YR 5/2) silt loam (E); weak coarse subangular iron accumulation in shades of brown blocky structure; friable; 45 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silty clay loam (B); weak very Egb horizon: coarse prismatic structure parting to weak Color—hue of 10YR, value of 5 to 7, and chroma medium subangular blocky; friable, slightly brittle; of 1 or 2 common faint clay films on faces of peds; many Texture—silt loam or loam fine and medium black and brown concretions; the Redoximorphic features—few to many masses of grayish brown areas are iron depletions; the iron accumulation in shades of brown yellowish brown areas are masses of iron Bb horizon: accumulation; strongly acid; gradual irregular Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma boundary. of 3 to 6; or no dominant matrix color and Btgb—48 to 60 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty multicolored in shades of brown and gray clay loam; weak very coarse prismatic structure Texture—silty clay loam, silt loam, or loam parting to weak medium subangular blocky; Redoximorphic features—few to many iron friable; many medium distinct brown (10YR 4/3) depletions in shades of gray and dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation; gray (10YR 5/1) silt loam 1 tongues /2 to 1 inch in width between prisms; Grenada Series many prominent clay film on faces of peds; many fine and medium black and brown concretions; Depth class: Very deep many medium distinct brown (10YR 4/4) masses Drainage class: Moderately well drained of iron accumulation; gray (10YR 5/1) iron Permeability: Moderate above the fragipan and slow in depletions; strongly acid. the fragipan Parent material: Silty material Range in Characteristics Landscape: Coastal Plain Solum thickness: More than 60 inches Landform: Stream terraces and uplands Depth to contrasting soil material (where present): 20 Landform position: Summits and shoulder slopes to 50 inches to a buried soil Slope: 1 to 3 percent Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid the Ap Taxonomic class: Fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic horizon, except in areas that have been limed, and Glossic Fragiudalfs very strongly acid or strongly acid in the Bw, Bg, Grenada soils are commonly associated on the Egb, E/Bb, Btgb horizons landscape with Calloway and Providence soils. The A or Ap horizon: somewhat poorly drained Calloway soils are in the Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma lower positions. The Providence soils are in positions of 2 or 3; or hue of 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and similar to those of the Grenada soils, do not have chroma of 2 eluvial horizons overlying the fragipan, and have more Texture—silt loam sandy material in the lower part of the fragipan. Bw horizon: Typical Pedon Color—commonly no dominant matrix color and multicolored in shades of brown and gray; or Grenada silt loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes, eroded; hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 about 1,200 feet north and 100 feet west of the or 4 southeast corner of sec. 35, T. 14 N., R. 4 E.; USGS Attala County, MIssissippi 91

Durant topographic quadrangle; lat. 33 degrees 01 common fine and medium voids and pores; many minute 17 seconds N. and long. 89 degrees 51 faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron minutes 07 seconds W. accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Ap—0 to 5 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt Btx—47 to 60 inches; 30 percent yellowish brown loam; weak fine and medium granular structure; (10YR 5/6), 25 percent dark yellowish brown friable; many fine and medium roots; common fine (10YR 4/4), 25 percent gray (10YR 6/1), and 20 distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) pore linings; percent pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt loam; weak strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. very coarse prismatic structure parting to Bw1—5 to 13 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt moderate medium subangular blocky; firm, dense loam; moderate fine and medium subangular and brittle in about 60 percent of the volume; few blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium distinct clay films on faces of peds; thick gray roots; few fine black concretions; very strongly seams around prisms; few fine yellowish brown acid; clear smooth boundary. concretions; strongly acid. Bw2—13 to 21 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; weak to moderate fine and medium Range in Characteristics subangular blocky structure; friable; few medium Reaction: The Ap horizon is very strongly acid to roots; common medium distinct pale brown (10YR moderately acid, except in areas that have been 6/3) pore linings; few fine black concretions; few limed; the Bw, E/B, and B/E horizons are very faint brown iron depletions on faces of peds; very strongly acid to moderately acid; and the Btx strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. horizon is strongly acid to neutral E/B—21 to 25 inches; 30 percent light gray (10YR 7/1) and 25 percent pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt A horizon: loam (E); weak medium subangular blocky; Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma friable; 25 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) of 2 to 4 and 20 percent light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) silt Texture—silt loam loam (B); moderate very coarse and coarse Bw horizon: prismatic structure parting to weak medium Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma subangular blocky; friable, slightly brittle; many of 4 to 6; or hue of 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and fine voids; few fine and medium black chroma of 4 concretions; very strongly acid; clear wavy Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam boundary. Redoximorphic features—none to common B/E1—25 to 37 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt masses of iron accumulation in shades of loam (B); moderate coarse prismatic structure; brown firm; common medium and few fine roots; common medium pores; gray (10YR 6/1) silt loam (E); E/B horizon (where present): moderate very coarse prismatic structure parting Color—hue of 10YR, value of 5 to 7, and chroma to moderate fine and medium subangular blocky; of 1 or 2; or multicolored resulting from iron firm, dense and brittle in about 60 percent of the depletions and masses of iron accumulation volume; few distinct and common faint clay films Texture—silt loam or silt on faces of peds; few fine black and yellowish Redoximorphic features—few or common black brown concretions; common fine and medium concretions voids and pores; many medium distinct strong B/E horizon: brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; Color—(B part) hue of 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. chroma of 4 to 6; (E part) hue of 10YR, value of B/E2—37 to 47 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 or 2 4/4) silt loam (B); moderate coarse angular blocky Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam structure; firm; common fine roots; many fine Redoximorphic features—common or many pores; slightly brittle; gray (10YR 6/1) silt loam (E); masses of iron accumulation in shades of moderate very coarse prismatic structure parting brown to weak and moderate fine and medium subangular blocky; firm, dense and brittle in about Btx horizon: 60 percent of the volume; few distinct and Color—multicolored; hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, common faint clay films on faces of peds; few fine and chroma of 3 to 6; or hue of 7.5YR, value of and medium yellowish brown concretions; 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 92 Soil Survey

Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; Redoximorphic features—few or common iron gradual wavy boundary. depletions in shades of gray, masses of iron Cg3—31 to 54 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) sandy clay accumulation in shades of brown, or both loam; massive; friable; many large black concretions; common coarse distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Kinston Series masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Depth class: Very deep Cg4—54 to 60 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) sandy clay Drainage class: Poorly drained loam; massive; friable; many large black and Permeability: Moderate yellowish brown concretions; common medium Parent material: Stratified loamy and sandy alluvium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron Landscape: Coastal Plain accumulation; very strongly acid. Landform: Flood plains Landform position: Flat or concave slopes Range in Characteristics Slope: 0 to 2 percent Reaction: Strongly acid or very strongly acid Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, throughout the profile acid, thermic Typic Fluvaquents A or Ap horizon: Kinston soils are commonly associated on the Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma landscape with Kirkville, Mantachie, and Stough soils. of 1 to 3 The moderately well drained Kirkville soils are on Texture—loam convex parts of natural levees. The somewhat poorly drained Mantachie soils are in the slightly higher Bg horizon (where present): positions on the flood plains. The somewhat poorly Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 to 7, and chroma drained Stough soils are on low stream terraces. of 1 or 2 Texture—sandy loam, loam, silt loam, or clay loam Typical Pedon Redoximorphic features—few or common masses Kinston loam, frequently flooded; about 1,200 feet of iron accumulation in shades of brown south and 1,100 feet west of the northeast corner of Cg horizon: sec. 17, T. 14 N., R. 8 E.; USGS Ethel South Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 to 7, and topographic quadrangle; lat. 33 degrees 04 minutes 27 chroma of 1 or 2 seconds N. and long. 89 degrees 29 minutes 50 Texture—loam or sandy loam, sandy clay loam, or seconds W. clay loam Ap—0 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Redoximorphic features—common or many loam; weak fine and medium granular structure; masses of iron accumulation in shades of friable; few fine and medium roots; few fine black brown and yellowish brown concretions; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Bg—7 to 14 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Kirkville Series loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Depth class: Very deep friable; few fine and medium roots; few fine black Drainage class: Moderately well drained concretions; common medium distinct light Permeability: Moderate yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) masses of iron Parent material: Loamy alluvium accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy Landscape: Coastal Plain boundary. Landform: Flood plains Cg1—14 to 21 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) loam; massive; Landform position: Planar to slightly convex slopes friable; few fine roots; common medium black and Slope: 0 to 2 percent brown concretions; many medium distinct Taxonomic class: Coarse-loamy, siliceous, active, yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron thermic Fluvaquentic Dystrochrepts accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Kirkville soils are commonly associated on the Cg2—21 to 31 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) clay loam; landscape with Ariel and Mantachie soils. The well massive; friable; many large black concretions; drained Ariel soils are in the slightly higher positions common medium distinct strong brown (7.5 YR 5/6) on the flood plains. The somewhat poorly drained Attala County, MIssissippi 93

Mantachie soils are in the lower positions on the flood Bw horizon: plain. Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6; or hue of 2.5Y, value of 5, and chroma Typical Pedon of 4 Kirkville loam, occasionally flooded; about 2,300 feet Texture—loam, silt loam, or fine sandy loam south and 1,980 feet east of the northwest corner of Redoximorphic features—few or common iron sec. 11, T. 13 N., R. 4 E.; USGS Newport topographic depletions in shades of gray, masses of iron quadrangle; lat. 32 degrees 59 minutes 07 seconds N. accumulation in shades of brown, or both and long. 89 degrees 51 minutes 30 seconds W. Bg horizon: Ap—0 to 5 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam; weak fine Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and granular structure; very friable; many fine roots; chroma of 2 or less slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Texture—loam, silt loam, or fine sandy loam A—5 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam; weak Redoximorphic features—common or many medium granular structure; friable; many fine masses of iron accumulation in shades of roots; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. brown Bw1—10 to 18 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) fine sandy Cg horizon: loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and friable; very strongly acid; gradual smooth chroma of 2 or less; or multicolored resulting boundary. from iron depletions in shades of gray and Bw2—18 to 25 inches; 35 percent brown (10YR 5/3), masses of iron accumulation in shades of 35 percent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4), and brown 30 percent light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) fine Texture—fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; few fine black and yellowish brown concretions; the light brownish Mantachie Series gray areas are iron depletions; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Depth class: Very deep Bg—25 to 43 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) fine Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky Permeability: Moderate structure; friable; few fine black and yellowish Parent material: Loamy alluvium brown concretions; many distinct yellowish brown Landscape: Coastal Plain (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; very Landform: Flood plains strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Landform position: Flat to slightly concave slopes Cg—43 to 60 inches; 60 percent grayish brown (10YR Slope: 0 to 2 percent 5/2), 20 percent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6), 10 Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, siliceous, active, acid, percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), and 10 thermic Aeric Endoaquepts percent pale brown (10YR 6/3) loam; weak Mantachie soils are commonly associated on the medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; landscape with Kirkville and Oaklimeter soils. The common medium black and strong brown moderately well drained Kirkville and Oaklimeter soils concretions; the grayish brown areas are iron are in the slightly higher positions on the flood plains. depletions; the strong brown areas are masses of iron accumulation; strongly acid. Typical Pedon Mantachie loam, occasionally flooded; about 1,800 Range in Characteristics feet north and 700 feet west of the southeast corner of Solum thickness: 30 to more than 60 inches sec. 8, T. 14 N., R. 8 E.; USGS Ethel South Reaction: Strongly acid or very strongly acid, except topographic quadrangle; lat. 33 degrees 04 minutes 55 for the surface layer in areas that have been limed seconds N. and long. 89 degrees 29 minutes 40 seconds W. Ap and A horizons: Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma Ap—0 to 7 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam; weak fine of 2 to 4; hue of 2.5Y, value of 4, and chroma of and medium granular structure; very friable; many 2; or hue of 7.5YR, value of 5, and chroma of 4 fine roots; common medium distinct gray (10YR Texture—silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam, sandy 6/1) iron depletions in root channels; strongly acid; loam, or loamy sand abrupt wavy boundary. 94 Soil Survey

Bw—7 to 18 inches; 35 percent brown (10YR 4/3), 35 Oaklimeter Series percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), and 30 percent gray (10YR 6/1) sandy clay loam; weak Depth class: Very deep fine granular and subangular blocky structure; Drainage class: Moderately well drained friable; few fine roots; few fine yellowish brown and Permeability: Moderate black concretions; the gray areas are iron Parent material: Silty alluvium depletions; the yellowish brown areas are masses Landscape: Coastal Plain of iron accumulation; strongly acid; gradual wavy Landform: Flood plains and low stream terraces boundary. Landform position: Slightly convex slopes Bg1—18 to 26 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) sandy clay Slope: 0 to 2 percent loam; weak medium subangular blocky Taxonomic class: Coarse-silty, mixed, active, thermic structure; friable; few fine roots; many medium Fluvaquentic Dystrochrepts distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of Oaklimeter soils are commonly associated on the iron accumulation; common medium yellowish landscape with Gillsburg, Kirkville, and Mantachie brown and black concretions; strongly acid; soils. The moderately well drained Kirkville soils are in gradual wavy boundary. the higher positions on the flood plains. The somewhat Bg2—26 to 48 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) clay loam; poorly drained Gillsburg and Mantachie soils are in the weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; lower positions on the flood plains. many medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron Typical Pedon accumulation; common medium yellowish brown Oaklimeter silt loam, occasionally flooded; about 1,000 and black concretions; strongly acid; gradual wavy feet south and 1,660 feet east of the northwest corner boundary. of sec. 24, T. 15 N., R. 6 E.; USGS Hesterville Bg3—48 to 60 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) sandy clay topographic quadrangle; lat. 33 degrees 08 minutes 53 loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; seconds N. and long. 89 degrees 38 minutes 23 friable; many medium prominent strong brown seconds W. (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; many fine and medium yellowish brown and black Ap—0 to 11 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; weak concretions; strongly acid. fine granular structure; very friable; common fine roots; many medium faint pale brown (10YR 6/3) Range in Characteristics iron depletions along root channels; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. Solum thickness: 30 to 65 inches Bw1—11 to 23 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR Reaction: Strongly acid or very strongly acid 4/4) silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky throughout the solum, except for the surface layer structure; friable; few fine roots; common medium in areas that have been limed distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; Depth to buried solum: 20 to 50 inches very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. A or Ap horizon: Bw2—23 to 31 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma 4/4) silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky of 2 to 6; hue of 2.5Y, value of 4, and chroma of structure; friable; few fine roots; many medium 2; or no dominant color and multicolored distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions Texture—loam and yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of iron Redoximorphic features—few or common iron accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy depletions in shades of gray boundary. E/Bb—31 to 48 inches; 55 percent light brownish gray Bw horizon: (10YR 6/2) silt loam (E); weak coarse subangular Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and blocky structure; friable; 45 percent dark yellowish chroma of 1 or 2 brown (10YR 4/4) silt loam (B); weak coarse Texture—sandy clay loam, loam, or clay loam prismatic structure parting to weak medium Bg horizon: subangular blocky; friable; few fine roots; common Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and fine and medium brown and black concretions; few chroma of 2 to 5 medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron and clay Texture—clay loam or sandy clay loam depletions on faces of peds; many fine distinct Attala County, MIssissippi 95

yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of iron Ora soils are commonly associated on the accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy landscape with Providence, Smithdale, and Tippah boundary. soils. The Providence soils are in positions similar Btb—48 to 60 inches; 35 percent light brownish gray to those of the Ora soils and are fine-silty. The (10YR 6/2), 35 percent dark yellowish brown Smithdale soils are well drained, do not have a (10YR 4/4), and 30 percent yellowish brown fragipan, and are on the steeper slopes. The Tippah (10YR 5/4) silt loam; weak coarse prismatic soils have a clayey Bt horizon, do not have a structure parting to weak medium subangular fragipan, and are in positions similar to those of the blocky; friable; few distinct clay films on faces of Ora soils. peds; common fine and medium brown and black concretions; the light brownish gray areas Typical Pedon are iron depletions; the yellowish brown areas Ora loam, 5 to 8 percent slopes, eroded; about 900 are masses of iron accumulation; very strongly feet south and 200 feet west of the northeast corner of acid. sec. 15, T. 16 N., R. 8 E.; USGS Ethel North Range in Characteristics topographic quadrangle; lat. 33 degrees 14 minutes 50 seconds N. and long. 89 degrees 27 minutes 35 Solum thickness: 60 to 80 inches seconds W. Reaction: Strongly acid or very strongly acid throughout the solum, except for the surface layer Ap—0 to 4 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; in areas that have been limed weak fine and medium granular structure; friable; many fine roots; strongly acid; clear smooth A or Ap horizon: boundary. Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma Bt—4 to 18 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) loam; of 2 to 4 moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Texture—silt loam friable; common fine roots; common faint and few Bw horizon: distinct clay films on faces of peds; very strongly Color—hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and acid; clear wavy boundary. chroma of 3 or 4 Btx1—18 to 26 inches; 35 percent yellowish red (5YR Texture—silt loam, loam, silt, or very fine sandy 4/6), 35 percent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6), and 30 loam percent light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) loam; weak Redoximorphic features—few or common iron very coarse prismatic structure parting to depletions in shades of gray and masses of iron moderate medium subangular blocky; firm, accumulation in shades of brown compact and brittle in about 65 percent of volume; few fine roots in cracks; common faint and few E/Bb and Btb horizons (where present): distinct clay films on faces of peds; light brownish Color—multicolored resulting from iron depletions gray (10YR 6/2) iron and clay depletions in loamy in shades of gray and masses of iron sand coating faces of prisms; very strongly acid; accumulation in shades of brown clear wavy boundary. Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam Btx2—26 to 36 inches; 30 percent yellowish red (5YR 4/6), 25 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/ Ora Series 6), 25 percent light brownish gray (10YR 6/2), and 20 percent pale brown (10YR 6/3) sandy Depth class: Very deep clay loam; weak very coarse prismatic structure Drainage class: Moderately well drained parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; Permeability: Moderate above the fragipan and very firm, compact and brittle in about 65 moderately slow in the fragipan percent of volume; few fine roots in cracks; Parent material: Loamy marine deposits common faint clay films on faces of peds; light Landscape: Coastal Plain brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron and clay Landform: Terraces and uplands depletions coating faces of prisms; very Landform position: Summits, shoulder slopes, and strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. backslopes C—36 to 60 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) sandy Slope: 5 to 12 percent loam; massive; friable; common medium distinct Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, brownish yellow (10YR 6 /6) masses of iron thermic Typic Fragiudults accumulation; strongly acid. 96 Soil Survey

Range in Characteristics and are in positions similar to those of the Providence soils. The Smithdale soils are well drained and are on Depth to contrasting soil material: 18 to 42 inches to a the steeper slopes. The Sweatman soils are clayey, do fragipan not have a fragipan, and are on the steeper slopes. Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout The silty over clayey Tippah soils do not have a the solum, except for the surface layer in areas fragipan and are in positions similar to those of the that have been limed Providence soils. A or Ap horizon: Typical Pedon Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 1 to 4 Providence silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, eroded; Texture—loam or silt loam about 200 feet north and 2,000 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 27, T. 13 N., R. 7 E.; USGS E horizon (where present): Singleton topographic quadrangle; lat. 32 degrees 56 Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma minutes 49 seconds N. and long. 89 degrees 33 of 2 to 4 minutes 56 seconds W. Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, silt loam, or loam Ap—0 to 5 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) silt loam; weak fine and medium granular Bt horizon: structure; friable; common fine roots; strongly acid; Color—hue of 5YR or 2.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and abrupt smooth boundary. chroma of 4 to 8 Bt1—5 to 11 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam; Texture—clay loam, sandy clay loam, or loam weak fine and medium subangular blocky Btx horizon: structure; friable; common fine roots; common faint Color—multicolored resulting from iron depletions clay films on faces of peds; very strongly acid; in shades of gray and masses of iron clear smooth boundary. accumulation in shades of brown and red Bt2—11 to 18 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) silty clay Texture—sandy loam, sandy clay loam, or loam loam; moderate medium subangular blocky Redoximorphic features—few or common iron structure; friable; few fine roots; few fine distinct depletions in shades of gray yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation along root channels; common faint C horizon: and few distinct clay films on faces of peds; few Color—multicolored in shades of yellow, brown, fine black concretions; very strongly acid; clear gray, and red smooth boundary. Texture—sandy loam or sandy clay loam Btx—18 to 28 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) silt loam; moderate very coarse prismatic structure; firm, dense and brittle in 60 to 75 percent of the Providence Series volume; few fine roots between prisms; many medium distinct light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Depth class: Very deep masses of iron accumulation and common Drainage class: Moderately well drained medium distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Permeability: Moderate above the fragipan and iron and clay depletions; few distinct clay films on moderately slow in the fragipan faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear wavy Parent material: Thin mantle of loess and the boundary. underlying loamy sediments 2Btx1—28 to 38 inches; 35 percent dark brown Landscape: Coastal Plain (7.5YR 4/4), 35 percent yellowish brown (10YR Landform: Terraces and uplands 5/6), and 30 percent light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) Landform position: Summits, shoulder slopes, and silt loam; moderate very coarse prismatic backslopes structure; very firm, dense and brittle in 65 percent Slope: 2 to 15 percent of the volume; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) clay Taxonomic class: Fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic and iron depletions in seams and on surfaces of Typic Fragiudalfs prisms; common faint and distinct clay films on Providence soils are commonly associated on the faces of peds; few fine black concretions; very landscape with Bude, Ora, Smithdale, Sweatman, and strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Tippah soils. The Bude soils are poorly drained and 2Btx2—38 to 48 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) are in the lower positions. The Ora soils are fine-loamy loam; moderate very coarse prismatic structure; Attala County, MIssissippi 97

firm, dense and brittle in 65 percent of the volume; Slope: 0 to 2 percent many medium distinct light brownish gray (2.5Y Taxonomic class: Fine-silty, mixed, active, acid, 6/2) clay depletions; grayish brown clay depletions thermic Typic Fluvaquents in seams between prisms and on faces of peds; Rosebloom soils are commonly associated on few fine black concretions; common faint and the landscape with Arkabutla, Mantachie, and distinct clay films on faces of peds; very strongly Oaklimeter soils. The Arkabutla soils are somewhat acid; clear wavy boundary. poorly drained and are in the higher positions on 2Btx3—48 to 60 inches; 35 percent yellowish brown the flood plains. The Mantachie soils are somewhat (10YR 5/6), 35 percent dark brown (7.5YR 4/4), poorly drained, have a fine-loamy control section, and 30 percent light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) and are in the slightly higher positions on the flood loam; moderate very coarse prismatic structure; plains. The Oaklimeter soils are moderately well firm, dense and brittle in 65 percent of the volume; drained, are coarse-silty, and are in the higher grayish brown clay depletions in seams between positions on the flood plains. prisms and on faces of peds; few fine black concretions; common faint and distinct clay films Typical Pedon on faces of peds; strongly acid. Rosebloom silt loam in an area of Rosebloom- Range in Characteristics Arkabutla association, frequently flooded; about 1,400 Depth to contrasting soil material: 18 to 36 inches feet south and 300 feet west of the northeast corner of Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid sec. 8, T. 14 N., R. 8 E.; USGS Ethel South throughout the solum, except for the surface layer topographic quadrangle; lat. 33 degrees 05 minutes 20 in areas that have been limed seconds N. and long. 89 degrees 29 minutes 34 seconds W. A or Ap horizon: Color—hue of 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma Ap—0 to 6 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt of 2 to 6 loam; weak medium granular structure; friable; few Texture—silt loam fine and medium roots; few fine distinct gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions along root channels; E horizon (where present): many coarse black stains; very strongly acid; Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma abrupt smooth boundary. of 2 to 4 Bg1—6 to 12 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) silt loam; Texture—silt loam weak medium subangular blocky structure; Bt horizon: friable; few fine roots; common medium distinct Color—hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of iron chroma of 4 to 8 accumulation; few fine black and brown Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam concretions; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Btx and 2Btx horizons: Bg2—12 to 19 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) silt loam; weak Color—hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and medium subangular blocky structure; firm; many chroma of 6 to 8; or no dominant color and medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) multicolored resulting from iron depletions and masses of iron accumulation; few fine brown and masses of iron accumulation black concretions; very strongly acid; gradual Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam in the upper wavy boundary. part and loam or silt loam in the lower part Bg3—19 to 34 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) silty clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; Rosebloom Series many medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4 and 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; common Depth class: Very deep fine brown and black concretions; very strongly Drainage class: Poorly drained acid; gradual wavy boundary. Permeability: Moderate Bg4—34 to 60 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) silty clay loam; Parent material: Silty alluvium weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; Landscape: Coastal Plain common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR Landform: Flood plains 5/6) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron Landform position: Depressions and slightly concave accumulation; few brown and black concretions; slopes very strongly acid. 98 Soil Survey

Range in Characteristics A—0 to 5 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy loam; weak fine and medium granular structure; very Reaction: Strongly acid or very strongly acid friable; common fine roots; strongly acid; clear throughout the solum, except for the surface layer smooth boundary. in areas that have been limed E—5 to 10 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine A horizon: sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and friable; common fine roots; strongly acid; clear chroma of 1 to 3; or no dominant color and smooth boundary. multicolored in shades of gray and brown Bt1—10 to 41 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) sandy Texture—silt loam clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; common faint clay Bg horizon: films on faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and boundary. chroma of 1 or 2 Bt2—41 to 60 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) sandy Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Redoximorphic features—few or common masses friable; few fine mica flakes; sand grains coated of iron accumulation in shades of brown and bridged with clay and oxides; strongly acid; C horizon (where present): clear smooth boundary. Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and Bt3—60 to 80 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) sandy chroma of 1 or 2 loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Redoximorphic features—few to many masses of friable; few fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR iron accumulation in shades of brown 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; common fine mica flakes; sand grains coated and bridged with clay; few clean sand grains; masses of iron Smithdale Series accumulation are relict redoximorphic features; strongly acid. Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained Range in Characteristics Permeability: Moderate Solum thickness: 60 to more than 100 inches Parent material: Loamy sediments Reaction: Strongly acid or very strongly acid Landscape: Coastal Plain throughout the solum, except for the surface layer Landform: Ridgetops and hillslopes in areas that have been limed Landform position: Hillslopes, shoulder slopes, and backslopes A horizon: Slope: 8 to 40 percent Color—hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4, and Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, chroma of 1 to 3 thermic Typic Hapludults Texture—fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loamy fine sand, or loamy sand Smithdale soils are commonly associated on the landscape with Ora, Providence, and Sweatman soils. E horizon (where present): The Ora soils have a fragipan and are in positions Color—hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma similar to those of the Smithdale soils but at slightly of 2 to 6 higher elevations. The Providence soils have a Texture—fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loamy fine fragipan and are on the broader ridgetops. The sand, or loamy sand Sweatman soils are in positions similar to those of the Bt horizon (upper part): Smithdale soils and have a clayey subsoil. Color—hue of 5YR or 2.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and Typical Pedon chroma of 6 to 8 Texture—clay loam, sandy clay loam, or loam Smithdale fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes; about 1,900 feet north and 1,600 feet east of the Bt horizon (lower part): southwest corner of sec. 35, T. 14 N., R. 6 E.; USGS Color—hue of 5YR or 2.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and McAdams topographic quadrangle; lat. 33 degrees 01 chroma of 6 to 8 minute 19 seconds N. and long. 89 degrees 39 Texture—loam or sandy loam minutes 16 seconds W. Redoximorphic features—none to common relict Attala County, MIssissippi 99

redoximorphic features in shades of brown and volume; many distinct clay films on faces of peds; 1 red gray seams of clay depletions about /2-inch wide between prisms; common fine and medium black Stough Series and dark brown concretions; the gray areas are iron depletions; the strong brown areas are Depth class: Very deep masses of iron accumulation; strongly acid; Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained gradual wavy boundary. Permeability: Moderately slow Btx2—23 to 37 inches; 35 percent yellowish brown Parent material: Loamy material (10YR 5/6), 35 percent gray (10YR 6/1), and 30 Landscape: Coastal Plain percent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy clay Landform: Terraces and upland flats loam; moderate very coarse prismatic structure Landform position: Planar to slightly convex toeslopes parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; and summits firm, compact and brittle in about 50 percent of the Slope: 0 to 2 percent volume; sand grains coated and bridged with clay; Taxonomic class: Coarse-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, common faint and few distinct clay films on faces 1 thermic Fragiaquic Paleudults of peds; gray seams of clay depletions about /2- inch wide between prisms; common fine and Stough soils are commonly associated on the medium black and dark brown concretions; the landscape with Ora soils. The moderately well drained gray areas are iron depletions; the strong brown Ora soils have a fragipan and are in the higher areas are masses of iron accumulation; very positions. strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Typical Pedon Btx3—37 to 51 inches; 25 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), 25 percent dark yellowish brown Stough loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes; about 200 feet (10YR 4/4), 25 percent grayish brown (10YR 5/2), south and 1,900 feet west of the northeast corner of and 25 percent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy sec. 35, T. 15 N., R. 6 E.; USGS McAdams topographic clay loam; moderate very coarse prismatic quadrangle; lat. 33 degrees 07 minutes 23 seconds N. structure parting to moderate medium subangular and long. 89 degrees 39 minutes 00 seconds W. blocky; firm, brittle and compact in about 45 Ap—0 to 5 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) percent of the volume; common faint and few loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; distinct clay films on faces of peds; gray seams of 1 few fine roots; few medium black and yellowish sandy loam clay depletions about /2-inch wide brown concretions; strongly acid; abrupt smooth between prisms; common fine and medium black boundary. and dark brown concretions; the grayish brown AB—5 to 8 inches; 35 percent yellowish brown (10YR areas are iron depletions; the strong brown areas 5/4), 35 percent pale brown (10YR 6/3), and 30 are masses of iron accumulation; very strongly percent grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam; weak fine acid; gradual wavy boundary. and medium granular structure; friable; few fine Btx4—51 to 60 inches; 35 percent dark yellowish roots; few medium black concretions; the grayish brown (10YR 4/4), 35 percent yellowish brown brown areas are iron depletions; the yellowish (10YR 5/6), and 30 percent grayish brown (10YR brown areas are masses of iron accumulation; 5/2) sandy clay loam; moderate very coarse strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. prismatic structure parting to moderate medium Bt—8 to 15 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; subangular blocky; firm, slightly brittle and weak fine and medium subangular blocky compact in about 30 percent of the volume; structure; friable; few fine roots; few fine distinct common faint and few distinct clay films on faces light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; of peds; many medium black and brown common fine and medium black and dark brown concretions; the grayish brown areas are iron concretions; sand grains bridged and coated with depletions; the yellowish brown areas are masses clay; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. of iron accumulation; very strongly acid. Btx1—15 to 23 inches; 35 percent yellowish brown Range in Characteristics (10YR 5/6), 35 percent gray (10YR 6/1), and 30 percent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy clay Solum thickness: More than 60 inches loam; moderate very coarse prismatic structure Reaction: Strongly acid or very strongly acid parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; throughout the solum, except for the surface layer firm, brittle and compact in about 50 percent of the in areas that have been limed 100 Soil Survey

A horizon (where present): Typical Pedon Color—hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma Sweatman loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, eroded; of 1 or 2 about 2,100 feet north and 1,800 feet east of the Texture—fine sandy loam, loam, or sandy loam southwest corner of sec. 13, T. 15 N., R. 6 E.; USGS Ap horizon: Hesterville topographic quadrangle; lat. 33 degrees 09 Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and minutes 29 seconds N. and long. 89 degrees 38 chroma of 2; or hue of 10YR, value of 6, and minutes 22 seconds W. chroma of 3 or 4 Ap—0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Texture—fine sandy loam, loam, or sandy loam loam; weak fine and medium granular structure; AB horizon (where present): friable; many fine roots; strongly acid; clear Color—multicolored resulting from iron depletions smooth boundary. in shades of gray and masses of iron Bt1—3 to 14 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) silty clay; accumulation in shades of brown moderate medium angular and subangular blocky Texture—loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam structure; firm; few fine roots; few distinct and common faint clay films on faces of peds; strongly Bt horizon: acid; clear wavy boundary. Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and Bt2—14 to 21 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) silty chroma of 4 to 6 clay; moderate medium subangular blocky Texture—fine sandy loam, loam, or sandy loam structure; firm; few fine and medium roots; Redoximorphic features—few to many iron common medium distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) depletions in shades of gray and red (2.5YR 4/6) masses of iron Btx horizon: accumulation; many distinct clay films on faces Color—multicolored resulting from iron depletions of peds; strongly acid; gradual smooth and masses of iron accumulation; or hue of boundary. 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 BC—21 to 26 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) silty to 6 clay; moderate medium subangular blocky Texture—fine sandy loam, loam, sandy loam, or structure; firm; few fine roots; few medium distinct sandy clay loam; the brown material, which is red (2.5YR 4/6) and pale brown (10YR 6/3) 40 to 55 percent of the volume, is slightly masses of iron accumulation; common fine distinct compact and brittle and restricts root light gray (10YR 7/1) shale fragments; strongly penetration. acid; gradual wavy boundary. C1—26 to 45 inches; stratified layers of grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2), soft, weathered shale and yellowish Sweatman Series red (5YR 4/6), yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), and red (2.5YR 4/6) loamy material; massive; firm; Depth class: Very deep common flakes of mica; strongly acid; gradual Drainage class: Well drained wavy boundary. Permeability: Moderately slow C2—45 to 60 inches; stratified layers of grayish brown Parent material: Thinly laminated clay shales; sandy (2.5Y 5/2), soft, weathered shale and yellowish and loamy material red (5YR 4/6) and light yellowish brown (10YR Landscape: Coastal Plain 6/4) sandy loam; massive; firm; common flakes of Landform: Ridgetops and hillslopes mica; strongly acid. Landform position: Summits, shoulder slopes, and backslopes Range in Characteristics Slope: 5 to 35 percent Taxonomic class: Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Solum thickness: 20 to 48 inches Typic Hapludults Reaction: Strongly acid or very strongly acid throughout, except for the surface layer in areas Sweatman soils are commonly associated on the that have been limed landscape with Providence, Smithdale, and Tippah soils. These soils are in the less sloping positions. The A or Ap horizon: Providence soils are fine-silty and have a fragipan. The Color—hue of 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma Smithdale soils are fine-loamy. The Tippah soils are of 2 to 4 fine-silty. Texture—silt loam, fine sandy loam, or loam Attala County, MIssissippi 101

Bt horizon: Ap—0 to 5 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt Color—hue of 5YR or 2.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and loam; weak fine and medium granular structure; chroma of 6 to 8 friable; many fine roots; few medium pockets of Texture—silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay yellowish red (5YR 5/6) loam; strongly acid; abrupt Redoximorphic features (where present)—few or wavy boundary. common masses of iron accumulation in Bt1—5 to 12 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty shades of brown or red clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; few distinct and BC horizon: common faint clay films on faces of peds; strongly Color—hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and acid; gradual wavy boundary. chroma of 6 to 8; or multicolored Bt2—12 to 20 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) silty Texture—sandy loam, silty clay loam, clay loam, clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky clay, or silty clay; up to 25 percent, by volume, structure; firm; few fine roots; common distinct weathered, gray shale fragments clay films on faces of peds; few fine black Redoximorphic features—few or common concretions; strongly acid; gradual smooth masses of iron accumulation in shades of boundary. brown or red Bt3—20 to 28 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) silty C horizon: clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky Color—multicolored in shades of brown and red structure; firm; common distinct clay films on Texture—stratified fine sandy loam, sandy clay faces of peds; many distinct light brownish gray loam, or loam and gray, soft, weathered shale (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; many fine black that is rich in mica concretions; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. 2Bt1—28 to 33 inches; 35 percent strong brown Tippah Series (7.5YR 5/8), 35 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), and 30 percent gray (10YR 6/1) silty clay; Depth class: Very deep moderate medium angular blocky structure; Drainage class: Moderately well drained very firm; many distinct clay films on faces of Permeability: Moderate in the surface layer and upper peds; the gray areas are iron depletions; the subsoil and slow in the lower subsoil strong brown areas are masses of iron Parent material: Silty material over clayey sediment accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual Landscape: Coastal Plain smooth boundary. Landform: Ridgetops 2Bt2—33 to 43 inches; 35 percent light olive brown Landform position: Summits, shoulder slopes, and (2.5Y 5/4), 35 percent grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2), backslopes and 30 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silty Slope: 2 to 15 percent clay; moderate medium angular blocky structure; Taxonomic class: Fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic very firm; many faint and common distinct clay Aquic Paleudalfs films; the grayish brown areas are iron depletions; Tippah soils are commonly associated on the the yellowish brown areas are masses of iron landscape with Ora, Providence, and Sweatman soils. accumulation; strongly acid; gradual smooth The Ora soils have a fragipan, are fine-loamy, and are boundary. in positions similar to those of the Tippah soils. The 2Bt3—43 to 60 inches; 30 percent light olive brown Providence soils have a fragipan and are in positions (2.5Y 5/4), 25 percent grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2), similar to those of the Tippah soils. The Sweatman 25 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), and 20 soils are on hillslopes and more dissected terrain and percent gray (10YR 6/1) silty clay loam; moderate are clayey. medium subangular blocky structure; firm; many faint and common distinct clay films on faces of Typical Pedon peds; the gray areas are iron depletions; the Tippah silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded; about yellowish brown areas are masses of iron 400 feet south and 700 feet west of the northeast accumulation; strongly acid corner of sec. 21, T. 14 N., R. 7 E.; USGS Kosciusko Range in Characteristics topographic quadrangle; lat. 33 degrees 03 minutes 45 seconds N. and long. 89 degrees 34 minutes 45 Solum thickness: More than 60 inches seconds W. Depth to contrasting soil material: 20 to 50 inches 102

Reaction: Moderately acid to very strongly acid Bt horizon: throughout the solum, except for the surface layer Color—hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and in areas that have been limed chroma of 4 to 6; or hue of 7.5YR, value of 5, and chroma of 6 to 8 Ap horizon: Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma Redoximorphic features (in the lower part of the of 2 to 6 horizon)—few or common iron depletions in Texture—silt loam shades of gray E horizon (where present): 2Bt horizon: Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma Color—commonly no dominant matrix color and of 2 to 6 multicolored in shades of brown, gray, and olive Texture—loam or silt loam Texture—silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay 103

Formation of the Soils

In this section, the factors of soil formation are Vegetation generally supplies organic matter, which described and related to the soils of Attala County. The decomposes and gives a darker color to the surface the processes of horizon differentiation and the horizons of the soil. Bacteria and fungi are responsible geology of the county are also described. for decomposing vegetation and returning nutrients to the soil. Many of the organic reactions and processes Factors of Soil Formation of the bacteria and fungi release materials that affect the soil-forming processes. Burrowing animals, This section describes the major factors and earthworms, ants, cicada, and other insects mix soils. processes that have affected the formation and They affect soil structure and make the soils more morphology of the soils of Attala County. Soil is a open and porous to the movement of air and water. natural, three-dimensional body at the earth’s surface. Human activities also affect soil structure. In some It is capable of supporting plants and has properties places, tillage and other management practices make resulting from the integrated effect of climate and living the soils more porous. In other places, foot and vehicle matter acting on earthly parent material, as traffic compacts the soils. In places, intensive use and conditioned by relief, over periods of time. disturbance of soils has accelerated soil losses due to Soils are formed through the interaction of five erosion. Commonly, erosion results in increased major factors: climate, plant and animal life, parent deposition on flood plains and in depressional areas. material, relief, and time. The relative influence of each Many soils have been altered chemically by the factor varies from place to place. In places, one factor application of limestone and fertilizer, which make the dominates the formation of a soil and determines most soils more productive for most plants. Plants and of its properties. animals have also been introduced into areas where Local variations in the soils of Attala County are they would otherwise not be found. These plants and caused mainly by differences in parent material, relief, animals eventually affect the soil. and time and by human influence. In a few areas of the county, the human influence on the soils has been Parent Material great. For example, bulldozers and other earthmoving equipment have been used to alter and modify the soils. Parent material is the material from which soils form. It influences the mineral and chemical Climate composition of the soil and, to a large extent, the rate at which soil formation occurs. Attala County is entirely Attala County has a moist, temperate climate that is in the North Central Hills physiographic subdivision of characteristic of the southeastern United States. Mississippi and forms part of the Gulf Coastal Plain Summers are hot, and winters are cool and fairly Physiographic Province. short. Annual precipitation is about 59 inches. Annual The soils on the uplands formed in residual Coastal snowfall averages about 1 to 3 inches. Average annual Plain sediments. The upland soils formed in materials temperature is 63.9 degrees F. from the Cook Mountain, Cockfield, Hatchetigbee, The generally moist climate has caused strong Kosciusko, Tallahatta, Zilpha, and Winona Formations. weathering of the soils. Almost all of the soils are acid. The Cook Mountain Formation is predominantly Weathering and leaching have left the natural level of chocolate-colored clay with glauconitic sand. The plant nutrients low in most of the soils. Cockfield Formation is chiefly sand containing lenses of silt and silty sand. The Hatchetigbee Formation is a Plant and Animal Life heterogeneous body made up of alterations and successions of clay, silt, sand, and lignite. The All living organisms, including vegetation, bacteria, Kosciusko Formation is a heterogeneous body made fungi, and animals, are important to soil formation. up chiefly of sand, silt, clay shale, and clay. The 104 Soil Survey

Tallahatta Formation, made up of the Neshoba and these processes have been active in the development Meridian Sands, is chiefly sand containing lenses of of horizons. clay, silt, and clay shale. The Zilpha and Winona The accumulation of organic matter in the upper Formations consist of Zilpha clay. part of the profile results in the formation of an A The soils on the low terraces and flood plains horizon. In Attala County, the content of organic matter formed in alluvium, which consists of recent materials in the soils is low. that washed down from the uplands. The alluvium Carbonates and bases have been leached from includes cut-terrace forms on hillsides, which are nearly all the soils. The leaching has contributed to the remnants of an older alluvial plain, and collections of development of horizons. Soil scientists generally sand, silt, clay, and rock fragments that underlie the agree that leaching of bases from the upper horizons flood plains or first bottom associated with the major of a soil commonly precedes the translocation of streams. silicate clay minerals. Most of the soils in this county are moderately to strongly leached. Relief The reduction and transfer of iron—a process named gleying—is evident in the poorly drained soils Relief, or the shape of the landscape, influences in the county. Calhoun, Kinston, and Rosebloom soils soil formation. It controls surface drainage and affects are examples. Gleying is indicated by the gray color of the percolation of water through the soil. Relief the horizons below the surface layer. Segregation of commonly affects the depth of the soil, the plant and iron is indicated in some horizons by reddish brown animal life on and in the soil, and some of the soil- mottles and concretions. forming processes. Steeper soils are more subject to In some soils, such as the Smithdale and erosion because of concentrated, rapid runoff. Soils in Sweatman soils, the translocation of clay minerals has depressional areas are usually wet; soils on higher, contributed to horizon development. The eluviated E convex surfaces are better drained. Differences in horizon that is above the B horizon contains less clay topography cause free water to leave well drained than the B horizon and generally is lighter in color. The soils and to accumulate in poorly drained soils. The B horizon commonly has accumulations of clay or clay relief in Attala County ranges from nearly level to films in pores and on ped surfaces. These soils were steep. Slopes range from 0 to 40 percent. probably leached of carbonates and soluble salts to a considerable extent before the translocation of silicate Time clays occurred.

A long period of time is required for soil formation. Differences in the ages of the soils account for most of Geology differences in soil formation that are not attributed to Most of Mississippi is located in the physiographical the other factors of soil formation. The soils along province known as the Gulf Coastal Plains of North streams are the youngest soils in the county. Older America. Attala County is in the Mississippi soils have a greater degree of horizon differentiation physiographic subdivision known as the North Central than younger soils. The older soils on the uplands are Hills. the oldest soils in the county. Most of the soils that The North Central Hills is a rugged upland formed on the smoother parts of the uplands and on topography where moderate to steep relief has the older stream terraces have a well defined soil developed on the sands and clays of the Wilcox and profile. These soils have a B horizon that has an Claiborne Groups. Several moderately broad alluvial accumulation of silicate clay. streams cross the county and deeply dissect the terrain. The highest elevations in the county are in the extreme eastern part, near the Winston County line, Processes of Horizon where altitudes exceed 700 feet. The lowest elevations Differentiation are along the Big Black River, particularly in the southwestern part near the Madison County line, where Several processes were involved in the formation of altitudes approach 200 feet. Areas in the eastern and horizons in the soils of Attala County. These processes southeastern parts of the county have as much as 200 are the accumulation of organic matter, the leaching of feet of relief from ridge crest to valley floor. calcium carbonates and bases, the reduction and The county is divided by two major drainage transfer of iron, and the formation and translocation of systems: the Big Black River and the Pearl River. The silicate clay minerals. In most soils, more than one of basin divide runs from the northeast corner of the Attala County, Mississippi 105

county southwestward. The eastern part, drained by southeast-northwest band. The Zilpha and Winona the Yockanookany River, Lobutcha Creek, and their Formations are mapped together because they are tributaries, flows into the Pearl River. The western part thin in this area, even though they have a distinct is drained by the Big Black River and its tributaries, contact between them. The Winona Formation including Zilpha, Apookta, Bogue Falaya, and consists of green-gray to gray-green, silty, glauconitic Saneatcha Creeks. to very glauconitic sand that weathers to a red-brown The geologic formations at the surface in Attala to dark red, glauconitic sand; and it commonly County belong to Eocene Epoch of the lower Tertiary contains limonite. The Zilpha Formation consists period. The formations in ascending order are the chiefly of carbonaceous clay, clay shale, and silt with Hatchetigbee Formation from the Wilcox Group and subordinate interbeds of glauconite and siderite. The the Tallahatta, Zilpha/Winona, Kosciusko, Cook combined thickness of the Zilpha and Winona Mountain, and Cockfield Formations from the Formations averages 50 to 60 feet but ranges from 25 Claiborne Group. Also, sediments have been to 200 feet. deposited on the flood plains along the streams and Overlying the Zilpha Formation is the Kosciusko rivers to form recent deposits. The exposed strata in Formation, which forms a northwest-southeast, broad Attala County have a northwest strike and a regional outcrop across most of the southwestern part of the dip to the southwest ranging from 15 to 35 feet per county. The contact between the Zilpha and Kosciusko mile. Formations is typically distinct as clays, clay shales, The Hatchetigbee Formation is the oldest of the and silts overlain by basal Kosciusko sands. outcrop formations in the county. According to Parks Commonly, a quartzitic rock is associated with the (1963), “Only the uppermost part of the Hatchetigbee Zilpha-Kosciusko contact. The Kosciusko Formation is formation is exposed in Attala County. That portion of basically a massive to highly cross-bedded sand that the formation at the surface consists of a has lenses of silt and clay. The basal sand of the heterogeneous body made up of alternations and Kosciusko Formation is the Sparta Sand and is one of successions of clay, silt, sand, and lignite, with the the major aquifers of central Mississippi. clays and silts dominating. The sediments are The Cook Mountain Formation outcrops in a thin, complexly interlensed and intertongued, and beds irregularly shaped band across the southwestern part commonly grade both laterally and vertically into other of the county. The formation primarily contains material in relatively short distances.” Mellon (1958) carbonaceous silts and clays and has interspersed estimated the thickness of Hatchetigbee Formation lenses of sands. Locally, some of the sands are exposed in Attala County to be about 75 feet. glauconitic to very glauconitic, showing a marine The Tallahatta Formation, the oldest of the depositional cycle. Claiborne Group, crops out as a broad belt across the The youngest of the outcrop formations in Attala northeastern part of the county. Topography is irregular County is the Cockfield Formation. It is at the upper to very rough. According to Parks, the Tallahatta ridge elevations in the southwest corner of the county. Formation consists of three zones: the Meridian Sand, Parks (1963) states that the contact is sharp between the Basic City Member, and the Neshoba Sand. The the Cockfield Formation and the underlain Cook basal Meridian Sand is composed chiefly of sand with Mountain Formation, as seen in many exposures of thin interbeds and lenses of clay. The Basic City basal Cockfield sands over dark gray and chocolate- Member consists primarily of clay shales, sands, and colored Cook Mountain clays. Priddy (1960) estimates siliceous claystones and sandstones. The clays are the thickness of the Cockfield Formation to range from blues, greens, grays, and blacks. They weather to a 350 to 400 feet in Madison County. In Attala County, light-colored, brittle rock. The unconsolidated sands however, only the lower 150 feet is exposed. are basically fine-grained, range in color from yellow- A remnant of loess is present as a thin veneer on green to red-brown, and commonly contain clay ridgetops in the southwestern part of the county. stringers. The quartzites, which are the siliceous According to Parks, this loess material is buff to light claystones and sandstones, vary in thickness from a brown, clayey and sandy silt. few inches to a few feet. Areas where the thickness is Clay and sand are the most abundant surficial more than a foot are uncommon. The upper member, materials of economic importance found in Attala the Neshoba Sand, consists chiefly of sand containing County. Clay has been mined from pits in the county pellets, partings, and stringers of clay. The Tallahatta for almost 100 years. It is used in brick manufacturing Formation ranges in thickness from 160 to 200 feet. and as an industrial foundry bonding clay. Clay The Zilpha and Winona Formations overlie the outcrops from the Hatchetigbee, Zilpha, and Tallahatta Formation and crop out in an irregular Kosciusko Formations are numerous across the 106

county. Pit location reflects sample analysis and color Today, most of the water supply in Attala County of clay. In addition to the brick industry, clay is used as comes from wells over 100 feet deep. The wells vary a binder for agriculture feeds and as a filler for from 75 feet to as much as 1,258 feet in depth (USGS insecticides. and MRDC, 1976). The wells were drilled into the Quartz sand is found in plentiful quantities in Tallahatta, Minor Wilcox, Sparta Sand, and Meridian- outcrops of the Tallahatta, Winona, Kosciusko, and Upper Wilcox aquifers. They supply a large amount of Cockfield Formations across the county. The grain water for the Attala municipal system, the rural water sizes range from fine to coarse. Dominant impurities system, and personal and livestock needs. include mica, glauconite, lignite, kaolinite, and chert. Surface water The main use for the sand is as construction material for building, paving, and filling. Other uses include The major river basins in the county are the Big molding, grinding, polishing, sand blasting, filtering, Black River and the Yockanookany River. They drain and the manufacturing of glass. about 90 percent of the county. Lobutcha Creek Lignite deposits have been sought throughout the drains about 10 percent of the county. Surface county for oil and gas production, but no deposits of water in sufficient quantity and having suitable commercial significance have been found. quality for some industrial and agricultural uses is Attala County has multiple aquifers supplying water available from the Big Black River on the west side for municipal and industrial uses. Sands of the Wilcox of the county. Group have the broadest coverage as aquifers in the The stream system represents a large untapped county and supply the City of Kosciusko. Other water resource. Because of seasonal variations in aquifers include the Meridian Sand and Neshoba Sand flow, however, the supply from most of the streams is of the Tallahatta Formation, the Sparta Sand of the not dependable. The Big Black River on the west side Kosciusko Formation, and the Cockfield Formation. of the county is used for boating and fishing. Runoff from rainfall and ground-water discharge is Water Resources the source of water flow in streams through the county. Comparable average annual flows and runoff are proportionate to the size of the drainage basins. Ground water Maximum annual flows are about twice the average From the 1830s until the early 1900s, excellent annual flows for the period of record. Physical ground water springs were used by many people in variations, such as topography, account for the Attala County. Red Bud Springs, later renamed differences between the basins in maximum and Koscuisko, had a large spring that served the town minimum instantaneous flows. people and travelers on the old Natchez Trace Trail. Artificial ponds are used to provide water for Several other springs are scattered throughout the livestock on many farms throughout the county. These county, including several chalybeate and sulfur ponds are also used for recreation, fishing, and springs. One large spring located about 5 miles south wildlife. A few small watershed lakes are also in the of Koscuisko is said to have been formed by the county. They are used for flood control, recreation, and earthquake of 1811 (Rowland, 1907). fishing. 107

References

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). 2000. Standard specifications for transportation materials and methods of sampling and testing. 20th edition, 2 volumes.

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). 2001. Standard classification of soils for engineering purposes. ASTM Standard D 2487–00.

Buol, S.W., F.D. Hole, and R.J. McCracken. 1980. Soil genesis and classification. 3rd edition.

Federal Register. February 24, 1995. Hydric soils of the United States.

Mellon, F.F. 1958. Cretaceous shelf sediments of Mississippi. Mississippi Geological Survey Bulletin 85.

Parks, W.S. 1963. Attala County mineral resources. Mississippi Geological Survey Bulletin 99.

Priddy, R.R. 1960. Madison County geology. Mississippi Geological Survey Bulletin 88.

Rowland, Dunbar. 1907. Mississippi, Volume A–K.

Soil Survey Division Staff. 1993. Soil survey manual. Soil Conservation Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 18.

Soil Survey Staff. 1998. Keys to soil taxonomy. 8th edition. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.

Soil Survey Staff. 1999. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. 2nd edition. Natural Resources Conservation Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 436.

United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1961. Land capability classification. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 210.

United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1987. Basic statistics, 1982 national resources inventory. Statistical Bulletin 756.

United States Geological Survey and the Mississippi Research and Development Center. 1976. Water For Industrial and Agricultural Development. In Attala, Holmes, Humphreys, Issaquena, Sharkey, and Yazoo Counties, Mississippi. A cooperative study. Table 8, page 56.

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Glossary

ABC soil. A soil having an A, a B, and a C horizon. defined as the difference between the amount of AC soil. A soil having only an A and a C horizon. soil water at field moisture capacity and the Commonly, such soil formed in recent alluvium or amount at wilting point. It is commonly expressed on steep, rocky slopes. as inches of water per inch of soil. The capacity, in Aeration, soil. The exchange of air in soil with air from inches, in a 60-inch profile or to a limiting layer is the atmosphere. The air in a well aerated soil is expressed as: similar to that in the atmosphere; the air in a Very low ...... 0 to 3 poorly aerated soil is considerably higher in Low ...... 3 to 6 carbon dioxide and lower in oxygen. Moderate ...... 6 to 9 Aggregate, soil. Many fine particles held in a single High ...... 9 to 12 mass or cluster. Natural soil aggregates, such as Very high ...... more than 12 granules, blocks, or prisms, are called peds. Clods are aggregates produced by tillage or logging. Backslope. The position that forms the steepest and Alkali (sodic) soil. A soil having so high a degree of generally linear, middle portion of a hillslope. In alkalinity (pH 8.5 or higher) or so high a profile, backslopes are commonly bounded by a percentage of exchangeable sodium (15 percent convex shoulder above and a concave footslope or more of the total exchangeable bases), or both, below. that plant growth is restricted. Basal area. The area of a cross section of a tree, Alluvial fan. The fanlike deposit of a stream where it generally referring to the section at breast height issues from a gorge upon a plain or of a tributary and measured outside the bark. It is a measure of stream near or at its junction with its main stream. stand density, commonly expressed in square Alluvium. Material, such as sand, silt, or clay, feet. deposited on land by streams. Base saturation. The degree to which material having Alpha,alpha-dipyridyl. A dye that when dissolved in cation-exchange properties is saturated with 1N ammonium acetate is used to detect the exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, and K), presence of reduced iron (Fe II) in the soil. A expressed as a percentage of the total cation- positive reaction indicates a type of redoximorphic exchange capacity. feature. Base slope. A geomorphic component of hills Animal unit month (AUM). The amount of forage consisting of the concave to linear (perpendicular required by one mature cow of approximately to the contour) slope that, regardless of the lateral 1,000 pounds weight, with or without a calf, for 1 shape, forms an apron or wedge at the bottom of month. a hillside dominated by colluvium and slope-wash Aquic conditions. Current soil wetness characterized sediments (for example, slope alluvium). by saturation, reduction, and redoximorphic Bedding planes. Fine strata, less than 5 millimeters features. thick, in unconsolidated alluvial, eolian, lacustrine, Argillic horizon. A subsoil horizon characterized by or marine sediment. an accumulation of illuvial clay. Bedding system. A drainage system made by Aspect. The direction in which a slope faces. plowing, grading, or otherwise shaping the surface Association, soil. A group of soils or miscellaneous of a flat field. It consists of a series of low ridges areas geographically associated in a characteristic separated by shallow, parallel dead furrows. repeating pattern and defined and delineated as a Bedrock. The solid rock that underlies the soil and single map unit. other unconsolidated material or that is exposed at Available water capacity (available moisture the surface. capacity). The capacity of soils to hold water Bedrock-controlled topography. A landscape where available for use by most plants. It is commonly the configuration and relief of the landforms are 110 Soil Survey

determined or strongly influenced by the much as 6 inches (15 centimeters) along the underlying bedrock. longest axis. A single piece is called a channer. Bench terrace. A raised, level or nearly level strip of Chemical treatment. Control of unwanted vegetation earth constructed on or nearly on a contour, through the use of chemicals. supported by a barrier of rocks or similar material, Chiseling. Tillage with an implement having one or and designed to make the soil suitable for tillage more soil-penetrating points that shatter or loosen and to prevent accelerated erosion. hard, compacted layers to a depth below normal Bisequum. Two sequences of soil horizons, each of plow depth. which consists of an illuvial horizon and the Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less overlying eluvial horizons. than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a soil textural Breaks. The steep and very steep broken land at the class, soil material that is 40 percent or more clay, border of an upland summit that is dissected by less than 45 percent sand, and less than 40 ravines. percent silt. Breast height. An average height of 4.5 feet above Clay depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low the ground surface; the point on a tree where content of iron, manganese, and clay because of diameter measurements are ordinarily taken. the chemical reduction of iron and manganese Brush management. Use of mechanical, chemical, or and the removal of iron, manganese, and clay. biological methods to make conditions favorable A type of redoximorphic depletion. for reseeding or to reduce or eliminate competition Clay film. A thin coating of oriented clay on the from woody vegetation and thus allow understory surface of a soil aggregate or lining pores or root grasses and forbs to recover. Brush management channels. Synonyms: clay coating, clay skin. increases forage production and thus reduces the Claypan. A slowly permeable soil horizon that hazard of erosion. It can improve the habitat for contains much more clay than the horizons above some species of wildlife. it. A claypan is commonly hard when dry and Calcareous soil. A soil containing enough calcium plastic or stiff when wet. carbonate (commonly combined with magnesium Climax plant community. The stabilized plant carbonate) to effervesce visibly when treated with community on a particular site. The plant cover cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. reproduces itself and does not change so long as Canopy. The leafy crown of trees or shrubs. (See the environment remains the same. Crown.) Coarse textured soil. Sand or loamy sand. Capillary water. Water held as a film around soil COLE (coefficient of linear extensibility). See particles and in tiny spaces between particles. Linear extensibility. Surface tension is the adhesive force that holds Colluvium. Soil material or rock fragments, or both, capillary water in the soil. moved by creep, slide, or local wash and Catena. A sequence, or “chain,” of soils on a deposited at the base of steep slopes. landscape that formed in similar kinds of parent Complex slope. Irregular or variable slope. Planning material but have different characteristics as a or establishing terraces, diversions, and other result of differences in relief and drainage. water-control structures on a complex slope is Cation. An ion carrying a positive charge of electricity. difficult. The common soil cations are calcium, potassium, Complex, soil. A map unit of two or more kinds of soil magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen. or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern Cation-exchange capacity. The total amount of or so small in area that it is not practical to map exchangeable cations that can be held by the soil, them separately at the selected scale of mapping. expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100 The pattern and proportion of the soils or grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in all other stated pH value. The term, as applied to areas. soils, is synonymous with base-exchange capacity Concretions. Cemented bodies with crude internal but is more precise in meaning. symmetry organized around a point, a line, or a Catsteps. Very small, irregular terraces on steep plane. They typically take the form of concentric hillsides, especially in pasture, formed by the layers visible to the naked eye. Calcium trampling of cattle or the slippage of saturated soil. carbonate, iron oxide, and manganese oxide Channery soil material. Soil material that has, by are common compounds making up volume, 15 to 35 percent thin, flat fragments of concretions. If formed in place, concretions of sandstone, shale, slate, limestone, or schist as iron oxide or manganese oxide are generally Attala County, Mississippi 111

considered a type of redoximorphic Deferred grazing. Postponing grazing or resting concentration. grazing land for a prescribed period. Conservation cropping system. Growing crops in Depth, soil. Generally, the thickness of the soil over combination with needed cultural and bedrock. Very deep soils are more than 60 inches management practices. In a good conservation deep over bedrock; deep soils, 40 to 60 inches; cropping system, the soil-improving crops and moderately deep, 20 to 40 inches; shallow, 10 to practices more than offset the effects of the soil- 20 inches; and very shallow, less than 10 inches. depleting crops and practices. Cropping systems Dip slope. A slope of the land surface, roughly are needed on all tilled soils. Soil-improving determined by and approximately conforming to practices in a conservation cropping system the dip of the underlying bedrock. include the use of rotations that contain grasses Diversion (or diversion terrace). A ridge of earth, and legumes and the return of crop residue to the generally a terrace, built to protect downslope soil. Other practices include the use of green areas by diverting runoff from its natural course. manure crops of grasses and legumes, proper Divided-slope farming. A form of field stripcropping tillage, adequate fertilization, and weed and pest in which crops are grown in a systematic control. arrangement of two strips, or bands, across the Conservation tillage. A tillage system that does not slope to reduce the hazard of water erosion. One invert the soil and that leaves a protective amount strip is in a close-growing crop that provides of crop residue on the surface throughout the year. protection from erosion, and the other strip is in a Consistence, soil. Refers to the degree of crop that provides less protection from erosion. cohesion and adhesion of soil material and its This practice is used where slopes are not long resistance to deformation when ruptured. enough to permit a full stripcropping pattern to be Consistence includes resistance of soil material used. to rupture and to penetration; plasticity, Drainage class (natural). Refers to the frequency and toughness, and stickiness of puddled soil duration of wet periods under conditions similar to material; and the manner in which the soil those under which the soil formed. Alterations of material behaves when subject to compression. the water regime by human activities, either Terms describing consistence are defined in the through drainage or irrigation, are not a “Soil Survey Manual.” consideration unless they have significantly Contour stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that changed the morphology of the soil. Seven follow the contour. Strips of grass or close-growing classes of natural soil drainage are recognized— crops are alternated with strips of clean-tilled excessively drained, somewhat excessively crops or summer fallow. drained, well drained, moderately well drained, Control section. The part of the soil on which somewhat poorly drained, poorly drained, and classification is based. The thickness varies very poorly drained. These classes are defined in among different kinds of soil, but for many it is that the “Soil Survey Manual.” part of the soil profile between depths of 10 inches Drainage, surface. Runoff, or surface flow of water, and 40 or 80 inches. from an area. Cover crop. A close-growing crop grown primarily to Draw. A small stream valley that generally is more improve and protect the soil between periods of open and has broader bottom land than a ravine regular crop production, or a crop grown between or gulch. trees and vines in orchards and vineyards. Eluviation. The movement of material in true solution Cropping system. Growing crops according to a or colloidal suspension from one place to another planned system of rotation and management within the soil. Soil horizons that have lost material practices. through eluviation are eluvial; those that have Crop residue management. Returning crop residue received material are illuvial. to the soil, which helps to maintain soil structure, Endosaturation. A type of saturation of the soil in organic matter content, and fertility and helps to which all horizons between the upper boundary of control erosion. saturation and a depth of 2 meters are saturated. Cross-slope farming. Deliberately conducting Eolian soil material. Earthy parent material farming operations on sloping farmland in such a accumulated through wind action; commonly way that tillage is across the general slope. refers to sandy material in dunes or to loess in Crown. The upper part of a tree or shrub, including the blankets on the surface. living branches and their foliage. Ephemeral stream. A stream, or reach of a stream, 112 Soil Survey

that flows only in direct response to precipitation. It Field moisture capacity. The moisture content of a receives no long-continued supply from melting soil, expressed as a percentage of the ovendry snow or other source, and its channel is above the weight, after the gravitational, or free, water has water table at all times. drained away; the field moisture content 2 or 3 Episaturation. A type of saturation indicating a days after a soaking rain; also called normal field perched water table in a soil in which saturated capacity, normal moisture capacity, or capillary layers are underlain by one or more unsaturated capacity. layers within 2 meters of the surface. Fill slope. A sloping surface consisting of excavated Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by soil material from a road cut. It commonly is on the water, wind, ice, or other geologic agents and by downhill side of the road. such processes as gravitational creep. Fine textured soil. Sandy clay, silty clay, or clay. Erosion (geologic). Erosion caused by geologic Firebreak. Area cleared of flammable material to stop processes acting over long geologic periods and or help control creeping or running fires. It also resulting in the wearing away of mountains and serves as a line from which to work and to the building up of such landscape features as facilitate the movement of firefighters and flood plains and coastal plains. Synonym: natural equipment. Designated roads also serve as erosion. firebreaks. Erosion (accelerated). Erosion much more rapid First bottom. The normal flood plain of a stream, than geologic erosion, mainly as a result of human subject to frequent or occasional flooding. or animal activities or of a catastrophe in nature, Flaggy soil material. Material that has, by volume, 15 such as a fire, that exposes the surface. to 35 percent flagstones. Very flaggy soil material Erosion pavement. A layer of gravel or stones that has 35 to 60 percent flagstones, and extremely remains on the surface after fine particles are flaggy soil material has more than 60 percent removed by sheet or rill erosion. flagstones. Escarpment. A relatively continuous and steep slope Flagstone. A thin fragment of sandstone, limestone, or cliff breaking the general continuity of more slate, shale, or (rarely) schist 6 to 15 inches (15 to gently sloping land surfaces and resulting from 38 centimeters) long. erosion or faulting. Synonym: scarp. Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that borders a Excess fines (in tables). Excess silt and clay in the stream and is subject to flooding unless protected soil. The soil does not provide a source of gravel artificially. or sand for construction purposes. Fluvial. Of or pertaining to rivers; produced by river Excess sodium (in tables). Excess exchangeable action, as a fluvial plain. sodium in the soil. The resulting poor physical Foothill. A steeply sloping upland that has relief of as properties restrict the growth of plants. much as 1,000 feet (300 meters) and fringes a Fallow. Cropland left idle in order to restore mountain range or high-plateau escarpment. productivity through accumulation of moisture. Footslope. The position that forms the inner, gently Summer fallow is common in regions of limited inclined surface at the base of a hillslope. In rainfall where cereal grain is grown. The soil is profile, footslopes are commonly concave. A tilled for at least one growing season for weed footslope is a transition zone between upslope control and decomposition of plant residue. sites of erosion and transport (shoulders and Fan terrace. A relict alluvial fan, no longer a site of backslopes) and downslope sites of deposition active deposition, incised by younger and lower (toeslopes). alluvial surfaces. Forb. Any herbaceous plant not a grass or a sedge. Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to provide Forest cover. All trees and other woody plants plant nutrients, in adequate amounts and in proper (underbrush) covering the ground in a forest. balance, for the growth of specified plants when Forest type. A stand of trees similar in composition light, moisture, temperature, tilth, and other growth and development because of given physical and factors are favorable. biological factors by which it may be differentiated Fibric soil material (peat). The least decomposed of from other stands. all organic soil material. Peat contains a large Fragipan. A loamy, brittle subsurface horizon low in amount of well preserved fiber that is readily porosity and content of organic matter and low or identifiable according to botanical origin. Peat has moderate in clay but high in silt or very fine sand. the lowest bulk density and the highest water A fragipan appears cemented and restricts roots. content at saturation of all organic soil material. When dry, it is hard or very hard and has a higher Attala County, Mississippi 113

bulk density than the horizon or horizons above. Head slope. A geomorphic component of hills When moist, it tends to rupture suddenly under consisting of a laterally concave area of a hillside, pressure rather than to deform slowly. especially at the head of a drainageway. The Genesis, soil. The mode of origin of the soil. Refers overland waterflow is converging. especially to the processes or soil-forming factors Hemic soil material (mucky peat). Organic soil responsible for the formation of the solum, or true material intermediate in degree of decomposition soil, from the unconsolidated parent material. between the less decomposed fibric material and Gilgai. Commonly, a succession of microbasins and the more decomposed sapric material. microknolls in nearly level areas or of microvalleys High-residue crops. Such crops as small grain and and microridges parallel with the slope. Typically, corn used for grain. If properly managed, residue the microrelief of clayey soils that shrink and swell from these crops can be used to control erosion considerably with changes in moisture content. until the next crop in the rotation is established. Gleyed soil. Soil that formed under poor drainage, These crops return large amounts of organic resulting in the reduction of iron and other matter to the soil. elements in the profile and in gray colors. Hill. A natural elevation of the land surface, rising as Graded stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that much as 1,000 feet above surrounding lowlands, grade toward a protected waterway. commonly of limited summit area and having a Grassed waterway. A natural or constructed well defined outline; hillsides generally have waterway, typically broad and shallow, seeded to slopes of more than 15 percent. The distinction grass as protection against erosion. Conducts between a hill and a mountain is arbitrary and is surface water away from cropland. dependent on local usage. Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock as Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to much as 3 inches (2 millimeters to 7.6 the surface, having distinct characteristics centimeters) in diameter. An individual piece is a produced by soil-forming processes. In the pebble. identification of soil horizons, an uppercase letter Gravelly soil material. Material that has 15 to 35 represents the major horizons. Numbers or percent, by volume, rounded or angular rock lowercase letters that follow represent fragments, not prominently flattened, as much as subdivisions of the major horizons. An explanation 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. of the subdivisions is given in the “Soil Survey Green manure crop (agronomy). A soil-improving Manual.” The major horizons of mineral soil are as crop grown to be plowed under in an early stage follows: of maturity or soon after maturity. O horizon.—An organic layer of fresh and Ground water. Water filling all the unblocked pores of decaying plant residue. the material below the water table. A horizon.—The mineral horizon at or near the Gully. A miniature valley with steep sides cut by surface in which an accumulation of humified running water and through which water ordinarily organic matter is mixed with the mineral material. runs only after rainfall. The distinction between a Also, a plowed surface horizon, most of which was gully and a rill is one of depth. A gully generally is originally part of a B horizon. an obstacle to farm machinery and is too deep to E horizon.—The mineral horizon in which the main be obliterated by ordinary tillage; a rill is of lesser feature is loss of silicate clay, iron, aluminum, or depth and can be smoothed over by ordinary some combination of these. tillage. B horizon.—The mineral horizon below an A Hard bedrock. Bedrock that cannot be excavated horizon. The B horizon is in part a layer of except by blasting or by the use of special transition from the overlying A to the underlying C equipment that is not commonly used in horizon. The B horizon also has distinctive construction. characteristics, such as (1) accumulation of clay, Hardpan. A hardened or cemented soil horizon, or sesquioxides, humus, or a combination of these; layer. The soil material is sandy, loamy, or clayey (2) prismatic or blocky structure; (3) redder or and is cemented by iron oxide, silica, calcium browner colors than those in the A horizon; or (4) carbonate, or other substance. a combination of these. Hard to reclaim (in tables). Reclamation is difficult C horizon.—The mineral horizon or layer, after the removal of soil for construction and other excluding indurated bedrock, that is little affected uses. Revegetation and erosion control are by soil-forming processes and does not have the extremely difficult. properties typical of the overlying soil material. 114 Soil Survey

The material of a C horizon may be either like or rate; the rate decreases with application time. unlike that in which the solum formed. If the Therefore, intake rate for design purposes is not a material is known to differ from that in the solum, constant but is a variable depending on the net an Arabic numeral, commonly a 2, precedes the irrigation application. The rate of water intake, in letter C. inches per hour, is expressed as follows: Cr horizon.—Soft, consolidated bedrock beneath Less than 0.2 ...... very low the soil. 0.2 to 0.4 ...... low R layer.—Consolidated bedrock beneath the soil. 0.4 to 0.75 ...... moderately low The bedrock commonly underlies a C horizon, but 0.75 to 1.25 ...... moderate it can be directly below an A or a B horizon. 1.25 to 1.75 ...... moderately high Humus. The well decomposed, more or less stable 1.75 to 2.5 ...... high part of the organic matter in mineral soils. More than 2.5 ...... very high Hydrologic soil groups. Refers to soils grouped according to their runoff potential. The soil Interfluve. An elevated area between two properties that influence this potential are those drainageways that sheds water to those that affect the minimum rate of water infiltration on drainageways. a bare soil during periods after prolonged wetting Intermittent stream. A stream, or reach of a stream, when the soil is not frozen. These properties are that flows for prolonged periods only when it depth to a seasonal high water table, the receives ground-water discharge or long, infiltration rate and permeability after prolonged continued contributions from melting snow or other wetting, and depth to a very slowly permeable surface and shallow subsurface sources. layer. The slope and the kind of plant cover are not Iron depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low considered but are separate factors in predicting content of iron and manganese oxide because of runoff. chemical reduction and removal, but having a clay Igneous rock. Rock formed by solidification from a content similar to that of the adjacent matrix. A molten or partially molten state. Major varieties type of redoximorphic depletion. include plutonic and volcanic rock. Examples are Irrigation. Application of water to soils to assist in andesite, basalt, and granite. production of crops. Methods of irrigation are: Illuviation. The movement of soil material from one Basin.—Water is applied rapidly to nearly level horizon to another in the soil profile. Generally, plains surrounded by levees or dikes. material is removed from an upper horizon and Border.—Water is applied at the upper end of a deposited in a lower horizon. strip in which the lateral flow of water is controlled Impervious soil. A soil through which water, air, or by small earth ridges called border dikes, or roots penetrate slowly or not at all. No soil is borders. absolutely impervious to air and water all the time. Controlled flooding.—Water is released at Increasers. Species in the climax vegetation that intervals from closely spaced field ditches and increase in amount as the more desirable plants distributed uniformly over the field. are reduced by close grazing. Increasers Corrugation.—Water is applied to small, closely commonly are the shorter plants and the less spaced furrows or ditches in fields of close- palatable to livestock. growing crops or in orchards so that it flows in only Infiltration. The downward entry of water into the one direction. immediate surface of soil or other material, as Drip (or trickle).—Water is applied slowly and contrasted with percolation, which is movement of under low pressure to the surface of the soil or water through soil layers or material. into the soil through such applicators as emitters, Infiltration capacity. The maximum rate at which porous tubing, or perforated pipe. water can infiltrate into a soil under a given set of Furrow.—Water is applied in small ditches made conditions. by cultivation implements. Furrows are used for Infiltration rate. The rate at which water penetrates tree and row crops. the surface of the soil at any given instant, usually Sprinkler.—Water is sprayed over the soil surface expressed in inches per hour. The rate can be through pipes or nozzles from a pressure system. limited by the infiltration capacity of the soil or the Subirrigation.—Water is applied in open ditches or rate at which water is applied at the surface. tile lines until the water table is raised enough to Intake rate. The average rate of water entering the wet the soil. soil under irrigation. Most soils have a fast initial Wild flooding.—Water, released at high points, is Attala County, Mississippi 115

allowed to flow onto an area without controlled generally are considered a type of distribution. redoximorphic concentration. Knoll. A small, low, rounded hill rising above adjacent Mechanical treatment. Use of mechanical equipment landforms. for seeding, brush management, and other

Ksat. Saturated hydraulic conductivity. (See management practices. Permeability.) Medium textured soil. Very fine sandy loam, loam, Lacustrine deposit. Material deposited in lake water silt loam, or silt. and exposed when the water level is lowered or Metamorphic rock. Rock of any origin altered in the elevation of the land is raised. mineralogical composition, chemical composition, Landslide. The rapid downhill movement of a mass of or structure by heat, pressure, and movement. soil and loose rock, generally when wet or Nearly all such rocks are crystalline. saturated. The speed and distance of movement, Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material and as well as the amount of soil and rock material, low in organic material. Its bulk density is more vary greatly. than that of organic soil. Leaching. The removal of soluble material from soil or Minimum tillage. Only the tillage essential to crop other material by percolating water. production and prevention of soil damage. Linear extensibility. Refers to the change in length of Miscellaneous area. An area that has little or no an unconfined clod as moisture content is natural soil and supports little or no vegetation. decreased from a moist to a dry state. Linear Moderately coarse textured soil. Coarse sandy extensibility is used to determine the shrink-swell loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam. potential of soils. It is an expression of the volume Moderately fine textured soil. Clay loam, sandy clay change between the water content of the clod at loam, or silty clay loam. 1 1 /3- or /10-bar tension (33kPa or 10kPa tension) Mollic epipedon. A thick, dark, humus-rich surface and oven dryness. Volume change is influenced by horizon (or horizons) that has high base saturation the amount and type of clay minerals in the soil. and pedogenic soil structure. It may include the The volume change is the percent change for the upper part of the subsoil. whole soil. If it is expressed as a fraction, the Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the soil, resulting value is COLE, coefficient of linear including the texture, structure, porosity, extensibility. consistence, color, and other physical, mineral, Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soil and biological properties of the various horizons, passes from a plastic to a liquid state. and the thickness and arrangement of those Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay horizons in the soil profile. particles, 28 to 50 percent silt particles, and less Mottling, soil. Irregular spots of different colors that than 52 percent sand particles. vary in number and size. Descriptive terms are as Loess. Fine grained material, dominantly of silt-sized follows: abundance—few, common, and many; particles, deposited by wind. size—fine, medium, and coarse; and contrast— Low-residue crops. Such crops as corn used for faint, distinct, and prominent. The size silage, peas, beans, and potatoes. Residue from measurements are of the diameter along the these crops is not adequate to control erosion until greatest dimension. Fine indicates less than 5 the next crop in the rotation is established. These millimeters (about 0.2 inch); medium, from 5 to 15 crops return little organic matter to the soil. millimeters (about 0.2 to 0.6 inch); and coarse, Low strength. The soil is not strong enough to more than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inch). support loads. Mountain. A natural elevation of the land surface, Marl. An earthy, unconsolidated deposit consisting rising more than 1,000 feet above surrounding chiefly of calcium carbonate mixed with clay in lowlands, commonly of restricted summit area approximately equal amounts. (relative to a plateau) and generally having steep Masses. Concentrations of substances in the soil sides. A mountain can occur as a single, isolated matrix that do not have a clearly defined mass or in a group forming a chain or range. boundary with the surrounding soil material and Muck. Dark, finely divided, well decomposed organic cannot be removed as a discrete unit. Common soil material. (See Sapric soil material.) compounds making up masses are calcium Mudstone. Sedimentary rock formed by induration of carbonate, gypsum or other soluble salts, iron silt and clay in approximately equal amounts. oxide, and manganese oxide. Masses Munsell notation. A designation of color by consisting of iron oxide or manganese oxide degrees of three simple variables—hue, value, 116 Soil Survey

and chroma. For example, a notation of 10YR mantles an erosion surface and has been 6/4 is a color with hue of 10YR, value of 6, and transported to its present position from higher chroma of 4. lying areas of the erosion surface. Natric horizon. A special kind of argillic horizon that Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called “a soil.” contains enough exchangeable sodium to have an A pedon is three dimensional and large enough to adverse effect on the physical condition of the permit study of all horizons. Its area ranges from subsoil. about 10 to 100 square feet (1 square meter to 10 Neutral soil. A soil having a pH value of 6.6 to 7.3. square meters), depending on the variability of the (See Reaction, soil.) soil. Nodules. Cemented bodies lacking visible internal Percolation. The movement of water through the soil. structure. Calcium carbonate, iron oxide, and Percs slowly (in tables). The slow movement of water manganese oxide are common compounds through the soil adversely affects the specified making up nodules. If formed in place, nodules of use. iron oxide or manganese oxide are considered Permeability. The quality of the soil that enables water types of redoximorphic concentrations. or air to move downward through the profile. The Nose slope. A geomorphic component of hills rate at which a saturated soil transmits water is consisting of the projecting end (laterally convex accepted as a measure of this quality. In soil area) of a hillside. The overland waterflow is physics, the rate is referred to as “saturated predominantly divergent. hydraulic conductivity,” which is defined in the “Soil Nutrient, plant. Any element taken in by a plant Survey Manual.” In line with conventional usage in essential to its growth. Plant nutrients are mainly the engineering profession and with traditional nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, usage in pubished soil surveys, this rate of flow magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, continues to be expressed as “permeability.” Terms boron, and zinc obtained from the soil and carbon, describing permeability, measured in inches per hydrogen, and oxygen obtained from the air and hour, are as follows: water. Impermeable ...... less than 0.0015 inch Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the soil in Very slow ...... 0.0015 to 0.06 inch various stages of decomposition. The content of Slow ...... 0.06 to 0.2 inch organic matter in the surface layer is described as Moderately slow ...... 0.2 to 0.6 inch follows: Moderate ...... 0.6 inch to 2.0 inches Very low ...... less than 0.5 percent Moderately rapid ...... 2.0 to 6.0 inches Low ...... 0.5 to 1.0 percent Rapid ...... 6.0 to 20 inches Moderately low ...... 1.0 to 2.0 percent Very rapid ...... more than 20 inches Moderate ...... 2.0 to 4.0 percent High ...... 4.0 to 8.0 percent Phase, soil. A subdivision of a soil series based on Very high ...... more than 8.0 percent features that affect its use and management, such as slope, stoniness, and flooding. Paleoterrace. An erosional remnant of a terrace that pH value. A numerical designation of acidity and retains the surface form and alluvial deposits of its alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.) origin but was not emplaced by, and commonly Piping (in tables). Formation of subsurface tunnels or does not grade to, a present-day stream or pipelike cavities by water moving through the soil. drainage network. Plasticity index. The numerical difference between Pan. A compact, dense layer in a soil that impedes the the liquid limit and the plastic limit; the range of movement of water and the growth of roots. For moisture content within which the soil remains example, hardpan, fragipan, claypan, plowpan, plastic. and traffic pan. Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soil Parent material. The unconsolidated organic and changes from semisolid to plastic. mineral material in which soil forms. Plateau. An extensive upland mass with relatively flat Peat. Unconsolidated material, largely undecomposed summit area that is considerably elevated (more organic matter, that has accumulated under than 100 meters) above adjacent lowlands and excess moisture. (See Fibric soil material.) separated from them on one or more sides by Ped. An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a escarpments. granule, a prism, or a block. Playa. The generally dry and nearly level lake plain Pedisediment. A thin layer of alluvial material that that occupies the lowest parts of closed Attala County, Mississippi 117

depressional areas, such as those on and areas that support certain forb and shrub intermontane basin floors. Temporary flooding communities. occurs primarily in response to precipitation and Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a runoff. soil, expressed in pH values. A soil that tests to pH Plinthite. The sesquioxide-rich, humus-poor, highly 7.0 is described as precisely neutral in reaction weathered mixture of clay with quartz and other because it is neither acid nor alkaline. The diluents. It commonly appears as red mottles, degrees of acidity or alkalinity, expressed as pH usually in platy, polygonal, or reticulate patterns. values, are: Plinthite changes irreversibly to an ironstone Ultra acid ...... less than 3.5 hardpan or to irregular aggregates on repeated Extremely acid ...... 3.5 to 4.4 wetting and drying, especially if it is exposed Very strongly acid ...... 4.5 to 5.0 also to heat from the sun. In a moist soil, Strongly acid ...... 5.1 to 5.5 plinthite can be cut with a spade. It is a form of Moderately acid ...... 5.6 to 6.0 laterite. Slightly acid ...... 6.1 to 6.5 Plowpan. A compacted layer formed in the soil Neutral ...... 6.6 to 7.3 directly below the plowed layer. Slightly alkaline ...... 7.4 to 7.8 Ponding. Standing water on soils in closed Moderately alkaline ...... 7.9 to 8.4 depressions. Unless the soils are artificially Strongly alkaline ...... 8.5 to 9.0 drained, the water can be removed only by Very strongly alkaline ...... 9.1 and higher percolation or evapotranspiration. Poorly graded. Refers to a coarse grained soil or soil Red beds. Sedimentary strata that are mainly red and material consisting mainly of particles of nearly are made up largely of sandstone and shale. the same size. Because there is little difference in Redoximorphic concentrations. Nodules, size of the particles, density can be increased only concretions, soft masses, pore linings, and other slightly by compaction. features resulting from the accumulation of iron or Potential native plant community. See Climax plant manganese oxide. An indication of chemical community. reduction and oxidation resulting from saturation. Potential rooting depth (effective rooting depth). Redoximorphic depletions. Low-chroma zones from Depth to which roots could penetrate if the content which iron and manganese oxide or a combination of moisture in the soil were adequate. The soil has of iron and manganese oxide and clay has been no properties restricting the penetration of roots to removed. These zones are indications of the this depth. chemical reduction of iron resulting from Prescribed burning. Deliberately burning an area for saturation. specific management purposes, under the Redoximorphic features. Redoximorphic appropriate conditions of weather and soil concentrations, redoximorphic depletions, moisture and at the proper time of day. reduced matrices, a positive reaction to Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for alpha,alpha-dipyridyl, and other features producing a specified plant or sequence of plants indicating the chemical reduction and oxidation under specific management. of iron and manganese compounds resulting Profile, soil. A vertical section of the soil extending from saturation. through all its horizons and into the parent Reduced matrix. A soil matrix that has low chroma in material. situ because of chemically reduced iron (Fe II). Proper grazing use. Grazing at an intensity that The chemical reduction results from nearly maintains enough cover to protect the soil and continuous wetness. The matrix undergoes a maintain or improve the quantity and quality of the change in hue or chroma within 30 minutes after desirable vegetation. This practice increases the exposure to air as the iron is oxidized (Fe III). A vigor and reproduction capacity of the key plants type of redoximorphic feature. and promotes the accumulation of litter and mulch Regolith. The unconsolidated mantle of weathered necessary to conserve soil and water. rock and soil material on the earth’s surface; the Rangeland. Land on which the potential natural loose earth material above the solid rock. vegetation is predominantly grasses, grasslike Relief. The elevations or inequalities of a land surface, plants, forbs, or shrubs suitable for grazing or considered collectively. browsing. It includes natural grasslands, Residuum (residual soil material). Unconsolidated, savannas, many wetlands, some deserts, tundras, weathered or partly weathered mineral material 118 Soil Survey

that accumulated as consolidated rock kinds of sedimentary rock are conglomerate, disintegrated in place. formed from gravel; sandstone, formed from sand; Rill. A steep-sided channel resulting from accelerated shale, formed from clay; and limestone, formed erosion. A rill generally is a few inches deep and from soft masses of calcium carbonate. There are not wide enough to be an obstacle to farm many intermediate types. Some wind-deposited machinery. sand is consolidated into sandstone. Road cut. A sloping surface produced by mechanical Seepage (in tables). The movement of water through means during road construction. It is commonly on the soil. Seepage adversely affects the specified the uphill side of the road. use. Rock fragments. Rock or mineral fragments having a Sequum. A sequence consisting of an illuvial horizon diameter of 2 millimeters or more; for example, and the overlying eluvial horizon. (See Eluviation.) pebbles, cobbles, stones, and boulders. Series, soil. A group of soils that have profiles that are Rooting depth (in tables). Shallow root zone. The soil almost alike, except for differences in texture of is shallow over a layer that greatly restricts roots. the surface layer. All the soils of a series have Root zone. The part of the soil that can be penetrated horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, by plant roots. and arrangement. Runoff. The precipitation discharged into stream Shale. Sedimentary rock formed by the hardening of a channels from an area. The water that flows off clay deposit. the surface of the land without sinking into the Sheet erosion. The removal of a fairly uniform layer of soil is called surface runoff. Water that enters soil material from the land surface by the action of the soil before reaching surface streams is rainfall and surface runoff. called ground-water runoff or seepage flow from Shoulder. The position that forms the uppermost ground water. inclined surface near the top of a hillslope. It is a Saline soil. A soil containing soluble salts in an transition from backslope to summit. The surface amount that impairs growth of plants. A saline soil is dominantly convex in profile and erosional in does not contain excess exchangeable sodium. origin. Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral Shrink-swell (in tables). The shrinking of soil when fragments from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0 dry and the swelling when wet. Shrinking and millimeters in diameter. Most sand grains swelling can damage roads, dams, building consist of quartz. As a soil textural class, a soil foundations, and other structures. It can also that is 85 percent or more sand and not more damage plant roots. than 10 percent clay. Side slope. A geomorphic component of hills Sandstone. Sedimentary rock containing dominantly consisting of a laterally planar area of a hillside. sand-sized particles. The overland waterflow is predominantly Sapric soil material (muck). The most highly parallel. decomposed of all organic soil material. Muck has Silica. A combination of silicon and oxygen. The the least amount of plant fiber, the highest bulk mineral form is called quartz. density, and the lowest water content at saturation Silica-sesquioxide ratio. The ratio of the number of of all organic soil material. molecules of silica to the number of molecules of Saprolite. Unconsolidated residual material alumina and iron oxide. The more highly underlying the soil and grading to hard bedrock weathered soils or their clay fractions in warm- below. temperate, humid regions, and especially those in Saturation. Wetness characterized by zero or positive the tropics, generally have a low ratio. pressure of the soil water. Under conditions of Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particles saturation, the water will flow from the soil matrix that range in diameter from the upper limit of clay into an unlined auger hole. (0.002 millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine Scarification. The act of abrading, scratching, sand (0.05 millimeter). As a soil textural class, soil loosening, crushing, or modifying the surface to that is 80 percent or more silt and less than 12 increase water absorption or to provide a more percent clay. tillable soil. Siltstone. Sedimentary rock made up of dominantly Second bottom. The first terrace above the normal silt-sized particles. flood plain (or first bottom) of a river. Similar soils. Soils that share limits of diagnostic Sedimentary rock. Rock made up of particles criteria, behave and perform in a similar manner, deposited from suspension in water. The chief and have similar conservation needs or Attala County, Mississippi 119

management requirements for the major land uses extract, or the ratio of Na+ to Ca++ + Mg++. The in the survey area. degrees of sodicity and their respective ratios are: Sinkhole. A depression in the landscape where Slight ...... less than 13:1 limestone has been dissolved. Moderate ...... 13-30:1 Site index. A designation of the quality of a forest site Strong ...... more than 30:1 based on the height of the dominant stand at an arbitrarily chosen age. For example, if the average Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). A measure of the height attained by dominant and codominant trees amount of sodium (Na) relative to calcium (Ca) in a fully stocked stand at the age of 50 years is and magnesium (Mg) in the water extract from 75 feet, the site index is 75. saturated soil paste. It is the ratio of the Na Slickensides. Polished and grooved surfaces concentration divided by the square root of one- produced by one mass sliding past another. In half of the Ca + Mg concentration. soils, slickensides may occur at the bases of slip Soft bedrock. Bedrock that can be excavated with surfaces on the steeper slopes; on faces of blocks, trenching machines, backhoes, small rippers, and prisms, and columns; and in swelling clayey soils, other equipment commonly used in construction. where there is marked change in moisture Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the earth’s content. surface. It is capable of supporting plants and has Slick spot. A small area of soil having a puddled, properties resulting from the integrated effect of crusted, or smooth surface and an excess of climate and living matter acting on earthy parent exchangeable sodium. The soil generally is silty or material, as conditioned by relief over periods of clayey, is slippery when wet, and is low in time. productivity. Soil separates. Mineral particles less than 2 Slope. The inclination of the land surface from the millimeters in equivalent diameter and ranging horizontal. Percentage of slope is the vertical between specified size limits. The names and distance divided by horizontal distance, then sizes, in millimeters, of separates recognized in multiplied by 100. Thus, a slope of 20 percent is a the United States are as follows: drop of 20 feet in 100 feet of horizontal distance. In Very coarse sand ...... 2.0 to 1.0 this survey, classes for simple slopes are as Coarse sand ...... 1.0 to 0.5 follows: Medium sand ...... 0.5 to 0.25 Level ...... 0 to 1 percent Fine sand ...... 0.25 to 0.10 Nearly level ...... 0 to 2 percent Very fine sand ...... 0.10 to 0.05 Very gently sloping ...... 1 to 3 percent Silt ...... 0.05 to 0.002 Gently sloping ...... 2 to 5 percent Clay ...... less than 0.002 Moderately sloping ...... 5 to 8 percent Strongly sloping ...... 8 to 15 percent Solum. The upper part of a soil profile, above the C Moderately steep ...... 15 to 25 percent horizon, in which the processes of soil formation Steep ...... 25 to 40 percent are active. The solum in soil consists of the A, E, and B horizons. Generally, the characteristics of Slope (in tables). Slope is great enough that special the material in these horizons are unlike those of practices are required to ensure satisfactory the material below the solum. The living roots and performance of the soil for a specific use. plant and animal activities are largely confined to Slow refill (in tables). The slow filling of ponds, the solum. resulting from restricted permeability in the soil. Stone line. A concentration of coarse fragments in a Small stones (in tables). Rock fragments less than 3 soil. Generally, it is indicative of an old weathered inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Small stones surface. In a cross section, the line may be one adversely affect the specified use of the soil. fragment or more thick. It generally overlies Sodic (alkali) soil. A soil having so high a degree of material that weathered in place and is overlain by alkalinity (pH 8.5 or higher) or so high a recent sediment of variable thickness. percentage of exchangeable sodium (15 percent Stones. Rock fragments 10 to 24 inches (25 to 60 or more of the total exchangeable bases), or both, centimeters) in diameter if rounded or 15 to 24 that plant growth is restricted. inches (38 to 60 centimeters) in length if flat. Sodicity. The degree to which a soil is affected by Stony. Refers to a soil containing stones in numbers exchangeable sodium. Sodicity is expressed as a that interfere with or prevent tillage. sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of a saturation Stripcropping. Growing crops in a systematic 120 Soil Survey

arrangement of strips or bands that provide field generally is built so that the field can be vegetative barriers to wind erosion and water farmed. A terrace intended mainly for drainage erosion. has a deep channel that is maintained in Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil permanent sod. particles into compound particles or aggregates. Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily flat The principal forms of soil structure are—platy or undulating, bordering a river, a lake, or the sea. (laminated), prismatic (vertical axis of Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt, aggregates longer than horizontal), columnar and clay particles in a mass of soil. The basic (prisms with rounded tops), blocky (angular or textural classes, in order of increasing proportion subangular), and granular. Structureless soils of fine particles, are sand, loamy sand, sandy are either single grained (each grain by itself, as loam, loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay in dune sand) or massive (the particles loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and adhering without any regular cleavage, as in clay. The sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam many hardpans). classes may be further divided by specifying Stubble mulch. Stubble or other crop residue left on “coarse,” “fine,” or “very fine.” the soil or partly worked into the soil. It protects Thin layer (in tables). Otherwise suitable soil material the soil from wind erosion and water erosion after that is too thin for the specified use. harvest, during preparation of a seedbed for the Tilth, soil. The physical condition of the soil as related next crop, and during the early growing period of to tillage, seedbed preparation, seedling the new crop. emergence, and root penetration. Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part of Toeslope. The position that forms the gently inclined the solum below plow depth. surface at the base of a hillslope. Toeslopes in Subsoiling. Tilling a soil below normal plow depth, profile are commonly gentle and linear and are ordinarily to shatter a hardpan or claypan. constructional surfaces forming the lower part of a Substratum. The part of the soil below the solum. hillslope continuum that grades to valley or closed- Subsurface layer. Any surface soil horizon (A, E, AB, depression floors. or EB) below the surface layer. Topsoil. The upper part of the soil, which is the most Summer fallow. The tillage of uncropped land during favorable material for plant growth. It is ordinarily the summer to control weeds and allow storage of rich in organic matter and is used to topdress moisture in the soil for the growth of a later crop. A roadbanks, lawns, and land affected by mining. practice common in semiarid regions, where Trace elements. Chemical elements, for example, annual precipitation is not enough to produce a zinc, cobalt, manganese, copper, and iron, in soils crop every year. Summer fallow is frequently in extremely small amounts. They are essential to practiced before planting winter grain. plant growth. Summit. The topographically highest position of a Upland. Land at a higher elevation, in general, than hillslope. It has a nearly level (planar or only the alluvial plain or stream terrace; land above the slightly convex) surface. lowlands along streams. Surface layer. The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or Valley fill. In glaciated regions, material deposited in its equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging in depth stream valleys by glacial meltwater. In from 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters). nonglaciated regions, alluvium deposited by Frequently designated as the “plow layer,” or the heavily loaded streams. “Ap horizon.” Variegation. Refers to patterns of contrasting colors Surface soil. The A, E, AB, and EB horizons, assumed to be inherited from the parent material considered collectively. It includes all subdivisions rather than to be the result of poor drainage. of these horizons. Water bars. Smooth, shallow ditches or depressional Terminal moraine. A belt of thick glacial drift that areas that are excavated at an angle across a generally marks the termination of important sloping road. They are used to reduce the glacial advances. downward velocity of water and divert it off and Terrace. An embankment, or ridge, constructed away from the road surface. Water bars can easily across sloping soils on the contour or at a slight be driven over if constructed properly. angle to the contour. The terrace intercepts Weathering. All physical and chemical changes surface runoff so that water soaks into the soil or produced in rocks or other deposits at or near the flows slowly to a prepared outlet. A terrace in a earth’s surface by atmospheric agents. These Attala County, Mississippi 121

changes result in disintegration and Wilting point (or permanent wilting point). The decomposition of the material. moisture content of soil, on an ovendry basis, at Well graded. Refers to soil material consisting of which a plant (specifically a sunflower) wilts so coarse grained particles that are well distributed much that it does not recover when placed in a over a wide range in size or diameter. Such soil humid, dark chamber. normally can be easily increased in density and Windthrow. The uprooting and tipping over of trees by bearing properties by compaction. Contrasts with the wind. poorly graded soil.

123

Tables 124 Soil Survey

Table 1.--Temperature and Precipitation

(Recorded in the period 1961 to 1987 at Kosciusko, Mississippi)

______| | | Temperature | Precipitation |______| | | | | 2 years in | | |2 years in 10| | | | | |______10 will have-- | Average | |______will have-- | Average | Month |Average|Average|Average| | |number of|Average| | |number of|Average | daily | daily | daily | Maximum | Minimum | growing | | Less | More |days with|snowfall |maximum|minimum| |temperature|temperature| degree | |than--|than--|0.10 inch| | | | | higher | lower | days* | | | | or more | ______| | | | than-- | than-- | | | | | | | o_F | o_F | o_F | o_F | o_F | _____Units | __In | __In | __In | | __In | | | | | | | | | | | January-----| 52.1 | 29.5 | 40.8 | 76 | 4 | 154 | 5.56 | 2.46 | 8.21 | 8 | 0.9 | | | | | | | | | | | February----| 57.7 | 32.4 | 45.0 | 80 | 13 | 195 | 4.92 | 3.18 | 6.51 | 6 | 0.1 | | | | | | | | | | | March------| 67.0 | 40.7 | 53.8 | 85 | 20 | 438 | 6.59 | 3.65 | 9.20 | 8 | 0.3 | | | | | | | | | | | April------| 75.6 | 49.6 | 62.6 | 88 | 31 | 676 | 6.13 | 2.64 | 9.11 | 6 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | May------| 81.5 | 57.4 | 69.5 | 93 | 41 | 908 | 5.04 | 2.27 | 7.41 | 7 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | June------| 88.5 | 65.0 | 76.7 | 98 | 51 | 1,098 | 3.17 | 1.40 | 4.68 | 5 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | July------| 90.9 | 68.6 | 79.7 | 100 | 58 | 1,220 | 5.04 | 2.74 | 7.06 | 8 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | August------| 90.2 | 67.4 | 78.8 | 99 | 57 | 1,197 | 3.74 | 2.02 | 5.24 | 6 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | September---| 85.3 | 61.6 | 73.5 | 97 | 43 | 999 | 3.80 | 1.58 | 5.68 | 5 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | October-----| 76.1 | 49.0 | 62.5 | 91 | 31 | 695 | 3.72 | 1.27 | 5.99 | 4 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | November----| 65.4 | 40.2 | 52.8 | 84 | 20 | 389 | 5.01 | 2.62 | 7.10 | 7 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | December----| 56.4 | 33.2 | 44.8 | 78 | 11 | 215 | 6.31 | 3.11 | 9.09 | 8 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Yearly: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Average---| 73.9 | 49.5 | 63.9 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Extreme---| 105 | -3 | --- | 101 | 4 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Total-----| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 8,186 | 59.02 | 48.14| 69.38| 78 | 1.3 ______| | | | | | | | | | |

* A growing degree day is a unit of heat available for plant growth. It can be calculated by adding the maximum and minimum daily temperatures, dividing the sum by 2, and subtracting the temperature below which growth is minimal for the principal crops in the area (40 degrees F). Attala County, Mississippi 125

Table 2.--Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall

(Recorded in the period 1961 to 1987 at Kosciusko, Mississippi)

______| | Temperature |______Probability | | | | 24oF | 28oF | 32oF ______| or lower | or lower | or lower | | | | | | Last freezing | | | temperature | | | in spring: | | | | | | 1 year in 10 | | | later than-- | Mar. 17 | Mar 28 | Apr. 9 | | | 2 years in 10 | | | later than-- | Mar. 11 | Mar. 22 | Apr. 4 | | | 5 years in 10 | | | later than-- | Feb. 28 | Mar. 11 | Mar. 26 | | | First freezing | | | temperature | | | in fall: | | | | | | 1 year in 10 | | | earlier than-- | Nov. 11 | Nov. 2 | Oct. 19 | | | 2 years in 10 | | | earlier than-- | Nov. 17 | Nov. 7 | Oct. 24 | | | 5 years in 10 | | | earlier than-- | Nov. 30 | Nov. 16 | Nov. 2 ______| | |

Table 3.--Growing Season

(Recorded in the period 1961 to 1987 at Kosciusko, Mississippi)

______| | Daily minimum temperature | during growing season |______Probability | | | | Higher | Higher | Higher | than | than | than | 24oF | 28oF | 32oF ______| | | | ____Days | ____Days | ____Days | | | 9 years in 10 | 248 | 225 | 202 | | | 8 years in 10 | 257 | 233 | 208 | | | 5 years in 10 | 275 | 249 | 220 | | | 2 years in 10 | 293 | 264 | 232 | | | 1 year in 10 | 302 | 272 | 238 ______| | | 126 Soil Survey

Table 4.--Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils ______| | | Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent ______symbol| | | | | | | | | 2 |Oaklimeter silt loam, occasionally flooded------| 28,879 | 6.1 3 |Chenneby silt loam, frequently flooded------| 7,764 | 1.6 4 |Kirkville loam, occasionally flooded------| 18,058 | 3.8 5 |Ariel silt loam, occasionally flooded------| 3,725 | .8 6 |Gillsburg silt loam, occasionally flooded------| 17,213 | 3.6 8 |Mantachie loam, occasionally flooded------| 8,573 | 3.9 9 |Mantachie loam, frequently flooded------| 5,551 | 1.2 10 |Rosebloom-Arkabutla association, frequently flooded------| 21,949 | 4.7 11 |Kinston loam, occasionally flooded------| 16,720 | 3.5 12 |Rosebloom silt loam, ponded------| 1,547 | .3 14 |Chenneby-Rosebloom complex, frequently flooded------| 1,483 | .3 32D |Smithdale fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes------| 23,189 | 4.9 32F |Smithdale fine sandy loam, 15 to 40 percent slopes------| 77,375 | 16.4 40B2 |Grenada silt loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes, eroded------| 3,157 | .7 41A |Calloway silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 1,384 | .3 42A |Bude silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 1,101 | .2 43A |Calloway and Deerford soils, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 523 | .1 44B2 |Providence silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, eroded------| 14,243 | 3.0 44C2 |Providence silt loam, 5 to 8 percent slopes, eroded------| 44,412 | 9.4 44D3 |Providence silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, severely eroded------| 21,224 | 4.5 48A |Stough loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 1,758 | .4 50B2 |Tippah silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, eroded------| 1,579 | .3 50D2 |Tippah silt loam, 5 to 15 percent slopes, eroded------| 3,553 | .8 51C2 |Ora loam, 5 to 8 percent slopes, eroded------| 13,997 | 3.0 51D2 |Ora loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, eroded------| 2,405 | .5 53C2 |Sweatman loam, 5 to 8 percent slopes, eroded------| 6,234 | 1.3 53D2 |Sweatman loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, eroded------| 2,405 | .5 60D2 |Smithdale-Sweatman complex, 8 to 15 slopes, eroded------| 25,138 | 5.3 60F2 |Smithdale-Sweatman complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes, eroded------| 80,021 | 17.0 70 |Smithdale-Udorthents complex, gullied------| 2,832 | .6 80A |Calhoun silt loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes------| 477 | 0.1 W | Water------| 200 | * | | ----- | ---- | Total------| 471,700 |100.0 ______| | | Attala County, Mississippi 127

Table 5.--Land Capability Classes and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture

(Yields are those that can be expected under a high level of management. Absence of a yield indicates that the soil is not suited to the crop or the crop generally is not grown on the soil.)

______| | | | | | | | Soil name and | Land | | | | | | Improved | map symbol |capability|Cotton lint| Corn | Soybeans | Wheat |Tall fescue| bermuda- |Bahiagrass ______| | | | | | | grass | | | ___Lbs | __Bu | __Bu | __Bu | ____AUM* | ____AUM* | ____AUM* | | | | | | | | 2------| IIw | 750 | 95 | 40 | 40 | 10.0 | 11.0 | --- Oaklimeter | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3------| IVw | --- | --- | --- | --- | 9.0 | 9.0 | --- Chenneby | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4------| IIw | 700 | 95 | 40 | --- | 10.5 | --- | 10.0 Kirkville | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5------| IIw | 800 | 110 | 40 | 40 | 10.0 | 11.0 | --- Ariel | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 6------| IIw | 750 | 100 | 40 | 35 | 9.0 | 10.0 | --- Gillsburg | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 8------| IIw | 650 | 90 | 35 | 40 | 10.0 | --- | 10.0 Mantachie | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 9------| Vw | --- | --- | --- | --- | 8.0 | --- | 8.0 Mantachie | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 10: | | | | | | | | Rosebloom------| Vw | --- | --- | --- | --- | 7.0 | 7.0 | --- | | | | | | | | Arkabutla------| IVw | --- | 70 | 20 | --- | 9.0 | 10.0 | 9.0 | | | | | | | | 11------| VIw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Kinston | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 12------| VIw | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Rosebloom | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 14: | | | | | | | | Chenneby------| IVw | --- | --- | --- | --- | 9.0 | 9.0 | --- | | | | | | | | Roseboom------| Vw | --- | --- | --- | --- | 7.0 | 7.0 | --- | | | | | | | | 32D------| IVe | 400 | 55 | 25 | --- | --- | 9.0 | 8.0 Smithdale | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 32F------| VIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Smithdale | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 40B2------| IIe | 600 | 80 | 35 | --- | 8.0 | 9.5 | --- Grenada | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 41A------| IIe | 700 | 90 | 38 | 35 | 8.5 | 9.0 | --- Calloway | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 42A------| IIw | 625 | 85 | 25 | 35 | 8.0 | 9.0 | --- Bude | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 43A: | | | | | | | | Calloway------| IIw | 750 | 95 | 40 | 35 | 8.0 | 9.0 | --- | | | | | | | | Deerford------| IIIw | 475 | --- | 20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 128 Soil Survey

Table 5.--Land Capability Classes and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued ______| | | | | | | | Soil name and | Land | | | | | | Improved | map symbol |capability|Cotton lint| Corn | Soybeans | Wheat |Tall fescue| bermuda- |Bahiagrass ______| | | | | | | grass | | | ___Lbs | __Bu | __Bu | __Bu | ____AUM* | ____AUM* | ____AUM* | | | | | | | | 44B2------| IIe | 700 | 80 | 35 | --- | 8.5 | 9.5 | 8.5 Providence | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 44C2------| IIIe | 650 | 70 | 30 | --- | 7.5 | 9.0 | 8.0 Providence | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 44D3------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 7.5 | 7.5 Providence | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 48A------| IIw | 725 | 80 | 25 | 35 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 Stough | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 50B2------| IIe | 650 | 80 | 35 | 35 | 8.5 | 10.0 | 9.0 Tippah | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 50D2------| IVe | 500 | 60 | 25 | --- | 7.0 | 8.5 | 8.0 Tippah | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 51C2------| IIIe | 600 | 70 | 30 | 35 | 7.5 | 8.0 | 8.5 Ora | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 51D2------| IVe | --- | --- | --- | --- | 7.0 | 7.0 | 8.0 Ora | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 53C2------| IVe | --- | --- | --- | 25 | --- | --- | 6.0 Sweatman | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 53D2------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 5.5 Sweatman | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 60D2: | | | | | | | | Smithdale------| IVe | 350 | 45 | 20 | --- | --- | 9.0 | 8.0 | | | | | | | | Sweatman------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 5.5 | | | | | | | | 60F2: | | | | | | | | Smithdale------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 9.0 | 8.0 | | | | | | | | Sweatman------| VIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | 70: | | | | | | | | Smithdale------| VIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | Udorthents-----| VIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | 80A------| IIIw | 400 | --- | 25 | 30 | --- | --- | 6.5 Calhoun | | | | | | | | ______| | | | | | | |

* Animal-unit-month: The amount of forage or feed required to feed one animal unit (one cow, one horse, one mule, five sheep, or five goats) for 30 days. Attala County, Mississippi 129

Table 6.--Woodland Management and Productivity

(Only the soils suitable for production of commercial trees are listed. Absence of an entry indicates that information was not available.)

______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Plant | Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| | plant ______| | | tion | ity | tion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2------| 10A |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine, Oaklimeter | | | | | |Eastern cottonwood--| 100 | --- | eastern | | | | | |Green ash------| 90 | --- | cottonwood, | | | | | |Nuttall oak------| 100 | --- | Nuttall oak, | | | | | |Willow oak------| 100 | --- | sweetgum, | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 100 | --- | water oak, | | | | | | | | | yellow-poplar. | | | | | | | | | 3------| 11W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Loblolly pine------| 100 | 2.7 |Loblolly pine, Chenneby | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 100 | --- | yellow-popular, | | | | | |Water oak------| 100 | --- | sweetgum, | | | | | |Yellow-popular------| 100 | --- | water oak, | | | | | |American sycamore---| 100 | --- | American | | | | | | | | | sycamore. | | | | | | | | | 4------| 10W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 95 | 2.5 |Loblolly pine, Kirkville | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 100 | --- | eastern | | | | | |Water oak------| 100 | --- | cottonwood, | | | | | | | | | sweetgum, | | | | | | | | | yellow-poplar. | | | | | | | | | 5------| 10A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 95 | 2.5 |Loblolly pine, Ariel | | | | | |Cherrybark oak------| 110 | --- | cherrybark | | | | | |Eastern cottonwood--| 115 | --- | oak, eastern | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 100 | --- | cottonwood, | | | | | |Water oak------| 105 | --- | sweetgum, | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 110 | --- | water oak, | | | | | | | | | yellow-poplar. | | | | | | | | | 6------| 10W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine, Gillsburg | | | | | |Eastern cottonwood--| 100 | --- | sweetgum, | | | | | |Green ash------| 90 | --- | American | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 90 | --- | sycamore, | | | | | |American sycamore---| 105 | --- | yellow-poplar. | | | | | |Water oak------| 100 | --- | | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 105 | --- | | | | | | |Nuttall oak------| 110 | --- | | | | | | | | | | 8------| 10W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Loblolly pine------| 100 | 2.7 |Loblolly pine, Mantachie | | | | | |Eastern cottonwood--| 90 | --- | eastern | | | | | |Cherrybark oak------| 100 | --- | cottonwood, | | | | | |Green ash------| 80 | --- | cherrybark | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 95 | --- | oak, green | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 95 | --- | ash, sweetgum, | | | | | | | | | yellow-poplar. | | | | | | | | | 9------| 10W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Loblolly pine------| 10 | 2.7 |Loblolly pine, Mantachie | | | | | |Eastern cottonwood--| 90 | --- | eastern | | | | | |Cherrybark oak------| 100 | --- | cottonwood, | | | | | |Green ash------| 80 | --- | cherrybark | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 95 | --- | oak, green | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 95 | --- | ash, sweetgum, | | | | | | | | | yellow-poplar. | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 130 Soil Survey

Table 6.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued ______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Plant | Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| | plant ______| | | tion | ity | tion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 10: | | | | | | | | | Rosebloom------| 9W |Slight |Severe |Moderate|Severe |Cherrybark oak------| 95 | 1.0 |Cherrybark oak, | | | | | |Green ash------| 95 | --- | American | | | | | |Eastern cottonwood--| 100 | --- | sycamore, | | | | | |Nuttall oak------| 95 | --- | eastern | | | | | |Water oak------| 95 | --- | cottonwood, | | | | | |Willow oak------| 90 | --- | Nuttall oak, | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 95 | --- | water oak, | | | | | |American sycamore---| 80 | --- | willow oak, | | | | | | | | | loblolly pine, | | | | | | | | | sweetgum. | | | | | | | | | Arkabutla------| 10W |Slight |Severe |Moderate|Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 100 | 2.7 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Green ash------| 95 | --- | eastern | | | | | |Eastern cottonwood--| 110 | --- | cottonwood, | | | | | |Nuttall oak------| 110 | --- | American | | | | | |Water oak------| 95 | --- | sycamore, | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 100 | --- | sweetgum. | | | | | | | | | 11------| 9W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Cherrybark oak------| 95 | 1.0 |Eastern Kinston | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 95 | --- | cottonwood, | | | | | |White oak------| 90 | --- | loblolly pine, | | | | | |Eastern cottonwood--| 100 | --- | sycamore, | | | | | | | | | yellow-poplar, | | | | | | | | | cherrybark | | | | | | | | | oak, green | | | | | | | | | ash, sweetgum. | | | | | | | | | 12------| 6W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Slight |Water tupelo------| 65 | 0.5 |Baldcypress, Rosebloom | | | | | |Baldcypress------| 80 | ---- | water tupelo. | | | | | | | | | 14: | | | | | | | | | Chenneby------| 11W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Loblolly pine------| 100 | 2.7 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 100 | --- | yellow-popular, | | | | | |Water oak------| 100 | --- | sweetgum, | | | | | |Yellow-popular------| 100 | --- | water oak, | | | | | |American sycamore---| 100 | --- | American | | | | | | | | | sycamore. | | | | | | | | | Rosebloom------| 9W |Slight |Severe |Moderate|Severe |Cherrybark oak------| 95 | 1.0 |Cherrybark oak, | | | | | |Green ash------| 95 | --- | green ash, | | | | | |Eastern cottonwood--| 100 | --- | eastern | | | | | |Nuttall oak------| 95 | --- | cottonwood, | | | | | |Water oak------| 95 | --- | Nuttall oak, | | | | | |Willow oak------| 90 | --- | water oak, | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 95 | --- | willow oak, | | | | | |American sycamore---| 80 | --- | sweetgum. | | | | | | | | | 32D------| 9A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 85 | 2.1 |Loblolly pine. Smithdale | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 70 | --- | | | | | | | | | | 32F------| 9R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 85 | 2.1 |Loblolly pine. Smithdale | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 70 | --- | | | | | | | | | | 40B2------| 8A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 85 | 2.1 |Water oak, Grenada | | | | | |Southern red oak----| 80 | --- | Shumard oak, | | | | | |Cherrybark oak------| 85 | --- | cherrybark | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 75 | --- | oak, loblolly | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 80 | --- | pine, white | | | | | | | | | oak, shortleaf | | | | | | | | | pine, slash | | | | | | | | | pine, | | | | | | | | | sweetgum. | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Attala County, Mississippi 131

Table 6.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued ______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Plant | Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| | plant ______| | | tion | ity | tion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 41A------| 8W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 80 | 1.8 |Sweetgum, Calloway | | | | | |Cherrybark oak------| 80 | --- | loblolly pine. | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 70 | --- | | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 80 | --- | | | | | | |Water oak------| 80 | --- | | | | | | | | | | 42A------| 9W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Severe |Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Shumard oak, Bude | | | | | |Cherrybark oak------| 90 | --- | cherrybark | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 90 | --- | oak, loblolly | | | | | | | | | pine, | | | | | | | | | sweetgum, | | | | | | | | | yellow-poplar. | | | | | | | | | 43A: | | | | | | | | | Calloway------| 8W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 80 | 1.8 |Sweetgum, | | | | | |Cherrybark oak------| 80 | --- | loblolly pine. | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 70 | --- | | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 80 | --- | | | | | | |Water oak------| 80 | --- | | | | | | | | | | Deerford------| 8W |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Loblolly pine------| 80 | 1.8 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Sweetgum------| --- | --- | water oak, | | | | | |Water oak------| --- | --- | Shumard oak, | | | | | | | | | cherrybark oak. | | | | | | | | | 44B2------| 8W |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 85 | 2.1 |Loblolly pine, Providence | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 65 | --- | Shumard oak, | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 90 | --- | sweetgum, | | | | | | | | | yellow-poplar. | | | | | | | | | 44C2, 44D3------| 8W |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 85 | 2.1 |Loblolly pine, Providence | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 65 | --- | Shumard oak, | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 90 | --- | sweetgum, | | | | | | | | | yellow-poplar. | | | | | | | | | 48A------| 9W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Severe |Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine, Stough | | | | | |Cherrybark oak------| 85 | --- | slash pine, | | | | | |Slash pine------| 90 | --- | sweetgum. | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 85 | --- | | | | | | |Water oak------| 80 | --- | | | | | | | | | | 50B2, 50D2------| 8A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 80 | 1.8 |Cherrybark oak, Tippah | | | | | |Cherrybark oak------| 95 | --- | Shumard oak, | | | | | |Shumard oak------| 95 | --- | loblolly pine, | | | | | |White oak------| 80 | --- | sweetgum, | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 90 | --- | yellow-poplar. | | | | | |Yellow-poplar------| 90 | --- | | | | | | | | | | 51C2, 51D2------| 8W |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine------| 80 | 1.8 |Loblolly pine, Ora | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 70 | --- | slash pine. | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 80 | --- | | | | | | | | | | 53C2, 53D2------| 9C |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 85 | 2.1 |Loblolly pine, Sweatman | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 70 | --- | shortleaf | | | | | | | | | pine. | | | | | | | | | 60D2: | | | | | | | | | Smithdale------| 9A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 85 | 2.1 |Loblolly pine. | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 70 | --- | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 132 Soil Survey

Table 6.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued ______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Plant | Common trees |Site |Volume*| Trees to |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| | plant ______| | | tion | ity | tion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 60D2: | | | | | | | | | Sweatman------| 9C |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 85 | 2.1 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 70 | --- | shortleaf | | | | | | | | | pine. | | | | | | | | | 60F2: | | | | | | | | | Smithdale------| 9R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 80 | 2.1 |Loblolly pine. | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 70 | --- | | | | | | | | | | Sweatman------| 9R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 80 | 2.1 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 70 | --- | shortleaf | | | | | | | | | pine. | | | | | | | | | 70: | | | | | | | | | Smithdale------| 9A |Severe |Severe |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 85 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine. | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 70 | --- | | | | | | | | | | Udorthents. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 80A------| 9W |Severe |Severe |Severe |Slight |Loblolly pine------| 90 | 2.2 |Loblolly pine, Calhoun | | | | | |Shortleaf pine------| 85 | --- | water oak, | | | | | |Sweetgum------| --- | --- | green ash. ______| | | | | | | | |

* Volume is expressed as the average yearly growth in cords per acre per year calculated at the age of 25 years for fully stocked, unmanaged stands of loblolly pine and at the age of 30 years for fully stocked, unmanaged stands of oak, sweetgum, and water tupelo. Attala County, Mississippi 133

Table 7.--Woodland Understory Vegetation

(Only the soils suitable for production of commercial trees are listed.)

______|______Total production | | Soil name and | | | Characteristic vegetation | Composition map symbol | Kind of year | Dry weight | | ______| | | | | | ______Lb/acre | | ___Pct | | | | 2------|Favorable | --- |Beaked panicum------| 26 Oaklimeter |Normal | 1,900 |Pinehill bluestem------| 21 |Unfavorable | --- |Switchcane------| 20 | | |Longleaf uniola------| 16 | | | | 3------|Favorable | --- |Switchcane------| 40 Chenneby |Normal | 1,200 |Longleaf uniola------| 16 |Unfavorable | --- |Beaked panicum------| 12 | | | | 4------|Favorable | --- |Switchgrass------| 25 Kirkville |Normal | 1,800 |Longleaf uniola------| 20 |Unfavorable | --- |Little bluestem------| 15 | | |Pinehill bluestem------| 15 | | | | 5------|Favorable | --- |Beaked panicum------| 26 Ariel |Normal | 1,900 |Pinehill bluestem------| 21 |Unfavorable | --- |Switchcane------| 20 | | |Longleaf uniola------| 16 | | | | 6------|Favorable | --- |Switchcane------| 50 Gillsburg |Normal | 2,200 |Cutover muhly------| 13 |Unfavorable | --- |Beaked panicum------| 10 | | | | 8, 9------|Favorable | --- |Longleaf uniola------| 35 Mantachie |Normal | 2,000 |Pinehill bluestem------| 20 |Unfavorable | --- | | | | | | 10: | | | | 40 Rosebloom------|Favorable | --- |Switchcane------| 16 |Normal | 1,200 |Longleaf uniola------| 12 |Unfavorable | --- |Beaked panicum------| | | | | Arkabutla------|Favorable | --- |Pinehill bluestem------| 28 |Normal | 1,200 |Switchcane------| 26 |Unfavorable | --- |Longleaf uniola------| 17 | | | | 11------|Favorable | --- |Longleaf uniola------| 35 Kinston |Normal | 1,200 |Pinehill bluestem------| 20 |Unfavorable | --- | | | | | | 12------|Favorable | --- |Switchcane------| 40 Rosebloom |Normal | 1,200 |Longleaf uniola------| 16 |Unfavorable | --- |Beaked panicum------| 12 | | | | 14: | | | | Chenneby------|Favorable | --- |Switchcane | 40 |Normal | 1,200 |Longleaf uniola------| 16 |Unfavorable | --- |Beaked panicum------| 12 | | | | Rosebloom------|Favorable | --- |Switchcane | 40 |Normal | 1,200 |Longleaf uniola------| 16 |Unfavorable | --- |Beaked panicum------| 12 | | | | 32D, 32F------|Favorable | --- |Longleaf uniola------| 30 Smithdale |Normal | 1,200 |Pinehill bluestem------| 17 |Unfavorable | --- |Beaked panicum------| 12 | | |Panicum------| 12 | | | | 134 Soil Survey

Table 7.--Woodland Understory Vegetation--Continued ______|______Total production | | Soil name and | | | Characteristic vegetation | Composition map symbol | Kind of year | Dry weight | | ______| | | | | | ______Lb/acre | | ___Pct | | | | 40B2------|Favorable | --- |Beaked panicum------| 30 Grenada |Normal | 1,900 |Longleaf uniola------| 15 |Unfavorable | --- |Pinehill bluestem------| 10 | | |Little bluestem------| 10 | | |Switchcane------| 10 | | | | 41A------|Favorable | --- |Pinehill bluestem------| 20 Calloway |Normal | 1,800 |Switchcane------| 20 |Unfavorable | --- |Little bluestem------| 15 | | |Longleaf uniola------| 15 | | | | 42A------|Favorable | --- |Pinehill bluestem------| 28 Bude |Normal | 1,800 |Switchcane------| 22 |Unfavorable | --- |Longleaf uniola------| 17 | | | | 43A: | | | | Calloway------|Favorable | --- |Pinehill bluestem------| 20 |Normal | 1,800 |Switchcane------| 20 |Unfavorable | --- |Little bluestem------| 15 | | |Longleaf uniola------| 15 | | | | Deerford------|Favorable | --- |Saw palmetto------| 35 |Normal | 1,200 |Southern bayberry------| 25 |Unfavorable | --- | | | | | | 44B2, 44C2, 44D3---|Favorable | --- |Beaked panicum------| 26 Providence |Normal | 1,900 |Pinehill bluestem------| 21 |Unfavorable | --- |Longleaf uniola------| 16 | | |Switchcane------| 16 | | | | 48A------|Favorable | --- |Pinehill bluestem------| 30 Stough |Normal | 1,000 |Longleaf uniola------| 30 |Unfavorable | --- |Beaked panicum------| 15 | | | | 50B2, 50D2------|Favorable | --- |Longleaf uniola------| 50 Tippah |Normal | 1,200 |Beaked panicum------| 25 |Unfavorable | --- |Panicum------| 8 | | | | 51C2, 51D2------|Favorable | --- |Longleaf uniola------| 30 Ora |Normal | 2,000 |Pinehill bluestem------| 20 |Unfavorable | --- |Beaked panicum------| 15 | | |Switchgrass------| 5 | | |Broomsedge bluestem------| 5 | | | | 53C2, 53D2------|Favorable | --- |Pinehill bluestem------| 30 Sweatman |Normal | 1,200 |Beaked panicum------| 18 |Unfavorable | --- |Panicum------| 15 | | | | 60D2, 60F2 | | | | Smithdale------|Favorable | --- |Longleaf uniola------| 30 |Normal | 1,200 |Pinehill bluestem------| 17 |Unfavorable | --- |Beaked panicum------| 12 | | |Panicum------| 12 | | | | Sweatman------|Favorable | --- |Pinehill bluestem------| 30 |Normal | 1,200 |Beaked panicum------| 18 |Unfavorable | --- |Panicum------| 15 | | | | Attala County, Mississippi 135

Table 7.--Woodland Understory Vegetation--Continued ______|______Total production | | Soil name and | | | Characteristic vegetation | Composition map symbol | Kind of year | Dry weight | | ______| | | | | | ______Lb/acre | | ___Pct | | | | 70: | | | | Smithdale------|Favorable | --- |Longleaf uniola------| 30 |Normal | 1,200 |Pinehill bluestem------| 17 |Unfavorable | --- |Beaked panicum------| 12 | | |Panicum------| 12 | | | | Udorthents. | | | | | | | | 80A------|Favorable | --- |Pinehill bluestem------| 50 Calhoun |Normal | 1,800 |Longleaf unioli------| 15 |Unfavorable | --- | | ______| | | | 136 Soil Survey

Table 8.--Recreational Development

(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated.)

______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Oaklimeter | flooding. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | | | flooding. | | flooding. | | | | | 3------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: Chenneby | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | wetness, | flooding. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | | 4------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Kirkville | flooding. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | | | flooding. | | flooding. | | | | | 5------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: Ariel | flooding. | percs slowly. | flooding, | | flooding. | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | 6------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Gillsburg | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | | | | flooding. | | | | | 8------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Mantachie | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | | | | flooding. | | | | | 9------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: Mantachie | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | wetness, | flooding. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | | 10: | | | | | Rosebloom------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | | flooding. | | flooding. | | | | | Arkabutla------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | wetness, | flooding. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | | 11------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Kinston | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | 12------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Rosebloom | flooding, | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | | | | | | | | | 14: | | | | | Chenneby------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | flooding, | flooding. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding. | wetness. | | | | | | | | | Rosebloom------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | | flooding. | | flooding | | | | | 32D------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Smithdale | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope. | | | | | 32F------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate |Severe: Smithdale | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Attala County, Mississippi 137

Table 8.--Recreational Development--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 40B2------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Grenada | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | 41A------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Calloway | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | 42A------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Bude | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | 43A: | | | | | Calloway------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. |wetness. | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | Deerford------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | excess sodium. | excess sodium. | excess sodium. | excess sodium. | excess sodium. | | | | | | 44B2------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: Providence | wetness, | wetness, | slope, | erodes easily. | wetness. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | wetness, | | | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | 44C2------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Providence | wetness, | wetness, | slope. | erodes easily. | wetness. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | 44D3------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Providence | slope, | slope, | slope. | erodes easily. | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | | | slope. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | 48A------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Stough | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | | percs slowly. | | | droughty. | | | | | 50B2------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. Tippah | wetness, | wetness, | slope, | erodes easily. | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | wetness, | | | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | 50D2------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Tippah | slope, | slope, | slope. | erodes easily. | slope. | wetness, | wetness, | | | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | 51C2------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight. Ora | wetness, | wetness, | slope. | erodes easily. | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | 51D2------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Ora | slope, | slope, | slope. | erodes easily. | slope. | wetness, | wetness, | | | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | 53C2------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Slight. Sweatman | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope. | | | | | | | 53D2------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Sweatman | slope, | slope, | slope. | | slope. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | 138 Soil Survey

Table 8.--Recreational Development--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 60D2: | | | | | Smithdale------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope. | | | | | Sweatman------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | slope, | slope, | slope. | | slope. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | 60F2: | | | | | Smithdale------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Sweatman------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | 70: | | | | | Smithdale------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope. | | | | | Udorthents. | | | | | | | | | | 80A------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Calhoun | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. ______| | | | | Attala County, Mississippi 139

Table 9.--Wildlife Habitat

(See text for definitions of "good," "fair," "poor," and "very poor." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated.)

______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- | map symbol | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land |Wetland | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | wild- ______| crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | life | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor. Oaklimeter | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Fair Chenneby | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor. Kirkville | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Ariel | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 6------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair. Gillsburg | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 8------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair. Mantachie | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 9------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Fair. Mantachie | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 10: | | | | | | | | | | Rosebloom------|Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Fair |Poor |Poor |Fair. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Arkabutla------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair | --- |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good. | | | | | | | | | | 11------|Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Fair |Poor |Poor |Fair. Kinston | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 12------|Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good. Rosebloom | poor | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 14: | | | | | | | | | | Chenneby------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Fair. | | | | | | | | | | Rosebloom------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good. | | | | | | | | | | 32D------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very Smithdale | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 32F------|Very |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very Smithdale | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 40B2------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Grenada | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 41A------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor. Calloway | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 42A------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair. Bude | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 140 Soil Survey

Table 9.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- | map symbol | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land |Wetland | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | wild- ______| crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | life | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 43A: | | | | | | | | | | Calloway------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor. | | | | | | | | | | Deerford------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 44B2------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Providence | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 44C2, 44D3------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Providence | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 48A------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair. Stough | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 50B2------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor. Tippah | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 50D2------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very Tippah | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 51C2, 51D2------|Fair |Good |Good |Good | --- |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very Ora | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 53C2, 53D2------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Sweatman | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 60D2: | | | | | | | | | | Smithdale------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Sweatman------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 60F2: | | | | | | | | | | Smithdale------|Very |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Sweatman------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 70: | | | | | | | | | | Smithdale------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Udorthents. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 80A------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good. Calhoun | | | | | | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | Attala County, Mississippi 141

Table 10.--Building Site Development

(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation.)

______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Oaklimeter | wetness. | flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | flooding. | wetness, | | | wetness. | | | flooding. | | | | | | 3------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Chenneby | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | flooding. | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding. | | | | | | | 4------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Kirkville | wetness. | flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | flooding. | wetness, | | | wetness. | | | flooding. | | | | | | 5------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Ariel | wetness, | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | | | | | | | 6------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Gillsburg | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding. | wetness, | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | flooding. | | | | | | 8------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Mantachie | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding. | wetness, | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | flooding. | | | | | | 9------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Mantachie | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding. | flooding. | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | | 10: | | | | | | Rosebloom------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | wetness, | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | flooding. | | | | | flooding. | | | | | | | Arkabutla------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | wetness, | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | flooding. | | | | | flooding. | | | | | | | 11------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Kinston | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | wetness. | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | | | | | | flooding. | | | | | | | 12------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Rosebloom | ponding. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | ponding, | | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | flooding. | | | | | flooding. | | | | | | | 14: | | | | | | Chenneby------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | flooding. | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding. | | | | | | | 142 Soil Survey

Table 10.--Building Site Development--Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 14: | | | | | | Rosebloom------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | wetness, | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | flooding. | | | | | flooding. | | | | | | | 32D------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Smithdale | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | 32F------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Smithdale | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | 40B2------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: Grenada | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength. | wetness. | | | | | | 41A------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Calloway | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength. | wetness. | | | | | | 42A------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Bude | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength, | wetness. | | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | 43A: | | | | | | Calloway------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength. | wetness. | | | | | | Deerford------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength, | excess sodium, | | | | | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | 44B2------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: Providence | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength. | wetness. | | | | | | 44C2------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: Providence | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | low strength. | wetness. | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | 44D3------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Providence | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | slope. | low strength. | wetness, | | slope. | | | | slope. | | | | | | 48A------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Stough | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | | | | | | droughty. | | | | | | 50B2------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. Tippah | wetness. | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | low strength. | | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | | 50D2------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Tippah | wetness. | wetness, | wetness, | slope. | low strength. | slope. | | shrink-swell, | shrink-swell. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | 51C2------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight. Ora | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | low strength, | | | | | slope. | wetness. | | | | | | | 51D2------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Ora | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | slope. | low strength, | slope. | | slope. | | | wetness, | | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | Attala County, Mississippi 143

Table 10.--Building Site Development--Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 53C2------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. Sweatman | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | 53D2------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Sweatman | too clayey, | shrink-swell, | slope, | slope. | low strength. | slope. | slope. | slope. | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | | | 60D2: | | | | | | Smithdale------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | Sweatman------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | too clayey, | shrink-swell, | slope, | slope. | low strength. | slope. | slope. | slope. | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | | | 60F2: | | | | | | Smithdale------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | Sweatman------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | 70: | | | | | | Smithdale------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | Udorthents. | | | | | | | | | | | | 80A------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Calhoun | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength, | wetness. | | | | | wetness. | ______| | | | | | 144 Soil Survey

Table 11.--Sanitary Facilities

(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "slight," "fair," and other terms. Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation.)

______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | 2------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: Oaklimeter | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | too clayey, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | 3------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Chenneby | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | hard to pack, | wetness. | flooding, | seepage, | wetness. | wetness. | | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | 4------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: Kirkville | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | 5------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: Ariel | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | 6------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Gillsburg | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | 8, 9------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Mantachie | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | 10: | | | | | Rosebloom------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | Arkabutla------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | 11------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Kinston | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | 12------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Rosebloom | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | | | | | | 14: | | | | | Chenneby------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: |Poor: | flooding. | seepage, | flooding, | flooding. | hard to pack. | | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | Rosebloom------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | hard to pack. | wetness. | flooding, | seepage, | wetness. | | | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | 32D------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: Smithdale | slope. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage. | too clayey, | | slope. | | | slope. | | | | | Attala County, Mississippi 145

Table 11.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | 32F------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Smithdale | slope. | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | slope. | | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | 40B2------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: Grenada | wetness, | seepage. | wetness. | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | | | wetness. | | | | | 41A------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Calloway | wetness, | seepage. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | 42A------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Bude | wetness, | seepage. | wetness. | wetness. | hard to pack, | percs slowly. | | | | wetness. | | | | | 43A: | | | | | Calloway------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | wetness, | seepage. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | Deerford------|Severe: |Slight------|Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | wetness, | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | percs slowly. | | | | excess sodium. | | | | | 44B2, 44C2------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: Providence | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | | | wetness. | | | | | 44D3------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: Providence | wetness, | slope, | wetness. | wetness, | too clayey, | percs slowly. | wetness. | | slope. | slope, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | 48A------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Stough | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | 50B2------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: Tippah | wetness, | seepage, | too clayey. | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | slope. | | | hard to pack. | | | | | 50D2------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: Tippah | wetness, | slope. | too clayey. | wetness, | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | | slope. | hard to pack. | | | | | 51C2------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: Ora | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | 51D2------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: Ora | wetness, | slope, | wetness, | wetness, | slope, | percs slowly. | wetness. | slope. | slope. | wetness. | | | | | 53C2------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Poor: Sweatman | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | | too clayey, | | | | | hard to pack. | | | | | 53D2------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: Sweatman | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | slope. | too clayey, | | | | | hard to pack. | | | | | 146 Soil Survey

Table 11.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | 60D2: | | | | | Smithdale------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | slope. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage. | too clayey, | | slope. | | | slope. | | | | | Sweatman------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | slope. | too clayey, | | | | | hard to pack. | | | | | 60F2: | | | | | Smithdale------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope. | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | slope. | | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | Sweatman------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly, | slope. | slope, | slope. | too clayey, | slope. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack, | | | | | slope. | | | | | 70: | | | | | Smithdale------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | slope. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage. | too clayey, | | slope. | | | slope. | | | | | Udorthents. | | | | | | | | | | 80A------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Calhoun | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | | | | ______| | | | | Attala County, Mississippi 147

Table 12.--Construction Materials

(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "good," "fair," and other terms. Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation.)

______| | | | Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil map symbol | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | 2------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Oaklimeter | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | 3------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Chenneby | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | 4------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. Kirkville | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | 5------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. Ariel | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | 6------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. Gillsburg | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | | thin layer, | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | 8, 9------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Mantachie | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | small stones. | | | | 10: | | | | Rosebloom------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness. | | | | Arkabutla------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness. | | | | 11------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Kinston | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness. | | | | 12------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Rosebloom | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | 14: | | | | Chenneby------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | Rosebloom------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | 32D------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Smithdale | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | 32F------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Smithdale | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope. | | | | 40B2------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Grenada | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | 41A------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. Calloway | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | 148 Soil Survey

Table 12.--Construction Materials--Continued ______| | | | Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil map symbol | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | 42A------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Bude | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | 43A: | | | | Calloway------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | Deerford------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness, | wetness. | | | excess sodium. | | | | 44B2, 44C2------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Providence | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | 44D2------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Providence | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | slope. | | | | 48A------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Stough | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | 50B2------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Tippah | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | low strength. | | | thin layer. | | | | 50D2------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Tippah | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | low strength. | | | thin layer, | | | | slope. | | | | 51C2------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Ora | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | thin layer, | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | 51D2------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Ora | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | thin layer, | | | slope. | wetness. | | | | | | | 53C2, 53D2------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Sweatman | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | 60D2: | | | | Smithdale------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | Sweatman------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | 60F2: | | | | Smithdale------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope. | | | | Sweatman------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | slope. | | | | Attala County, Mississippi 149

Table 12.--Construction Materials--Continued ______| | | | Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil map symbol | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | 70: | | | | Smithdale------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | Udorthents. | | | | | | | | 80A------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Calhoun | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness. | wetness. | | | ______| | | | 150 Soil Survey s Table 13.--Water Management (Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not evaluated. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate need for onsite investigation.) ______| Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Soil name and | Pond Embankments, Aquifer-fed Terraces map symbol | reservoir dikes, and excavated Drainage Irrigation Grassed | areas levees ponds diversions waterway ______| | 2------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Flooding------|Wetness, |Erodes easily, easily. Oaklimeter | seepage. piping, slow refill. erodes easily,| wetness. | wetness. flooding. | 3------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Flooding------|Wetness, |Erodes easily |Wetness, Chenneby | seepage. piping, slow refill. erodes easily,| wetness. easily. | hard to pack, flooding. | wetness. | 4------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Flooding------|Wetness------|Erodes easily, |Erodes easily. Kirkville | seepage. piping, slow refill. wetness. | wetness. | 5------|Moderate: |Severe: |Flooding------|Wetness, |Erodes easily, easily. Ariel | seepage. piping. slow refill. erodes easily,| wetness. | flooding. | 6------|Moderate: |Severe: |Flooding------|Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, Gillsburg | seepage. piping, slow refill. percs slowly, wetness. erodes easily. | wetness. erodes easily.| | 8, 9------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Flooding------|Wetness, |Wetness------|Wetness. Mantachie | seepage. piping, slow refill. flooding. | wetness. | 10: | Rosebloom------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Flooding------|Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, | seepage. wetness. slow refill. erodes easily,| easily. | flooding. | Arkabutla------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Flooding------|Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, | seepage. wetness. slow refill. erodes easily,| easily. | flooding. | 11------|Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Flooding------|Wetness, |Wetness------|Wetness. Kinston | seepage. wetness. flooding. | | Attala County, Mississippi 151 s Table 13.--Water Management--Continued ______| | 12------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Ponding, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, Rosebloom | seepage. ponding. slow refill. flooding. erodes easily,| wetness. easily. | flooding. | 14: | Chenneby------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Flooding------|Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, | seeping. piping, slow refill. erodes easily,| wetness. easily. | hard to pack, flooding. | wetness. | Rosebloom------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Flooding------|Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, | seepage. wetness, slow refill. erodes easily,| wetness. easily. | hard to pack, flooding. | wetness. | 32D, 32F------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Slope------|Slope. Smithdale | seepage, piping. no water. | slope. | 40B2------|Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly---|Wetness, |Erodes easily, Grenada | seepage. piping. no water. percs slowly. wetness. rooting depth. | 41A------|Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly---|Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, Calloway | seepage. thin layer. no water. percs slowly. wetness, erodes easily, | rooting depth.| depth. | 42A------|Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly---|Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, Bude | seepage. wetness. no water. percs slowly. wetness, erodes easily, | rooting depth.| depth. 43A | Calloway------|Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly---|Wetness, |Easily erodes, |Wetness, | seepage. thin layer. no water. percs slowly. wetness, erodes easily, | rooting depth.| depth. | Deerford------|Slight------|Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Erodes easily, | wetness, no water. excess sodium.| percs slowly, wetness. sodium. | excess sodium,| rooting depth.| | piping. | 44B2, 44C2------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slope------|Slope, |Erodes easily, Providence | seepage, thin layer, no water. wetness, wetness. rooting depth. | slope. piping, rooting depth.| | wetness. | ______| Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Soil name and | Pond Embankments, Aquifer-fed Terraces map symbol | reservoir dikes, and excavated Drainage Irrigation Grassed | areas levees ponds diversions waterway 152 Soil Survey s Table 13.--Water Management--Continued ______| | 44D3------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slope------|Slope, |Slope, Providence | slope. thin layer, no water. wetness, erodes easily,| easily, | piping, rooting depth.| wetness. depth. | wetness. | 48A------|Slight------|Moderate: |Severe: |Favorable------|Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, Stough | piping, no water. droughty. wetness. erodes easily, | wetness. droughty. | 50B2------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Erodes easily, Tippah | seepage, hard to pack, no water. slope. wetness, wetness. percs slowly. | slope. wetness. percs slowly. | 50D2------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Slope, Tippah | slope. hard to pack, no water. wetness, erodes easily,| easily, | wetness. percs slowly. | 51C2------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slope------|Slope, |Erodes easily, easily. Ora | seepage, piping, no water. wetness. | slope. wetness. | 51D2------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slope------|Slope, |Slope, Ora | slope. piping, no water. wetness. erodes easily,| easily. | wetness. | 53C2------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Favorable------|Favorable. Sweatman | slope. hard to pack. no water. | 53D2------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Slope------|Slope. Sweatman | slope. hard to pack. no water. | 60D2, 60F2: | Smithdale------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Slope------|Slope. | seepage, piping. no water. | slope. | Sweatman------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Slope------|Slope. | slope. hard to pack. no water. | ______| Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Soil name and | Pond Embankments, Aquifer-fed Terraces map symbol | reservoir dikes, and excavated Drainage Irrigation Grassed | areas levees ponds diversions waterway Attala County, Mississippi 153 s Table 13.--Water Management--Continued ______| | 70: | Smithdale------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Slope------|Slope. | seepage, piping. no water. | slope. | Udorthents. | | 80A------|Slight------|Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly---|Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, Calhoun | piping, no water. percs slowly, wetness. erodes easily, | wetness. erodes easily.| percs slowly. | ______| Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Soil name and | Pond Embankments, Aquifer-fed Terraces map symbol | reservoir dikes, and excavated Drainage Irrigation Grassed | areas levees ponds diversions waterway 154 Soil Survey

Table 14.--Engineering Index Properties

(Absence of an entry indicates that data were not estimated.)

______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | 2------| 0-11|Silt loam------|ML, CL, |A-4 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|70-90 | <30 | NP-8 Oaklimeter | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | |11-31|Very fine sandy |ML, CL, |A-4 | 0 | 100 | 100 |85-95 |60-85 | <30 | NP-8 | | loam, silt loam,| CL-ML | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |31-60|Silt loam, silty |ML, CL, |A-4 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|90-100| <30 | NP-10 | | clay loam. | CL-ML | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3------| 0-5 |Silt loam------|CL, ML, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|60-90 | 20-35 | 3-15 Chenneby | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | | 5-50|Loam, silt loam, |CL, ML |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|75-95 | 30-55 | 8-20 | | silty clay loam.| MH, CH | A-7 | | | | | | | |50-60|Stratified sandy |SM, ML, |A-2-4, | 0 | 100 | 100 |65-90 |20-75 | <30 | NP-8 | | loam to silty | SC, CL | A-4 | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4------| 0-10|Loam------|SM, ML, |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 100 | 100 |85-100|30-70 | <20 | NP-5 Kirkville | | | CL-ML, | | | | | | | | | | | SC-SM | | | | | | | | |10-60|Loam, sandy loam,|ML, SM, |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 100 | 100 |60-100|30-65 | <20 | NP-5 | | fine sandy loam.| CL-ML, | | | | | | | | | | | SC-SM | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5------| 0-8 |Silt loam------|ML |A-4 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|85-95 | <30 | NP-7 Ariel | 8-60|Silt loam, loam, |ML, CL, |A-4 | 0 | 100 | 100 |85-95 |60-85 | <30 | NP-8 | | silty clay loam.| CL-ML | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 6------| 0-5 |Silt loam------|CL-ML, CL |A-4 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 |95-100| 20-28 | 5-10 Gillsburg | 5-60|Silt loam, loam, |CL-ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 |90-100| 20-33 | 5-16 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 8, 9------| 0-7 |Loam------|CL-ML, |A-4 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|60-85 |40-60 | <20 | NP-5 Mantachie | | | SC-SM, | | | | | | | | | | | SM, ML | | | | | | | | | 7-60|Loam, clay loam, |CL, SC, |A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|80-95 |45-80 | 20-40 | 5-15 | | sandy clay loam.| SC-SM, | | | | | | | | | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 10: | | | | | | | | | | | Rosebloom------| 0-6 |Silt loam------|CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|85-100| 28-40 | 9-20 | 6-60|Silt loam, silty |CL |A-4, A-6 | | 100 | 100 |90-100|85-100| 28-40 | 9-20 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Arkabutla------| 0-5 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 |85-100|60-95 | 25-35 | 7-15 | 5-60|Silt loam, silty |CL |A-6, A-7 | | 100 | 100 |85-100|70-90 | 30-45 | 12-25 | |clay loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 11------| 0-7 |Loam------|ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 |98-100|85-100|50-97 | 17-40 | 4-15 Kinston | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | | 7-60|Loam, clay loam, |CL |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 100 |95-100|75-100|60-95 | 20-45 | 8-22 | | sandy clay loam.| | A-7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 12------| 0-9 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|80-95 | 28-40 | 9-20 Rosebloom | 9-60|Silt loam, silty |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|85-100| 28-45 | 11-25 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Attala County, Mississippi 155

Table 14.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | 14: | | | | | | | | | | | Chenneby------| 0-5 |Silt loam------|CL, ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|60-90 | 20-35 | 3-15 | 5-50|Loam, silt loam, |CL, ML |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|75-95 | 30-55 | 8-20 | | silty clay loam.| MH, CH, | A-7 | | | | | | | |50-60|Stratified sandy |SM, ML, |A-2-4, | 0 | 100 | 100 |65-90 |20-75 | <30 | NP-8 | | loam to silty | SC, CL | A-4 | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rosebloom------| 0-6 |Silt loam------|CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|80-95 | 28-40 | 9-20 | 6-60|Silt loam, silty |CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|85-100| 28-40 | 9-20 | |clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 32D, 32F------| 0-10|Fine sandy loam |SM, SC-SM |A-4, A-2 | 0 | 100 |85-100|60-95 |28-49 | <20 | NP-5 Smithdale |10-41|Clay loam, sandy |SC-SM, SC,|A-6, A-4 | 0 | 100 |85-100|80-96 |45-75 | 23-38 | 7-16 | | clay loam, loam.| CL, CL-ML| | | | | | | | |41-80|Loam, sandy loam |SM, ML, |A-4 | 0 | 100 |85-100|65-95 |36-70 | <30 | NP-10 | | | CL, SC | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 40B2------| 0-5 |Silt loam------|ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 25-31 | 4-7 Grenada | 5-21|Silt loam, silty |CL |A-6, A-4 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 27-40 | 8-19 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |21-25|Silt loam------|CL-ML, CL |A-4 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 20-30 | 5-10 |25-47|Silt loam, silty |CL, CL-ML |A-6, A-7,| 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 25-45 | 5-24 | | clay loam. | | A-4 | | | | | | | |47-60|Silt loam, silty |CL, CL-ML |A-6, A-7,| 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 25-45 | 5-24 | | clay loam. | | A-4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 41A------| 0-6 |Silt loam------|CL-ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 |90-100| 25-35 | 5-15 Calloway | 6-22|Silt loam, silty |CL |A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 |90-95 | 30-40 | 12-20 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |22-60|Silt loam, silty |CL-ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 |90-100| 25-35 | 5-15 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 42A------| 0-5 |Silt loam------|CL |A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-96 | 25-40 | 11-25 Bude | 5-20|Silt loam, silty |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|84-98 | 35-50 | 15-30 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |20-64|Silt loam, clay |CL, CH |A-7, A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|75-90 | 35-65 | 15-40 | | loam, silty clay| | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 43A: | | | | | | | | | | | Calloway------| 0-6 |Silt loam------|CL-ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 |90-100| 25-35 | 5-15 | 6-22|Silt loam, silty |CL |A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 |90-95 | 30-40 | 12-20 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |22-60|Silt loam, silty |CL-ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 |90-100| 25-35 | 5-15 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Deerford------| 0-11|Silt loam------|ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 |95-100| <28 | NP-7 |11-28|Silty clay loam, |CL |A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 |95-100| 32-49 | 11-25 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | |28-60|Silt loam, silty |CL, CL-ML |A-6, A-4,| 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 |50-95 | 25-49 | 5-25 | | clay loam, sandy| | A-7-6 | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 44B2, 44C2, 44D3-| 0-5 |Silt loam------|ML, CL, |A-4 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 |85-100| <30 | NP-10 Providence | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | | 5-18|Silty clay loam, |CL |A-7, A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 30-45 | 11-20 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | |18-28|Silt loam, silty |CL |A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|70-90 | 25-40 | 11-20 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |28-60|Loam, clay loam, |CL, SC |A-6, A-4 | 0 | 100 |95-100|70-95 |40-80 | 20-35 | 8-18 | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 156 Soil Survey

Table 14.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | 48A------| 0-8 |Loam------|ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 100 | 100 |75-95 |50-65 | <25 | NP-7 Stough | 8-15|Loam, fine sandy |ML, CL, |A-4 | 0 | 100 | 100 |75-95 |50-75 | <25 | 8-15 | | loam, sandy | CL-ML | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |15-60|Sandy loam, sandy|SC, SL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 |65-90 |40-65 | 25-40 | NP-7 | | clay loam, loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 50B2, 50D2------| 0-5 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|70-90 | 20-30 | 4-10 Tippah | 5-28|Silty clay loam, |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 |98-100|90-100|85-95 | 30-45 | 11-22 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | |28-60|Silty clay loam, |CH |A-7 | 0 | 100 |99-100|80-100|60-95 | 50-65 | 25-40 | | silty clay, | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 51C2, 51D2------| 0-4 |Loam------|ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 100 |95-100|80-100|60-90 | <30 | NP-5 Ora | 4-17|Clay loam, sandy |CL |A-6, A-4,| 0 | 100 |95-100|80-100|50-80 | 25-48 | 8-22 | | clay loam, loam.| | A-7 | | | | | | | |17-36|Sandy clay loam, |CL |A-6, A-7,| 0 | 100 |95-100|80-100|50-75 | 25-43 | 8-25 | | loam, sandy | | A-4 | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |36-60|Sandy clay loam, |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 |95-100|80-98 |50-60 | 30-49 | 11-30 | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 53C2, 53D2------| 0-3 |Loam------|CL-ML, CL,|A-4 | | 100 | 100 |90-100|55-90 | <35 | NP-10 Sweatman | | | ML | | | | | | | | | 3-21|Clay, silty clay,|MH |A-7 | 0 |95-100|95-100|95-100|90-95 | 60-80 | 25-40 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | |21-26|Clay, silty clay,|MH, CL, CH|A-6, A-7 | 0 |95-100|80-100|80-100|70-85 | 30-70 | 12-30 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |26-60|Stratified |ML, MH |A-7 | 0 |95-100|75-100|60-95 |55-95 | 41-65 | 12-30 | | weathered | | | | | | | | | | | bedrock to fine | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 60D2, 60F2: | | | | | | | | | | | Smithdale------| 0-10|Fine sandy loam |SM, SC-SM |A-4, A-2 | 0 | 100 |85-100|60-95 |28-49 | <20 | NP-5 |10-41|Clay loam, sandy |SC-SM, SC,|A-6, A-4 | 0 | 100 |85-100|80-96 |45-75 | 23-38 | 7-16 | | clay loam, loam.| CL, CL-ML| | | | | | | | |41-80|Loam, sandy loam |SM, ML, |A-4 | 0 | 100 |85-100|65-95 |36-70 | <30 | NP-10 | | | CL, SC | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Sweatman------| 0-3 |Loam------|CL-ML, CL,|A-4 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|55-90 | <35 | NP-10 | | | ML | | | | | | | | | 3-21|Clay, silty clay,|MH |A-7 | 0 |95-100|95-100|95-100|90-95 | 60-80 | 25-40 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | |21-26|Clay, silty clay,|MH, CL, CH|A-6, A-7 | 0 |95-100|80-100|80-100|70-85 | 30-70 | 12-30 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |26-60|Stratified |ML, MH |A-7 | 0 |95-100|75-100|60-95 |55-95 | 41-65 | 12-30 | | weathered | | | | | | | | | | | bedrock to fine | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Attala County, Mississippi 157

Table 14.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | 70: | | | | | | | | | | | Smithdale------| 0-10|Fine sandy loam |SM, SC-SM |A-4, A-2 | 0 | 100 |85-100|60-95 |28-49 | <20 | NP-5 |10-41|Clay loam, sandy |SC-SM, SC,|A-6, A-4 | 0 | 100 |85-100|80-96 |45-75 | 23-38 | 7-16 | | clay loam, loam.| CL, CL-ML| | | | | | | | |41-80|Loam, sandy loam |SM, ML, |A-4 | 0 | 100 |85-100|65-95 |36-70 | <30 | NP-10 | | | CL, SC | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Udorthents. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 80A------| 0-20|Silt loam------|CL-ML, ML,|A-4 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 |95-100| <31 | NP-10 Calhoun | | | CL | | | | | | | | |20-45|Silty clay loam, |CL |A-6, | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|95-100| 30-45 | 11-24 | | silt loam. | | A-7-6 | | | | | | | |45-60|Silt loam, silty |CL, CL-ML |A-6, A-4 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 |90-100| 25-40 | 5-20 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | 158 Soil Survey

Table 15.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils

(Entries under "Erosion factors--T" apply to the entire profile. Entries under "Organic matter" apply only to the surface layer. Absence of an entry indicates that data were not available or were not estimated.)

______| | | | | | | | Erosion | Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell |______factors | Organic map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | __pH | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | 2------| 0-11| 10-16 |1.40-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.22|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.43| 5 | .5-2 Oaklimeter |11-31| 7-18 |1.40-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.43| | |31-60| 7-30 |1.40-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.22|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.43| | | | | | | | | | | | 3------| 0-5 | 12-27 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.37| 5 | .5-3 Chenneby | 5-50| 12-35 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.32| | |50-60| 8-30 |1.30-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.05-0.10|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | 4------| 0-10| 14-27 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.22|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.37| 5 | .5-2 Kirkville |10-60| 10-18 |1.35-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | 5------| 0-8 | 12-18 |1.40-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.22|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.43| 5 | .5-2 Ariel | 9-60| 12-35 |1.45-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.14-0.23|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.43| | | | | | | | | | | | 6------| 0-5 | 6-18 |1.35-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.25|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.49| 5 | .5-3 Gillsburg | 5-60| 10-18 |1.40-1.70| 0.06-2.0 |0.14-0.23|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.43| | | | | | | | | | | | 8, 9------| 0-7 | 8-20 |1.50-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| 5 | 1-3 Mantachie | 7-60| 18-34 |1.50-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | 10: | | | | | | | | | | Rosebloom------| 0-6 | 18-25 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.22|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.43| 5 | 2-5 | 6-60| 20-35 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.22|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | Arkabutla------| 0-5 | 5-25 |1.40-1.50| 0.6-2.0 | 0.2-0.22|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.43| 5 | 1-3 | 5-60| 20-35 |1.45-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.21 4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | 11------| 0-7 | 5-27 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.37| 5 | 2-5 Kinston | 7-60| 18-35 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | 12------| 0-9 | 5-27 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.43| 5 | 1-3 Rosebloom | 9-60| 20-35 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.21|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | 14: | | | | | | | | | | Chenneby------| 0-5 | 12-27 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.37| 5 | .5-3 | 5-50| 12-35 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.20|4.5 6.0 |Low------|0.32| | |50-60| 8-30 |1.30-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.05-0.10|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | Rosebloom------| 0-6 | 18-25 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 | 0.2-0.22|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.43| 5 | 1-3 | 6-60| 20-35 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 | 0.2-0.22|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | 32D, 32F------| 0-10| 2-15 |1.40-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.14-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| 5 | .5-2 Smithdale |10-41| 18-33 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.17|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | |41-80| 12-27 |1.40-1.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.14-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | 40B2------| 0-5 | 12-16 |1.40-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.23|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.49| 4 | .5-2 Grenada | 5-21| 18-30 |1.40-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.23|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.43| | |21-25| 12-16 |1.35-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.23|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.49| | |25-47| 15-32 |1.45-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.12|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.37| | |47-60| 15-32 |1.45-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.12|5.1-7.3 |Low------|0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | 41A------| 0-6 | 10-30 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.23|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.49| 4 | .5-2 Calloway | 6-22| 10-32 |1.35-1.55| 0.06-0.2 |0.09-0.12|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.43| | |22-60| 16-32 |1.45-1.55| 0.06-0.2 |0.09-0.12|5.1-7.8 |Low------|0.43| | | | | | | | | | | | Attala County, Mississippi 159

Table 15.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued ______| | | | | | | | Erosion | Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell |______factors | Organic map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | __pH | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | 42A------| 0-5 | 10-27 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.21-0.24|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.49| 4 | .5-2 Bude | 5-20| 10-32 |1.40-1.65| 0.06-0.2 |0.14-0.23|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.43| | |20-64| 16-32 |1.40-1.65| 0.06-0.2 |0.11-0.23|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | 43A: | | | | | | | | | | Calloway------| 0-6 | 10-30 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.23|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.49| 4 | .5-2 | 6-22| 10-32 |1.35-1.55| 0.06-0.2 |0.09-0.12|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.43| | |22-60| 16-32 |1.45-1.55| 0.06-0.2 |0.09-0.12|5.1-7.8 |Low------|0.43| | | | | | | | | | | | Deerford------| 0-11| 5-27 |1.30-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.22|4.5-6.5 |Low------|0.49| 4 | .5-2 |11-28| 10-35 |1.30-1.80| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.18|4.5-8.4 |Moderate-----|0.49| | |28-60| 10-35 |1.30-1.80| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|6.6-8.4 |moderate-----|0.49| | | | | | | | | | | | 44B2, 44C2, 44D3-| 0-5 | 5-12 |1.30-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.49| 4 | .5-3 Providence | 5-18| 18-30 |1.40-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.43| | |18-28| 20-30 |1.40-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.08-0.10|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.32| | |28-60| 12-30 |1.40-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.08-0.10|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | 48A------| 0-8 | 7-15 |1.45-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.37| 4 | 1-4 Stough | 8-15| 8-18 |1.45-1.50| 0.2-0.6 |0.07-0.11|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.37| | |15-60| 5-27 |1.55-1.65| 0.2-0.6 |0.07-0.11|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | 50B2, 50D2------| 0-5 | 5-20 |1.35-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.43| 5 | .5-2 Tippah | 5-28| 20-35 |1.40-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.19-0.21|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.43| | |28-60| 30-55 |1.40-1.55| 0.06-0.2 |0.16-0.18|4.5-6.0 |High------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | 51C2, 51D2------| 0-4 | 10-25 |1.45-1.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.18-0.20|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.37|4-3 | 1-3 Ora | 4-17| 18-33 |1.45-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.37| | |17-36| 18-33 |1.70-1.80| 0.2-0.6 |0.05-0.10|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.32| | |36-60| 10-35 |1.65-1.75| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.15|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | 53C2, 53D2------| 0-3 | 5-20 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.22|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| 3 | .5-2 Sweatman | 3-21| 35-55 |1.40-1.50| 0.2-0.6 |0.16-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |21-26| 35-55 |1.40-1.55| 0.2-0.6 |0.16-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |26-60| --- | --- | 0.2-0.6 |0.10-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|----| | | | | | | | | | | | 60D2, 60F2: | | | | | | | | | | Smithdale------| 0-10| 2-15 |1.40-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.14-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| 5 | .5-2 |10-41| 18-33 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.17|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | |41-80| 12-27 |1.40-1.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.14-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | Sweatman------| 0-3 | 5-20 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.22|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| 3 | .5-2 | 3-21| 35-55 |1.40-1.50| 0.2-0.6 |0.16-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |21-26| 35-55 |1.40-1.55| 0.2-0.6 |0.16-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| | |26-60| --- | --- | 0.2-0.6 |0.10-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|----| | | | | | | | | | | | 70: | | | | | | | | | | Smithdale------| 0-10| 2-15 |1.40-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.14-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| 5 | .5-2 |10-41| 18-33 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.17|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | |41-80| 12-27 |1.40-1.55| 2.0-6.0 |0.14-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | Udorthents. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 80A------| 0-20| 10-27 |1.30-1.65| 0.2-0.6 |0.21-0.23|3.6-6.0 |Low------|0.49| 5 | .5-4 Calhoun |20-45| 22-35 |1.30-1.70| 0.06-0.2 |0.20-0.22|3.6-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.43| | |45-60| 10-30 |1.40-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.21-0.23|3.6-7.8 |Low------|0.43| | ______| | | | | | | | | | 160 Soil Survey

Table 16.--Soil and Water Features

("Flooding" and "water table" and terms such as "brief," "apparent," and "perched" are explained in the text. Absence of an entry indicates that the feature is not a concern or that data were not estimated.)

______| |______Flooding | High water table |Depth| ______Risk of corrosion Soil name and |Hydro-| | | | | | | to | | map symbol | logic| Frequency | Duration |Months | Depth | Kind |Months |Bed- |Uncoated |Concrete ______|group | | | | | | | rock| steel | | | | | | __Ft | | | __In | | | | | | | | | | | | 2------| C |Occasional--|Brief-----|Dec-Mar|1.5-2.5|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 |Moderate |High. Oaklimeter | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3------| C |Frequent----|Brief-----|Dec-Mar|1.0-2.5|Apparent|Dec-Apr| --- |High-----|Moderate. Chenneby | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4------| C |Occasional--|Brief-----|Dec-Mar|1.5-2.5|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 |Moderate |High. Kirkville | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5------| C |Occasional--|Brief-----|Dec-Mar|2.5-4.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 |Low------|Moderate. Ariel | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 6------| D |Occasional--|Brief-----|Dec-Mar|1.0-2.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 |High-----|High. Gillsburg | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 8------| C |Occasional--|Very brief|Dec-Mar|1.0-1.5|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 |High-----|High. Mantachie | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 9------| C |Frequent----|Long------|Dec-Mar|1.0-1.5|Apparent|Dec-Mar| >60 |High-----|High. Mantachie | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 10: | | | | | | | | | | Rosebloom------| B/D |Frequent----|Brief-----|Dec-Mar| 0-1.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 |High-----|High. | | | | | | | | | | Arkabutla------| C |Frequent----|Brief-----|Dec-Mar|1.0-1.5|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 |High-----|Moderate. | | | | | | | | | | 11------| D |Frequent----|Brief-----|Dec-Mar| 0-1.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 |High-----|High. Kinston | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 12------| D |Frequent----|Long------|Dec-Mar| +2-1.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 |High-----|Moderate. Rosebloom | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 14: | | | | | | | | | | Chenneby------| C |Frequent----|Brief-----|Dec-Mar|1.0-2.5|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 |High-----|Moderate. | | | | | | | | | | Rosebloom------| D |Frequent----|Brief-----|Dec-Mar| 0-1.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 |High-----|Moderate. | | | | | | | | | | 32D, 32F------| B |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 |Low------|Moderate. Smithdale | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 40B2------| C |None------| --- | --- |1.5-2.5|Perched |Jan-Apr| >60 |Moderate |Moderate. Grenada | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 41A------| C |None------| --- | --- |1.0-2.0|Perched |Jan-Apr| >60 |High-----|Moderate. Calloway | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 42A------| C |None------| --- | --- |0.5-1.5|Perched |Jan-Apr| >60 |High-----|High. Bude | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 43A: | | | | | | | | | | Calloway------| C |None------| --- | --- |1.0-2.0|Perched |Dec-Apr| >60 |High-----|Moderate. | | | | | | | | | | Deerford------| D |None------| --- | --- |0.5-1.5|Perched |Dec-Apr| >60 |High-----|Moderate. | | | | | | | | | | 44B2, 44C2, 44D3--| C |None------| --- | --- |1.5-3.0|Perched |Jan-Mar| >60 |Moderate |Moderate. Providence | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Attala County, Mississippi 161

Table 16.--Soil and Water Features--Continued ______| |______Flooding | High water table |Depth| ______Risk of corrosion Soil name and |Hydro-| | | | | | | to | | map symbol | logic| Frequency | Duration |Months | Depth | Kind |Months |Bed- |Uncoated |Concrete ______|group | | | | | | | rock| steel | | | | | | __Ft | | | __In | | | | | | | | | | | | 48A------| C |None------| --- | --- |1.0-1.5|Perched |Jan-Apr| >60 |Moderate |High. Stough | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 50B2,50D2------| C |None------| --- | --- |2.0-2.5|Perched |Dec-Apr| >60 |High-----|High. Tippah | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 51C2, 51D2------| C |None------| --- | --- |2.0-3.5|Perched |Feb-Apr| >60 |Moderate |High. Ora | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 53C2, 53D2------| C |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 |High-----|High. Sweatman | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 60D2, 60F2: | | | | | | | | | | Smithdale------| B |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 |Low------|Moderate. | | | | | | | | | | Sweatman------| C |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 |High-----|High. | | | | | | | | | | 70: | | | | | | | | | | Smithdale------| B |None------| --- | --- | >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 |Low------|Moderate. | | | | | | | | | | Udorthents. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 80A------| D |None------| --- | --- | 0-1.5|Perched |Dec-Apr| >60 |High-----|Moderate. Calhoun | | | | | | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | 162

Table 17.--Classification of the Soils ______| Soil name | Family or higher taxonomic class ______| | | Ariel------| Coarse-silty, mixed, active thermic Fluventic Dystrochrepts Arkabutla------| Fine-silty, mixed, active, acid, thermic Aeric Fluvaquents Bude------| Fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic Glossaquic Fragiudalfs Calhoun------| Fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic Typic Glossaqualfs Calloway------| Fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic Glossaquic Fragiudalfs Chenneby------| Fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic Fluvaquentic Dystrochrepts Deerford------| Fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic Albic Glossic Natraqualfs Gillsburg------| Coarse-silty, mixed, active, acid, thermic Aeric Fluvaquents Grenada------| Fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic Glossic Fragiudalfs Kinston------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, acid, thermic Typic Fluvaquents Kirkville------| Coarse-loamy, siliceous, active, thermic Fluvaquentic Dystrochrepts Mantachie------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, active, acid, thermic Aeric Endoaquepts Oaklimeter------| Coarse-silty, mixed, active, thermic Fluvaquentic Dystrochrepts Ora------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Fragiudults Providence------| Fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic Typic Fragiudalfs Rosebloom------| Fine-silty, mixed, active, acid, thermic Typic Fluvaquents Smithdale------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Typic Hapludults Stough------| Coarse-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Fragiaquic Paleudults Sweatman------| Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults Tippah------| Fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic Aquic Paleudalfs Udorthents------| Typic Udorthents ______| NRCS Accessibility Statement

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