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An Explanatory Handbook to Code of Practice for Foundations (2004)

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An Explanatory Handbook to Code of Practice for Foundations (2004) An Explanatory Handbook to the Code of Practice for Foundations 2004 Structural Divisioni The Hong Kong Institution of Engineers An Explanatory Handbook to the Code of Practice for Foundations 2004 April 2015 Prepared by a Working Committee of Structural Division The Hong Kong Institution of Engineers Published by Structural Division The Hong Kong Institution of Engineers Published by the Structural Division of the Hong Kong Institution of Engineers All information contained in this document is subject to copyright owned by The Hong Kong Institution of Engineers, Joint Structural Division (“the JSD”). All rights reserved. The content of this document is an expression of opinion only. In the preparation of this document, the JSD has endeavoured to make the document as accurate and current as possible. It is provided “as is” without any guarantee or warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. Guidance and recommendations given in this document should always be reviewed by those using this document in the light of the facts of their particular case. Individuals who use this document in any way assume all risk and accept total responsibility for its use. The JSD, its members and the working group who produced this document disclaim liability for damages of any kind which may result from its use. First published 2015 An Explanatory Handbook to Code of Practice for Foundations (2004) Foreword It is my great honour to represent the Structural Division of the Hong Kong Institution of Engineers to express our sincere gratitude to the Working Committee for writing up this comprehensive handbook on the Code of Practice for Foundations 2004. We are all aware that foundation works are of utmost importance for providing safe supports for structures. The design and construction of foundations require thorough understanding of the theories and particularity of foundation types to suit the ground conditions and specific site constraints. This handbook has successfully integrated the theories, practices and experience of renowned experts to provide a comprehensive and practical guide to assist engineers and practitioners to understand the rationale behind the Code for application in the design and construction of foundations. The handbook is written to explain the Code on a clause-by-clause basis for easy referencing and comprehension. It embodies a large number of design charts and tables with worked examples to enable users to grasp the application of design parameters in the Code. It also discusses various schools of thought in design which serve to enlighten users on different approaches for a design problem. On the construction aspect, the handbook furnishes discussion on interpretation of ground investigation results and various restraints on construction practices for work quality and construction safety with illustration by examples. The underlying principles of various tests and origin of some important compliance criteria such as those for proof load test of piles are also discussed. It helps readers to have fuller understanding of the application and validity of these tests. With the above, it gives me enormous pleasure to recommend you to read this handbook. I would also like to congratulate the Working Committee, led by Ir S.C. Lam for their dedicated efforts and professionalism which make this handbook a great success. Ir Martin TSOI Wai-tong Chairman Structural Division, HKIE April 2015 An Explanatory Handbook to Code of Practice for Foundations 2004 Acknowledgement This Explanatory Handbook aims to facilitate understanding of the rationale and application of the Code of Practice for Foundations published in 2004 and incorporates the views and comments of experienced researchers and practicing engineers. It has been compiled by a Working Committee appointed by the Structural Division of the Hong Kong Institution of Engineers. The Working Committee Members are as follows- Chairman: Ir S.C. Lam Members : Ir Dr. Y.M. Cheng Ir David C.H. Chiu Ir K.K. Kwan Ir C.K. Lau Ir Dr. Victor K.S. Li Ir Y.W. Siu Ir Dr. Arthur K.O. So Ir Aldows H.C. Tang Ir Ben W.K. Tse (in alphabetical order) Secretary : Ir C.W. Law The Chairman of the Working Committee would like to express his deep gratitude to each Committee Member and those who contributed during the course of the compilation work over the past few years, including the Joint Structural Division Committee Members of the Hong Kong Institution of Engineers. Also, special thanks go to Ir Kenneth K.S. Ho for his valuable comments on the draft document. Without their remarkable contributions and unreserved efforts, this Explanatory Handbook would not have been successfully finalised and published. An Explanatory Handbook to Code of Practice for Foundations 2004 H1 GENERAL The Handbook explains and elaborates the Code of Practice for Foundations promulgated in 2004, on a clause by clause basis, with the clause numbers prefixed by the letter “H” for ease of identification and distinction. Figures, tables and equations in the Handbook are also prefixed by “H” for the same purpose. H1.1 SCOPE The “Code of Practice for Foundations” is referred to as “the Code” hereafter in this Handbook. The Code covers mainly analysis, design, site investigation, construction and testing of foundations. Relevance to local practice is emphasised. The Code contains deemed-to-satisfy requirements (satisfying the Hong Kong Building (Construction) Regulations). However, justifications based on the principles of mechanics are also permitted, including rational design methods for determination of the ultimate capacity of subgrades. Cross references to other technical documents and codes including the Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Concrete and the Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Steel for design are also included. The Code permits both ultimate limit state and working stress design methods in the design of structural elements. However, avoidance of over- stressing a foundation element beyond its yield strength under the application of the required test load needs also to be considered in design which constitutes a limiting minimum design strength constraint. Analysis and design approaches together with a number of worked examples have been included in this Handbook to illustrate the use of recognized approaches in solving specific engineering problems. But it must be stressed that these do not represent the only acceptable approaches. Others based on sound laws of mechanics with justified design parameters are also acceptable. H1.2 DEFINITION Elaborations / clarifications of some of the terms defined by the Code in this section are stated as follows : Allowable load and Allowable bearing pressure The allowable load refers to the working load being applied to the foundation and the subgrade which is usually the “characteristic load” (normally defined as the load with a 5% chance of being exceeded). The allowable bearing pressure is often taken as the “ultimate bearing capacity” divided by a factor of safety which is checked against the allowable load in design. Bell-out Page 1 of 101 An Explanatory Handbook to Code of Practice for Foundations 2004 The function of the bell-out of a bored pile is to increase the end-bearing capacity of the pile due to the enlarged base area so that the structural capacity of the concrete can be more fully utilized. The general configuration of a bell-out is as shown in Figure H1.1 in relation to the rockhead and founding levels, with the limitation of the bell-out diameter to 1.5 times the shaft diameter of the pile (Re Clause 5.4.7) which can be taken as that formed above bedrock as shown in Figure H1.1. The limitation of the bell-out size is to avoid ineffective spreading of the load from the bored pile shaft to the rock bearing stratum. Furthermore, in addition to the bearing on rock, the Code also allows inclusion of bond / frictional resistance derived from rock for a height not greater than twice the pile diameter as part of the pile’s load carrying capacity as provided in Clause 5.3.2(2). Thickness of Temporary Casing Dia. = D3 formed by Dia. = D2 permanent formed by the casing and Soil temporary with sleeving casing Dia. = D2 Rock head level Rock head level formed by the Thickness of temporary Temporary casing Casing 500 for Cat. 1(a)&(b), 300 for Cat1 1(c), (d) Socket into rock for gaining extra load carrying capacity of the pile, < 6m and 2D1 as per 5.3.2(2) Reduced Dia. D1 as Reduced Dia. D1 as the temporary the temporary casing does not o casing does not 30o 30 advance into rock advance into rock Founding level Bell-out Overbreak Bell-out Base of Pile Base of Pile Maximum Dia. = 1.5D2 Maximum Dia. = 1.5D2 (a) Bored Pile Bell-out without (b) Bored Pile Bell-out with Permanent Casing Above Permanent Casing above Figure H1.1 – General Configuration of Bell-Out of Bored Pile Final set The final set (usually denoted by the symbol s) is defined in the Code as the penetration per blow of the driving hammer which is the same as that in BS8004 (using the term “final penetration”) and GEO Publication 1/2006. As distinguished from the elastic displacement of the pile and the soil (usually denoted by Cp + Cq), which is recoverable Page 2 of 101 An Explanatory Handbook to Code of Practice for Foundations 2004 after the strike by the hammer, the set is the permanent settlement of the pile which is not recoverable. The local practice generally is to calculate the final set as the average set value of the last 10 pile driving blows in accordance with the following typical final set graph contained in Figure H1.2. Final set s = 6 mm/10 = 0.6 mm Cp + Cq = 33 mm Figure H1.2 – Typical Final Set Graph Rock Socket Rock should be of the required design grade or better.
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