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SECTION 2 The War in TEKS 8A, 8B, 10A, 22B the East

What You Will Learn… If YOU were there... Main Ideas You live in Washington, D.C., in July 1861. You and your friends are 1. Union and Confederate on your way to Manassas, near Washington, to watch the battle forces fought for control of the war in Virginia. there. Everyone expects a quick Union victory. Your wagon is loaded 2. The Battle of Antietam gave with food for a picnic, and people are in a holiday mood. You see the North a slight advantage. 3. The Confederacy attempted some members of Congress riding toward Manassas, too. Maybe to break the Union naval this battle will end the war! blockade. Why would you want to watch this battle? The Big Idea Confederate and Union forces faced off in Virginia and at sea. BUILDing BACKOU GR ND The shots fired at Fort Sumter made Key Terms and People the war a reality. Neither the North nor the South was really prepared. Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson, Each side had some advantages—more industry and railroads in the p. 517 North, a military tradition in the South. The war in the East centered in First Battle of Bull Run, p. 517 George B. McClellan, p. 517 the region around the two capitals: Washington, D.C., and Richmond, Robert E. Lee, p. 518 Virginia. Seven Days’ Battles, p. 518 Second Battle of Bull Run, p. 518 Battle of Antietam, p. 519 War in Virginia ironclads, p. 520 The troops that met in the first major battle of the Civil War found that it was no picnic. In July 1861, Lincoln ordered General Irvin McDowell to lead his 35,000-man army from the Union capital, Washington, to the Confederate capital, Richmond. The soldiers Use the graphic organizer online to were barely trained. McDowell complained that they “stopped take notes on the battles in the East every moment to pick blackberries or get water; they would not and at sea and the winners of each. keep in the ranks.” The first day’s march covered only five miles.

Bull Run/Manassas McDowell’s army was headed to Manassas, Virginia, an important railroad junction. If McDowell could seize Manassas, he would con- trol the best route to the Confederate capital. Some 22,000 Confed- erate troops under the command of General Pierre G. T. Beauregard were waiting for McDowell and his troops along a creek called Bull Run. For two days, Union troops tried to find a way around the Con- federates. During that time, Beauregard requested assistance, and

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General Joseph E. Johnston headed toward Manassas with another 10,000 Confederate Battles in the East troops. By July 21, 1861, they had all arrived. That morning, Union troops managed to PENNSYLVANIA cross the creek and drive back the left side Po Antietam of the Confederate line. Yet one unit held to m Sep. 1862 a firmly in place. c

M MARYLAND c “There is Jackson standing like a stone C WEST E L y E E e L L VIRGINIA l L wall!” cried one southern officer. “Rally al A V N h Ri a ve behind the Virginians!” At that moment, o r d Washington, n a PE D.C. General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson earned n O e P h HRW Middle School American History_fv his famous nickname. S Manassas ah06se_c15loc007ca.ai Junction Bull Run A steady stream of Virginia volunteers L E War in the East, 1861–62 locator-at 70% E July 1861 & arrived to counter the attack. The Confeder- Union state Aug. 1862 ates surged forward, letting out their terrify- West Virginia First proof: 06/03/05 (Separated from C Virginia in 1861 h ing “rebel yell.” One eyewitness described e and joined the s Union in 1863) a the awful scene. p E Fair Oaks e E a Confederate L state May – June k There is smoke, dust, wild talking, shouting; 1862 e “ Union forces B a

hissings, howlings, explosions. It is a new, y Union victory M

Richmond c strange, unanticipated experience to the sol- Y C o L Confederate James E rk L forces L diers of both armies, far different from what River R A Seven Days . N they thought it would be. Confederate ” victory N June 1862 Yorktown — Charles Coffin, 0 15 30 Miles quoted in Voices of the Civil War by Richard Wheeler W E 0 15 30 Kilometers VIRGINIA ATLANTIC S OCEAN The battle raged through the day, with rebel soldiers still arriving. Finally, the weary Union geography troops gave out. They tried to make an orderly skills INTERPRETING MAPS retreat back across the creek, but the roads were 1. Location Which battle was fought in Maryland? clogged with the fancy carriages of panicked spec- 2.  Human-Environment Interaction How did geography tators. The Union army scattered in the chaos. HRW Nationalinfluence American the movement History of forces? The Confederates lacked the strength to ah07bs_c15leg007aa.ai War in the East, 1861–62 push north and capture Washington, D.C. he overestimated the size of the Confederate But clearly, the rebels had won the day. The 1st Proofarmy, 2/21/05 McClellan hesitated to attack. Lincoln First Battle of Bull Run was the first majorFinal-02/24/05 grew impatient. Finally, in the spring of 1862, battle of the Civil War, and the Confederates’ McClellan launched an effort to capture Rich- victory. The battle is alsoHRW known National as the American First Historymond called the “Peninsular Campaign.” ah07bs_c15map007aa.ai Battle of Manassas. It shattered the North’s Instead of marching south for a direct assault, War in the East, 1861–62 The Impact hopes of winning the warMap quickly. Area: 23p9 wide X 30p9McClellan high slowly brought his force through Today the peninsula between the James and York Many Americans More Battles in Virginia1st Proof - 2/21/05 rivers. More time slipped away. continue to be Final-02/24/05 The shock at Bull Run persuaded Lincoln of The South feared that McClellan would fascinated by the receive reinforcements from Washington. Civil War. Some the need for a better trained army. He put history buffs his hopes in General George B. McClellan. To prevent this, Stonewall Jackson launched regularly stage The general assembled a highly disciplined an attack toward Washington. Although re-enactments of the attack was pushed back, it prevented famous battles, force of 100,000 soldiers called the Army complete with of the Potomac. The careful McClellan the Union from sending reinforcements uniforms, guns, spent months training. However, because to McClellan. and bayonets.

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In June 1862, with McClellan’s force larger Army of the Potomac. Jackson’s troops poised outside Richmond, the Confederate met Pope’s Union forces on the battlefield in army in Virginia came under the command August in 1862. The three-day battle became

of General Robert E. Lee. A graduate of the known as the Second Battle of Bull Run , or U.S. Military Academy at West Point, Lee had the Second Battle of Manassas. served in the Mexican War and had led fed- The first day’s fighting was savage. Captain eral troops at Harpers Ferry. Lee was willing George Fairfield of the 7th Wisconsin regi- to take risks and make unpredictable moves ment later recalled, “What a slaughter! No one to throw Union forces off balance. appeared to know the object of the fight, and During the summer of 1862, Lee strength- there we stood for one hour, the men falling all ened his positions. On June 26, he attacked, around.” The fighting ended in a stalemate. launching a series of clashes known as the On the second day, Pope found Jackson’s Seven Days’ Battles that forced the Union troops along an unfinished railroad grade. army to retreat from near Richmond. Con- Pope hurled his men against the Confeder- federate General D. H. Hill described one ates. But the attacks were pushed back with failed attack. “It was not war—it was murder,” heavy casualties on both sides. he said. Lee saved Richmond and forced On the third day, the Confederates McClellan to retreat. crushed the Union army’s assault and forced A frustrated Lincoln ordered General it to retreat in defeat. The Confederates had John Pope to march directly on Richmond won a major victory, and General Robert E. from Washington. Pope told his soldiers, Lee decided it was time to take the war to “Let us look before us and not behind. Suc- the North. cess and glory are in the advance.” Jackson wanted to defeat Pope’s army Reading Check Sequencing List in order the before it could join up with McClellan’s events that forced Union troops out of Virginia.

Eyewitness at Antietam

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Battle of Antietam B iographY Confederate leaders hoped to follow up Lee’s successes in Virginia with a major victory on Robert E. Lee (1807–1870) northern soil. On September 4, 1862, some 40,000 Confederate soldiers began crossing Robert E. Lee was born into a wealthy Virginia family in 1807. Lee into Maryland. General Robert E. Lee decid- fought in the Mexican-American ed to divide his army. He sent about half of War, helping to capture Veracruz. his troops, under the command of Stonewall When the Civil War began, President Jackson, to Harpers Ferry. There they defeat- Lincoln asked Lee to lead the Union ed a Union force and captured the town. army. Lee declined and resigned Meanwhile, Lee arrived in the town of Fred- from the U.S. Army to become a erick and issued a Proclamation to the People general in the Confederate army. of Maryland, urging them to join the Con- federates. However, his words would not be Drawing Conclusions How did Lee’s choice reflect the division of enough to convince Marylanders to abandon the states? the Union. Union soldiers, however, found a copy of Lee’s battle plan, which had been left at an abandoned Confederate camp. Gen- The two armies met along eral McClellan learned that Lee had divided Antietam Creek in Maryland on his army in order to attack Harpers Ferry. September 17, 1862. The bat- However, McClellan hesitated to attack. As a tle lasted for hours. By the end result, the Confederates had time to reunite. of the day, the Union had suf- fered more than 12,000 casual- ties. The Confederates endured more than 13,000 casualties. Union officer A. H. Nickerson later recalled, “It seemed that everybody near me was killed.” The Battle of Antietam, also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg, was the bloodiest single-day battle of the Civil War—and of James Hope was a professional artist who U.S. history. More soldiers were killed and joined the Union army. Too sick to fight at Antietam, Hope was reassigned to work wounded at the Battle of Antietam than as a scout and a mapmaker. He sketched the deaths of all Americans in the Ameri- scenes from the battle as it happened and can Revolution, War of 1812, and Mexican- later used his sketches to make paintings like this one. This scene is of early morning American War combined. on the battlefield. This painting doesn’t During the battle, McClellan kept four represent a particular moment, but is divisions of soldiers in reserve and refused meant to show a series of events. to use them to attack Lee’s devastated army. McClellan was convinced that Lee was massing reserves for a counterattack. Those reserves did not exist. Despite this blunder, Antietam was an important victory. Lee’s ANALYSIS northward advance had been stopped. skill Analyzing Visuals How is this painting different from modern war Reading Check Analyzing Why was the reporting? Battle of Antietam significant?

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Primary Source

Political Cartoon Anaconda Plan

This cartoon shows visually the North’s plan Hampton Washington, D.C. to cut off supplies to the South through naval Roads blockades, a strategy called the Anaconda Plan. River Richmond io Oh Why is the snake’s

r head red, white, e v i and blue? R i p Charleston p i s

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How does the cartoonist show M 80°W what the snake represents? 30°N ATLANTIC

ANALYSIS OCEAN skill ANALYZING PRIMARY SOURCES New Orleans Why do you think the plan was called the Anaconda Plan? N Gulf of Mexico E W

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90°W cer of Can Tropic Breaking the Union’s Nassau to buy supplies for the Confederacy. Blockade These ships, however, could not make up for the South’s loss of trade. The Union blockade While the two armies fought for control of reduced the number of ships entering south- the land, the Union navy controlled the ern ports from 6,000 to 800 per year. sea. The North had most of the U.S. Navy’s small fleet, and many experienced naval Clash of the Ironclads officers had remained loyal to the Union. Hoping to take away the Union’s advan- The North also had enough industry to tage at sea, the Confederacy turned to a build more ships. The Confederacy turned new type of warship—ironclads , or ships to British companies for new ships. heavily armored with iron. The British gov- ernment neglected to stop these shipsah07bs_c15map010ba.ai from The Union’s Naval Strategy being delivered, in violation of its pledgeBlockade of Map The Union navy quickly mobilized to neutrality. The Confederates had capturedMap Area: a 20p9 wide X 23p6 high set up a blockade of southern ports. The Union steamship, the Merrimack, and turned 1st Proof - 2/21/05 blockade largely prevented the South from it into an ironclad, renamed the VirginiaFinal-02/24/05. One ACADEMIC selling or receiving goods, and it seriously Union sailor described the innovation as “a VOCABULARY damaged the southern economy. huge half-submerged crocodile.” In early innovation a new The blockade was hard to maintain March 1862, the ironclad sailed into Hamp- idea or way of doing something because the Union navy had to patrol thou- ton Roads, Virginia, an important waterway sands of miles of coastline from Virginia to guarded by Union ships. Before nightfall, Texas. The South used small, fast ships to out- the Virginia easily sank two of the Union’s run the larger Union warships. Most of these wooden warships, while it received minor blockade runners traveled to the Bahamas or damage.

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The Union navy had already built its own Union Blockade The Impact ironclad, the Monitor, designed by Swedish- Today

Union states born engineer John Ericsson. Ericsson’s ship The Monitor Confederate states had unusual new features, such as a revolv- sank in North Carolina in the Union blockade ing gun tower. One Confederate soldier winter of 1862. Hampton 0 100 200 Miles Washington, D.C. called the Monitor “a tin can on a shingle!” Washington, D.C. Roads The shipwreck 0 100 200 Kilometers Although small, the Monitor carried powerful was located by River Richmond scientists in 1973, o guns and had thick plating. hi and remains of O When the Virginia returned to Hamp- Monitor battles the ship are part Virginia at Hampton ton Roads later that month, the Monitor of the exhibit at r HRW Nationale American History the USS Monitor v i Roads. was waiting. After several hours of fighting, ah07bs_c15leg010ba.aiR Center, which i neither ship was seriously damaged, but the Blockadep Map legend Charleston opened in 2007. p i s s Monitor forced the Virginia to withdraw. This i

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M M success saved the Union fleet and continued Final-02/24/05 80°W 30°N the blockade. The clash of the ironclads also ATLANTIC signaled a revolution in naval warfare. The OCEAN days of wooden warships powered by wind New Orleans and sails were drawing to a close.

N Reading Check Evaluating How effective Gulf of Mexico E W was the Union blockade?

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90°W cer of Can Tropic geography skills INTERPRETING MAPS S Ummary and preview The early bat- Location What major port cities in the South tles of the Civil War were centered in the were affected by the blockade? East. In the next section you will read about battles in the West.

Section 2 Assessment ONLINE QUIZ Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People Critical Thinking 1. a. Identify List the early battles in the 4. Supporting a Point of View Review your notes on East and the outcome of each battle. the battles in the east and at sea. Then copy the graphic ah07bs_c15map010ba.ai b. Elaborate Why do you think the Union lost the organizer below and use it to show which three conflicts Blockade Map First Battle of Bull Run? you think were the most significant and why. Map Area: 20p9 wide X 23p6 high 2. a. Describe What costly mistake did the Confed- eracy make before the Battle of Antietam? Most Significant Why 1st Proof - 2/21/05 b. Analyze What was the outcome of the Battle of Final-02/24/05 Antietam, and what effect did it have on both the North and the South? c. Elaborate Why do you think General George B. Focus on Writing McClellan did not finish off General Robert E. Lee’s troops when he had the chance? 5. Taking Notes on the War in the East Write notes 3. a. Describe What was the Union’s strategy in the on the First Battle of Bull Run, the Seven Days’ war at sea? Battles, the Second Battle of Bull Run, and the Battle b. Draw Conclusions Why were ironclads more of Antietam. Be sure to answer the following ques- successful than older, wooden ships? tions: Who? Where? When? Why? and How?

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