DOCSLIB.ORG

The São Francisco Interbasin Water Transfer in Brazil: Tribulations of a Megaproject Through Constraints and Controversy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The São Francisco Interbasin Water Transfer in Brazil: Tribulations of a Megaproject Through Constraints and Controversy www.water-alternatives.org Volume 10 | Issue 2 Roman, P. 2017. The São Francisco interbasin water transfer in Brazil: Tribulations of a megaproject through constraints and controversy. Water Alternatives 10(2): 395-419 The São Francisco Interbasin Water Transfer in Brazil: Tribulations of a Megaproject through Constraints and Controversy Philippe Roman IHEAL-CREDA (Institute of Latin American Studies), Paris, France; [email protected] ABSTRACT: This paper describes the complex social, political and economic dynamics that led the Brazilian government to launch one of the biggest hydraulic infrastructure projects in the country’s history: the transposição do São Francisco (transfer of the waters of the São Francisco River), a large-scale diversion scheme to transfer water from the São Francisco River Basin to semiarid areas of the Northeastern Region.1 This massive interbasin water transfer, first idealised in the nineteenth century, was turned into reality under Lula’s presidency, at a time when the Brazilian economy was booming and a left-leaning neo-developmentalist coalition had seized power. Such a controversial project has fuelled criticism from a wide social and political spectrum. Between 2005 and 2007, when the conflict was at its highest, large parts of society mobilised against the project, which makes the transposição one of the most remarkable socioenvironmental conflicts in the history of Brazil. The project was given the green light at a moment when water governance was undergoing a process of institutional reorganisation officially aiming at the implementation of more democratic procedures and of integrated governance principles. So, it can be viewed as an anachronism of the 'hydraulic mission' with its supply-side technocratic engineering solutions. But it can also be considered as a legitimate and necessary piece of water development, in an emerging country with acute regional water imbalances, that is to benefit a historically underprivileged region (the Northeast). Beyond such simplistic views, we will try to disentangle the complex nexus of political and economic interests and of conflicting discourses related to the extremely diverse set of actors that have played a role in the project, and thereby try to understand why, after more than a century of debate, the transposição has finally become a (still heatedly debated) reality. KEYWORDS: Interbasin water transfer, megaproject, socioenvironmental conflict, neodevelopmentalism, São Francisco River, Brazil INTRODUCTION Under the Lula government (PT – Partido dos Trabalhadores – workers’ party), Brazil has chosen to resort to an interbasin transfer from the São Francisco River to provide water to some of the driest regions of its semiarid Northeastern Region.2 While this megaproject3 has been envisaged since the early 19th century, it unleashed a major conflict in the early 2000s that mobilised several States, the Federal Government, civil society, scientists, intellectuals and various actors of the water management 1 The São Francisco River Basin is itself at 57% semiarid (MMA, 2006b). 2 The author wishes to thank the three peer-reviewers for their useful comments and suggestions. Any remaining errors or shortcomings are the author’s responsibility. 3 Flyvbjerg (2014: 6) defines megaprojects as “large-scale, complex ventures that typically cost US$1 billion or more, take many years to develop and build, involve multiple public and private stakeholders, are transformational, and impact millions of people”. Roman: The São Francisco interbasin water transfer in Brazil Page | 395 Water Alternatives - 2017 Volume 10 | Issue 2 sphere. The controversy’s profound imprint on Brazilian society mirrors the great hopes created by what was presented as Northeast’s economic and social 'redemption'. Since the 19th century and the endorsement of the idea by the last Brazilian emperor, Dom Pedro II, the project has been part of the debates on water scarcity and recurrent droughts in the semiarid area of Brazil. It was recurrently modified and debated, though never implemented because of technical hardships (not least the lack of energy to pump water and drive it beyond the hills on the Northern axis). The São Francisco River, usually known as the velho chico ('old chico') or the 'river of national integration' for its role as a route between the Atlantic ocean and the 'interior' (the sertão) and between the Centre and Northeast regions of Brazil, is one of the most important rivers in Brazil: 2800 km long, with an average flow of 2800 m3/s, its basin spans approximately 638,466 km² (7.5% of the national territory) and several states (Bahia, Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe, Goiás and the Federal District). Multiple uses are made of its waters, among which irrigation (77% of total demand) and hydroelectric power (dams in the São Francisco River Basin supply 12% of the national electricity demand). Figure 1. The São Francisco River Basin. Source: MMA (2006b). Roman: The São Francisco interbasin water transfer in Brazil Page | 396 Water Alternatives - 2017 Volume 10 | Issue 2 Works for the so-called transposição,4 the costliest current Brazilian hydraulic infrastructure, started in 2007 as part of an important programme of investment for the acceleration of growth (the PAC – Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento, Programme for the Acceleration of Growth), and they were initially supposed to be completed by 2011. The transposição, composed of approximately 500 km of concrete canals, pipes and aqueducts, is intended to bring freshwater to 12 million people, to benefit 390 municipalities, and to help the Northeastern hydraulic network operate in a more 'synergistic' way (it has thus been renamed an 'integration' rather than 'diversion' project). The project has already faced several delays (as of May 2017, it was not completed yet), substantive cost overruns (from 4.5 to 10+ billion USDR), and some construction firms involved in the transposição are currently under scrutiny by the Federal Court of Accounts for contracting irregularities.5 What is the point in debating an interbasin water transfer as a symptom of a 'come-back' of big infrastructure? Water is always moving through the hydrosocial cycle (Linton and Budds, 2014), so bodies of water are always being 'transferred'. Artificial interbasin water transfers are in no way new. In many countries, interbasin water transfers help provide cities and agriculture with freshwater, and in some of them long-distance, or 'massive' interbasin transfers (MIBWTs, hereafter) have been built (in China, the United States, Canada and Australia for example). According to Gupta and van der Zaag (2008), in the beginning of the 2000s, 14% of withdrawn water was through interbasin transfers (540 billion m3/y) and big transfers will likely represent around 25% of mobilised water in 2025. More than 200 big water transfer infrastructures are in operation or planned. They are by now essentially concentrated in the Americas (in particular Canada, see Lasserre, 2009), but emerging countries like China, India or Brazil are developing such projects at a fast pace and others like South Africa are already well provided with interbasin transfers (Turton et al., 2008; Blanchon, 2009). Long-distance interbasin water transfers are viewed by some as a necessity for the near future (Ayres, 2006; MIT, 2014) and ambitious if not colossal projects have been debated (see, e.g. Badescu et al., 2010). Pros and cons of such big infrastructure have been discussed at some length (Biswas, 1981; Biswas et al., 1983; Vaux and Howitt, 1984; Snaddon et al., 2000; Lasserre, 2005; UN WATER/AFRICA, 2006; WWF, 2007; Ghassemi and White, 2007; Gupta and van der Zaag, 2008; Lasserre, 2009) but there is arguably less academic work on this class of hydraulic infrastructure than on others, especially dams. To the best of our knowledge, there are no internationally agreed standards for assessing interbasin water transfer projects, and no reference document exists like the WCD report for dams (WCD, 2000). There exist pieces of work on the 'performance' of diverse types of infrastructure projects,6 including dams (WCD, 2000; Ansar et al., 2014), but (as far as we know) not on interbasin water transfers. It is still probable that applying the same analysis to MIBWTs would yield similar results. But at the same time, supposedly well-succeeded infrastructure projects in rich countries offer a showcase for MIBWTs in emerging countries.7 It is no surprise that California has been looked at as an example to be followed in the Northeast by Brazilian politicians, engineers and corporate farmers (Broggio and Droulers, 2000).8 4 We will use both the words 'transposição', as it is the way the project is widely known and referred to in Brazil, and PISF, the acronym for the project’s official name (Projeto de Integração do Rio São Francisco com Bacias Hidrográficas do Nordeste Setentrional – Project of Integration of the São Francisco River with River Basins of the northern Nordeste). 5 Several other court cases concern construction companies involved in the transposição. Executives of a consortium of companies involved in the works of the transposição were temporarily jailed in 2015 and the TCU (Tribunal de Contas da União – Federal Court of Accounts) estimated that more than 700 million R$ were irregularly spent between 2005 and 2013. 6 For an assessment of different kinds of infrastructure megaprojects from a managerial standpoint (financial costs and delivering schedule), see
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Celso Furtado, 100 Anos: a Operação Nordeste
    76 economia & história: especial Celso Furtado Celso Furtado, 100 anos: A Operação Nordeste Gustavo Louis Henrique Pinto (*) O período entre 1958 e 1964 na trajetória de Celso era, segundo o próprio Furtado (1997, p. 65) aponta, Furtado pode ser interpretado como o principal mo- mover-se politicamente na construção de um plano mento de ação política deste pensador e de construção de ação para a região que mitigasse os efeitos da seca de um projeto furtadiano de desenvolvimento nacio- rigorosa de 1958 e dos resultados das eleições para nal e regional. Após uma década de trabalhos realiza- governadores, já que a oposição ao presidente vencera dos na Comissão Econômica para a América Latina e em estados como Pernambuco e Bahia. Caribe (1949-1957), grande parte à frente da Diretoria da Divisão de Desenvolvimento, Furtado retorna para conjunto de ações como Operação Nordeste era a Furtado (1997, p. 80) afirma que a nomeação deste como pesquisador fellow em Cambridge, no King’s Col- cristalização de mais um slogan por Kubitschek, que lege,o Brasil onde em produziu agosto de sua 1958, obra ao Formação final do seueconômica ano letivo do repetia a tentativa feita anteriormente com a Opera- Brasil. Chega ao país para desempenhar uma das atu- ção Pan-Americana, mas agora com a inserção da re- ações políticas nacionais mais marcantes gião Nordeste “no grande debate sobre o desenvolvimento do país”. A necessidade nas ações de coordenação da Operação política de Kubitschek se associa ao em- Nordeste,das décadas que de resultou 1950 e 1960, na construção configurada da penho intelectual de Furtado, desejoso de Superintendência do Desenvolvimento do implementar sua experiência cepalina em Nordeste (Sudene).
    [Show full text]
  • Meyer Glitzenstein & Eubanks
    Meyer Glitzenstein & Eubanks LLP 4115 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W., Suite 210 2601 S. Lemay Ave., #7-240 Washington, D.C. 20016 Fort Collins, CO 80525 Telephone (202) 588-5206 Telephone (970) 703-6060 Fax (202) 588-5049 Fax (202) 588-5049 [email protected] [email protected] October 4, 2018 By Internet Submission John Urbanic, NISP EIS Project Manager U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha District Denver Regulatory Office 9307 S. Wadsworth Blvd. Littleton, CO 80128 Re: Comments on the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ Final EIS for the Northern Integrated Supply Project in Colorado On behalf of several national, regional, and local non-profit conservation organizations including Save The Poudre: Poudre Waterkeeper (“STP”); Sierra Club, Save the Colorado, Waterkeeper Alliance, WildEarth Guardians, and Fort Collins Audubon Society (“Conservation Organizations”), we hereby submit comments on the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ (“Corps”) Final Environmental Impact Statement (“FEIS”) for the Northern Integrated Supply Project (“NISP” or “the Project”). These comments incorporate by reference all previous comments individually and collectively submitted by Conservation Organizations and their officers. Although the Conservation Organizations continue to view the length of the comment period as highly inadequate to allow the public and topical experts to fully engage in the many new issues raised in the Corps’ FEIS—let alone to sufficiently analyze them under federal law and the best available scientific evidence—these comments provide a general overview of the organizations’ primary concerns with the FEIS. Towards that effort, the Conservation Organizations incorporate by reference the following expert reports addressing specific aspects of the FEIS and other relevant materials: Attachment A: Water Demand Analysis Report (LRB Hydrology & Analytics) Attachment B: CV of Lisa Buchanan (LRB Hydrology & Analytics) Attachment C: Alternatives Analysis Report (Gordon McCurry) Attachment D: CV of Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Icthyofauna from Streams of Barro Alto and Niquelândia, Upper Tocantins River Basin, Goiás State, Brazil
    Icthyofauna from streams of Barro Alto and Niquelândia, upper Tocantins River Basin, Goiás State, Brazil THIAGO B VIEIRA¹*, LUCIANO C LAJOVICK², CAIO STUART3 & ROGÉRIO P BASTOS4 ¹ Laboratório de Ictiologia de Altamira, Universidade Federal do Para – LIA UFPA e Programa de Pós- Graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação – PPGBC, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Campus Altamira. Rua Coronel José Porfírio 2515, São Sebastião, Altamira, PA. CEP 68372-040, Brasil; [email protected] ² Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Departamento de Ecologia, ICB, UFG, Caixa postal 131, Goiânia, GO, Brasil, CEP 74001-970. [email protected] 3 Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais e Ações IPAAC Rua 34 qd a24 Lt 21a Jardim Goiás Goiânia - Goiás CEP 74805-370. [email protected] 4 Laboratório de Herpetologia e Comportamento Animal, Departamento de Ecologia, ICB, UFG, Caixa postal 131, Goiânia, GO, Brasil, CEP 74001-970. [email protected] *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract: In face of the accelerated degradation of streams located within the Brazilian Cerrado, the knowledge of distribution patterns is very important to aid conservation strategies. The aim of this work is to increase the knowledge of the stream’s fish fauna in the State of Goiás, Brazil. 12 streams from the municipalities of Barro Alto and Niquelândia were sampled with trawl nets. During this study, 1247 fishes belonging to 27 species, 11 families, and three orders were collected. Characiformes comprised 1164 specimens of the sampled fishes, the most abundant order, while Perciformes was the less abundant order, with 17 collected specimens. Perciformes fishes were registered only in streams from Niquelândia. Astyanax elachylepis, Bryconops alburnoides and Astyanax aff.
    [Show full text]
  • A Bibliography of Scientific Information on Fraser River Basin Environmental Quality
    --- . ENVIRONMENT CANADA — b- A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION ON FRASER RIVER BASIN ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY . 1994 Supplement e Prepared on contract by: Heidi Missler . 3870 West 11th Avenue Vancouver, B.C. V6R 2K9 k ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION BRANCH PACIFIC AND YUKON REGION NORTH VANCOUVER, B.C. L- ,- June 1994 DOE FRAP 1994-11 *- \- i — --- ABSTRACT -. -. This bibliography is the third in a series of continuing reference books on the Fraser River watershed. It includes 920 references of scientific information on the environmental I quality of the Fraser River basin and is both an update and an extension of the preceding -. bibliography printed in 1992. ,= 1- ,- . 1- 1- !- 1 - — ii — RESUME — La presente bibliographic est la troiseme clans une serie continue portant sur le bassin du fleuve Fraser. Elle comprend 920 citations scientifiques traitant de la qualite de l’environnement clans le bassin du fleuve Fraser, et elle constitue une mise a jour de la bibliographic precedence, publiee en 1992. — — — ---- — —. .— — — ,- .— ... 111 L TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract ‘ i Resume ii Introduction iv References Cited v Acknowledgements vi Figure: 1. Fraser River Watershed Divisions , vii ... Tables: 1. Reference Locations Vlll 2. Geographic Location Keywords ix 3. Physical Environment Keywords x 4. Contamination Kefiords xi, 5. Water Quality Keywords xii . ... 6. Natural Resources Keywords Xlll 7. Biota Keywords xiv 8. General Keywords xv Section One: Author Index Section Two: Title Index \ 117 ( L iv INTRODUCTION This bibliography is the third in a series of continuing reference books on the Fraser River watershed. With its 920 references of scientific information on the environmental quality of the , -.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Resource Planning Under Future Climate and Socioeconomic
    PUBLICATIONS Water Resources Research RESEARCH ARTICLE Water Resource Planning Under Future Climate and 10.1002/2017WR020970 Socioeconomic Uncertainty in the Cauvery River Basin in Special Section: Karnataka, India Engagement, Communication, and Decision-Making Under Ajay Gajanan Bhave1,2 , Declan Conway1, Suraje Dessai2 , and David A. Stainforth1,3,4 Uncertainty 1London School of Economics and Political Science, Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London, UK, 2Sustainability Research Institute and ESRC Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy, Key Points: School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK, 3London School of Economics and Political Science, An iterative approach combining 4 qualitative and quantitative methods Centre for the Analysis of Time Series, London, UK, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK is used to assess robustness of adaptation options and pathways Performance criteria for the Cauvery Abstract Decision-Making Under Uncertainty (DMUU) approaches have been less utilized in developing River Basin in Karnataka are not countries than developed countries for water resources contexts. High climate vulnerability and rapid satisfied under almost all scenarios with or without adaptation socioeconomic change often characterize developing country contexts, making DMUU approaches relevant. A coproduction approach helps We develop an iterative multi-method DMUU approach, including scenario generation, coproduction with target stakeholder priorities in the stakeholders and water resources modeling. We apply this approach to explore the robustness of adapta- hydrological modeling and design of long-term adaptation pathways tion options and pathways against future climate and socioeconomic uncertainties in the Cauvery River Basin in Karnataka, India. A water resources model is calibrated and validated satisfactorily using observed Supporting Information: streamflow.
    [Show full text]
  • The Relevance of the Cerrado's Water
    THE RELEVANCE OF THE CERRADO’S WATER RESOURCES TO THE BRAZILIAN DEVELOPMENT Jorge Enoch Furquim Werneck Lima1; Euzebio Medrado da Silva1; Eduardo Cyrino Oliveira-Filho1; Eder de Souza Martins1; Adriana Reatto1; Vinicius Bof Bufon1 1 Embrapa Cerrados, BR 020, km 18, Planaltina, Federal District, Brazil, 70670-305. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] ABSTRACT: The Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) is the second largest Brazilian biome (204 million hectares) and due to its location in the Brazilian Central Plateau it plays an important role in terms of water production and distribution throughout the country. Eight of the twelve Brazilian hydrographic regions receive water from this Biome. It contributes to more than 90% of the discharge of the São Francisco River, 50% of the Paraná River, and 70% of the Tocantins River. Therefore, the Cerrado is a strategic region for the national hydropower sector, being responsible for more than 50% of the Brazilian hydroelectricity production. Furthermore, it has an outstanding relevance in the national agricultural scenery. Despite of the relatively abundance of water in most of the region, water conflicts are beginning to arise in some areas. The objective of this paper is to discuss the economical and ecological relevance of the water resources of the Cerrado. Key-words: Brazilian savanna; water management; water conflicts. INTRODUCTION The Cerrado is the second largest Brazilian biome in extension, with about 204 million hectares, occupying 24% of the national territory approximately. Its largest portion is located within the Brazilian Central Plateau which consists of higher altitude areas in the central part of the country.
    [Show full text]
  • A Importância Da SUDENE Para O Desenvolvimento Regional Brasileiro
    Revista Política e Planejamento Regional - ISSN 2358-4556 A importância da SUDENE para o desenvolvimento regional brasileiro Jupiraci Barros Cavalcante1 Cid Olival Feitosa2 Resumo Por muito tempo, a região Nordeste foi compreendida como “região problema” no cenário nacional e colocada em segundo plano no âmbito das políticas de desenvolvimento. Os elementos considerados estavam relacionados aos fenômenos climáticos, indicadores sociais e a uma incipiente estrutura industrial. As intervenções que se sucediam na região eram de natureza assistencialista e ligadas ao poder político local. O objetivo do artigo é analisar a importância da Sudene para o desenvolvimento econômico da região Nordeste. Tendo como procedimento de pesquisa o levantamento bibliográfico, o estudo analisa as políticas regionais na região através da Superintendência para o Desenvolvimento do Nordeste (SUDENE). Conclui-se que a atuação do órgão se tornou um elemento de referencial histórico para o planejamento e desde então para compreensão dos problemas regionais atuais. Palavras-chave: Sudene; Desenvolvimento Regional; Nordeste. SUDENE´s importance for the Brazilian regional development Abstract For a long time, the Northeast region Was understood as a "problem region" on the national scene and in the background on development policy. The projects Were related to climate systems, social indicators and an emerging industrial structure. The areas that fall into social and political assistance are local. The article is an analysis of the importance of Sudene for the economic development of the Northeast region. Having as search procedure the bibliographic survey, he study analyzes the regional policies developed in the region through the Superintendency for the Development of the Northeast. It is concluded that the agency's performance has become an element of historical reference for planning and since then for understanding of present regional problems.
    [Show full text]
  • Revised Draft Experiences with Inter Basin Water
    REVISED DRAFT EXPERIENCES WITH INTER BASIN WATER TRANSFERS FOR IRRIGATION, DRAINAGE AND FLOOD MANAGEMENT ICID TASK FORCE ON INTER BASIN WATER TRANSFERS Edited by Jancy Vijayan and Bart Schultz August 2007 International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID) 48 Nyaya Marg, Chanakyapuri New Delhi 110 021 INDIA Tel: (91-11) 26116837; 26115679; 24679532; Fax: (91-11) 26115962 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.icid.org 1 Foreword FOREWORD Inter Basin Water Transfers (IBWT) are in operation at a quite substantial scale, especially in several developed and emerging countries. In these countries and to a certain extent in some least developed countries there is a substantial interest to develop new IBWTs. IBWTs are being applied or developed not only for irrigated agriculture and hydropower, but also for municipal and industrial water supply, flood management, flow augmentation (increasing flow within a certain river reach or canal for a certain purpose), and in a few cases for navigation, mining, recreation, drainage, wildlife, pollution control, log transport, or estuary improvement. Debates on the pros and cons of such transfers are on going at National and International level. New ideas and concepts on the viabilities and constraints of IBWTs are being presented and deliberated in various fora. In light of this the Central Office of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID) has attempted a compilation covering the existing and proposed IBWT schemes all over the world, to the extent of data availability. The first version of the compilation was presented on the occasion of the 54th International Executive Council Meeting of ICID in Montpellier, France, 14 - 19 September 2003.
    [Show full text]
  • 109 2001-USCID-Denver Singh.Pdf
    / NECESSITY OF TRANSBASIN WATER TRANSFER -INDIAN SCENARIO NIRMAL JOT SINGH) A.K. KHURANA2 ABSTRACT Transbasin water transfer is an important activity in the field of water resources development. Although a river basin is the basic hydrologic unit for water resources, the same may not work out to be a proposition for optimum utilisation in the case of surplus water. The assessment may bring out that some basins have surplus water whereas the others may have deficit supplies. The National Water Policy was adopted by the Government oflndia in the year 1987. The policy emphasises the transbasin transfer of water. The policy states "Water should be made available to water short areas by transfer from other areas including transfers from one river basin to another based on a national perspective, after taking into account the requirements ofthe areaslbasins". For meeting the shortages, transbasin transfers of water may be necessary. The necessity of transbasin transfers will depend upon the future projections for the enhanced demand for irrigation, domestic, industrial requirements etc. Considering medium variant, the population ofIndia in the year 2050 AD is expected to be 1640 million as per "Sustaining Water - An Update (1994)" by the United Nations. The food requirement has to be worked out on the same basis. At present, the annual food grain production in India is about 200 million tonnes. This annual requirement of food grain would increase to about 500 million tonnes by the year 2050 AD. Accordingly, it is imperative to have transbasin transfer of water so as to facilitate increased irrigation to meet the food grain production needs and other usages etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Universidade Federal De Pernambuco Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Ciência Da Informação Mestrado Em Ciência Da Informação
    UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE PERNAMBUCO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIA DA INFORMAÇÃO MESTRADO EM CIÊNCIA DA INFORMAÇÃO ANGELA CRISTINA MOREIRA DO NASCIMENTO SUDENE, INFORMAÇÃO E EDUCAÇÃO EM PERNAMBUCO, 1960-1980 Recife 2011 ANGELA CRISTINA MOREIRA DO NASCIMENTO SUDENE, INFORMAÇÃO E EDUCAÇÃO EM PERNAMBUCO, 1960-1980 Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Mestrado em Ciência da Informação do Departamento da Ciência da Informação da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco para obtenção de Título de Mestre em Ciência da Informação Orientador: Prof. Dr. Denis Antônio de Mendonça Bernardes Recife 2011 Catalogação na fonte Bibliotecária Gláucia Cândida da Silva, CRB4‐1662 N244s Nascimento, Angela Cristina Moreira do. Sudene, informação e educação em Pernambuco, 1960-1980/ Angela Cristina Moreira do Nascimento, 2011. 307 p. : il. Orientador: Denis Antônio de Mendonça Bernardes. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, CAC. Ciência da Informação, 2011. Inclui bibliografia, anexos e apêndices. 1. Ciência da informação. 2. SUDENE. 3. Educação. I. Bernardes, Denis Antônio de Mendonça. (Orientador). II. Titulo. 020 CDD (22.ed.) UFPE (CAC 2012-06) Serviço Público Federal Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência da Informação - PPGCI Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada por Ângela Cristina Moreira do Nascimento a Pós-graduação em Ciência da Informação do Centro de Artes e Comunicação da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, sob o título “SUDENE – informação e educação em Pernambuco – 1960- 1980” orientada
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of Historical and Potential Future Deforestation on The
    Journal of Hydrology 369 (2009) 165–174 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Hydrology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jhydrol The influence of historical and potential future deforestation on the stream flow of the Amazon River – Land surface processes and atmospheric feedbacks Michael T. Coe a,*, Marcos H. Costa b, Britaldo S. Soares-Filho c a The Woods Hole Research Center, 149 Woods Hole Rd., Falmouth, MA 02540, USA b The Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil c The Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil article info summary Article history: In this study, results from two sets of numerical simulations are evaluated and presented; one with the Received 18 June 2008 land surface model IBIS forced with prescribed climate and another with the fully coupled atmospheric Received in revised form 27 October 2008 general circulation and land surface model CCM3-IBIS. The results illustrate the influence of historical and Accepted 15 February 2009 potential future deforestation on local evapotranspiration and discharge of the Amazon River system with and without atmospheric feedbacks and clarify a few important points about the impact of defor- This manuscript was handled by K. estation on the Amazon River. In the absence of a continental scale precipitation change, large-scale Georgakakos, Editor-in-Chief, with the deforestation can have a significant impact on large river systems and appears to have already done so assistance of Phillip Arkin, Associate Editor in the Tocantins and Araguaia Rivers, where discharge has increased 25% with little change in precipita- tion. However, with extensive deforestation (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Docket 119 Synthesis Iof Comments on the Review.Pdf
    i ii Synthesis of Public Comment on the Forthcoming Review by the Federal Governments of Canada and the United States of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement A Report to the Governments of the United States and Canada January 2006 The views expressed in this synthesis are those of the individuals and organizations who participated in the public comment process. They are not the views of the International Joint Commission. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION JOINT MIXTE COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE Canada and United States Canada et États-Unis INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION JOINT MIXTE COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE Canada and United States Canada et États-Unis Herb Gray Dennis Schornack Chair, Canadian Section Chair, United States Section Robert Gourd Irene Brooks Commissioner Commissioner Jack Blaney Allen Olson Commissioner Commissioner International Joint Commission Offices Canadian Section United States Section 234 Laurier Ave. West, 22nd Floor 1250 23rd Street, NW, Suite 100 Ottawa, ON K1P 6K6 Washington, D.C. 20440 Phone: (613) 995-2984 Phone: (202) 736-9000 Fax: (613) 993-5583 Fax: (202) 467-0746 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Great Lakes Regional Office 100 Ouellette Avenue, 8th Floor Windsor, ON N9A 6T3 or P.O. Box 32869, Detroit, MI 48232 Phone: (519) 257-6700 or (313) 226-2170 Fax: (519) 257-6740 Email: [email protected] Acknowledgements The International Joint Commission thanks the people from the Great Lakes, the St. Lawrence River and beyond who took part in the public comment process and whose voices are echoed in this report. ISBN 1-894280-60-1 This report is available online at www.ijc.org.
    [Show full text]