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An Overview of the Use of Plants and Animals in Traditional Medicine Systems in Viet Nam

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An Overview of the Use of Plants and Animals in Traditional Medicine Systems in Viet Nam AN OVERVIEW OF THE USE OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE SYSTEMS IN VIET NAM Compiled by Nguyen Dao Ngoc Van and Nguyen Tap A TRAFFIC SOUTHEAST ASIA REPORT Published by TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, Greater Mekong Programme, Ha Noi, Viet Nam © 2008 TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, Greater Mekong Programme. All rights reserved. All material appearing in this publication is copyrighted and may be reproduced with permission. Any reproduction in full or in part of this publication must credit TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, Greater Mekong Programme as the copyright owner. The views of the authors expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the TRAFFIC network, WWF or IUCN. The designations of geographical entities in this publication, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of TRAFFIC or its supporting organizations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The TRAFFIC symbol copyright and Registered Trademark ownership is held by WWF. TRAFFIC is a joint programme of WWF and IUCN. Suggested citation: Nguyen Dao Ngoc Van and Nguyen Tap (Comps) (2008). An overview of the use of plants and animals in traditional medicine systems in Viet Nam. TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, Greater Mekong Programme, Ha Noi, Viet Nam. Edited by: Leanne Clark Cover photo: Nguyen Tap AN OVERVIEW OF THE USE OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE SYSTEMS IN VIET NAM Compiled by Nguyen Dao Ngoc Van and Nguyen Tap A TRAFFIC SOUTHEAST ASIA REPORT © Nguyen Tap © Nguyen Traditional Vietnamese and Chinese medicines on sale at market TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................................5 GLOSSARY ..........................................................................................................................................................5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................................7 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................................15 BACKGROUND.................................................................................................................................................16 What is traditional medicine in Viet Nam?......................................................................................................16 History and cultural importance of Traditional Medicine in Viet Nam ...........................................................17 Governing legislation and the agencies responsible for traditional medicine in Viet Nam .............................18 Other ministries and legislation .......................................................................................................................20 The scale of traditional medicine use within Viet Nam ...................................................................................20 Conservation status of plants and animals traded and used for traditional medicine.......................................20 METHODOLOGY OF SURVEYS IMPLEMENTED IN NORTHERN VIET NAM.................................25 Market surveys and interviews.........................................................................................................................25 Additional field visits.......................................................................................................................................26 Pharmaceutical company surveys ....................................................................................................................26 RESULTS OF THE SURVEYS IMPLEMENTED IN NORTHERN VIET NAM ......................................26 Total number of species of flora and fauna traded for use in TM in northern Viet Nam.................................26 METHODOLOGY OF THE SURVEYS IMPLEMENTED IN SOUTHERN VIET NAM ................................30 Market surveys and interviews.........................................................................................................................30 Additional field visit ........................................................................................................................................31 RESULTS OF THE SURVEYS IMPLEMENTED IN SOUTHERN VIET NAM.......................................31 Total number of species of flora and fauna traded and used in TM in southern Viet Nam.......................................31 Origins of medicinal flora and fauna traded and used in southern Viet Nam ..................................................33 Conservation status of medicinal flora and fauna in southern Viet Nam.........................................................34 Medicinal purpose and cost of medicinal fauna...............................................................................................35 CASE STUDIES .................................................................................................................................................40 Case Study One: The production of ‘berberine’ from Coscinium fenestratum...............................................40 Case Study Two: Vietnamese Ginseng Panax vietnamensis ..........................................................................42 Case Study Three: Tiger Panthera tigris ........................................................................................................44 An overview of the use of plants and animals in traditional medicine systems in Viet Nam 2 DISCUSSION......................................................................................................................................................46 Scale of medicinal plant and animal trade and use in Viet Nam......................................................................46 Characterisation of the traditional medicine trade markets in Viet Nam .........................................................47 Source of medicinal flora.................................................................................................................................54 Source of medicinal fauna................................................................................................................................56 Species trends and conservation issues ............................................................................................................57 Management of the traditional medicine markets: an unregulated international network ........................................59 RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................................................................................61 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................................64 APPENDICES.....................................................................................................................................................67 Appendix 1 Quantities of plant species (kg) reportedly traded per year in questionnaire surveys conducted in traditional medicine markets in northern Viet Nam 2004, and their sources ......................... 67 Appendix 2 Quantities of plant species (tonnes) reportedly traded by a major pharmaceutical company in Lang Son province, north-east Viet Nam, 2001-2002, and their sources (wild, cultivated or imported) .................................................................................................................................... 71 Appendix 3 Complete list of the medicinal plant species found during the survey conducted in traditional medicine markets in southern Viet Nam in 2006. ...................................................................... 74 Appendix 4 Complete list of the medicinal fauna found during the survey conducted in traditional medicine markets in southern Viet Nam in 2006....................................................................................... 83 Appendix 5 Complete list of the wild animal species confiscated by the Da Nang Forest Protection Department from 2000 – 2006. .................................................................................................. 86 Appendix 6 Vietnamese legislation pertaining to the exploitation, trade and use of plants and animals in traditional medicine.................................................................................................................... 87 Appendix 7 Plant and animal species listed in Decree 32/2006/ND-CP ....................................................... 90 An overview of the use of plants and animals in traditional medicine systems in Viet Nam 3 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Wild-sourced plant species used in traditional medicine, which are exploited in large quantities (Nguyen Tap, 2004) .............................................................................................................................. 21 Table 2: Medicinal plants cultivated in quantities exceeding 50t per year in Viet Nam (source: The National Institute for Materia Medica, 2003). ..................................................................................................... 22 Table 3: Locations, dates and numbers of shops/businesses surveyed for plants and animals used in traditional medicine
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