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Aulacaspis Yasumatsui (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae) in South Africa

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Aulacaspis Yasumatsui (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae) in South Africa South African Cycads at Risk: Aulacaspis yasumatsui (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae) in South Africa Authors: Nesamari, R., Millar, I.M., Coutinho, T.A., and Roux, J. Source: African Entomology, 23(1) : 196-206 Published By: Entomological Society of Southern Africa URL: https://doi.org/10.4001/003.023.0124 BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Complete website, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/terms-of-use. Usage of BioOne Complete content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non - commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/African-Entomology on 18 May 2020 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Access provided by United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library (NAL) South African cycads at risk: Aulacaspis yasumatsui (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae) in South Africa R. Nesamari1, I.M. Millar2, T.A. Coutinho1 & J. Roux1* 1Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, DST & NRF Centre of Excellence in Tree Health Biotechnology (CTHB), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa 2Biosystematics Division, ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X134, Queenswood, Pretoria, 0121 South Africa The scale insect Aulacaspis yasumatsui is native to Southeast Asia and a major pest of cycad (Cycadales) plants. Due to an increase in worldwide trading of cycads, A. yasumatsui has spread globally and has become a major threat to many cultivated and native cycads world- wide. In this study we report formally, for the first time, A. yasumatsui infesting cycads in South Africa. This scale insect was observed infesting cycads in three provinces in South Africa, namely, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal and Limpopo. Its identification was based on morphology and nucleotide sequences of three gene regions. Although more common and damaging on non-native Cycas species, its presence on some native South African Encephalartos species is of concern and effort should be made to control the spread and impact of this pest in the country. Key words: cycad aulacaspis scale, CAS, Cycas, Encephalartos. INTRODUCTION Cycads (Cycadales) are a group of seed plants insects are the most polyphagous insects known, originally thought to have appeared around 250 to with some species feeding on more than 100 plant 325 million years ago, making them the oldest species (Miller & Gimpel 2009). Due to their invasive living seed plants (Brenner et al. 2003). A recent ability as a result of their small size, waxy protective study, however, has shown that cycads have gone layer and difficulty of identification, the Diaspididae through a second wave of evolution and it is more are a major quarantine threat (Burger & Ulenberg than likely that extant cycads evolved around 1990). 12 million years ago (Nagalingum et al. 2011). The scale insect Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi Many cycad species, including some cycad genera, (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), commonly known as the are facing mass extinction in the wild, mainly due cycad aulacaspis scale (CAS), has recently become to human activities such as illegal trading and a major threat to many cultivated and native cycads habitat destruction (IUCN/SSC-CSG 2005). Addi- globally (Song et al. 2012). CAS was originally tionally, biotic factors, such as insect pests and described in 1977 from specimens collected by microbial pathogens that affect these plants, are K. Yasumatsuiin 1972 and 1973 from a Cycas species on the increase. in Bangkok, Thailand (Takagi 1977). This scale Armoured scale insects (Diaspididae) are known insect infests plants and reduces their longevity by as major pests of mature leaves and trunks of populating leaves, fruits, trunks and sometimes many cycad species (Grobbelaar 2004). The Diaspi- roots of the plants, resulting in chlorosis and pre- didae is the largest scale insect family of the mature death of leaves (Cave 2006). CAS is native superfamily Coccoidea within the order Hemiptera, to Southeast Asia where its numbers are kept at with over 2400 described species (Miller & Davidson low levels by natural predators (Tang et al. 1997). 2005). They are among the most invasive insects in CAS is referred to as the ‘single most important the world, colonizing all continents except Antarc- threat to natural cycad populations’ by the Inter- tica (Andersen et al. 2010). The Diaspididae occur national Union for Conservation of Nature/Spe- on a wide range of plant hosts, which encompass cies Survival Commission-Cycad Specialist Group more than 1380 plant genera (Miller 2005). In (IUCN/SSC-CSG), a subgroup on invasive pests, addition to their wide host range, armoured scale formed in 2005. They state that two species of *Author for correspondence. E-mail: [email protected] cycads face ‘imminent extinction’ in the wild as a African Entomology 23(1): 196–206 (2015) Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/African-Entomology on 18 May 2020 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Access provided by United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library (NAL) Nesamari et al.: South African cycads at risk: Aulacaspis yasumatsui (Hemiptera) in South Africa 197 result of CAS. The IUCN/SSC-CSG has, therefore, phenomenon, caused by an armoured scale insect, given CAS top priority status. CAS is currently based on morphology and DNA sequence data. listed in terms of the South African ‘Alien and We also report on subsequent findings of the same Invasive species Regulations’ as prohibited in scale insect problem in other parts of South Africa. South Africa (National Environmental Manage- ment: Biodiversity Act 10 of 2004; Department of MATERIALS AND METHODS Environmental Affairs 2014). Due to an increase in cycad trading, CAS has Insect specimens spread to many parts of the world, including Plant samples bearing white, scale-like insects the Cayman Islands, China, Guam, Hong Kong, were obtained from the Durban Botanical Gardens Singapore, Taiwan, the Hawaiian islands, Puerto (KwaZulu-Natal Province), and subsequently Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands and Vieques Island from Pretoria (Gauteng Province), Phalaborwa (CABI/EPPO 2000; IUCN/SSC 2005). The first and Tzaneen (Limpopo Province), as well as report of CAS on cycads outside Thailand was in Kwambonambi and Warner Beach (KwaZulu- 1996 from Florida, U.S.A., where it was observed Natal Province), South Africa. Samples included infesting ornamental plants and killing large cone sections, leaves and leaf bases. Specimens numbers of king sago, Cycas revoluta Thunberg were transferred to 90 % ethanol for storage at (Cave et al. 2009). Since its first report in the U.S.A. –4 °C and further study. Reference voucher speci- it has become a major threat to native cycads mens have been deposited in the South African globally, killing large numbers of Cycas micronesica National Collection of Insects at the Agricultural Hill in Guam (Terry & Marler 2005) and Cycas Research Council in Pretoria (SANC) and the taitungensis Shen, Hill & Tsou in Taiwan (IUCN/ Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute SSC 2005). The first report of CAS from Africa (FABI), University of Pretoria. resulted from its detection on cut foliage of cycads imported to France from the Ivory Coast (Germain Identification: morphology & Hodges 2007; ISSG 2011; https://gd.eppo.int/ For morphological study, adult females were taxon/AULSYA/distribution). mounted on microscope slides to facilitate the Recently, two South African private collectors detailed examination of minute dermal features reported CAS infesting, and completely covering, under high magnification that is necessary for scale certain Encephalartos species in their gardens insect identification. Specimens were prepared (Craig & Paul 2011, http://www.cycadsg.org). It is, and slide-mounted mainly according to the method however, not clear if these identities were confirmed described by Williams & Granara de Willink (1982), by an entomologist and according to the ScaleNet except that the de-waxing procedure in step three database (http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/ was omitted, the staining fluid used was mixed scalenet.htm), CAS has yet to be reported from according to Cilliers (1967), and specimens were South Africa at that time. Also, until now,it had not dehydrated in glacial acetic acid instead of abso- been detected in this country despite collecting lute alcohol in step five. Morphological identifica- efforts by local entomologists searching for insects tion was done using published keys for CAS, and on cycads. CAS has, however, been reported to by comparison with descriptions and illustrations affect African cycad species grown as non-natives of this species (Hodges et al. 2003; Malumphy & in the U.S.A. Based on these reports, E. barteri Marquart 2012; Miller & Davidson 2005; Suh & Miguel, E. ferox Bertol, E. hildebrandtii nr. lebom-
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