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Metodika Péče O Druhově Bohaté (Světlé) Lesy

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Metodika Péče O Druhově Bohaté (Světlé) Lesy Metodika péče o druhově bohaté (světlé) lesy Certifikovaná metodika 2016 1 Metodika péče o druhově bohaté (světlé) lesy Certifikovaná metodika Autoři: Mgr. Lukáš Čížek, Ph.D. RNDr. Pavel Šebek, Ph.D. Ing. Radek Bače, Ph.D. Jiří Beneš doc. Mgr. Jiří Doležal, Ph.D. RNDr. Miroslav Dvorský, Ph.D. RNDr. Jan Miklín, Ph.D. prof. Ing. Miroslav Svoboda, Ph.D. Entomologický ústav, Biologické centrum AV ČR, v.v.i. Branišovská 31/1160, 370 05 České Budějovice 2 OBSAH 1. CÍLE .................................................................................................................................................... 5 2. ÚVOD ................................................................................................................................................. 6 2.1. Co jsou světlé lesy ........................................................................................................................ 6 2.2. Úbytek světlých lesů v ČR ......................................................................................................... 11 2.3. Dnešní refugia světlých lesů ....................................................................................................... 13 2.4. Světlé lesy a biodiverzita ............................................................................................................ 15 3. OCHRANA BIODIVERZITY SVĚTLÝCH LESŮ ......................................................................... 20 3.1. Ochrana světlých lesů v praxi..................................................................................................... 20 3.2. Hlediska při rozhodování o péči ................................................................................................. 26 4. VYUŽÍVANÉ MANAGEMENTY ................................................................................................... 34 4.1. VÝMLADKOVÉ HOSPODAŘENÍ .......................................................................................... 34 4.1.1. Výmladkové hospodaření a jeho formy .............................................................................. 34 4.1.2. Význam nízkých a středních lesů pro biodiverzitu ............................................................. 37 4.1.3. Zásady při tvorbě výmladkových lesů v chráněných územích ............................................ 41 4.2. LESNÍ PASTVA ........................................................................................................................ 47 4.2.1. Historie lesní pastvy ............................................................................................................ 47 4.2.2. Význam pastevních lesů pro biodiverzitu ........................................................................... 48 4.2.3. Lesní pastva jako nástroj v ochraně přírody ........................................................................ 51 4.3. OŘEZ STROMŮ ........................................................................................................................ 57 4.3.1. Historie a význam ořezávání ............................................................................................... 57 4.3.2. Základní principy ořezávání stromů .................................................................................... 61 4.4. HRABÁNÍ STELIVA ................................................................................................................ 70 4.4.1. Hrabání a sklízení lesního opadu ......................................................................................... 70 4.4.2. Sběr opadu jako nástroj ochrany přírody ............................................................................. 70 4.5. OHEŇ V LESE .......................................................................................................................... 73 4.5.1. Požáry v lesích, jejich vliv a jejich historie ......................................................................... 74 4.5.2. Jak funguje řízené vypalování ............................................................................................. 78 4.5.3. Příprava řízeného vypalování .............................................................................................. 81 4.6. PROSVĚTLOVÁNÍ LESNÍCH OKRAJŮ ................................................................................ 86 4.7. DALŠÍ STANOVIŠTĚ S CHARAKTEREM SVĚTLÝCH LESŮ ........................................... 87 4.7.1. Intravilány, parky ................................................................................................................ 87 4.7.2. Aleje a stromořadí ............................................................................................................... 87 4.7.3. Větrolamy a biokoridory ..................................................................................................... 87 3 4.7.4. Extenzivní sady ................................................................................................................... 88 4.7.5. Obory ................................................................................................................................... 89 5. VÝZNAMNÉ BIOTOPY SVĚTLÉHO LESA ................................................................................. 90 6. LEGISLATIVA ................................................................................................................................. 95 6.1. Výmladkové hospodaření, lesní pastva a hrabání steliva ........................................................... 95 6.2. Ořez stromů a tvorba dutin ......................................................................................................... 96 6.3. Řízené vypalování ...................................................................................................................... 98 7. ORGANISMY ................................................................................................................................... 99 7.1. Tesařík obrovský ........................................................................................................................ 99 7.2. Páchník hnědý .......................................................................................................................... 101 7.3. Roháč obecný ........................................................................................................................... 103 7.4. Kovařík fialový ......................................................................................................................... 104 7.5. Jasoň dymnivkový .................................................................................................................... 106 7.6. Okáč jílkový ............................................................................................................................. 107 7.7. Hnědásek osikový ..................................................................................................................... 108 7.8. Střevíčník pantoflíček ............................................................................................................... 109 7.9. Volovec vrbolistý ..................................................................................................................... 110 7.10. Lýkovec vonný ....................................................................................................................... 110 7.11. Užovka stromová .................................................................................................................... 111 8. Popis uplatnění certifikované metodiky .......................................................................................... 112 9. Srovnání novosti postupů ................................................................................................................ 112 10. Dedikace ........................................................................................................................................ 112 11. Literatura ....................................................................................................................................... 113 Příloha I. Seznam druhů vázaných na světlé lesy ................................................................................ 123 4 1. CÍLE Cílem této metodiky je ukázat význam světlých lesů pro zachování biodiverzity, současný stav světlých lesů, metody péče o světlé lesy a možnosti jejich obnovy. Zároveň metodika čtenáři poskytuje informace umožňující na světlé lesy nahlížet v kontextu dlouhodobého vývoje evropské přírody i mnohem krátkodobějšího vývoje krajiny na území naší republiky. Světlé lesy jsou biologicky mimořádně bohaté ekosystémy. Hostí biotu hustého lesa i bezlesí, ale také unikátní biotu, která na světlých lesích plně závisí a která zahrnuje mnoho známých a zákonem výslovně chráněných organismů. Světlé lesy vznikly působením přirozených faktorů jako jsou velcí herbivoři, oheň, říční dynamika. Ty člověk z krajiny odstranil, nebo jejich vliv drasticky omezil, donedávna ale zajišťoval náhradu, například v podobě výmladkového hospodaření a pastvy domácích zvířat. Posledních 200 let světlé lesy výrazně ubývají, z běžného ekosystému pokrývajícího místy většinu krajiny dnes zbývají jen opravdu poslední, rozlohou nepatrné zbytky. Světlé lesy jsou opomíjenou ochranářskou prioritou. Jejich drastický úbytek, který postihl volnou krajinu i chráněná území, je jednou z hlavních příčin výrazného a setrvalého poklesu biodiverzity v naší zemi. Abychom zabránili dalšímu poklesu biodiverzity, musíme úbytek
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