The Fauna of Lepidoptera Noctuoidea Moths in the State Biosphere Reservation of the Lower Amudarya

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Journal of Critical Reviews

ISSN- 2394-5125 Vol 7, Issue 5, 2020

Review Article

THE FAUNA OF LEPIDOPTERA NOCTUOIDEA MOTHS IN THE STATE BIOSPHERE RESERVATION OF THE LOWER AMUDARYA

1Bekchanov Khudaybergan Urinovich, 2Bekchanov Muzaffar Khudaybergenovich, 3Bekchanova Mokhira Khudaybergan qizi

1Head of the Department of Methodology of the Preschool Education, Faculty of Pedagogy, Urgench State University, Urgench, Uzbekistan. 2PhD, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Urgench State University, Khorezm, Uzbekistan. 3PhD student, Khorezm Mamun Academy, Khiva, Uzbekistan.

Received: 10.01.2020 Revised: 04.02.2020 Accepted: 08.03.2020

Abstract Lepidoptera family of the Lower Amudarya State Biosphere Reserve has not been adequately studied yet. This research was carried out in order to determine the species composition of Lepidoptera family of the Lower Amudarya State Biosphere Reserve. The Noctuoidea group is a major species included in the Lepidoptera species. The research materials were collected in four refuges (Beruni, Kegeyli, Sultan, Amudarya) from March 2017 to November 2018. A list of species has been compiled in this region for two years. The obtained results show that in the studied area, 1,000 types of moths were collected. It was found out that they belong to the Noctuoidea family. DRL lamp handles were used for catching the moths. Red wine and sugar solutions were also used to attract moth butterflies.

Keywords: fauna, Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Noctuidae, Uzbekistan, Karakalpakstan, biosphere, reserve.

INTRODUCTION to conduct research and monitoring, to protect the socio- As a result of anthropogenic and environmental factors, such economic development of the region and to protect the as the drying of the seas, the deforestation of the thicket cultural values. forests, the destruction of mountain and hill vegetation, the replacement of natural landscapes to the lands of agricultural METHOD OF THE RESEARCH crops, the use of toxic chemicals and pesticides led a change in The Place and Time that the Moths were Captured the density structure of Lepidoptera species in a negative way, The researches were mainly carried out by the authors in the which in turn violates the biocenosis balance, led to the following four faunistic refugiums of the Lower Amudarya extinction of some species. State Biosphere Reserve: 1. Beruni, 2. Kegeyli, 3. Sultan-Uays and 4. Amudarya from March 2017 to November 2018. [4] A rise in limiting factors has implications for migratory species (The term refugium was firstly used in the meaning of habitat, as well as for monophagous and oligophagous species. An location in 1971 by R.E.Effendi) example of this type is the Eriogaster henkei Stgr. This information was published in the works of two scientists at the The process of catching Lepidoptera moths was carried out same time (Schetkin, 1956, Rafes, 1956) [20]. from 19:00 to 24:00. A map of the biotopes surveyed is shown in Figure 1 and the Lower Amudarya State Biosphere Reserve One of the most important measures for the most reliable in Figure 2. The collected materials are stored in a collection at protection of moth butterflies and their habitats is the creation the Department of Biology of the Khorezm Mamun Academy of wildlife reserves and national parks. In a number of and Urgench State University (2) Researched refugiums: countries, where migrating moth butterflies are breeding, such as Rhode Island (the city of Salacos, Butterfly Valley), 1. Beruni refugium or biotope is mainly located in the south- Callimorpha quadripunctaria eggs are placed, and temporary eastern part of the reserve, the main part of which consists of reserves are being created to migrate US monarchs. One of 13 species of trees, 45 species of shrubs, 4 species of small- them is the State Biosphere Reserve of the Lower Amudarya shrubs, and 16 species of half-shrubs. There are also about 10 River established in our Republic. species of ephemeral plants. 2. Kegeyli refugium or biotope is the northern part of the This was established in 2013 in the territory of the Republic of reserve, where the bulk of the plants are weeds. Trees such as Uzbekistan on the border of Karakalpakstan Beruniy and poplar, willow, oleander, as well as agrosenosis of rice, cotton, Amudarya districts. The total land area is 68717.8 hectares melon are combined. downstream of the Amu Darya, on the right bank of the river, 3. The Sultan-Uays refugium is located in the northern part of at the foot of the Sultan-Usais mountain range. It is bordered the reserve and is a mountainous biotope of the hill. One-year- to the south by the Tallik thicket forest and is surrounded by old, biennial and perennial herbaceous plants are common the Kukdarya tributary of the Amu Darya to the north and here and Calligonum are rarely spotted. northwest. Reserve area of biosphere reserve (zone with strict 4. The Amu Darya refugium, the western part of is security regime) - 11568,3 ha. ) [13]. represented by 3 species of trees, 5 species of shrubs, 2 species The main purpose of the reserve is to conserve, enrich and of small-shrubs and grasses. utilize the resources of thicket forests in the Amudarya delta,

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THE FAUNA OF LEPIDOPTERA NOCTUOIDEA MOTHS IN THE STATE BIOSPHERE RESERVATION OF THE LOWER AMUDARYA

Figure 1. The map of the researched areas

Figure 2.The refugium of the Lower Amudarya State Biosphere Reserve, Uzbekistan, The Republic of Karakalpakstan

Capturing Moths vinegar were added. The resulting mixture was applied brush Noctuoidea is mainly concentrated in the light and directly onto the bark of the tree in the evening, or tied with a accumulates here. Collected moth butterflies are gathered. The hygroscopic cloth, mounted on tree branches or hanging on use of DRL lamps or quartz and incandescent lamps is good for branches. attracting moth butterflies. The best results were obtained by dried apple slices instead of The maximum exposure of moth-butterflies to light is cloth base, wrapping 10-15 pieces in each capron thread and observed in a calm, warm, cloudy and foggy night. The moth soaking in a fermented mixture (Hofman, 1897). butterflies arriving in the light land on the screen. There they are collected after stopping and put in a special chloroform jug. In some cases, the eggs that female moth butterflies put in the (Hermetically sealed glass bottle with 0.2-0.6 l of chloroform) wild have been harvested for the study of embryonic and After the moth butterflies are stopped, they are placed in a postembranial stages and the larvae emerged from them. We paper bag. We have a reclaimed DRL lamp trap with a used soil excavations in accordance with the method described container at the bottom, and the moth butterflies are collected in the literature to find pupa (Klyuchko, 1963). The in a chloroform wrapped gauze themselves (Figure 3). classification of plant communities proposed in the specialized literature was used to characterize the collected biotopes From this trap, moths are periodically collected and a fresh (Sautin, Raiko, 1963). chloroform gauze is put. The collected material was processed for collection (for monitoring). In addition, a 2-meter white In the fixation of the worms, we used 70% ethanol or salicylic gauze (2x2m) and Pencilville-type light traps were also used in acid alcohol solution proposed by O.I.Merjeevskaya in 1965. light-free (non-light) places (Gornostev, 1984), Philip Actinic B.A.Starets method was used to record the time and place of BL 8W low-pressure tube feeder converted from 12-volt lead- capturing the moths (Gornostaev, 1970) and to increase the acid batteries and mercury fluorescent lamps were used as number of moths in the laboratory setting. In the study of light sources. moth butterflies, we used the Margalef and Menhinik methods, which are commonly used to determine species’ richness In order to attract moths, aromatic wet feeds and artificial indexes. feeds were used according to the method described in the literature (Merjevevskaya, 1958), with some changes. Such In this material, we also adopted the classification of traps include various fermented sugars (shinni, syrup, diluted Noctuoidea family according to the latest systematic list of with jam), sometimes fruits, honey, wine, beer, apple or wine moth butterflies in Europe (Fibiger and others, 2011).

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Figure 3. Lights used in capturing moth butterflies

Data Analysis RESULTS AND DISCUSSION As a result of the analysis, we used effective methods of The reservoir specimens were compiled by the date and materials (Kuzyakin, Mazin, 1986), we also used the method of quantity of Lepidoptera species identified and exposed to counting moth butterflies according to the time (one hour per light. From March, 2017 to November 2018 observations biotope). In the Lower Amudarya State Biosphere Reserve, we were made to collect the moth butterflies that attracted to can conclude that the most of the species of thicket butterfly the natural light and other sources of light. As a result, in the fauna feed on forage. There are areas where the complex is reservoirs 92 Lepidoptera species of the Noctuoidea family exposed to harmful, mass reproduction, but there some was identified and their list and number of refugiums are species may be more. The study of the biology and ecology of shown in Table 1. these species requires further study.

Table 1. The number of known species of moth butterflies in refugiums

Sultan

№ The names of the Species

Beruni Kegeyli The Darya Amu The Uays Rhynchodontodes ravalis (Herrich-Schaffer, 1 + + 1851) 2 Catocala elocata (Esper,1787) + + 3 Catocala puerpera (Giorna, 1791). + + 4 Catocala lupine (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851) + + 5 Catocala optima (Staudinger, 1888). + + 6 Catocala neonympha (Esper, 1805) + + 7 Catocala deducta (Eversmann, 1843) + + 8 Catocala nupta (Linnaeus, 1767) + 9 Catocala electa (Vieweg,1790) + 10 Catocala orientalis (Staudinger, 1877) + 11 Catocala fulminea (Scopoli, 1763) + 12 Catocala bella (Butler, 1877) + 13 Catocala sponza (Linnaeus, 1767) + 14 Catocala pacta (Linnaeus, 1758) + 15 Clytie syriaca (Bugnion, 1813) + + 16 Clytie illunaris (Hubner 1813) + 17 Clytie gracilis (Bang-Haas,1907) + 18 Pericyma albidentaria (Freer, 1842) + 19 Anydrophila imitatrix (CHristoph,1887) + 20 Anydrophila mirifica (Ershov, 1874) + 21 Anydrophila simiola (Pungeler, 1900) + 22 Gonospileia munita (Hubner,1813) + + 23 Drasteria tenera (Staudinger,1877) + + 24 Drasteria sesquilina (Staudinger, 1888) + + 25 Drasteria caucasica (Kolenati, 1846) + 26 Drasteria flexuosa (Ménétriés, 1847) + 27 Drasteria kuznezovi (John, 1921) + 28 Drasteria aberrans (Staudinger, 1888) + 29 Euclidia fortalitium (Tauscher, 1809) + 30 Anumeta spilota (Erschoff, 1874) + + 31 Anumeta henkei (Staudinger, 1877) + + 32 Anumeta fractistrigata (Alpheraky, 1882) + + 33 Anumeta dentistrigata (Staudinger, 1877) + + 34 Anumeta fricta (CHristoph, 1893) + + 35 Anumeta palpangularis (Pungeler, 1901) + 36 Anumeta cestis (Menetries, 1849) + 37 Armada panaceorum (Menetries, 1849) +

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38 Armada clio (Staudinger, 1884) + + 39 Taracherphia hueberi (Ershov, 1874) + + 40 Pandesma robusta (Walker, 1858) + 41 Apopestes spectrum (Esper, 1787) + 42 Autophila maculifera (Staudinger, 1888) + 43 Autophila gracilis (Staudinger, 1874) + 44 Autophila ligaminosa (Eversmann, 1851 ) + 45 Autophila hirsute (Staudinger,1870) + 46 Autophila libanotica (Staudinger, 1901) + 47 Acantholipes regularis (Hubner, 1813) + 48 Earias biplaga (Walker) + 49 Earias chlorana ( Linnaeus,1761) + + 50 Earias chlorophyllana (Staudinger, 1891) + 51 CHrysodeixis chalcites (Esper, 1789) + 52 Trichoplusia ni (Hubner, 1803) + + + 53 Macdunnoughia confusa (Stephens, 1850) + 54 Autographa gamma (Linnaeus, 1758) + 55 Plusia putnami (Grote, 1873) + 56 Plusia festucae (Linnaeus, 1758) + 57 Glossodice polygramma (Duponchel, 1842) + + 58 Acontia lucida (Hufnagel, 1766) + + 59 Acronicta psi (Linnaeus, 1758) + 60 Simyra nervosa (Den. et.Schiff, 1775) + + + 61 Mycteroplus puniceago (Boisduval, 1840) + + 62 Schinia scutosa (Den.Et Schiff, 1775) + + 63 Heliothis viriplaca (Hufnagel, 1766) + Heliothis peltigera( Denis et Schiffermuller, 64 + 1775) 65 Heliothis maritima (Graslin, 1855) + 66 Heliothis nubigera (Herrich–Schafter, 1851) + 67 Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner, 1809) + Cucullia boryphora (Fischer de Waldheim, 68 + + 1840) 69 Agrotis ipsilon( Hufnagel, 1766) + Agrotis segetum Deniset (Schiffermuller,1775 70 + ) 71 Agrotis crassa (Hubner,1803) + 72 Agrotis Iasserrei. (Obertyur,1881) + + 73 Dichagyris multicuspis (Eversmann, 1852) + 74 Dichagyris forfisula (Eversmann, 1851) + 75 Noctua orbina (Hufnagel, 1766) + + 76 Euxoa conspicua (Hubner, 1821) + 77 Xestia c–nigrum (Linnaeus 1758) + + 78 Discestra trifolii (Hfn 1766) + 79 Discestra stigmosa (CHristoph 1887) + 80 Discestra cociabilis (Graslin, 1850) + 81 Hadula sabulorum (Alpheraky, 1882) + 82 Saragosa siccanorum (Staudinger, 1870) + 83 Laconobia splendens (Hubner, 1808 ) + Laconobia suasa (Denis et Schiffermuller, 84 + 1775) 85 Laconobia praedita (Hubner, 1813) + 86 Mythimna vitellina (Hubner, 1808) + + 87 Mythimna l–album (Linnaeus, 1767) + + 88 Mervia kuznetzovi, (Daritcheva, 1961) + Pseudohadena chenopodiphaga (Rambur, 89 + 1832) 90 Arenostola semicana (Esper, 1798) + + 91 Spodoptera exigua (Hubner, 1808) + 92 Platyperigea albina ( ever smann, 1848) + Total 47 20 26 33

The results show that most species and specimens of stability, relative protection from anthropogenic influences, Lepidoptera were caught from the Beruni refugium’s thicket- and the high number of plant species (Diagram 1). pasture biotops, while the few species were collected in the Kegeyli biotope. In the Beruni refugium biotope, the species The effects of human activity on the remaining refugiums and composition of moth butterflies is explained by environmental the low number of species in plants suggest that the species is less diverse in those areas.

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Diagram 1. Quantitative distribution of moth butterflies in biopots, in percents 50 45 40 35 30 25 specific to this reserve 20 total number 15 10 5 0 Beruni Kegeyli Amu Darya Sultan-Uays

It can be seen from the diagram that the surveyed four In the Lower Amudarya State Biosphere Reserve, two species landscapes differ from each other by their relief, weather and of poplar (Populus) that form the main areas are common: the flora. This has a direct impact on the composition имаголари first type is Populus diversifolia, the second type is Populus of the moths and the development of larvae. The plants are pruinosa, and two species of Elaeagnus: Elaeagnus orientalis conditionally divided into the following groups according to and Elaeagnus angustifolia. Bushy plants include Tamarix their life habitat: The total number of trees is 13, shrub-45, hispida and Halimodendron halodendron and herbaceous small shrubs- 4, chalabuta-16, polyannual plants-164, plants, such as Glycyrriza glabra and Alhagi pseudoalhagi and biannual plants 12, monoannual plants-186. According to their others are also exist. usage, they are divided into the following groups: 320 species of feed plants, 68 species of medicinal plants, 73 species of A study of species revealed that moths belong to the 92 species alkaloids, 47 species of nutritious plants, 20 species of dye of Noctuoidea family, of 12 subfamilies of 44 genus (Table 2). plants, 56 species of poisonous plants, 11 species of fiber plants, 40 species of honey producing plants, more than 25 species of ether oil plants (S. Mambetullaeva) [2].

Table 2. Taxonomic Commentary on the Detected Moth Butterflies

The number № Subfamilies Genus of species

Hypeninae (Herrich – Schafter, Rhynchodontodes (Warren, 1913) 1 1 1845)

Erebina(Catocala) (SHrank, 1802) 13

Clytie (Hubner, 1823) 3

Pericyma (Herich-Schaffer, 1851) 1 Anydrophila ( John, 1909) 3 Gonospileia (Hubner, 1823) 1 Drasteria (Hubner, 1818) 6 2 Catocalinae (Boisduval 1828) Euclidia (Ochsenheimer, 1816) 1 Anumeta (Walker, 1858) 7 Armada (Staudinger, 1894) 2 Taracherphia (Hampson, 1926) 1 Pandesma (Guevee, 1852) 1 Apopestes (Hubner, 1823) 1 Autophila (Hubner, 1823) 5

Acantholipes (Lederer, 1857) 1

3 CHloephorinae (Stainton, 1859) Earias (Hubner, 1825) 3

CHrysodeixis (Hubner, 1821) 1 4 Plusiinae ( Boisduval, 1828) Trichoplusia (Mc Dunnough, 1944) 1

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Macdunnoughia (Kosrowicki, 1 1961)

Autographa (Hubner,1821) 1

Plusia (Ochsenheimer, 1816) 2 Glossodice (Berio, 1991) 1 5 Acontiinae (Guenee, 1837) Acontia (Ochsenheimer, 1816) 1 6 Acronicta (Ochsenheimer, 1816) 1 Acronictinae (Stephens,1829) Simyra (Ochsenheimer, 1816 ) 1 Mycteroplus (Herrich- 7 Stirinae (Grote,1882) 1 Schaffer,1850) Schinia( Hubner, 1818) 1

8 Heliothinae (Boisduval, 1828) Heliothis (Oshsenheimer, 1816) 5

Cuculliinae (Herrich– 9 Cucullia (Schrank, 1802) 1 Schaefter,1845) Agrotis (Ochsenheimer, 1816) 4 Dichagyris (Lederer, 1857) 2 10 Noctuinae (Latreille,1809) Noctua (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 Euxoa (Hubner,1821) 1 Xestia (Hiibner, 1818) 1 Discestra (Hampson, 1905) 3 Hadula (Staudinger, 1883) 1 Saragosa (Staudinger, 1900) 1 11 Hadeninae (Guenee, 1837) Laconobia /Mamesta/ 3 (Billberg,1820) Mythimna (Ochsenheimer, 1816) 2 Mervia (Daritcheva, 1961) 1 Pseudohadena (Alpheraky, 1889) 1 12 Ipimorphinae ( Beck, 1989) Arenostola (Hamson, 1910) 1 Spodoptera (Guenee, 1852) 1 Platyperigea( Smith, 1894) 1 Total 12 44 92

It can be seen from the data on the table that the most species (46) belong to the subfamily of Catocalinae.

Diagram 2. Percentage of moth butterflies of the subfamilies found in the Lower Amudarya State Biosphere Reserve

According to the variety of species, the Catocalinae subfamily very rare, because in the thicket there is a small amount of is the majority, accounting for 50% of the moths superfamilies. willow (Sálix álba).

Our observations have shown that the number of moth CONCLUSION butterflies in each refugium is one of the main factors that As a result of the conducted work, the taxonomic and bio- depends on the number of species in the area. In particular, geographical composition of moth butterflies was several larvae of the species, such as Catocala puerpera revealed. From the abovementioned, we can conclude (Giorna, 1791), Catocala neonympha (Esper, 1805) have been that there were identified 92 species of moths of 44 genus identified to feed populus species. In which refigium there is of 12 subfamilies in the Lower Amudarya State Biosphere the species of Populus euphratica Olivier, Populus pruinosa Reserve. The diversity of these species is due to the fact Schrenk, Populus heterophylla L, there can be found these that they are located in four refugium northeast of the species. The species of Earias chlorana (Linnaeus, 1761) is Khorezm oasis.

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