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Chinese Immigrant Economy in Vienna in Transnational Era

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Chinese Immigrant Economy in Vienna in Transnational Era DISSERTATION Titel der Dissertation Chinese Immigrant Economy in Vienna in Transnational Era Verfasserin Kim Kwok Angestrebter akademischer Grad Doktorin der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) Wien, 2012 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 092388 Dissertationsgebiet lt. Studienblatt: Sinologie Betreuerin: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Susanne Weigelin-Schwiedrzik CONTENT Abstract 2 - 3 Lists of tables, figures and photos 4 - 5 Romanization 6 Acknowledgements 7 Chapter 1 Introduction 8 - 17 PART I THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND METHODOLOGY Chapter 2 Explaining Immigrant Economy 19 - 46 Chapter 3 Understanding Overseas Chinese Business in 47 - 55 Transnational Era Chapter 4 Background of Research and Methodology 56 - 66 PART II MIGRATION AND STRUCTURAL BACKGROUNDS Chapter 5 From Passageway to Home: Chinese Migration in Austria 68 - 102 Chapter 6 Dual Embeddedness: Local and Transnational 103 - 128 Opportunity Structures PART III EMPIRICAL ANALYSES Prelude Outlining the Chinese Immigrant Economy 130 - 139 Chapter 7 Developments and Interplay with the Opportunity 140 - 173 Structures Chapter 8 Resources, Capital and Strategies 174 - 209 Chapter 9 Social Mobility and Stratification 210 - 233 Chapter 10 Conclusion 234 - 246 Appendixes 247 - 259 Bibliography 260 - 286 Author’s Curriculum Vitae 287 1 Abstract This thesis examines the Chinese immigrant economy in Vienna in the context of the Austrian migration regime as well as the socio-economic transformations of PR China since the 1980s. Conceptually, it draws on insights of economic sociology, ethnic economy, transnationalism and globalization as well as overseas Chinese business. Analyses are based on empirical data collected in the Chinese community in Vienna including 46 semi-structured interviews and field observation. While Chinese immigrant economy has been providing Chinese migrants with earning opportunities unavailable for them in the mainstream economy, it has deprived its actors of their rights of social welfare protection, impeding the social and economic integration of Chinese migrants in the mainstream society to a certain extent. In the wake of globalization of China’s economy and Chinese migration, Chinese transnational activities have given thrust to new business and employment opportunities in Vienna such as those in tourism and cultural industries in the last decade. These new economic activities have not only reinvigorated the Chinese immigrant economy, but also unlocked the door of an alternative path of prosperity and social mobility, in particular for a group of well-educated and well-connected Chinese. However, while some can enjoy the economic advantages, some other are excluded and remain socially immobile, thereby leading to the emergence of internal stratification and widening of socio-economic distance among members of the Chinese community in Vienna. The contribution of this study lies in its bringing to light how divergent paths take place and social inequality can be reproduced in the process of rising globalization and transnationalization. This has prompted us to reconsider whether globalization and transnationalization will always bring more access to resources to all people involved. 2 Zusammenfassung Diese Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit der chinesischen migrantischen Ökonomie in Wien im Rahmen des österreichischen Migrationsregimes sowie der sozioökonomischen Umwandlungen von VR China seit achtziger Jahren. Begrifflich zeichnet sie auf Erkenntnisse der ökonomischen Soziologie, der ethnischen Ökonomie, des Transnationalismuses und der Globalisierung sowie Wirtschaft der Überseechinesen. Analysen basieren auf die empirischen Daten einschließlich 46 halb-strukturierte Interviews und Feldbeobachtung, die in der chinesischen Community in Wien gesammelt wurden. Während die chinesische migrantische Ökonomie chinesische Migranten und Migrantinnen mit Einkommengelegenheiten versehen hat, die ihnen in der Mainstream- Ökonomie nicht verfügbar sind, hat sie die chinesischen Migranten und Migrantinnen ihre Rechte des Sozialfürsorgeschutzes entzogen und ihre sozial- und wirtschaftlichen Integration bis zu einem gewissen Grad behindert. Im Zuge der Globalisierung der Wirtschaft Chinas und der chinesischen Migration, haben die chinesischen transnationalen Aktivitäten in den letzten Jahrzehnten Schub zu neuen Geschäft- und Beschäftigungsmöglichkeiten in Wien wie denen im Tourismus und in den kulturellen Industrien gegeben. Diese neuen Wirtschaftaktivitäten haben nicht nur die chinesische migrantische Wirtschaft neu belebt, aber auch der Tür eines alternativen Weges des Wohlstandes und der Sozialmobilität, insbesondere für eine Gruppe gut ausgebildeter und gut angebundener Chinesen und Chinesinnen entsperrt. Jedoch während einige die ökonomischen Vorteile genießen können, sind einige andere ausgeschlossen und bleiben sozial unbeweglich, was zu der Entstehung der internen Schichtung und einer Ausweitung der sozioökonomischen Abstand unter den Mitgliedern der chinesischen Community in Wien führt. Der Beitrag dieser Studie liegt in ihrem Bringen ans Licht, wie verschiedene Wege erfolgen und soziale Ungleichheit in dem Prozess der steigenden Globalisierung und Transnationalisierung reproduziert werden können. Dies hat uns veranlasst, darüber nachzudenken, ob Globalisierung und Transnationalisierung allen Beteiligten immer mehr Zugang zu Ressourcen bringen werden. 3 LIST OF TABLE Table 1 Immigrant Activities in National and Transnational Social Spaces p.40 Table 2 Differences and Similarities: Traditional Ethnic Business p.43 and Transnational Enterprise Table 3 Documented Chinese Population in Austria and Vienna by Nationality p.91 (PR China and Taiwan), 1961-2010 Table 4 Naturalized Austrians by Former Nationality (PR China and Taiwan), p.92 1980-2009 Table 5 Asylum Seekers in Austria by Nationality (PR China and Taiwan), 1980- p.93 2010 Table 6 Registered Students at Austrian Universities by Nationality p.93 (PR China/Taiwan), 2000-2010 Table 7 Distribution of Population in Austrian Federal States by Nationality (PR p.96 China), 2010 Table 8 Registered Working Population in Austria by Nationality p.96 (PR China/Taiwan), 1981-2001 Table 9 Age Distribution of Chinese Nationals in Vienna, 2001 p.96 Table 10 Completed Highest Educational Level of the Population (15 Years and p.97 older) in Vienna by Nationality (PR China/Taiwan and Austria), 2001 Table 11 Religious Affiliation of Population in Vienna by Citizenship (PR p.97 China/Taiwan and Austria), 2001 Table 12 Austrian Population by Nationality and Place of Birth, 2010, 2010 p.107 Table 13 Overview of Legal Acts in Austrian Migration Regime, 1992-2011 p.110 Table 14 Self-Employed Persons in Austria and Vienna by Nationality, 1984-2009 p.119 Table 15 Distribution of Chinese-owned and/or Chinese-run Business in Austria by p.133 Branch, 2000 – 2010 Table 16 Chinese Catering Business in Austria and Vienna, 1976-2010 p.143 Table 17 Austrian-China Trade (in million €), 1999-2009 p.156 Table 18 Tourists from PR China in Austria and Vienna, 2004-2010 p.161 Table 19 China Outbound Tourists by Continent (in million €) p.161 Table 20 Chinese Concerts and Shows in Vienna, January and February 2008 p.167 Table 21 Official Delegations Received in Vienna, 2006-2007 (Partially) p.168 Table 22 Typology of Chinese Immigrant Business in Austria p.178 Table 23 Resources, Practices and Strategies of Chinese Entrepreneurs p.205 4 LIST OF FIGURE/PHOTO Figure 1 Interactive Model of Ethnic Business Development p.30 Figure 2 Dual Embeddedness of Immigrant Economy in Transnational Context p.46 Figure 3 Caricatures titled “The Chinese are here”, 1931 p.80 Figure 4 Cover page of an exhibition booklet on Chinese in Vienna, 1985 p.83 Figure 5 Zhejiang and Fujian Provinces: Places of Origin of p.89 Chinese Migrants in Austria Figure 6 Restaurant Goldener Drachen in the Porzellangasse, Vienna p.100 Figure 7 A restaurant offering both Chinese and Japanese cuisine p.100 Figure 8 Peking Opera Association in Vienna p.101 Figure 9 Pop concert organized by Chinese students in a local bar p.101 Figure 10 Performance of the Taiwanese Choir p.102 Figure 11 Chinese newspapers printed in Vienna p.102 Figure 12 Chinese tourists in Venice, Italy p.128 Figure 13 Chinese street vendor in Florence, Italy p.128 Figure 14 Chinese restaurant in Naschmarkt, Vienna p.136 Figure 15 Chinese bookstore and shop in Naschmarkt area p.136 Figure 16, 17 Marketing materials of a Chinese noodle shop p.137 Figure 18 Chinese market trader in Brunnenmarkt, Vienna p.138 Figure 19 Chinese retail shop on Sechshauserstrasse, Vienna p.138 Figure 20 Chinese tourists strolling on Kärntnerstrasse, Vienna p.139 Figure 21 Founding of the Federation of Chinese Tourism in Austria in 2006 p.139 Figure 22 Chinese restaurant promoting regional (Qingtian, Wenzhou) p.149 specialities and huoguo Figure 23 Chain supermarket Hofer promoting Asian cooking at home p.150 Figure 24 Poster of Chinese New Year Concert in the Golden Hall of p.209 Wiener Musikverein Figure 25 VCD Cover of Song Zuying Solo Concert in Vienna p.209 5 Romanization Pinyin system, commonly used in the People’s Republic of China, is adopted throughout this dissertation. There are a few exceptions of name of places and institutions, such as Kuomintang and Peking opera, for these terms have long been romanized in other ways and are established translations adopted by the Western-language materials. 6 Acknowledgements I wish to thank my supervisor, Professor Susanne Weigelin-Schwiedrzik, for her sustained support, guidance and patience during the course
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