DOCSLIB.ORG

Transnational Organized Crime in East Asia and the Pacific

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Transnational Organized Crime in East Asia and the Pacific Transnational Organized Crime in East Asia and the Pacific A Threat Assessment Counterfeit goods Methamphetamine E-waste Ozone-Depleting Illegal wood Trafficking in Substances products Heroin persons Fraudulent Migrant medicines Illegal wildlife smuggling April 2013 Copyright © 2013, United Nations Office on Drugs Writers, consultants and contracted agencies: and Crime (UNODC). Note: Because of significant re-writes and inputs from other sources, the final chapters do not Cover photos: © www.sxc.hu (medicines), necessarily reflect the work of the original drafters. WWF-Malaysia/S.Hogg (pangolin) and CBSA UNODC thanks all writers, consultants and (migrant smuggling). contracted agencies for their contribution. Chapter 1 (Migrant Smuggling and Human APPRECIATION Trafficking): Rebecca Powell with additional inputs from Rebecca Miller on migrant smuggling. UNODC gratefully acknowledges the financial con- Chapter 2 (Human Trafficking): Rebecca Powell. tribution of the Governments of Australia and New Chapter 3 (Migrant Smuggling): Rebecca Miller. Zealand towards the cost of preparing this TOCTA. Chapter 4 (Migrant Smuggling): Rebecca Miller. UNODC also acknowledges the kind contribution Chapter 5 (Heroin): Jianhong Liu (Prof.), Huang of the United Nations Environment Programme to Kaicheng (Prof.), Jieying Lin with additional the development of the chapters 9 and 10 of this contributions from Thomas Pietschmann publication. (UNODC). Chapter 6 (ATS): Shawn Kelley (UNODC). The preparation of this report would not have been Chapter 7 (Wildlife): TRAFFIC Southeast Asia and possible without the data and information reported Edward van Asch. Peer reviewers: John M. Sellar by governments to UNODC and other international (former CITES Secretariat), Ann Panoho (Wildlife organizations. UNODC is particularly thankful to Enforcement Group, NZ). government and law enforcement officials met in the Chapter 8 (Wood-based products): James Hewitt. region while undertaking research. Peer reviewers: William B. Magrath (World Bank), Jeremy Broadhead (FAO), UNEP Regional Office ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS for Asia and the Pacific (Bangkok). Chapter 9 (e-waste): Environmental Investigation This study was conducted under the responsibility Agency (EIA). Peer reviewers: UNEP DITE IETC of the UNODC Regional Office for Southeast Asia Japan; UNEP Geneva; UNEP Regional Office and the Pacific (ROSEAP), Division for Operations for Asia and the Pacific – Compliance Assistance (DO), with research support of the UNODC Studies Programme (Bangkok). and Threat Analysis Section (STAS), Division for Chapter 10 (ODS): EIA. Peer reviewers: UNEP Policy Analysis and Public Affairs (DPA). DITE IETC Japan; UNEP Geneva; UNEP Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific – Compliance EDITORIAL AND PRODUCTION TEAM Assistance Programme (Bangkok). Chapter 11 (Counterfeit Goods): Daniel Schwartz. The TOCTA EAP was produced under the Chapter 12 (Fraudulent Medicines): Daniel supervision of Aldo Lale-Demoz, Director, DO, Schwartz. and Gary Lewis, the former UNODC Regional Representative, ROSEAP. EXPLANATORY NOTES Core team: The boundaries and names shown and the In Bangkok: Mark Harris (Lead Researcher), Akara designations used on maps do not imply official Umapornsakula (Maps and Images), Inshik Sim, endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Janeille Thompson, Tun Nay Soe, Shawn Kelley, The designations employed and the presentation of Giovanni Broussard, Sebastian Baumeister, Jonathan the material in this publication do not imply the Hampshire, Stefan Wetzel, Patrick Anderson, expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of Francesco Salonia, Louise Truslove, Angelica Boyle, the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the Craig McFarlane. legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of In Vienna: Jenna Dawson, Thomas Pietschmann, its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its Louise Bosetti, Suzanne Kunnen, Kristina Kuttnig, frontiers or boundaries. Anja Korenblik. In New York: Ted Leggett. Countries and areas are referred to by the names that were in official use at the time the relevant data were collected. Since there is some scientific and legal ambiguity about the distinctions between “drug use”, “drug misuse” and “drug abuse”, the neutral terms “drug use” and “drug consumption” are used in this report. References to dollars ($) are to United States dollars, unless otherwise stated. All references to “tons” are to metric tons (also represented at “mt”), unless otherwise stated. DISCLAIMERS This report has not been formally edited. This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-prof- it purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNODC would appreciate receiv- ing a copy of any publication that uses this publica- tion as a source. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNODC, Member States, or contributory organizations, nor does it imply any endorsement. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Table of Contents Abbreviations.................................................................................................................................................i Executive Summary....................................................................................................................................iii Introduction: Fighting transnational organized crime........................................................................1 The flows 1. Smuggling of migrants and labour trafficking within the Greater Mekong Sub-Region..................................5 2. Trafficking of women and girls for sexual exploitation within the Greater Mekong Sub-Region...................15 3. Migrant smuggling from East and Southeast Asia to the United States and the European Union.................25 4. Migrant smuggling from South and West Asia through Southeast Asia to Australia and Canada..................37 5. Trafficking of opiates from Myanmar and Afghanistan into East Asia and the Pacific...................................49 6. Trafficking of methamphetamines from Myanmar and China to the region.................................................59 7. The illegal wildlife trade in East Asia and the Pacific....................................................................................75 8. Illicit trade in wood-based products from the region to the world................................................................87 9. Illicit trade in electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) from the world to the region..................................101 10. Illicit trade in ozone-depleting substances (ODS) from East Asia to the world..........................................113 11. Counterfeit consumer goods from East Asia to the United States and the European Union.......................121 12. Fraudulent essential medicines from East Asia to Southeast Asia and Africa...............................................129 Key issues and implications for response...........................................................................................139 Bibliography..............................................................................................................................................155 Abbreviations AA Acetic anhydride (precursor for manufacture of heroin) ACC Australian Crime Commission ACTA Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement ADB Asian Development Bank ADEC Asia-Pacific Operational Drug Enforcement Conference AFP Australian Federal Police AML/CFT Anti Money-Laundering / Counter Financing of Terrorism APG Asia-Pacific Group on Money Laundering ARCM Asian Research Center on Migration ARQ Annual Reports Questionnaire ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations. ATS Amphetamine-type Stimulants BMI Business Monitor International bn Billions CBSA Canada Border Services Agency CCDAC Central Committee for Drug Abuse Control of Myanmar CFCs Chloroflourocarbons CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species COMMIT Coordinated Mekong Ministerial Initiative Against Trafficking CRTs Cathode Ray Tubes DAINAP Drug Abuse Information Network for Asia and the Pacific DIAC Australian Department of Immigration and Citizenship EC European Commission ECPAT End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes ETIS Elephant Trade Information System EU European Union e-waste Electrical and electronic waste FAOSTAT Food and Agriculture Organization Statistics FATF Financial Action Task Force GASIM Joint Analysis and Strategy Centre for Illegal Migration GMS Greater Mekong Subregion HCFCs Hydrochloroflourocarbons HIV Human immunodeficiency virus HSTC Human Smuggling and Trafficking Center IDEC International Drug Enforcement Committee (US supported) IMA Irregular Maritime Arrivals INCB International Narcotics Control Board INSEE Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques INTERPOL International Criminal Police Organization IOM International Organization for Migration IPR Intellectual property rights ISPs Internet Service Providers ITRI Industrial Technology Research Institute LTTE Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (Tamil Tigers) Medsafe New
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Excesss Karaoke Master by Artist
    XS Master by ARTIST Artist Song Title Artist Song Title (hed) Planet Earth Bartender TOOTIMETOOTIMETOOTIM ? & The Mysterians 96 Tears E 10 Years Beautiful UGH! Wasteland 1999 Man United Squad Lift It High (All About 10,000 Maniacs Candy Everybody Wants Belief) More Than This 2 Chainz Bigger Than You (feat. Drake & Quavo) [clean] Trouble Me I'm Different 100 Proof Aged In Soul Somebody's Been Sleeping I'm Different (explicit) 10cc Donna 2 Chainz & Chris Brown Countdown Dreadlock Holiday 2 Chainz & Kendrick Fuckin' Problems I'm Mandy Fly Me Lamar I'm Not In Love 2 Chainz & Pharrell Feds Watching (explicit) Rubber Bullets 2 Chainz feat Drake No Lie (explicit) Things We Do For Love, 2 Chainz feat Kanye West Birthday Song (explicit) The 2 Evisa Oh La La La Wall Street Shuffle 2 Live Crew Do Wah Diddy Diddy 112 Dance With Me Me So Horny It's Over Now We Want Some Pussy Peaches & Cream 2 Pac California Love U Already Know Changes 112 feat Mase Puff Daddy Only You & Notorious B.I.G. Dear Mama 12 Gauge Dunkie Butt I Get Around 12 Stones We Are One Thugz Mansion 1910 Fruitgum Co. Simon Says Until The End Of Time 1975, The Chocolate 2 Pistols & Ray J You Know Me City, The 2 Pistols & T-Pain & Tay She Got It Dizm Girls (clean) 2 Unlimited No Limits If You're Too Shy (Let Me Know) 20 Fingers Short Dick Man If You're Too Shy (Let Me 21 Savage & Offset &Metro Ghostface Killers Know) Boomin & Travis Scott It's Not Living (If It's Not 21st Century Girls 21st Century Girls With You 2am Club Too Fucked Up To Call It's Not Living (If It's Not 2AM Club Not
    [Show full text]
  • (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2014/0127716 A1 Longo Et Al
    US 2014O127716A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2014/0127716 A1 Longo et al. (43) Pub. Date: May 8, 2014 (54) BENCHMARKS FOR NORMAL CELL (60) Provisional application No. 61/240,613, filed on Sep. IDENTIFICATION 8, 2009. (71) Applicant: Nodality, Inc, South San Francisco, CA (US) Publication Classification (72) Inventors: Diane Longo, Foster City, CA (US); (51) Int. C. Alessandra Cesano, Redwood City, CA GOIN33/50 (2006.01) (US); Garry P. Nolan, South San G06F 9/72 (2006.01) Francisco, CA (US) (52) U.S. C. CPC ............ G0IN33/5041 (2013.01); G06F 19/12 (73) Assignee: Nodality, Inc, South San Francisco, CA (2013.01) (US) USPC ............. 435/7.21: 435/29: 435/7.24; 435/7.4 (21) Appl. No.: 14/072,623 (22) Filed: Nov. 5, 2013 (57) ABSTRACT Related U.S. Application Data Provided herein are methods, compositions, and kits for (63) Continuation of application No. 13/821,539, filed on determining cell signaling profiles in normal cells and com Oct. 2, 2013, Continuation-in-part of application No. paring the cell signaling profiles of normal cells to cell sig 12/877,998, filed on Sep. 8, 2010. naling profiles from a test sample. Patent Application Publication May 8, 2014 Sheet 1 of 37 US 2014/O12771.6 A1 SC: Z 2 N 2 29:NS Patent Application Publication May 8, 2014 Sheet 2 of 37 US 2014/O12771.6 A1 Patent Application Publication May 8, 2014 Sheet 3 of 37 US 2014/O12771.6 A1 se|duesque?e),TWV Patent Application Publication May 8, 2014 Sheet 5 of 37 US 2014/O12771.6 A1 FLT-WTAML that signal FLT-WTAML that signal like Healthy BMMb like FLT3-ITDAML O Healthy BMMb S FLT3 ITDAML O FLT3 WTAML -0.2 O.O 0.2 0.4 DOnOrS With OW mutational load Principal Component 1 FIG.
    [Show full text]
  • Songs by Artist
    Sunfly (All) Songs by Artist Karaoke Shack Song Books Title DiscID Title DiscID (Comic Relief) Vanessa Jenkins & Bryn West & Sir Tom Jones & 3OH!3 Robin Gibb Don't Trust Me SFKK033-10 (Barry) Islands In The Stream SF278-16 3OH!3 & Katy Perry £1 Fish Man Starstrukk SF286-11 One Pound Fish SF12476 Starstrukk SFKK038-10 10cc 3OH!3 & Kesha Dreadlock Holiday SF023-12 My First Kiss SFKK046-03 Dreadlock Holiday SFHT004-12 3SL I'm Mandy SF079-03 Take It Easy SF191-09 I'm Not In Love SF001-09 3T I'm Not In Love SFD701-6-05 Anything FLY032-07 Rubber Bullets SF071-01 Anything SF049-02 Things We Do For Love, The SFMW832-11 3T & Michael Jackson Wall Street Shuffle SFMW814-01 Why SF080-11 1910 Fruitgum Company 3T (Wvocal) Simon Says SF028-10 Anything FLY032-15 Simon Says SFG047-10 4 Non Blondes 1927 What's Up SF005-08 Compulsory Hero SFDU03-03 What's Up SFD901-3-14 Compulsory Hero SFHH02-05-10 What's Up SFHH02-09-15 If I Could SFDU09-11 What's Up SFHT006-04 That's When I Think Of You SFID009-04 411, The 1975, The Dumb SF221-12 Chocolate SF326-13 On My Knees SF219-04 City, The SF329-16 Teardrops SF225-06 Love Me SF358-13 5 Seconds Of Summer Robbers SF341-12 Amnesia SF342-12 Somebody Else SF367-13 Don't Stop SF340-17 Sound, The SF361-08 Girls Talk Boys SF366-16 TOOTIMETOOTIMETOOTIME SF390-09 Good Girls SF345-07 UGH SF360-09 She Looks So Perfect SF338-05 2 Eivissa She's Kinda Hot SF355-04 Oh La La La SF114-10 Youngblood SF388-08 2 Unlimited 50 Cent No Limit FLY027-05 Candy Shop SF230-10 No Limit SF006-05 Candy Shop SFKK002-09 No Limit SFD901-3-11 In Da
    [Show full text]
  • Religion in China BKGA 85 Religion Inchina and Bernhard Scheid Edited by Max Deeg Major Concepts and Minority Positions MAX DEEG, BERNHARD SCHEID (EDS.)
    Religions of foreign origin have shaped Chinese cultural history much stronger than generally assumed and continue to have impact on Chinese society in varying regional degrees. The essays collected in the present volume put a special emphasis on these “foreign” and less familiar aspects of Chinese religion. Apart from an introductory article on Daoism (the BKGA 85 BKGA Religion in China proto­typical autochthonous religion of China), the volume reflects China’s encounter with religions of the so-called Western Regions, starting from the adoption of Indian Buddhism to early settlements of religious minorities from the Near East (Islam, Christianity, and Judaism) and the early modern debates between Confucians and Christian missionaries. Contemporary Major Concepts and religious minorities, their specific social problems, and their regional diversities are discussed in the cases of Abrahamitic traditions in China. The volume therefore contributes to our understanding of most recent and Minority Positions potentially violent religio-political phenomena such as, for instance, Islamist movements in the People’s Republic of China. Religion in China Religion ∙ Max DEEG is Professor of Buddhist Studies at the University of Cardiff. His research interests include in particular Buddhist narratives and their roles for the construction of identity in premodern Buddhist communities. Bernhard SCHEID is a senior research fellow at the Austrian Academy of Sciences. His research focuses on the history of Japanese religions and the interaction of Buddhism with local religions, in particular with Japanese Shintō. Max Deeg, Bernhard Scheid (eds.) Deeg, Max Bernhard ISBN 978-3-7001-7759-3 Edited by Max Deeg and Bernhard Scheid Printed and bound in the EU SBph 862 MAX DEEG, BERNHARD SCHEID (EDS.) RELIGION IN CHINA: MAJOR CONCEPTS AND MINORITY POSITIONS ÖSTERREICHISCHE AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN PHILOSOPHISCH-HISTORISCHE KLASSE SITZUNGSBERICHTE, 862.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide Pédagogique Projects Doing Things with Words
    guide pédagogique projects doing things with words Coordination pédagogique Juliette Ban-Larrosa et Jean-Louis Picot Agrégés de l’université Inspecteurs d’Académie Inspecteurs Pédagogiques Régionaux Auteurs Sylvain Basty Professeur certifi é Lycée André Boulloche, Livry-Gargan (93) Benjamin Baudin Professeur agrégé Lycée André Boulloche, Livry-Gargan (93) Francis Laboue Professeur certifi é Lycée Robert de Mortain, Mortain (50) Claudine Lennevi Professeur agrégé Lycée Marie Curie, Vire (14) Pour la langue orale Jeremy Reyburn Inspecteur d’Académie Inspecteur Pédagogique Régional Conception maquette : Marc & Yvette Couverture : Agence Mercure Mise en page : IGS « Le photocopillage, c’est l’usage abusif et collectif de la photocopie sans autorisation des auteurs et des éditeurs. Largement répandu dans les établissements d’enseignement, le photocopillage menace l’avenir du livre, car il met en danger son équilibre économique. Il prive les auteurs d’une juste rémunération. En dehors de l’usage privé du copiste, toute reproduction totale ou partielle de cet ouvrage est interdite. » « La loi du 11 mars 1957 n’autorisant, au terme des alinéas 2 et 3 de l’article 41, d’une part, que les copies ou reproductions strictement réservées à l’usage privé du copiste et non destinées à une utilisation collective » et, d’autre part, que les analyses et les courtes citations dans un but d’exemple et d’illustration, « toute représentation ou reproduction intégrale, ou partielle, faite sans le consentement de l’auteur ou de ses ayants droit ou ayants cause, est illicite. » (alinéa 1er de l’article 40) - « Cette représentation ou reproduction, par quelque procédé que ce soit, constituerait donc une contrefaçon sanctionnée par les articles 425 et suivants du Code pénal.
    [Show full text]
  • Drug Trafficking in and out of the Golden Triangle
    Drug trafficking in and out of the Golden Triangle Pierre-Arnaud Chouvy To cite this version: Pierre-Arnaud Chouvy. Drug trafficking in and out of the Golden Triangle. An Atlas of Trafficking in Southeast Asia. The Illegal Trade in Arms, Drugs, People, Counterfeit Goods and Natural Resources in Mainland, IB Tauris, p. 1-32, 2013. hal-01050968 HAL Id: hal-01050968 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01050968 Submitted on 25 Jul 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Atlas of Trafficking in Mainland Southeast Asia Drug trafficking in and out of the Golden Triangle Pierre-Arnaud Chouvy CNRS-Prodig (Maps 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 25, 31) The Golden Triangle is the name given to the area of mainland Southeast Asia where most of the world‟s illicit opium has originated since the early 1950s and until 1990, before Afghanistan‟s opium production surpassed that of Burma. It is located in the highlands of the fan-shaped relief of the Indochinese peninsula, where the international borders of Burma, Laos, and Thailand, run. However, if opium poppy cultivation has taken place in the border region shared by the three countries ever since the mid-nineteenth century, it has largely receded in the 1990s and is now confined to the Kachin and Shan States of northern and northeastern Burma along the borders of China, Laos, and Thailand.
    [Show full text]
  • “Kung Flu” Fighters: Illuminating Resilience & Solidarities Among The
    “Kung Flu” Fighters: Illuminating Resilience & Solidarities Among the Chinese Diaspora Sabrina Lin | Amherst College | Spain, South Africa, USA | Summer 2021 OVERVIEW: T he Chinese diaspora is bonded by shared phenotype and some sense of a faraway homeland—an arbitrary designation in some ways, but one rendered especially fraught by the pandemic. The pandemic has most obviously wreaked havoc on world’s health and brought about reports of racist hate crimes for the Chinese diaspora in particular, but it has also inspired burgeoning movements for solidarity and social change. The viral hashtag #IAmNotAVirus, for example, has found success in translation in Spanish-speaking and French-speaking countries around the world. In South Africa, Chinatown communities have participated in successful mutual aid efforts to support local businesses impacted by lockdown and xenophobic avoidance. For all their differences, many Chinese diasporic communities are finding new or renewed connections in the midst of the pandemic. This raises the question: how might both the diaspora's diverse experiences and emergent solidarities create more understanding and empathy in an increasingly divided world? In order to highlight resiliencies across distinct global communities, I propose to create a podcast: an auditory collection of personal histories as told by members of the Chinese diaspora, who have very different upbringings, but who face a pandemic that has flattened their ethnic identities into “dirty bat eater.” Traveling to Chinese diasporic communities in Spain and South Africa, I will explore how the pandemic has affected identity and resilience across the Chinese diaspora—by not only collecting these stories, but also participating in the community work that sustains these networks and recording my own experiences.
    [Show full text]
  • Important Factors Affecting Customers in Buying Japanese Vehicles in New Zealand: a Case Study
    Important factors affecting customers in buying Japanese vehicles in New Zealand: A case study Henry Wai Leong Ho, Ferris State University, Big Rapids, MI, USA Julia Sze Wing Yu, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia Abstract Just like many developed countries, car ownership in New Zealand (NZ) is an important determinant of household travel behavior. New Zealanders like buying used cars (mainly direct import from Japan) due to their affordability and reputation of good condition of the Japanese car. It has been mentioned for many years that Chinese ethnic group is not only one of the largest immigrants in NZ but also one of the most attractive customer groups in NZ market. This research aims to identify what are the NZ Chinese customers’ preferences and perceptions in purchasing Japanese used vehicles and how the used car dealers in NZ can successfully attract and convince their Chinese customers to purchase from them. Based on the survey results, Chinese customers agreed that price, fuel efficiency as well as style and appearance are all the important factors when they decide which Japanese vehicles to buy. Other than that, used car dealers with good reputation as well as friends and family recommendations are also some of the important factors for Chinese customers in helping them to select the right seller to purchase their Japanese used vehicles. Keywords: Chinese migrants in New Zealand; Japanese used car; used car dealer in New Zealand; customer perception; automobile industry Bibliography 1st and corresponding author: Henry W. L. Ho, MBus (Marketing), DBA Dr. Henry Ho is an Associate Professor of Marketing at Ferris State University in Michigan, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • New Zealanders on the Net Discourses of National Identities In
    New Zealanders on the Net Discourses of National Identities in Cyberspace Philippa Karen Smith A thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) 2012 Institute of Culture, Discourse & Communication School of Language and Culture ii Table of Contents List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. v List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... v List of Acronyms ........................................................................................................................ vi Attestation of Authorship ......................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. viii Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... ix Chapter One : Identifying the problem: a ‘new’ identity for New Zealanders? ................... 1 1.1 Setting the context ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 New Zealand in a globalised world ....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Islamist and Middle Eastern Terrorism: a Threat to Europe?
    © Rubbettino Centro Militare di Studi Strategici - Roma © Rubbettino Islamist and Middle Eastern Terrorism: A threat to Europe? Maria do Céu Pinto (University of Minho Portugal) Rubbettino © Rubbettino Copyright © by CeMiSS Centro Militare di Studi Strategici Piazza della Rovere, 83 - 00165 Roma (RM) e-mail: [email protected] © 2004 - Rubbettino Editore 88049 Soveria Mannelli - Viale Rosario Rubbettino, 10 -Tel. (0968) 662034 www.rubbettino.it © Rubbettino Index Abstract: 7 Introduction 9 I Islamist and Middle Eastern Terrorism in Europe: The Background 11 I.1. Palestinian Terrorism 11 I.2. Iranian Terrorism 17 II New Patterns of Islamist Terrorism in the 1990s 21 II.1. A New Age of Terrorism 21 II.2. Religious Terrorism 22 III The Web of Terror in Europe 31 III.1. Interlocking Terror Plots 31 III.2. Al-Qaeda: an Umbrella Network 32 III.3. Mosques: Recruitment and Indoctrination 36 IV Groups and Activities of Islamic Terrorists in Europe 41 IV.1. England 41 IV.2. France And Belgium 49 IV.3. Italy 53 IV.4. Germany 62 IV.5. Spain 65 IV.6. The Netherlands 71 V Evaluating the Terrorist Threat to Europe’s Security 75 V.1. Al-Qaeda’s European Infrastructure after 11th September 75 V.2. Islamic Communities in Europe: A Breeding Ground of Terrorists? 76 Conclusion 77 Bibliography 79 © Rubbettino 5 © Rubbettino Abstract During three decades Middle Eastern terrorism in Europe was largely a spillover from problems in the Middle East. Europe was a preferential oper- ational area for Arab, Palestinian and Iranian terrorists fighting each other. In the 1990s, a new Islamic threat emerged as a result of the activities of “ad hoc” terrorist groups, which lack a well-established organisational identity and tend to decentralise and compartmentalise their activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Contemporary Chinese Diasporas Min Zhou Editor Contemporary Chinese Diasporas Editor Min Zhou University of California Los Angeles, CA USA
    Contemporary Chinese Diasporas Min Zhou Editor Contemporary Chinese Diasporas Editor Min Zhou University of California Los Angeles, CA USA ISBN 978-981-10-5594-2 ISBN 978-981-10-5595-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-5595-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017950830 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover image © KTSDESIGN / Getty Images Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
    [Show full text]
  • Gender, Race, and Empire in Caribbean Indenture Narratives
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 2-2015 The Ties that Bind: Gender, Race, and Empire in Caribbean Indenture Narratives Alison Joan Klein Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/582 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] THE TIES THAT BIND: GENDER, RACE, AND EMPIRE IN CARIBBEAN INDENTURE NARRATIVES by ALISON KLEIN A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in English in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York. 2015 © 2015 ALISON JOAN KLEIN All Rights Reserved ii This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in English in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Ashley Dawson __________________ Date Chair of Examining Committee Mario DiGangi __________________ Date Executive Officer THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii THE TIES THAT BIND: GENDER, RACE, AND EMPIRE IN CARIBBEAN INDENTURE NARRATIVES by ALISON KLEIN Adviser: Professor Ashley Dawson This dissertation traces the ways that oppressive gender roles and racial tensions in the Caribbean today developed out of the British imperial system of indentured labor. Between 1837 and 1920, after slavery was abolished in the British colonies and before most colonies achieved independence, approximately 750,000 laborers, primarily from India and China, traveled to the Caribbean under indenture.
    [Show full text]