Paper 11 Politico-Social and Administrative History of Ancient India

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Paper 11 Politico-Social and Administrative History of Ancient India DDCE/History (M.A)/SLM/Paper-11 Politico-Social and Administrative History of Ancient India (1st Cent. B.C to 8th Cent. A.D) By Dr. Binod Bihari Satpathy 0 CONTENT POLITICO-SOCIAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE HISTORY OF ANCIENT INDIA (1ST CENT. B.C TO 8TH CENT. A.D) Unit.No. Chapter Name Page No Post Mouryan Society and Economy in India. 1. Foreign invasion and rules- Indo-Bactrian, Indo-Parthians and the 2-22 Sussanian: Impact and significance of foreign intrusion into India. 2. Social Condition- Religious developments: Rise of Mahayana Unit-I. Buddhism, Development of art and Architecture ( Gandhara, 23-37 Mathura, Central India and Vengi School of Art). 3. Economic condition- Contact with other world, Monetization of 38-49 economy. The Age of Gupta. 1. The Guptas: Sources of Gupta History; Origin of the Gupta, Foundation and Consolidation of the Gupta Empire: Chandragupta- 50-73 I, Samudragupta and Chandragupta-II. Unit-II 2. Gupta Empire- Administration and Decline of the Gupta Dynasty. 74-84 3. Society and Economy: Development of literature, Science and Technology, Art and Architecture, Religion and Economic 85-99 conditions, Indian polity in the Post Gupta Era. 1. Post-Gupta Period, Pushybhuti: Harshavardhana: Sources and 100-108 Achievements. Unit-III. 2. Chalukya of Badami: Pulakesin-II- Achievements, Chalukyan Art 109-139 and Architecture. 3. Pallavas- Polity, Administration, Society and Art. 140-154 General review of the period from 1st Century to 8th Century A.D. 1. Arab Invasion of Sind- consequences. 155-167 2. General review of Social and economic developments:- Social Unit-IV. Structure and institutions, Caste System, Position of women, 168-178 Education and learning in Ancient India. 3. Land system: The concept of Indian Feudalism, Land Grants and 179-198 Agrarian Relation, trade and commerce. 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It is pleasure to be able to complete this compilation work. containing various aspects of Ancient Indian History. This material is prepared with an objective to familiarize the students of M.A History, DDCE Utkal University on the various aspcets of India’s ancient past. This work would not have been possible without the support of the Directorate of Distance and Continuing Education, Utkal University. I would especially like to thank Prof. Susmita Prasad Pani, the Director, DDCE, Utkal University. As my teacher and mentor, he has taught me more than I could ever give him credit for here. He has shown me, by his example, what a good teacher (and person) should be. The compiler owes many thanks to all the reputed scholars on Ancient Indian History whose work is being used here for the sake of making the students understand the subject. I have copied, collected, and made use of the scholarly works of great scholars whose work has been mentioned in the further reading section of each chapter. The compiler of the present material claims no authority and originality on any topic of the materials cum textbook. As already been mentioned above the work is a compilation of already existing works of great scholars among whom name of a few have been mentioned at the end of each chapter. Besides the SLM of IGNOU and other Distance Education Institutions have been also consulted and used for preparation of this material for that I duly acknowledge those textbooks. Would be grateful by receiving suggestions and comments to improve this material cum textbook, from the students, teachers and also the practicing professionals Binod Bihari Satpathy 2 Unit-1 Chapter-I FOREIGN INVASION AND RULES Indo-Bactrian, Indo-Parthians and the Scythians: Impact and Significance of Foreign Intrusion into India. Structure 1.1.0. Objectives 1.1.1. Introduction 1.1.2. Indo-Greeks or Yavana 1.1.2.1. A Brief History of Bactrian Greek 1.1.2.2. Demetrius Invasion of India 1.1.2.3. Rule of Eucratides I 1.1.2.4. Reign of Appolodotus 1.1.2.5. Reign of Menander I 1.1.2.6. Antialcidas : Indianisation of Indo-Greeks 1.1.2.7. Geo-Political Implications of the Indo-Greek Rule 1.1.3. The Parthians or Pahalava 1.1.3.1. Sources 1.1.3.2. Indo-Parthian in India 1.1.3.3. Gondophares & St. Thomas 1.1.3.4. Decline of the Indo-Parthians 1.1.4. The Scythians or Shaka 1.1.4.1. Origins of the Scythians 1.1.4.2. Settlement in Sakastan 1.1.4.3. Indo-Scythian kingdoms 1.1.4.4. Western Kshatrapas legacy 1.1.4.5. The Indo-Scythians and Buddhism 1.1.4.6. Indo-Scythians in Literature 1.1.5. Condition of North-West India under the Foreign Rule 1.1.5.1. Changing Economic Scenario 1.1.5.2. New trends in Indian religions & literature 1.1.5.3. Secular literature, sciences and the arts 1.1.6. Conclusion 1.1.7. Summary 1.1.8. Exercise 1.1.9. Further Readings 3 1.1.0. Objectives The chapter discuss the political history of the north-western India on the eve of post Mauryan age. After learning this lesson the students will be able to explain • the arrival of the Indo-Greeks in north-west India and their subsequent political history. • the origin and establishments of the Indo-Parthian or Pahalava rulers in India.. • foundation of Scythian or Saka kingdoms in India their political history. • Growth of Indian economy, culture and religion under the foreign rulers in India between B.C 200 to A.D 200. 1.1.1. Introduction The Mauryas had done much for Indian unity by bringing the greater part of the country under one umbrella, by defending it against the generals of Alexander and Seleukos, by establishing a uniform system of administration, by using Prakrit for official purposes throughout the length and breadth of the empire and attempting to knit together the different sections of its composite population by the strong tie of a common Dharma. With the fall of the dynasty Indian history for the time being loses its unity. The command of one single political authority is no longer obeyed from the snowy heights of the Hindukush to the fertile plains of Bengal to Mysore. Hordes of outlanders pour through the north-western gates of the country and establish aggressive monarchies in Gandhara, Western Malwa and neighbouring regions. The Punjab is seized by foreigners and the Deccan by local dynasties. There now arose a number of competing power centers in different regions of India. The imperial monarchy was replaced by regional monarchies, and a centralized bureaucracy by regional bureaucracies. These changes had little effect on the continuing hold of the idea of absolutist kingship. Numerous royal eulogies, called prasastis, from the various regions, endowed the respective monarchs with superhuman qualities. Many regional monarchs had Central Asian origins, but they too in time conformed to the notions of kingship that had been maturing since late Vedic times and which reached their apogee in the Mauryan period. All monarchies, whether of foreign or indigenous origins, subscribed to the Brahmanic notions of caste and the fourfold varna system, although Buddhism provided a relatively easier route for foreigners to become adjusted to the Indian social system. The political diffusion in the post-Mauryan period and the emergence of monarchies with foreign roots, described by one historian as ‘chaotic darkness’, might be seen as signs of regression from the heyday of Mauryan imperialism; but, in reality, both the economy and the culture showed dynamism. With this background we can proceed to know the importance of the so called outlander as mentioned above in the polity of post Mauryan India and their contribution to the growth of Indian culture. The outlander about whom the chapter discuss in brief are the Indo-Greeks or Yavana, The Parthians or Pahlava and the Scythians or Shakas. 1.1.2. Indo-Greeks or Yavana The rule of the Indo-Greek kings in the northwest including parts of Central Asia, the whole of Afghanistan, and the Indus Valley, is known from sketchy references in the Greco-Roman literature and the study of innumerable surface finds of their coins. Although king-lists have been prepared on the basis of the royal names on these coins, the nature of their successions and geographical territories is by no means precise. The situation has been further complicated by the tendency of Western scholars to seek a permanent imprint of the Hellenistic civilization on Indian numismatics, art, iconography and philosophy, which is contrasted by the Indian scholarly tendency to trace the impact of Indianisation on these Indian kings of Greek origin. A vast amount of literature, mostly coin catalogues, has accumulated on this problem which virtually tried to underline the whole thing as a march of Western civilization in the northwestern part of the subcontinent. 4 1.1.2.1.A Brief History of Bactrian Greek The Greeks, especially those from Asia Minor, have been known in India since the period of the Achaemenids who had Greeks in their employ. The Achaemenids entered India in the last part of the sixth century BC. The familiarity increased manifold with Alexander’s invasion of India in 327-26 BC and the subsequent presence of the Greeks in Pataliputra and of Greek ambassadors, the most famous of whom was Megasthenes, in the Mauryan court. Asoka makes clear in one of his edicts that the Mauryan power was familiar with all the post-Alexander Greek political powers up to north Africa and the Mediterranean. What is important in the present context is to note that Alexander established a large number of cities, basically called Alexandrias, in Turkmenistan, Tadjikistan, Afghanistan and in modern Pakistan.
Recommended publications
  • Notes and Topics: Synopsis of Taranatha's History
    SYNOPSIS OF TARANATHA'S HISTORY Synopsis of chapters I - XIII was published in Vol. V, NO.3. Diacritical marks are not used; a standard transcription is followed. MRT CHAPTER XIV Events of the time of Brahmana Rahula King Chandrapala was the ruler of Aparantaka. He gave offerings to the Chaityas and the Sangha. A friend of the king, Indradhruva wrote the Aindra-vyakarana. During the reign of Chandrapala, Acharya Brahmana Rahulabhadra came to Nalanda. He took ordination from Venerable Krishna and stu­ died the Sravakapitaka. Some state that he was ordained by Rahula­ prabha and that Krishna was his teacher. He learnt the Sutras and the Tantras of Mahayana and preached the Madhyamika doctrines. There were at that time eight Madhyamika teachers, viz., Bhadantas Rahula­ garbha, Ghanasa and others. The Tantras were divided into three sections, Kriya (rites and rituals), Charya (practices) and Yoga (medi­ tation). The Tantric texts were Guhyasamaja, Buddhasamayayoga and Mayajala. Bhadanta Srilabha of Kashmir was a Hinayaist and propagated the Sautrantika doctrines. At this time appeared in Saketa Bhikshu Maha­ virya and in Varanasi Vaibhashika Mahabhadanta Buddhadeva. There were four other Bhandanta Dharmatrata, Ghoshaka, Vasumitra and Bu­ dhadeva. This Dharmatrata should not be confused with the author of Udanavarga, Dharmatrata; similarly this Vasumitra with two other Vasumitras, one being thr author of the Sastra-prakarana and the other of the Samayabhedoparachanachakra. [Translated into English by J. Masuda in Asia Major 1] In the eastern countries Odivisa and Bengal appeared Mantrayana along with many Vidyadharas. One of them was Sri Saraha or Mahabrahmana Rahula Brahmachari. At that time were composed the Mahayana Sutras except the Satasahasrika Prajnaparamita.
    [Show full text]
  • Indian Hieroglyphs
    Indian hieroglyphs Indus script corpora, archaeo-metallurgy and Meluhha (Mleccha) Jules Bloch’s work on formation of the Marathi language (Bloch, Jules. 2008, Formation of the Marathi Language. (Reprint, Translation from French), New Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN: 978-8120823228) has to be expanded further to provide for a study of evolution and formation of Indian languages in the Indian language union (sprachbund). The paper analyses the stages in the evolution of early writing systems which began with the evolution of counting in the ancient Near East. Providing an example from the Indian Hieroglyphs used in Indus Script as a writing system, a stage anterior to the stage of syllabic representation of sounds of a language, is identified. Unique geometric shapes required for tokens to categorize objects became too large to handle to abstract hundreds of categories of goods and metallurgical processes during the production of bronze-age goods. In such a situation, it became necessary to use glyphs which could distinctly identify, orthographically, specific descriptions of or cataloging of ores, alloys, and metallurgical processes. About 3500 BCE, Indus script as a writing system was developed to use hieroglyphs to represent the ‘spoken words’ identifying each of the goods and processes. A rebus method of representing similar sounding words of the lingua franca of the artisans was used in Indus script. This method is recognized and consistently applied for the lingua franca of the Indian sprachbund. That the ancient languages of India, constituted a sprachbund (or language union) is now recognized by many linguists. The sprachbund area is proximate to the area where most of the Indus script inscriptions were discovered, as documented in the corpora.
    [Show full text]
  • Gupta Empire and Their Rulers – History Notes
    Gupta Empire and Their Rulers – History Notes Posted On April 28, 2020 By Cgpsc.Info Home » CGPSC Notes » History Notes » Gupta Empire and Their Rulers Gupta Empire and Their Rulers – The Gupta period marks the important phase in the history of ancient India. The long and e¸cient rule of the Guptas made a huge impact on the political, social and cultural sphere. Though the Gupta dynasty was not widespread as the Maurya Empire, but it was successful in creating an empire that is signiÛcant in the history of India. The Gupta period is also known as the “classical age” or “golden age” because of progress in literature and culture. After the downfall of Kushans, Guptas emerged and kept North India politically united for more than a century. Early Rulers of Gupta dynasty (Gupta Empire) :- Srigupta – I (270 – 300 C.E.): He was the Ûrst ruler of Magadha (modern Bihar) who established Gupta dynasty (Gupta Empire) with Pataliputra as its capital. Ghatotkacha Gupta (300 – 319 C.E): Both were not sovereign, they were subordinates of Kushana Rulers Chandragupta I (319 C.E. to 335 C.E.): Laid the foundation of Gupta rule in India. He assumed the title “Maharajadhiraja”. He issued gold coins for the Ûrst time. One of the important events in his period was his marriage with a Lichchavi (Kshatriyas) Princess. The marriage alliance with Kshatriyas gave social prestige to the Guptas who were Vaishyas. He started the Gupta Era in 319-320C.E. Chandragupta I was able to establish his authority over Magadha, Prayaga,and Saketa. Calendars in India 58 B.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Download This PDF File
    ISSN 1712-8056[Print] Canadian Social Science ISSN 1923-6697[Online] Vol. 8, No. 2, 2012, pp. 132-139 www.cscanada.net DOI:10.3968/j.css.1923669720120802.1985 www.cscanada.org Iranian People and the Origin of the Turkish-speaking Population of the North- western of Iran LE PEUPLE IRANIEN ET L’ORIGINE DE LA POPULATION TURCOPHONE AU NORD- OUEST DE L’IRAN Vahid Rashidvash1,* 1 Department of Iranian Studies, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, exception, car il peut être appelé une communauté multi- Armenia. national ou multi-raciale. Le nom de Azerbaïdjan a été *Corresponding author. l’un des plus grands noms géographiques de l’Iran depuis Received 11 December 2011; accepted 5 April 2012. 2000 ans. Azar est le même que “Ashur”, qui signifi e feu. En Pahlavi inscriptions, Azerbaïdjan a été mentionnée Abstract comme «Oturpatekan’, alors qu’il a été mentionné The world is a place containing various racial and lingual Azarbayegan et Azarpadegan dans les écrits persans. Dans groups. So that as far as this issue is concerned there cet article, la tentative est faite pour étudier la course et is no difference between developed and developing les gens qui y vivent dans la perspective de l’anthropologie countries. Iran is not an exception, because it can be et l’ethnologie. En fait, il est basé sur cette question called a multi-national or multi-racial community. que si oui ou non, les gens ont résidé dans Atropatgan The name of Azarbaijan has been one of the most une race aryenne comme les autres Iraniens? Selon les renowned geographical names of Iran since 2000 years critères anthropologiques et ethniques de personnes dans ago.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gupta Empire: an Indian Golden Age the Gupta Empire, Which Ruled
    The Gupta Empire: An Indian Golden Age The Gupta Empire, which ruled the Indian subcontinent from 320 to 550 AD, ushered in a golden age of Indian civilization. It will forever be remembered as the period during which literature, science, and the arts flourished in India as never before. Beginnings of the Guptas Since the fall of the Mauryan Empire in the second century BC, India had remained divided. For 500 years, India was a patchwork of independent kingdoms. During the late third century, the powerful Gupta family gained control of the local kingship of Magadha (modern-day eastern India and Bengal). The Gupta Empire is generally held to have begun in 320 AD, when Chandragupta I (not to be confused with Chandragupta Maurya, who founded the Mauryan Empire), the third king of the dynasty, ascended the throne. He soon began conquering neighboring regions. His son, Samudragupta (often called Samudragupta the Great) founded a new capital city, Pataliputra, and began a conquest of the entire subcontinent. Samudragupta conquered most of India, though in the more distant regions he reinstalled local kings in exchange for their loyalty. Samudragupta was also a great patron of the arts. He was a poet and a musician, and he brought great writers, philosophers, and artists to his court. Unlike the Mauryan kings after Ashoka, who were Buddhists, Samudragupta was a devoted worshipper of the Hindu gods. Nonetheless, he did not reject Buddhism, but invited Buddhists to be part of his court and allowed the religion to spread in his realm. Chandragupta II and the Flourishing of Culture Samudragupta was briefly succeeded by his eldest son Ramagupta, whose reign was short.
    [Show full text]
  • Loukota 2019
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles The Goods that Cannot Be Stolen: Mercantile Faith in Kumāralāta’s Garland of Examples Adorned by Poetic Fancy A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Asian Languages and Cultures by Diego Loukota Sanclemente 2019 © Copyright by Diego Loukota Sanclemente 2019 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION The Goods that Cannot Be Stolen: Mercantile Faith in Kumāralāta’s Garland of Examples Adorned by Poetic Fancy by Diego Loukota Sanclemente Doctor of Philosophy in Asian Languages and Cultures University of California, Los Angeles, 2019 Professor Gregory Schopen, Co-chair Professor Stephanie J. Watkins, Co-chair This dissertation examines the affinity between the urban mercantile classes of ancient India and contemporary Buddhist faith through an examination of the narrative collection Kalpanāmaṇḍitikā Dṛṣṭāntapaṅkti (“Garland of Examples,” henceforth Kumāralāta’s Garland) by the 3rd Century CE Gandhāran monk Kumāralāta. The collection features realistic narratives that portray the religious sensibility of those social classes. I contend that as Kumāralāta’s 3rd Century was one of crisis for cities and for trade in the Indian world, his work reflects an urgent statement of the core values of ii Buddhist urban businesspeople. Kumāralāta’s stories emphasize both religious piety and the pursuit of wealth, a concern for social respectability, a strong work ethic, and an emphasis on rational decision-making. These values inform Kumāralāta’s religious vision of poverty and wealth. His vision of religious giving conjugates economic behavior and religious doctrine, and the outcome is a model that confers religious legitimation to the pursuit of wealth but also an economic outlet for religious fervor and a solid financial basis for the monastic establishment, depicted by Kumāralāta in close interdependence with the laity and, most importantly, within the same social class.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ptolemies: an Unloved and Unknown Dynasty. Contributions to a Different Perspective and Approach
    THE PTOLEMIES: AN UNLOVED AND UNKNOWN DYNASTY. CONTRIBUTIONS TO A DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE AND APPROACH JOSÉ DAS CANDEIAS SALES Universidade Aberta. Centro de História (University of Lisbon). Abstract: The fifteen Ptolemies that sat on the throne of Egypt between 305 B.C. (the date of assumption of basileia by Ptolemy I) and 30 B.C. (death of Cleopatra VII) are in most cases little known and, even in its most recognised bibliography, their work has been somewhat overlooked, unappreciated. Although boisterous and sometimes unloved, with the tumultuous and dissolute lives, their unbridled and unrepressed ambitions, the intrigues, the betrayals, the fratricides and the crimes that the members of this dynasty encouraged and practiced, the Ptolemies changed the Egyptian life in some aspects and were responsible for the last Pharaonic monuments which were left us, some of them still considered true masterpieces of Egyptian greatness. The Ptolemaic Period was indeed a paradoxical moment in the History of ancient Egypt, as it was with a genetically foreign dynasty (traditions, language, religion and culture) that the country, with its capital in Alexandria, met a considerable economic prosperity, a significant political and military power and an intense intellectual activity, and finally became part of the world and Mediterranean culture. The fifteen Ptolemies that succeeded to the throne of Egypt between 305 B.C. (date of assumption of basileia by Ptolemy I) and 30 B.C. (death of Cleopatra VII), after Alexander’s death and the division of his empire, are, in most cases, very poorly understood by the public and even in the literature on the topic.
    [Show full text]
  • Prakrit INT Conference.Cdr
    || Namo Gommat Jinam || || Paaiyam Abbhutthaamo || INVITATION On the occasion of Gommateshwara Bhagawan Shri Shri Shri Bahubali Swami Mahamastakabhisheka Mahotsav 2018 PRAKRIT INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE Date: 3rd November to 6th November 2017 Venue: Shri Nemichandra Siddhantha Chakravarty Sabha Mantap Gommat Nagar, Shravanabelagola, Dist. Hassan (Karnataka) INDIA President of the Conference Prof. Prem Suman Jain, Udaipur * ALL ARE CORDIALLY INVITED * Smt. Sarita M.K. Jain, Chennai Prof. Hampa Nagarajaih, Bengaluru National President Chairman, Reception Committee PIC Prof. Jay Kumar Upadhye, New Delhi Shri S. Jithendra Kumar, Bengaluru Chief Conveners PIC Working President Prof. Rishab Chand Jain, Vaishali Shri Satish Chand Jain (SCJ), New Delhi Prof. Kamal Kumar Jain, Pune General Secretary Conveners PIC Shri Vinod Doddanavar Dr. Priya Darshana Jain, Chennai Secretary and Sammelana incharge Dr. C. P. Kusuma, Shravanabelagola Belagavi Co-Convener PIC R.S.V.P. CHIEF SECRETARY-SDJMIMC TRUST (R) GBMMC-2018, WORKING PRESIDENT-BAHUBALI PRAKRIT VIDYAPEETH (R) Shravanabelagola, Hassan District.Karnataka State HOLY PRESENCE Parama Poojya Charitrachakravarthi Acharya Shri Shri 108 Shantisagar Maharaja's Successor Pancham Pattadisha Vatsalya Varidhi P.P.Acharya Shri Shri 108 Vardhaman Sagar Maharaj and Tyagis of their group. Initiated by : P.P. Acharyashri Shri 108 Parshvasagar Maharaj P.P.Acharya Shri Shri 108 Vasupoojya Sagar Maharaj and Tyagis of their group. Initiated by: P.P.Acharya Shri Shri 108 Bharat Sagar Maharaj P.P.Acharya Shri Shri 108 Panchakalyanak Sagar Maharaj and Tyagis of their group. Initiated by: P.P.Acharya Shri Shri 108 Sanmati Sagar Maharaj P.P.Acharya Shri Shri 108 Chandraprabha Sagar Maharaj and Tyagis of their group. Initiated by: P.P.Acharya Shri Shri 108 Dharmasagar Maharaj P.P.Prajnashraman Balayogi Munishri 108 Amit Sagar Maharaj and Tyagis of their group.
    [Show full text]
  • Issues in Indian Philosophy and Its History
    4 ISSUESININDIAN PHILOSOPHY AND ITS HISTORY 4.1 DOXOGRAPHY AND CATEGORIZATION Gerdi Gerschheimer Les Six doctrines de spéculation (ṣaṭtarkī) Sur la catégorisation variable des systèmes philosophiques dans lInde classique* ayam eva tarkasyālaņkāro yad apratişţhitatvaņ nāma (Śaģkaraad Brahmasūtra II.1.11, cité par W. Halbfass, India and Europe, p. 280) Les sixaines de darśana During the last centuries, the six-fold group of Vaiśeşika, Nyāya, Sāņkhya, Yoga, Mīmāņ- sā, and Vedānta ( ) hasgained increasing recognition in presentations of Indian philosophy, and this scheme of the systems is generally accepted today.1 Cest en effet cette liste de sys- tèmes philosophiques (darśana) quévoque le plus souvent, pour lindianiste, le terme şađ- darśana. Il est cependant bien connu, également, que le regroupement sous cette étiquette de ces six systèmes brahmaniques orthodoxes est relativement récent, sans doute postérieur au XIIe siècle;2 un survol de la littérature doxographique sanskrite fait apparaître quil nest du reste pas le plus fréquent parmi les configurations censées comprendre lensemble des sys- tèmes.3 La plupart des doxographies incluent en effet des descriptions des trois grands sys- tèmes non brahmaniques, cest-à-dire le matérialisme,4 le bouddhisme et le jaïnisme. Le Yoga en tant que tel et le Vedānta,par contre, sont souvent absents de la liste des systèmes, en particulier avant les XIIIe-XIVe siècles. Il nen reste pas moins que les darśana sont souvent considérés comme étant au nombre de six, quelle quen soit la liste. La prégnance de cette association, qui apparaît dès la première doxographie, le fameux Şađdarśanasamuccaya (Compendium des six systèmes) du jaina Haribhadra (VIIIe s.
    [Show full text]
  • SUNGA and KANVA DYNASTY Sunga Empire (187 to 78 BCE)
    SUNGA AND KANVA DYNASTY Sunga Empire (187 to 78 BCE) Pushyamitra Sunga (187–151 BCE): The dynasty was established by Pushyamitra Sunga, after the fall of the Maurya Empire (when the emperor Brihadratha, the last of the Mauryan rulers, was assassinated by the then Senapati of the Mauryan armed forces, Pushyamitra Sunga). Its capital was Pataliputra, but later emperors such as Bhagabhadra also held court at Besnagar, modern Vidisha in Eastern Malwa. The empire of Pushyamitra was extended up to Narmada in the south, and controlled Jalandhar and Sialkot in the Punjab in the north-western regions, and the city of Ujjain in central India. The Kabul Valley and much of the Punjab passed into the hands of the Indo-Greeks and the Deccan to the Satavahanas. Origin Patanjali in his Mahabhashya and Panini in his Ashtadhyayi clearly states Pushyamitra Sunga was a Brahmin from Bhardwaj Gotra. The meaning of “Sunga” is the fig tree in Sanskrit. So Sungas took their dynastic name from the fig tree. (Other example of Indian dynasties like Kadamba (a tree name) of Banavasi, Pallava(Sanskrit word for “branch and twig”) of Kanchi who took their dynastic name from tree.) Prosecution of Buddhists? It believed by some historians to have persecuted Buddhists and contributed to a resurgence of Brahmanism that forced Buddhism outwards to Kashmir, Gandhara and Bactria. The earliest reference to persecution of Buddhists by Pushyamitra Sunga is from the Sarvastivadin Buddhist text of 2nd Century CE, Divyavadana and its constituent part, the Ashokavadana.Tibetan Buddhist Historian Taranatha also mentions proscution. Pushyamitra Sunga might have withdrawn royal patronage of Buddhist institutions.
    [Show full text]
  • History of India
    HISTORY OF INDIA VOLUME - 2 History of India Edited by A. V. Williams Jackson, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of Indo-Iranian Languages in Columbia University Volume 2 – From the Sixth Century B.C. to the Mohammedan Conquest, Including the Invasion of Alexander the Great By: Vincent A. Smith, M.A., M.R.A.S., F.R.N.S. Late of the Indian Civil Service, Author of “Asoka, the Buddhist Emperor of India” 1906 Reproduced by Sani H. Panhwar (2018) Preface by the Editor This volume covers the interesting period from the century in which Buddha appeared down to the first centuries after the Mohammedans entered India, or, roughly speaking, from 600 B.C. to 1200 A.D. During this long era India, now Aryanized, was brought into closer contact with the outer world. The invasion of Alexander the Great gave her at least a touch of the West; the spread of Buddhism and the growth of trade created new relations with China and Central Asia; and, toward the close of the period, the great movements which had their origin in Arabia brought her under the influences which affected the East historically after the rise of Islam. In no previous work will the reader find so thorough and so comprehensive a description as Mr. Vincent Smith has given of Alexander’s inroad into India and of his exploits which stirred, even if they did not deeply move, the soul of India; nor has there existed hitherto so full an account of the great rulers, Chandragupta, Asoka, and Harsha, each of whom made famous the age in which he lived.
    [Show full text]
  • Calendar of Roman Events
    Introduction Steve Worboys and I began this calendar in 1980 or 1981 when we discovered that the exact dates of many events survive from Roman antiquity, the most famous being the ides of March murder of Caesar. Flipping through a few books on Roman history revealed a handful of dates, and we believed that to fill every day of the year would certainly be impossible. From 1981 until 1989 I kept the calendar, adding dates as I ran across them. In 1989 I typed the list into the computer and we began again to plunder books and journals for dates, this time recording sources. Since then I have worked and reworked the Calendar, revising old entries and adding many, many more. The Roman Calendar The calendar was reformed twice, once by Caesar in 46 BC and later by Augustus in 8 BC. Each of these reforms is described in A. K. Michels’ book The Calendar of the Roman Republic. In an ordinary pre-Julian year, the number of days in each month was as follows: 29 January 31 May 29 September 28 February 29 June 31 October 31 March 31 Quintilis (July) 29 November 29 April 29 Sextilis (August) 29 December. The Romans did not number the days of the months consecutively. They reckoned backwards from three fixed points: The kalends, the nones, and the ides. The kalends is the first day of the month. For months with 31 days the nones fall on the 7th and the ides the 15th. For other months the nones fall on the 5th and the ides on the 13th.
    [Show full text]