Monogatari (The Ria): of Tale Ria
Adaptation Japanese Tale of Chinese A a
Nakagawa Masako
University Villanova
?•- •- •3• ,•J• • • •7•= otogizrshi • Japanese medieval monogatari short
Ria
or an
5•_ ff•,
•. tale, adaptation chuan Japanese that tells the tale of Chinese Li Wa is story,
a a
family prestigious and from in the
between As of
courtesan.
young a
a
romance a man
2
determined. be definitive author monogatari ofRia Yet of this
stories other cannot
era,
a
likely composition of the late sixteenth examination, is that find its
century most
upon we
•c: • literary Tsurezuregusa works, such influences of earlier the textual inasmuch
as
as
3
•z readily • -]• 1370), • (c. 1330) (c. and Taiheiki apparent.
are
original, relationship with the Chinese this analyzing of monogatari the Ria In
similarities origins and then discusses and of the stories the t"trst article two
compares
chuan is said be plot, The Chinese tale Li Wa and theme. differences in to structure,
• •• longer folktale remains Certain that "I-chih hua" based
extant.
a no on
original Japanese adaptation which omitted in the Chinese in the components
are are
adopted possibly tales, fairy hua." from "I-chili When the first
of elements young man
girl's follows: is described house, the interior visits the as
dazzlingly bright hangings, blinds couches and the toilet-
and Curtains to
eye;
were
quilts pillows elegant. likewise articles, and and sumptuous
were
ofLi 125) Dudbrige, Wa, (Glen The Tale p.
phenomenon place miraculous after takes end of the Chinese Toward the story
a
if_. Ling-chih •
auspicious plant of
the funeral of the An the parents grows young man.
front of where the and the
of
bud in the
bloom flowers and three out young man area one
study Dudbridge, have used Glen English available. this I of chuan In Li Wa translations
are
from
(Ithaca of the ninth Study Chinese of critical edition g/a: and The Tale Li century story
a
critical section. also follows this See Y. W. Ma ofRia monogatari translation 1983). My Press,
(New and York: ed., Traditional Chinese Stories: Themes Variations Joseph Lau, and S. M.
University 1978), 163-71. Press, Columbia pp.
• dx • t•I • (Tokyo: • 2 Nihon • l]g, • kaidai I•g Dai Kenjir6 shrsetsu Kinko Hiraide •
1909), tosho, 455-56. pp.
• •]5 zJ• • Kojima by priest
composed named in the said Taiheiki is have been The
to a
military depicts their and the historical battles between It fourteenth government century.
aristocratic opponents. 45
girl
mourning their period. descriptions, spent These Japanese found in the version, not
show the influence of"I-chih hua."
Still, doubts surrounding remain
alleged authorship the Hsing-chien •1 {• of Po
•
(773?-826),
claimed
within author 4 body
the
the
of Chinese fact, In it is as
text.
more
likely
Hsing-chien that Po revised
"I-chih hua," popular
literary in tale language the of
a
the skepticism
time. This
arises
number of grounds. alleged
The in which
Po on a
year
Hsing-chien
the tale, during 765,
fell period wrote mourning of Hsing-chien's for Po
a
father.
It also
in which the putative author would was been have year a about
twenty
old,
whereas
Li
Wa is chuan
well
written years hint
of writer who
had to attained so
as a a
mature more age.
There historical is
evidence of differences
length in between
the
works.
In two
"Ch'ou
Han-lin hstieh-chih
Po i-pai •j• tai-shu • • • yiin" • • •
•t2 I• ]•" (A
Poem
in Couplets
Hundred
written in the
Hanlin [804-806]), scholar a Po to response YiJan
• ;• Zhen
that fi'iend's recitation the of wrote "I-chih hua" lasted four hours,
indicating a
that hua"
"I-chih could
simple have been folkloric tale. not a
So that while number
of
scholars believe that
"I-chih hua" and
Li chuan Wa a
are
identical,
only infer others they
that both
based
the
material. When
Hwa Yu are
on
same
Walkenstein, 'Chi"
in her "Hui-Chen
Chuan "Li-Wa
Study of Contrasting ": A
Love
vs
Themes,
origin examined the chuan, ofLi Wa offered she 5 following the refutation:
help One
inspired wonder
what
literary in him cannot
that different
from
taste
a
was
so
of that his And what for accounted exceptional craftsmanship the
peers. writing in
fiction
that literary of
his
training?
questions part
These not exist was when
Li to
cease
chuan Wa
be
retold
popular of
turns
story
to out tale.
did It the of a
not a
out
come
author's experience understanding real
and of life. typical
is It popular that
story
a
momentarily his attracted attention, which he counched elegant in the language. classic
The
main
of the is the
of work structure doubtless
story storytellers who made
many
successive modifications.
Among
comparative the issues, textual
of significant the
Japanese most
one
to
as
influence is
the reaction of father the when learns he of lowly
his son's occupation and
deeds. original, the In Chinese
father the
hits him whip with faints, the
and
whereas
a
son
Japanese the in version,
the father intends
kill his family's
his to good to
preserve
son
In latter
the the father him: ancient "From
rarely times
name. to verson, has
says
parent
a
killed
child. his Yet, things believe I
would be better
if
dead than alive in
you
were
your
plight."
shameful
strikes He the hundreds
by of using times the back side of his son
sword until the falls. this In
medieval act, morality. samurai
son
may we see
addition,
In Japanese scholars pointed have
influence the of Taiheiki out
Ria
on
6
style, monogatari. The
mixture of classical Japanese
Japanese and the reading a of
4
Victor
Mair, H. "Scroll T'ang Presentation in the Dynasty," of Harvard
Journal
Asiatic Studies
XXXVIII.1 (June 1978), 38. p.
thesis in M.A. the Oriental Department, Studies University Pennsylvania, of 1975.
• •
Tanji
•,
See Got6
• Senki kenkyd _• • • monogatari
• •
•'• (Tokyo: or)
Isobe no
k6y6d6,
1944), 227-45. pp. 46
• 7•. Y-•, •1[ •
Taiheiki,
of Chinese kanbun called is close that classical kundokutai to a
Likewise condemned
and tale of warriors.
encounters
occupy are women a amorous
revealing: following secondary position of section narration is in the The the narrative.
• •
King dynasty of the started of Li qz disturbance Yu Chou Mt.
at
era an
• •.2. • • T'ang hardships of Hstian-tsung because of the in his suffered Pao-szu
• • flight Yang •. king and his Szechwan lost due Kuei-fei of The Wu country
to to
•j•, • ]j•. j•
b%:, kings his lost these Fu-ch'a life Hsi Shih of All brave their to saw
they lives and countries when became infatuated with vanish women.
teachings quotation This reminds of of the in the Taiheiki said have
to
us some
by priest. Quite quotations history, written often reference from been and Chinese
to
a
7 proverbs, Futhermore, and included Taiheiki. classics in the instances of direct
are
description borrowing girl from that cited. be While the Chinese of her the text at
can
meeting style dress, Japanese with of her hair the the hero and first tells author writes that
•: girl •lJ peerless beauty of Yasunod
about sixteen Her "saw and charm seemed years. a
emerging flower of She the blinds that like fresh lotus seated behind
out water.
a was
• •-• high, playing question (biwa )." Why does lute The arise: she
rolled
may up
a were
particular
Taiheiki, play in that scene? lute within the in be sixteen and But have
to
a an
•" prince, Ichinomiya girl situation, in house identical
he
or)
young a a a saw
high. happened girl follows: blind rolled
The is described "The A
to
up
pass. was as
playing composition Separation girl beautiful of about sixteen the called Autumn
was on
''8 singing. the lute while
Japanese Japanese classics. influences in from the Ria Other monogatari stem
by exchanges is between
other recited the the There
two
young man, poems; are one are
morning exchange girl the after their affair. The of in him such and the
poetry
on a
9 especially commonly Japanese stories. found in classics and in is love old situation
exchange practiced Furthermore, this aristocrats.
real life in And poetry
among was
early sketchy original, of affair is in love the love the Chinese the the whereas treatment
given literary detail, typical Japanese version characteristic of is with the older in story
a
Japanese tales.
endings. also in stories' of differences chuan the Evidence is Li Wa
can seen a
happy eventually successful and due who becomes her virtue. of At to story courtesan
a
prestigious family. closing from Such
she marries the
young occurrence man a an
a
happened time, life of that therefore reflects rarely world in the and it the would of have
Also, based. is chuan of monogatari which Wa love Ria folklore Li
upon was more a
of Japan (New Craig McCullough, Taiheiki: Chronicle Medieval The A York: See trans.,
University 1959), 384-87. Press, Columbia pp.
{• 7• • •r, q• • bungaku • )• fig, F• (Tokyo: • Eijir6 ed., Nihon taikei Nakatsuka Kokumin
tosho, 1925), 17, volume 595-96.
pp.
9
•C preface, time). • (at with that koro After monogatari brief word the Ria • •-
starts
sono a
of typical expression beginning Genji. stories after Tale The is for short written
This a 47
than the
of story
faithful heroine story focuses
since it both heroine; indeed, hero
and a
on
spite
in title, of its in the half latter the of Yasunori draws
story central
attention.
In
Japanese medieval literature,
translated
literary Chinese
works
not
were
a
rarity.
Thus,
given
be
why for the storyteller simply
must did some
it translate
reason not
without
alteration. Judging from quality the
of Ria storyteller the
rnonogatari, had
a
fairly
good knowledge
the of Chinese
Japanese
and
classics
and literary of much
was as a
Hsing-chien.
Po might
We speculate
that he priest by man as profession
the
was a
as was
author of Taihei•', the
but
since
there proof is
this,
for
should classify be
no
content to we
sixteenth-century
him
literary
possessing
his viewpoint, viewpoint as a
that man,
own
a
might
have conflicted that with
of
the
author of Li ITa chuan. The author's
own
interpretation
depicted
that
the heroine praiseworthy, not
Hsing-chien was Po one
as
as
had her; declared hence, he reevaluated the the of moral story.
plot, In of there little is terms variation between Ria rnonogatari its and Chinese
depict
predecessor.
Both
the love of
from
family good
with beautiful
young
a
man a
a
The
falls
in courtesan.
love studying while
capital, in the young
that
man
act
to
an serves
change
the
of his life. After approximately
living
together, of course
the
year one
young
spends
the
his that given have him forhis parents education. man money point, this At he
completely is
abandoned
result of
by devised
the
and her as mother. a
courtesan
ruse a
period After
despair
of
illness, and finds he himself
singing
in a
father, His
contest.
a
happens
who
visiting be
capital
the
time, that to
his
and at fit in
of
sees son
a anger
almost kills Barely
him.
injuries,
from recovered his
the
wanders
around
young
man
as a
beggar,
day and
the house. courtesan's girl to
The recognizes one comes him and,
repenting misdeed, her
him takes
in for
Immediately him.
to care
upon recovery,
following
advice, her the
his
studies.
happy There is
young ending
man the resumes
a
as
couple together and live prosperously. marry
When
Wa chuan Li Japan, reached
the of people, the places, the
the and
names
settings social
altered fit
those of setting. its
instance, to
For singing
were the girl
new
'ang-nfi f;( (ch •
) Ch'ang-an of became dancing girl the (shiraby6shi (• •(q •
) Kyoto of
while the
of Jung the Yang,
Lord
ambassador
Ch'ang-chou
of
(Ch 'ang-chou son
'u-li
tz
•
3•. •lJ Jung Yang J'l'[ • (t• gr•
), became
the of
the
of
Satsuma
province son
governor
(Satsurna
• • shugo
kuni
•l• -•- []
). ¢3
¢3 the In Chinese no the
no story,
young
man
capital the
take the civil to went service examination. to
Japan
As did have
not
an
equivalent
civil service the
in system, Japanese the
version
Kyoto
young
man to went
to
raise
reputation the family.
of Kiyomizu his • :•-•, 7.1( Temple
of the popular
most one
destinations
Japanese of pilgrims Kyoto, in place takes
the
of the shrine of
the Bamboo
(chu-lin/[• ¢f•k
Grove original )
in the
which the hero story and heroine visited in order
to
be blessed
with child.
In Ria
the
monogatari, friend who informs the
a
of the
young
man
girl's
identity
is introduced
his
with full remaining while unidentified in Li Wa name,
chuan.
As
the works structure,
to
constructed in
two style: similar
preface,
are
story,
a
final
Upon section. analysis, however,
variations
technique, in
exist
that
some
so
elements
in
version
necessarily
in the other. not chuan, In seen Wa Li the one are
author
explains
the
of the narrative and
how he heard purpose the
The story. of the
name
storyteller,
in
this Hsing-chien, Po
and the
date composition his of
case cited
in
the
are
preface
in and
paragraph last the when the explains
that he recorded narrator this story 48
because he by
touched faithfulness Li Wa's and emphasizes honor. He the
was
truthfulness
of the stating by narrative his that
uncle, occupied official great who
an
several regional in
the
posts acquainted well government, with details of the the was
story.
Preface:
Li
Wa, Duchess the Ch'ien, of
Ch'ang-an.
of
Her conduct courtesan
was a
true
as a
loyal
and
and
wonderful that it praise. merits
Accordingly
was Po woman
so rare
Hsing-chien, Examining
Censor, passed
has of it.
account
an on
(Glen Dudbridge, ofLi The Tale Wa, 105) p.
Paragraph: Last
Or-that singing
girl
should
true! the Even wanton womanly of a
prove
so
paragons
virtue
in
ancient times could do
sighing help How
in
admiration
of not more. can we
her?
My paternal
great-uncle
prefect
Chin-chou, of
then transferred the once was
to
was
Finance, Board of
and became Commissioner for Transport. Land and Water In all
a
three he took place scholar's
that became
and posts informed well about these young so
matters.
(The ofLi Tale 183, Wa, 185) pp.
What
is the Chinese
presented
fiction.
story The
and not more,
was as young
man
father his perhaps deliberately, named,
while the of not characters
found
are names
are
throughout Japanese version. the
Dissimilarities be in time the
dimension
Japanese well. The
may story seen
as
place takes original the in the while past, Chinese of Li comparable is Wa story
to
gossip, with Chinese the assuming contemporary writer the role of recorder. This
interpretation
for basis
the claim
that
Li chuan Wa written
reveal the serves a as to
was
Hsing-chien.10
origin political of low wife the of of Po opponent
a
Furthermore, Japanese the author has
revealing interest in identity
his
no
or
explaining origins
of the the
does he
that
the story;
is of not story
courtesan say even
a
or
quality mention her faithfulness. of preface quite The is short:
reign In the •/• • Emperor of the
Gok6gon retired •,
dancing there lived
now
a
girl Narrating called ILia. splendid is her indeed task. story a
Lastly,
is there modification substantial the in thematic the of works. content two
Japanese
The inserts
number of didactic
commentaries that narrator be found
not to a are
original. in the Chinese description first The before the of the
initial man's
occurs young
meeting
girl: the with suddenly something "Then
unexpected into his life."
came
This begins
only change in commentary but in the premise. not central tone
a
Yasunori, After the hero narration, the in Ria
his
back visiting
from
priest,
way sees
on
a
love, telling
falls in he friend his that spend he would all his
give
his money, even
own
to life, again. girl following the Then
the instructive
is made: comment see
•0
See Dudgridge, Introduction the Glen ofLi The Tale g/a. to 49
deplorable What
affair!
•. From Confucius's •
lun Lu saying,
a the "When
comes
desires." curb adage The continues, only young, "Not that, change desires such into
knowledge."
for thirst
Otherwise
brilliant the
will
most become
even
young
man
a
victim
and only survive
longing satiate persistent his
for to
Yoshida Kenk6 •=
women.
•
•5
[] said, has
give "The
rise desires,
should but it
possible be to
senses
many
to
infatuatibn,
shun
them Only
all.
impossible is
conlrol; old
one, wise to
young, or or
foolish,
in
this all identical." respect seem
This discourse
is doubt
based
points moralistic of found view in Buddhist no
on
and
Confucian
Moralistic
texts.
within
the of the concerns story. content
A
are
seen
number of ethical issues relate the character of
the heroine. girl to The Japanese in the
is
version consistently
characterized
deceitful
original while the courtesan,
Li is Wa as a
virtuous
enough
show penniless the towards not to
resentment
only Not does
young
man.
she
become affectionate,
despite but,
her
mother's coldness, is responsible more all
not at
deceiving for abandoning
the
young or man.
demonstrate To Japanese
the portrayal author's
of
the crafty, the courtesan
as
author tells us:
However, is, frrst,
foremost,
always, and courtesan the
follower of a deceitful
a
occupation.
pondered
Ria forsake
Yasunori after
he had to all his ways spent
money.
Truly pitiless. she was
similar
A
remark is made when the
girl and the
have their first young man meeting:
Being
Ria
Yasunori,
courtesan,
knew she
feeling. all a he
soon as as at saw
once
was
by responded She
glancing
back
slight him
with smile
that at attractive
and a was
sensuous.
This only
marks Yasunori's but encounter also not the reader's introduction
the
to
heroine,
introduction
favorable •1 girl's the honor. not Moreover, to an while
title the
of
Ria
indicates
monogatari that the probably will
story
heroine, the it concentrate does
on
due characterization the not, of the to In
the courtesan. Chinese contrast,
story
consistently lauds praiseworthy, her
faithful
as a woman.
The
conclusion of the echoes this
story
contradiction. Li chuan Ve'a ends
in the
girl's
praise
Japanese
while the
version
praise ends 12 with for the
The
last
young
man.
paragraph
of Li chuan IZe'a
"O!--that singing
girl starts:
should
wanton
true! a
prove
so
Even the
womanly of virtue
in ancient times paragons could do more." The last
not
paragraph of
Ria that monogatari the
has become states unparalleled in
young
man terms
intelligence of his virtue: and
•
description
the
In
of visiting the girl,
the there
also
is the young of man short
type
same
her "Yet words did
f•om her
heart, comment: but
spoken not only please
true him." come to were
•2
The characterization man's slightly is also changed
Japanese in
the young version. He
is
more
passive and docile than the
in the original. Chinese young man 50
gifted Yasunori, knowledge, became with adminislxator free of the great
a
people thought his The truly liked and
him fine be His
government
to
ways a man.
reputation throughout spread favored the world. The often him and visited his
emperor
house. prosperity passed, continued As the descendants. his to years grow among
adapter Japanese Therefore the has only transformed import theme the but the not
leading of the fundamental divergence thus original
of the Chinese
from to young man, a
Japanese the work.
Monogatari Ria
13 reign
the Gok6gon, Emperor the of In retired dancing girl there lived
now
a
14
Narrating Ria. splendid called is indeed her task. story
a
• time, •, [• •: :• that
Saemon Yasumori At province the
of the
of
govemor
.15
• •,
lieutenant-general •: fllJ Satsuma had
Yasunori
The thirteen
son, a was son
intelligent already worldly paying old and and ambitious. While little attention years
to
affairs, enjoyed Japanese Yasunori Chinese and thoroughly classics and and poetry,
was
Literary Styles • of with the Six (rokugi Poetry of the Book -• michi conversant C)
no
:•q$).16
boy's Everyone future said that the unlimited. respected With
and
was
son so a
praised by people,
proud Yastmori's the considering him, of him parents be
the
to
were
).17
!• •--_• family's (senri "thousand-l/colt" koma •
no
passed flowing like boy time barrier, without As the fit•een. turned Now water
a
living in teachings abbot who Satsuma the learned in
of august the Buddha
was an was
outstanding literary knowledge and in both skill philosophy. of and Chinese Yasunori
study began temple, working abbot his with this in night day and and became educated to
Accomplishments Chinese Classics and in the propriety, the Six of music, archery,
•3 Emperor Go-K6gon 1352-71). (r.
14
(Ria Japanese) is the in Her Li Wa Following the Chinese in
the text.
name same as
pronunciations
of Japanese convention in this and is treated it In'st her
Ria.
text
names,
name, as
• dancing [• • Shiraby6shi girls dancing girls dressed popular Such
from were as men. were
Japan. the twelfth fourteenth in late centuries to
• present-day Kagoshima
prefecture is the half of the Satsuma Kyfishfi. in southern western
•6 •. •,r• ching (Classic Poetry). from the Shih of Liu-i
17 implies precocious [, phrase brilliance, from derived (pu-chu • The the "Divination" )
poem
•i• • phrase collection. The original Ch
found in the also is 'u in the Chinese 'u-tz of
text same
7•,
kuang-chi )•-• •z presented T'ai-p 'ing
in the the story as 51
charioteering,
).,8
writing, and z• mathematics (Shisho • rokugei •_ Always • he
showed excellence
scholar.
as a
The
by, rushed
into the
The spring cherry of the seasons next.
one
aroma
blossoms
blended
with
breezes the from
wiiey.
the
The high
the
autumn
moon
rose
over
viewing
reflected jeweled
tower,
pond. When the
close, father, upon the
a to year
came a
Yasumori,
said
the
"When look I to talents,
young I certain that man,
upon your
am
you
times
better Perhaps than
I. ten
should capital are the
from learn good
you to go
to
a
teacher.
will This be valuable only
for.your
literary
enjoyment not but also for
our
family's
Listening fame."
his father's
words,
to Yasunori overjoyed
began and
was
preparing journey. for his
by Pleased his
son's the provided father acceptance,
him funds,
beautifully with
a
decorated
horse
carriage, and costly furniture, and
then
him
off capital the
with sent
to
a
hundred Yasunori
diligently studied
servants. that in with accord the maxim "Friends
so
should
from afar" became 19 he by admired to
people. the all
come one
Then, suddenly
something
unexpected
into his life. day One passing
came
through
neighborhood
the z°
of Seventh Avenue
his
back visiting from priest
in
way on
a
,21
tl•
t• Saga
he
elegant noticed
house whose
unknown
him.
the At an to owner
was
house,
girl
he
of sixteen about
peerless
beauty Her charm and
saw like a seemed years.
a
fresh
lotus
flower emerging
of the She
behind seated out
blinds water. that
was
were
high, rolled playing
(biwa f:• • lute
). girl This up dancing
other than the a
was none
girl, Ria.
Yasunori
that attracted he could divert his
from Being her. not so was
gaze
a
ILia
Yastmori, courtesan,
she knew
feeling.
all he
soon as as
She at saw
once
was
responded by glancing
back him
slight with
smile that at
attractive and
a
was
sensuous.
confusion,
his
In bring he could himself
evening But
not
approached to with the
move. as
darkening, sky he forced himself
continue his
to
way. on
From this
time he lovesick.
Immersing himself in Chinese Japanese and on, was
he watched the listened poetry, and
the wind.
This daily became
his to routine! moon
Occasionally
private he
evening
attended music
but enjoy unable
them. concerts
to
was
Although
he
remembered
that thought he
this world be dream nothing that and to once
a
important,
felt he otherwise.
Startled change himself, the in was he attempted to now see
accomplishments These • known 7• the
Liu-i (Six
Arts). were as
•9
expression, The "friends should
from afar,"
original in the quoted is
to from the come text one
of Confucius, Analects
Book
"The said, Master 1: To learn
times due and what
at repeat to
one
learnt, has
is
that pleasure? after
all friends That
should afar, not from
is
this
to a
not come one
delightful?" after all (Arthur Waley, of Confucius The Analects [London: George trans.,
Allen
Ltd., 1938], & Unwin 83).
p.
20
Throughout capital the old
nine
parallel
from the
the east to avenues west. ran
Saga region
secluded
capital. the
of the The section describing the of to west was a text
Yasunori's
with Ria is allusion
Taiheiki, the
vol. details, 18. encounter For
to
Got6 an
more
see
Tanji, kenkyd,
Senki monogatari
227-45. pp. no 52
calm,
remain but vain. in
did, only girl No what think could he he of the to matter more
and
more.
friend, •)•, }•,•g •[• good
[] Yasunori's Hida Sabur6 Kunimitsu his how
---
no saw
friend's behavior altered. had
days," "You well don't look anything bothering these you?" he said. "Is
Realizing
he that unable anxiety,
his conceal decided Yasunori reveal the truth. to to
was
With hint, love
old
he recited:
poem an as a
it, would conceal I yet
looks is it In shown-
my
plain My love, so
ask That of
me: men
''2: things? brood "Do
not you on
suffering thought from," "That is what
I Kunimitsu "Well, said. who is
you are
girl? Why suffering the write her? would be better
don't It than much alone. If to you so
help her." will
I want, to
you
you see
day began, caught sight Avenue," girl Seventh "The other Yasunori of "I
near a
playing then, sixteen lute. Since mind been about has distracted. close
You
my my a are
friend, spend night will tell that think
with her. I I it is Do
want to
you you so a
possible?"
quite easy," will be friend his "I think it answered.
investigated, object after Ktmimitsu he But discovered that of the Yasunori's
infatuation told the He "Since
she is
letter
courtesan. courtesan,
young was a man,
a a
quite might popular do much. She is willing
If large spend
not
not to
you now. are a
of able
night." for her won't be
amount to money, you
see even one
Hearing said, this, "My Yasunori acquainted is that be able I get not to worry may
losing don't
with her. What is me? I life." about
to
money
even my care own
23 deplorable •g• •-• What affair! Confucius's From saying, lun
the Lu
a comes
adage continues, only "When curb desires." The change that, "Not desires such young,
knowledge."
into thirst for Otherwise the
brilliant become will
most
young even man a.
persistent only longing survive victim and satiate his for Yoshida Kenk6 has. to
women.
give desires, said, possible
"The rise but it should be them shun all. to to
many senses
impossible Only infatuation, control; is foolish, old
wise this in
to
one, young, or or
why they all identical." elephant that He "That is
respect great
goes on, say seem
even a
plaited securely
be fastened with from hair, the strands of
woman's and that
rope a can a a
''24
infallibly from sandal will has flute the made
deer.
autumn a woman worn summon a
words remain These true.
• z: •z •; by (mid-tenth century). Kanemori Penguin celebrated The
Taira of A Book
poem
no
Penguin (Middlesex: Ltd., 1964), Japanese Books Verse 84. p.
•, of by
history
Confucius ofLu native the his Annals from Lu The 722 481 state, to covers
.C.E.
24 of Idleness: Essays Tsurezuregusa The Keene, Donald Kenk6 (New in York and trans.,
• • University •, Tsurezuregusa 1967), Press,
Columbia 9. collection London: of
p. essays, a 53
Still,
Yasunori incapable
controlling
of
himself. he Once
dead,
of
was what
was
importance
people's would opinion of
him Chang be? • •
Han • Chin of has said,
''25 "Life is
pursuit
of Trusting
ambition. in the verity
of these a
words, Yasunori
set
out
for Ria's residence evening,
that accompanied by his
servants.
As dusk fallen, had doors all the of
house
closed.
Yasunori walked the
were to
up
main
and knocked the door. entrance
girl A of about
at fourteen fit•een
young
years or
old
learn who there.
She
out to back looking in atter came
him. She
was then said
ran at
her
mistress
Ria,
who
to
gentleman "The standing the day the was other at gate has
come."
"Ask him
wait while I
to powder,"
put said, going Ria into inner the on some
room.
Yasunori, When
by led girl, the
entered main the Ria's young
mother quarters,
leaning
who against
handrail
him.
asked, She was "Where
did
from?" a
saw
you come
"Please do be
replied concerned,"
Yasunori. not
from neighborhood. "I
this
am
Since is it late
lodging,
fred
perhaps
too
help
to
fred
place
for a the you stay to can me a
night."
is
"It
unusual receive
such late
to hour. guest very
I afraid at help I
a
a cannot am
you," the said old woman.
again Yasunori asked for her assistance.
The mother,
who had intention
of
no
refusing
him,
agreed
let him Only her stay. to treacherous
intention
had her caused initial
refusal overnight of lodging.
Meanwhile, having
Ria
finished adorning
face,
her
the where the to
came
room
waiting
for her.
Now
she looked young
man attractive than was
thought He
more
ever.
beauty
that her could
compared be
peach in
spring the
to and willow breeze; in
the
a she
a
have would
made such
noted Qiang • Mao
-•
• and • Hsi
Shih
women their as
cover
26 .•27
mirrors
of shame. 5• Kung y• Shih T'ai As out
said,
paints "A face her for
woman
who
for her." a man cares
Yasunori
drawn her
that he felt
his to spirit uncontrollable might was float so
out
and into the sleeves her of robe. enter Alone her with lamplight, in
the dim
Yasunori
said,
did "I simply here
in overnight of lodging. search not Since caught sight come I of
day, the
other heart
has
been
with decided
I you
visit because my I to could you.
you not
myself longer." restrain any
"Oh,
is
that how feel. have I felt the
but
so you I unable
way, same to
am
express
sentiments
because
I
woman,"
Ria responded. my
you Yet as her words did am a not
have
been
written between 1330 to by and
1332 seems by priest Buddhist
the of Yoshida
a name
(1283-1350). Kenk6
25 Biographical
data about is him available. not
26
Qiang Mao beauty
famous from
about 465 B.C.E. Hsi Shih was celebrated a
beauty
was a
during
the fifth B.C.E. century,
27
Kung T'ai Shih
(The
Scribe/Historian) Grand
refers • Ssu-ma Ch'ien ,.1• •t•, to author
of the
•. •e. Shi Chi 54
from heart, her
spoken
only but please
him.
true pity father, It is
that his to come
were
a
dreaming
might
this happen, believed
his spending
study. his
time never
at son
was
Yasunori
delighted
Ria's hear words, overjoyed
and
to his dream
was
to
see
becoming reality. passed, they hours the As lay together
and through talked night. the
However, night the short,
long, before and singing birds
started high moming
in the
was
sky.
deeply Yasunori regretted
that slipped time the had quickly.
wished He
he away
so
spend could
thousand nights
with
Ria.
As the light its high autunm
the a cast
sun
over
windows, 28
Yasunori recited
show
his to poem a sorrow:
My heart-felt wish answered, most
spending After splendid this night
flowery
On couch. a
hard It is so
morning. leave the in To
her In Ria answered: poem,
If night had together, the spent not we
would We have known
never
terribly How sad
separation The could be
morning. In the
exchanging After
they the quietly.
Then while, in wept little Yasunori had poems, his
a
bring of rolls silk
Ria's house. refused She gift, smiling servant his
to saying, little
and
a
"What does Why that
did mean? gift he send staying after only
night?
Next a me
one
hope time he will days." I four five stay
or
replied dejected
Yasunori
in
"Telling
this embarrass and a
mariner,
you may
you
but do I
think live I
without My
only desire not life-long is
have me, you. to can
a
relationship you." with
sleeping
"Even
under spending and night
together
destined tree
from
a
a
are
a
former life. If that is what how deny should it?" I ILia want,
answered. you
light
importance of In the
of such
they great agreed matter, consult Ria's to
a
mother. The mother listenedto ILia and said, then has been "It said since olden times that
the desire humans
resides strongest between
and
feelings
If their among
a
man a woman.
for
other each mutual,
their
mothers them. Thus, nothing; stop I cannot the
are even say
decision you." is to up
then From
Yasunori and Ria became Day intimate.
night, and
he on,
even
more
himself amused in enjoyment her the in music, of parties, and the Quickly like. company
finally he used his and clothing, sold his horse, carriage and for up
their money, to pay pleasures.
However, foremost, first, is,
always,
and the follower courtesan
of deceitful a
a
occupation. pondered
Ria forsake Yasunori after had he to all
his spent ways
money.
pitiless. Truly she
was
2g
courtly Japan
In it for
exchange lovers
after initial their meeting. custom to was a poems 55
Under the of
for love day Yasunori,
pretense said him, Ria have known "I
to one
I without still Why
child. yet
do Kiyomizu
you year, the a over stay
not am
at
a we
Temple
for child?" Since he implicitly, believed to her they Kiyomizu visited
pray the
a
Temple 29 stayed and days. for three
they When returned,
Ria said him,
have "I
who only lives to
aunt
an
square
one
from
here.
I
that she has
today Since
festival
is day of not sorry the met Kitano am you.
a
•.
•:
shrine, why ''3° don't
visit her back?
we way on
our
"You should
have told that earlier,"
Yasunori
answered. "I embarrassed
me
am
that paid haven't I
visit her
I will of
Sending visit." yet. to Ria her with a to course
aunt
of his followed he later. servants, many
The
saying delighted she
aunt, this entertained
him
to guest, with meet
was
rare
a
beautifully
banquet. prepared
Of Ria's already had mother related the
scheme course,
to
the
In accordance plan, with their aunt. by
Ria's mother arrived.
The sent
messenger a
Ria, said "Your suddenly mother has seriously fallen to ill. messenger You and Yasunori
hurry home." must
Ria, looking
surprised,
this Yasunori. he prepared As leave, to gave
message to
stopped the
him said, and "Ria
should aunt
home mother, her but paid
have to go
see
you
surprise nice
Why
visit. leave now? Even if the happen should mother, her me a worst to
and discuss I the the of funeral." you matter can
No
home, had Ria returned
than she and her mother into moved
different
sooner
a
they house. This easily could they
do since
had previous rented the house with lease
a
ending that Confident in the he and during Ria built had trust their time year. together,
pitiful Yasunori suspected the scheme.
never
later,
Hours thought the when already that Ria departed, have aunt
she must said
Yasunori,
apprehensive
"I
about Ria's to mother. should You
home I
am will go
now.
after
However, in awhile." when
Yasunori
reached home, the tightly you come
gate
was
Banging it,
locked.
shouted,
he "Why
this did
tightly? lock
Please on you
up
so
open
gate."
house As the he
received empty, Alarmed,
he louder, called
was
answer. no
even
but all Eventually vain. in
attempts
neighbor informed him that
Ria and were her a
mother had morning. moved that
shocked. Yasunori they If
had they moved,
should have told him of their was
plans. Hoping
the would know whereabouts, their he aunt residence, returned her
but to
there the
fastened securely,
if gate the had also Totally lost, moved.
aunt he was stood as
awhile
for booming and then in
voice
cried, "The lieutenant
has
Please a the
come. open
gate." again
he Yet had
from the house. empty once
response
no
Soon old
asked,
and
calling
"who is that noisily? out No
an came man out
so one
Why is in. don't home?" go you
possible? "How it My be
wife's
here moming," until this aunt Yasunori can
was
answered in disbelief.
Kiyomizu Temple The
famous is temple Buddhist
located
the capital. of the to east a
30
Kitano The capital Shrine in the north of the
founded
in the
tenth
in honor century of
was
• ¢t• • •
Sugawara
(845-903). Michizane
day
The festival August fourth
the no lunar was
on calendar• 56
"I the caretaker
of just the She house.
it. rented I am she has alreadv
suppose
somewhere else." gone
Realizing finally
that tricked, he been had Yasunori paralyzed
stood for several
hours.
evening When
he without
residence slept and
outside. came, The
was a a
next
morning, homeless, still he pondered what do. to
Since he alone
penniless,
and Yastmori's
deserted
was
him.
He
servants
soon
then meaning
understood
the Chang 31 of
•" ,• •!• Ytin-ku's words, "Do feel
bitter in
not
affairs; love
bitterness will overtake indulge Do yourself; height after the not you.
of
enjoyment
sadness."
comes
Ashamed knowing and
what
take, he not steps the house
to of his old
to went
After
teacher. absence,
of
teacher the
surprised
Yasunori year his a in
to was
see
current
pity
and took
him. stayed Yasunori
state his teacher's home
for remaining month, at on
a
depressed
the Although entire time. theseriousness of Yasunori's
illness alarmed the
teacher, he nothing could lighten do his student's mood. to
time At that professional of singers
• dirges •
(aika
along )
group
West a sang
1•.32
•]
[• • Trin Street and another •
•N
East Trin Street Yasunori,
at who group
was
singing
skilled dirges,
such decided might that it at
prudent be join singers these to
more
perform
and with
them rather than be and feared due
stay his illness.
Also,
strange he to
hoped singing by
that working and
with might others he in health. Therefore
he
grow
West where Trin singers dirge funeral the to went offered him protection.
they This did compassion, of they but when beauty heard the out voice, his of they
than
him
win fact, their In to to
who eager
more heard contest. were
ever use
everyone
sing
Yasunori deeply they
began
moved that Now the singers West Trin to was
so
weep.
quite
that
with they Yasunori finally would defeat
adversary. their were sure
Accordingly, they
invitation for
the East sent Trin
who agreed, contest to an a group
believing they
they would win had the in past. as
day, On
the
both the East parties and West
contest from stages each set
up
across
dirges. and other their thousands,
Tens of old and listened
parties both sang
young,
as
competed with such dirge that exquisite. sounded earnestness every
appeared the Just
East be about win, the allowed Yasunori, West to
to dressed
as
elegant
in sing Song the
of Bamboo
{42 costume, (take • and kyoku
Dew to
an
tsuyu
no
I•
peerless ). His throughout • voice echoed the began people streets, and sobbing
even
before the
pity
had ended. What youth that this who
nobleman
song
had
a
young
as
a
pavilion golden studied in
fallen had
low dirge
singer! become
to a now so
as
a
Meanwhile, Yasunori's father had
left Satsuma visiting
and capital the
to
was
When his
decided
dirge singer, famed the court. at they servants to serve
see
upon came
missing their
master's The telling
back in father the they whom servants tears, son. came
had
seen.
"Why telling
father the lie?"
bellowed. only
"I heard recently that you are a
my
had because of died love affair."
son a
3•
figure Chang from Ytin-ku is historical T'ang Dynasty. the
a
3.,
Temple), East (Cave Yrin corresponding and West East the and West markets in the
to
original, Chinese
capital sections in the of the between Fourth Fifth and Avenues. center were 57
The place dirge of
returned the the bring
in order the servants
to contest
to
son
back father. his singing, While
spotted Yasunori
he to father's his
He
servants.
was
was
flee about quickly
dressing into the sensing when shame, to panic his and the
room,
rushed
forward "Why and surrounded impoverished him. servants have this sunk
to you
they
sir?" questioned.
father, state, "Your Yasumori, left Satsuma and the in is
now
capital.
We
here because he of
heard
and bring told
back.
We to are you
you us very are
in such
Please to father
state. studying and sorry back meet you see get a your
to soon
again."
Yasunori
felt shame.
"Gentlemen, please great take don't
don't I
think
I
me.
can
face in way," this said. he parent rather would "I die
here than disgrace. my
meet
more
Please gentlemen." back go now,
possible?" could "How that
they be
answered. "Even if don't
to want you
come
with empty-handed. back
by We told cannot bring father us, go we your to were
you
insistence, After back."
much
Yasunori could resist, therefore and brought
not so
was
weeping
before his
father. seeing
after awhile For his Yasumori did
word. not
son,
say
a
Brooding
respond, how looked he
hardly spoke. The to
It
over
angry. son
appeared
regretted that he
agreeing
father, his but there
back to
meet to tum way was no
now.
"The
of
is
establish
father's fame one's true well to
one's
way man
as
as
own
future,"
for fame
the began. Yasumori in "Now shameful such bring only
not you, way, a
disgrace
father,
bring but also shame all relatives and their upon your you
upon your
descendants. If had because died disgraceful of this it would have been matter, you
rarely From better.
ancient times has killed his Yet, child. things believe parent I
a
be would better
if
than dead
alive in plight. shameful Do
invoke you try were to your not
pity yourself." from but blame me,
Then
took his he beside him and lashed him with back the of his sword.
son
Several
hundred times he Yasunori, who, hit by pain, fell unconscious.
overcome
Leaving dead, the for father
the lodging. returned his The who had to taken servants, son
bring
much trouble Yasunori Yasumori,
shocked
to
this unexpected to
to
so turn were
see
they of If happen, had known this they would have would events. informed father the not
Unfortunately, about the
their
late. repentance
too son.
came
Sighing grief,
singers with his fellow
found quite him. dead,
Not he
was
breathing difficulty. only
They with sprayed face,
his awhile, that after water
he upon
so
began
breathe in Carrying normal
him home, back they their to looked
after to
a manner.
him with might in order that regain he
great his Still, life. the wounds body his
care
on
burst; hardly
festered he and upright. could stand Afraid he had that illness, terrible
some
singers
fellow his bundled him in
abandoned
and him the straw
mat
street. a on
Many King dynasty of Chou the began Yu
of disturbance
Mt. years ago,
at an era
33
Hstian-tsung because Li of Pao-szu. T'ang of the hardships suffered flight in his
to
33
King Pao-szu
of the Dynasty. Yu of the king Chou ignited The often signal consort
fires was
foreign
actually smile. her When forces
invaded
the the to warlords longer
country,
see
were no
willing
king.
the
to to come rescue 58
Szechwan
and 34 lost his Yang
due Kuei-fei. country king The Fu-ch'a, Wu, of to
lost
his
35
life Shih. Hsi All
these of kings to brave their lives and
vanish countries they when
saw
became infatuated
with
shamelessly Yasunori Now by
carried his women.
away
senses
throwing did mind
his life for not
example
From his should
away learn
a woman.
to we
avoid desire. amorous
beggars The
who looked stray with
sympathy
the abandoned
at
young man,
guessed
that probably he the
of family noble
had who Pitying
fallen low. him, was
son
a
they fed
him
leftover Abandoning food.
altogether
one's life
simple is
task and
not
a so,
passed, time
Yasunori managed regain
strength.
Instead throwing as of
to himself into
a
pond
river, begged
he
from
house
another
with the aid walking of or to stick. one
At
a
night
had he
lodging.
hut
not the In winter and he grass by even a survived autumn
as
taking in shelter
cave. a
during time, Now
this
Ria had
house rented living
and
Fifth
Avenue.
a
was
near
imagining
Never that
he house, her Yasunori, standing in at fi'ont her of begged
was gate,
food. for
first, Ria
At recognize did
Yasunori.
Because wizened, he not
scarcely he
was
so
looked
human. She told him Then she recognized his to suddenly voice and away. go
remembered that Yasunori
said beggar. become
have
She to that, realized this was
a
yes,
with
the unmistakable
voice
in fact husband! her Even man and
have
was
trees grass
feelings,
Ria said herself. pitilessly she Yet had coldly to and
driven him into the lowest
if It
she
Acknowledging without
state.
heart. that all done, she had was as
she
were a
asked in voice, meek you?" "Is that a
of
Full
and Yasunori could speak. resentment,
Ria took anger him inner
the not to
chamber.
weeping, While
said,
she
is "It
fault that
have
this and my to
you
state come
disgraced
family
don't I know what should forgive I
Please
your name.
From say.
me.
take will I of
you."
now on care
Taking
clothes, his
dressed she him in fur worn-out
robe. away Since
she
a warm
nothing did
him, but attend Ria's mother her, asked "Why to do
love beggar?
such
you
a
him Send away."
impossible," '¢No,
is it
said
Ria.
"Please listen is
the He of
noble
to
me.
son
a
family.
he house, When
he
grand drove carriage
to
and f'me in attire. We came our a
was
swindled
him threw and him
he is Now
in miserable
out. What did quite
state. a we was
link," like
"Fate is
Ria "everything
back went
where it
a to on,
comes
was.
Nowadays
his relatives fill the day One
those in
will court. look into this
power
matter
beginning
from
calamity
end. Then will
fall to
If
concemed about
upon you
us.
are
me,
help would
take Again him?" of again
and ILia pursuade tried her mother, you but to care
the mother satisfied.
not was
•4
Yang (719-56), Kuei-fei Hsiian-tsung the of 712-756) (r. T'ang of the Dynasty,
consort
is said
•: • ILl have caused the Lu-shan An Rebellion. to
35
Hsi Shih beautiful King of concubine the
of in YiJeh fifth the B.C.E. After century was a
Yiieh
by
defeated Wu,
used she
lead the king victorious Fu-ch'a debauchery. into to was was 59
pleasant please way," argued. but of it this "This ILia think be for must not
you,
just spring night, before life is like of the wind. With dust "Man's the dream such
a a
body, swindling upsetting people displeasure. divine mortal will evoke morals and Now I
sixty of taels if have live till
than thousand and Even
more you age. years you are over a
inexhaustible. hundred be hundred and also become will
finances I It
years, years, a a
our
bec6me ffnot, beggars together." will ifI after him. be better look he and shall I
longer listened this intimation of her old After the mother she
tried to to age,
no
daughter. her stop
"Everything understand," you." the mother said. is "I to up
rejoiced hour, when she these after herself Ria heard words. Hour she devoted to
passed spring arrived, regained
Yasunori's winter and he the his As recovery. severe
normal. health and returned to
scholarship and still remember all that learned before?" Ria "Do
you your you
asked Yasunori.
replied.
often," only three he remember "I parts out two
or
marketplace carriage, suggested ILia books. She
the fred ordered that he to to
go
a
pieces gold books, hundred collect all the then drove back home. spent to
a
days, nights Ria allowed time his into Yasunori attention As turn to concentrate
dispelled mosquitos Encouraging study, read and with him the works. she
great to on a
study, sitting for winter brazier in beside him and in the fan him in the his
put
summer, a
•-I- people morning diligently Chiang •,.g, studied from till late. of than like Pi
He
more
36 Yin.• :•., g•j• •, • •[• Sung K'ang people of Ch'e of Within Ch'i Chin.
Sun
year, or a
capital. equal he in the said that had
no
people through time, entered the examination. that Yasunori At court
many
identity disagreed. for should reveal sit the Ria his and believed that he test.
"Although might people knowledge, beggar. other in
surpass you you were once a
despise might People take when the examination because low.
I
you you you were so
leaming. continue in Wait sit for the examination until think should to your you your
throughout the world." talent is known
diligent passed him work Ria continued Two and
at to to
encourage pace. years a
People reputation said that the talented could Yasunori's
compete most not even rose.
him. with
announced, preparation. Finally have finished Yasunori believe should "I I I my
examination now." take the
properly, having and, agreed bathed dressed him and him the Ria In sent out.
writing of them looked All abilities since their
students poetry. tense court
many were
judged.
composed eight ahead Chinese Yasunori and about
be
went to
seven or were
only sufficiently impressed had finished The before others
the
emperor poems one. was
charge provinces, him give of Senior Counselor and in of rank the Yasunori put to two
to
.37 • • 7n-J" • K6chi and Settsu
diligent 36 Chin Ch'e Yin of known be students. Chin K'ang of and Sun to were
Osaka.
37 present-day region present-day located Settsu of in K6chi
Kawachi
part
was a or was a
•saka prefectures. Hy6go and 6O
returning home, After Yasunori ILia told happened. what had
Her mother and
visited, delighted. friends all
planned Yasunori
hire down province him with the to of Tsu servants to
go to
invited He her Ria join mother and him. ILia said, then deceived
"I
to and
made
you once
beggar.
helped
have
gain
Now I
high
rank.
blame Please
do you a
you not a
any
me
longer.
Although
helped
have
I
for trip,
this is to I you prepare town. your my
own
would like look after
mother. stay Let to remain." to my
me
"How
such words?"
he by answered. myself "How
I and leave you say can
go can
behind? I shan't without you." you go
case," that said, "In ILia
will journey." "I for of part accompany you your
capital, he left the As Yasunori Yasumori encountered who had left
Satsuma for
capital
the
Recognizing
father, his
Yasunori to at court.
sent serve out
messenger.
a
When Yasumori
the
from
afar and
noted the resemblance his he young saw
to man
son,
could understand Yasunori, how who had been death, beaten not could still be alive.
to
result,
he approaching As
the
the
close, As sent party. to the
a two no one
groups
came
jumped
down holding from and, his horse bridle of the father's his horse, broke onto son
you?" into that incredulously. "Is Yasumori asked tears.
explained Yasunori his father happened all that had in the his and to
past
present
Feeling situation. .• the Wang
Chih q:
he when fairy from returned the land
way same as
38
and descendants his generations of later,
Yasumori met overwhelmed with seven
was
joy broke into and tears.
wife?" is "Where Yasumori asked. your
persuade effort made "I her
journey," the to to
Yasunori an
accompany
me on
replied. she declared that she "But back capital." the must to go
good,"
is "It said. Yasumori "Make her dispatch here. not
We shall stay
a
matchmaker
marriage formal proposal and to six the rites for the arrange to a prepare
occasion. Then shall back for her."
we come
Yasumori province his and the Tsu,
of together where they
to went built son
a
house. house, ILia in entered the accord with formal the rites with and the assistance new
of grand matchmaker. the It
An built
mother, for
her event. who
was a annex even was
Lady.
called Grand then From pledged couple
the endless bonds and their was
on
relationship became before. closer than
they passed
and had Years children. five reputation Ria's people.
among
rose
Everyone admired for her her faithfulness unusual wife.
as a
gifted knowledge, Yasunori, with became f'me administrator great of
the
a
39 Following the • of the of • Duke Chou Confucius, government. and he
ways
private relationships his remained in public
in and (sank6 life goj6 gi correct
no
3s Rip Wang Winkle, Chih is Chinese patriarch
the Van Taoist who is said have during lived
to a
awakening magical from Dynasty. the Chin After sleep, his lasted which several centuries, he
immortality
himself devoted for the search and obtained it. to
39
• Wang
of of The Duke Chou the Wen q:, first Dynasty.
rtrler of the Chou was son 61
).40
• •
only Not • did
he golden the periods
Engi •_ try :•
the of to restore and
41
Tenryaku 5•
•
but
revived
old
traditions
had that died eras, proper
out,
never
neglecting
praise things
all
good, to how by small,
done others. people matter
The
no
liked his thought
and truly him
be fine
reputation His ways spread to throughout a
man.
the world. The
favored him often and visited house. his emperor the As passed,
years
prosperity
continued descendants. his to grow among
• Text: • 0• "Ria •= monogatari" Yokoyama • in
-•_ Shigeru ILl
ed.,
Muromachi jidai
4•/J•
• • sh6setsush• • • •J"
(Tokyo: shob6, Sh6nan 1943),
112-34. pp.
40
San-kang wu-ch'ang
in stands the for the three
bonds
and text
five the
virtues: constant
benevolence, righteousness, knowledge, propriety, sincerity. and
4•
Engi Tenryaku
The and golden the
of
Heian Engi Period. Tenryaku
and
age eras were the
are
•
•1• Emperor
of of Daigo
897-930) (r. • Emperor I-'_ and Murakami (r. 946-67). names eras 62