DOCSLIB.ORG

Silent Voices - Attachment Formation in Twelve Foster-Reared Mothers and Their Hic Ldren Pauline Lepierrot Walden University

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Silent Voices - Attachment Formation in Twelve Foster-Reared Mothers and Their Hic Ldren Pauline Lepierrot Walden University Walden University ScholarWorks Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection 2018 Silent Voices - Attachment Formation in Twelve Foster-Reared Mothers and Their hiC ldren Pauline Lepierrot Walden University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations Part of the Psychology Commons This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection at ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Walden University College of Social and Behavioral Sciences This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation by Pauline Henri-Le Pierrot has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the review committee have been made. Review Committee Dr. Yoly Zentella, Committee Chairperson, Psychology Faculty Dr. Benita Stiles-Smith, Committee Member, Psychology Faculty Dr. Christopher Bass, University Reviewer, Psychology Faculty Chief Academic Officer Eric Riedel, Ph.D. Walden University 2018 Abstract Silent Voices -Attachment Formation in Twelve Foster-Reared Mothers and Their Children by Geneva Pauline Henri Le Pierrot MA, National University, 1990 BA, California Sacramento State University, 1986 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Clinical Psychology Walden University February 2018 Abstract Adults who were reared in foster care are at greater risk for attachment disturbances than those not raised in foster care, due in part to the negative impact of parental separation. It is important to study the attachment behaviors of foster-reared mothers because large numbers of their children enter foster care. This study was conducted to understand the childhood attachment experiences of foster-reared adults. The research questions addressed the ways in which mothers raised in a foster-care environment perceived and described their experiences of forming relationships as children with their foster mothers, as well as of forming relationships with their own children. This study used a qualitative methodological approach guided by phenomenological inquiry. In-depth, semistructured interviews were conducted with 12 participants. Phenomenological analysis was used to code, analyze, and interpret the interview data. Results were organized into 2 major themes: mother-like attributes and intense fear of loss. Additionally, 4 subthemes emerged: unconditional love of the foster mother for her foster child, continued contact with the foster mother, fear of losing the ability to protect a firstborn child, and fear of the permanent loss of custody of a firstborn child. Further, the research findings revealed 3 important lived experiences that were less related to the research questions: affectionless psychopathy, maternal deprivation, and preoccupied or dismissive parenting styles. The social implications of the study include increased awareness of intergenerational patterns related to foster care and of the need for positive change to assist at-risk foster reared parents. Silent Voices - Attachment Formation in Twelve Foster-Reared Mothers and Their Children by Geneva Pauline Henri Le Pierrot MA, University, year BA, University, year Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Clinical Psychology Walden University February 2018 Dedication Over the past 10years, I have received support and encouragement from a great number of individuals. I dedicate my dissertation to my family and dearest friends. A special feeling of gratitude to my angels who began this journey with me but were given their heavenly wings to soar to heaven before the completion of this project my parents, Pauline Pierro and Lesley Henry II; my son, Deven J. LePierro; and my dear friend, Mr. Leanell Jones. All of these individuals spent many hours assisting me through this experience. I’d also like to give much thanks to my Aunt Gloria Dyer, Aunt Josephine Pierro, Johanna Dyer, and Tasha Renee Murphy for their words of encouragement and countless hours of proofreading. I also dedicate this dissertation to my granddaughters, Deveona Le Pierro and Ashanti Le Pierro, and my great granddaughter, Lanessa Le Pierro, who have supported me throughout the process. I also dedicate this work and give special thanks to my wonderful daughters, Geneva Henri Le Pierrot, Josephine Henri Le Pierrot, and Cleopatra Henri Le Pierrot, for being there for me throughout the entire doctoral program. Acknowledgments I wish to express the deepest appreciation to my committee members, who were more than generous with their expertise and precious time. A special thanks to Professor Dr. Yoly Zentella, my committee chair, for her countless hours of reflecting, reading, encouraging, and most of all, patience throughout the entire process. Without her guidance and persistent help, this dissertation would not have been possible. I would like to thank my committee members, Professor Dr. Benita Stiles-Smith and Professor Dr. Linda Whinghter, whose insight and knowledge into the subject matter steered me through this research. Furthermore, I appreciate all the support and encouragement from my family and friends. I give a special thanks to the panel of experts—Dr. Leona Tompkin, Dr. Tanga Franklin, Dr. Bryan Hickman, Dr. Holly Mattingly, and Dr. Lynde Paule—for helping me develop the interview questions and inspiring me to keep writing. Table of Contents List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... vi Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study ................................................................................... 1 Background ................................................................................................................... 2 Problem Statement ........................................................................................................ 8 What Is Known About the Topic ................................................................................ 10 What Is Not Known About the Topic ......................................................................... 11 Purpose of the Study ................................................................................................... 12 Research Questions ..................................................................................................... 13 Theoretical Framework for the Study ......................................................................... 13 Nature of the Study ..................................................................................................... 18 Definitions................................................................................................................... 19 Assumptions ................................................................................................................ 20 Scope and Delimitations ............................................................................................. 20 Limitations .................................................................................................................. 22 Significance................................................................................................................. 22 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 23 Chapter 2: Literature Review ............................................................................................ 25 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 25 Literature Search Strategy........................................................................................... 27 Theoretical Foundation ............................................................................................... 28 Early Childhood Attachment ................................................................................ 28 Foster-Care Attachment ........................................................................................ 29 i Major Theoretical Propositions............................................................................. 30 Previous Applications of Attachment Theory....................................................... 31 Rationale for Chosen Attachment Theory ............................................................ 32 Relationship of Attachment Theory to the Research Questions ........................... 34 Literature Review Related to Concepts ...................................................................... 35 Construct of Attachment ....................................................................................... 35 Construct of Foster-Care Rearing ......................................................................... 36 Methodology ......................................................................................................... 38 Attachment Research Strengths and Weakness .................................................... 40 Rationale for the Selection of Concepts................................................................ 43 What Is Controversial, What Remains to Be Studied, and the Chosen Methodological
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Secure-Base Caregiving and Adult Attachment Development Within the Client-Psychotherapist Relationship Dennis A
    Walden University ScholarWorks Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection 2015 Secure-Base Caregiving and Adult Attachment Development Within the Client-Psychotherapist Relationship Dennis A. Weeks Walden University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations Part of the Counseling Psychology Commons, and the Developmental Psychology Commons This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection at ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Walden University College of Social and Behavioral Sciences This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation by Dennis Weeks has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the review committee have been made. Review Committee Dr. Rodney Ford, Committee Chairperson, Psychology Faculty Dr. Elisabeth Weinbaum, Committee Member, Psychology Faculty Dr. Tracy Masiello, University Reviewer, Psychology Faculty Chief Academic Officer Eric Riedel, Ph.D. Walden University 2015 Abstract Secure-Base Caregiving and Adult Attachment Development Within the Client-Psychotherapist Relationship by Dennis A. Weeks EdS, Tennessee Technological University, 1996 MA, Pepperdine University, 1979 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy General Psychology Walden University May 2015 Abstract Recent studies have shown significant improvements in the attachment security of adult therapy clients during therapy, supporting Bowlby’s theory that such improvement can be influenced by secure-base caregiving provided by mentors such as therapists.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Attachment Processes in Adult Romantic Relationships Paula R
    ATTACHMENT IN ADULT RELATIONSHIPS 1 Attachment Processes in Adult Romantic Relationships Paula R. Pietromonaco and Lindsey A. Beck University of Massachusetts, Amherst CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Paula R. Pietromonaco Department of Psychology 135 Hicks Way, Tobin Hall University of Massachusetts, Amherst Amherst, MA 01003 Phone: 413-545-3156 Email: [email protected] AUTHOR NOTE Preparation of this chapter was facilitated by a grant from the National Cancer Institute (R01 CA133908) to Paula Pietromonaco. Chapter to appear in J. A. Simpson & J. Dovidio (Eds.) Handbook of interpersonal relations and group processes.Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. ATTACHMENT IN ADULT RELATIONSHIPS 2 Abstract This chapter begins with an overview of attachment theory, including the main tenets of Bowlby’s original theory as well as later extensions to adult romantic relationships. It provides an updated theoretical statement that incorporates Bowlby’s original theory and Hazan and Shaver’s (1987) provocative extension to adult romantic relationships as well as additional theoretical revisions from over two decades of theoretical development and empirical findings. We review and evaluate research following from attachment theory that has demonstrated that attachment shapes (a) how people experience and regulate emotion, (b) how they think about their romantic relationships, (c) their motives and goals in those relationships, (d) how they behave and interact with their partners (e.g., how they provide and seek support), and (e) how they initiate and maintain relationships and respond to relationship dissolution or loss. Finally, we discuss several emerging themes and promising directions for future research, including expanding on a person-in-context approach to attachment processes, investigating how partners may promote change or stability in each other’s attachment representations, exploring interactions between attachment and temperament or personality, and examining the implications of attachment for both partners’ health-related processes and outcomes.
    [Show full text]
  • Experiences of Attachment Therapy
    EXPERIENCES OF ATTACHMENT THERAPY: A FOLLOW-UP STUDY OF ADOPTIVE MOTHERS by JANE SHOEMAKER WIMMER (Under the Direction of M. Elizabeth Vonk) ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to explore mothers’ experiences of attachment therapy as related to their current relationships with their adopted children. The therapy cited in this study was family-focused intervention which engaged the child and parents in resolving attachment difficulties. All of the children were adopted from the Georgia public child welfare system and had been diagnosed with Reactive Attachment Disorder, a serious emotional disorder of childhood that is exhibited by lack of bonding of the child to parental figures. The 16 mothers interviewed in this study had participated in state-sponsored attachment therapy and were part of an evaluation of that therapy in 2003. This research study employed a descriptive qualitative design that used in-depth semi- structured interviews, artifacts, and a reflective research journal for data collection. The population was purposefully chosen, and all mothers who were part of the 2003 study participated. Three research questions guided this study: (1) What was the experience of attachment therapy for the participants? (2) How did the participants view their current relationship with their adopted child? (3) What were the participants’ perceptions of the role attachment therapy played in their current level of functioning? Data analysis guided by the constant comparative method revealed eight major findings. The experience of attachment therapy was (1) consistently supportive, (2) emotionally painful, and (3) physically safe. The mothers’ current relationships with their adopted children were (4) continuously stressful and (5) unquestionably permanent.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of Attachment Phenomena on Alcohol and Tobacco Use
    The Influence of Attachment Phenomena on Alcohol and Tobacco Use by Thao Lan Le A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Institute of Medical Science University of Toronto © Copyright by Thao Lan Le 2017 The Influence of Attachment Phenomena on Alcohol and Tobacco Use Thao Lan Le Doctor of Philosophy Institute of Medical Science University of Toronto 2017 Abstract Alcohol and tobacco use are leading causes of preventable death. Studying novel determinants of substance use may inform prevention and cessation. Attachment insecurity (attachment avoidance and attachment anxiety) describes interactions between adults and their attachment figures, which may influence substance use. This thesis assessed how attachment may be relevant in understanding and addressing substance use. Study 1, a cross-sectional survey study of 348 adult primary care patients, tested hypothesized associations between childhood adversity, attachment insecurity and substance use; if attachment insecurity could mediate between childhood adversity and substance use; and hypothesized sex differences in these associations. In Study 2, 38 smokers participated in experiments designed to assess the influence of cigarette cues and an attachment figure photo on craving and affect. In Study 1, 61% of participants reported childhood adversity, 11% reported harmful drinking and 20% reported current smoking. Attachment anxiety was associated with harmful drinking in ii women and men. Attachment anxiety was a statistical mediator between childhood adversity and harmful drinking (95% CI 0.09 to 0.30). Sex did not moderate the relationship between attachment anxiety and hazardous drinking in this mediation model. In women, attachment anxiety was associated with both childhood adversity (p=.002) and current smoking (p=.04), and was a statistical mediator between childhood adversity and smoking (95% CI 0.003 to 0.236).
    [Show full text]
  • Contributions of Attachment Theory and Research: a Framework for Future Research, Translation, and Policy
    Development and Psychopathology 25 (2013), 1415–1434 # Cambridge University Press 2013 doi:10.1017/S0954579413000692 Contributions of attachment theory and research: A framework for future research, translation, and policy a a b JUDE CASSIDY, JASON D. JONES, AND PHILLIP R. SHAVER aUniversity of Maryland; and bUniversity of California, Davis Abstract Attachment theory has been generating creative and impactful research for almost half a century. In this article we focus on the documented antecedents and consequences of individual differences in infant attachment patterns, suggesting topics for further theoretical clarification, research, clinical interventions, and policy applications. We pay particular attention to the concept of cognitive “working models” and to neural and physiological mechanisms through which early attachment experiences contribute to later functioning. We consider adult caregiving behavior that predicts infant attachment patterns, and the still- mysterious “transmission gap” between parental Adult Attachment Interview classifications and infant Strange Situation classifications. We also review connections between attachment and (a) child psychopathology; (b) neurobiology; (c) health and immune function; (d) empathy, compassion, and altruism; (e) school readiness; and (f) culture. We conclude with clinical–translational and public policy applications of attachment research that could reduce the occurrence and maintenance of insecure attachment during infancy and beyond. Our goal is to inspire researchers to continue advancing the field by finding new ways to tackle long-standing questions and by generating and testing novel hypotheses. One gets a glimpse of the germ of attachment theory in John tachment security (and insecurity) and ushered in decades of Bowlby’s 1944 article, “Forty-Four Juvenile Thieves: Their research examining the precursors and outcomes of individ- Character and Home-Life,” published in the International ual differences in infant attachment.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding and Treating Attachments
    Understanding and Treating Attachment Problems in Children: What Went Wrong, and How Can Problems Be Fixed Dave Ziegler, Ph.D. Executive Director Jasper Mountain 37875 Jasper-Lowell Road Jasper, Oregon Effects of Trauma on Attachment 2 Abstract Developmental psychology, child development and clinical application with trauma have all placed important roles in a new understanding of attachment and bonding problems in early childhood. This article is broken into two parts. Part I discusses the important role that attachment plays in the future social success of children. It explains the tenants of traditional attachment theory and how trauma affects healthy attachment. This discussion continues with revisions to attachment theory that respond to its historical weak points. A new theoretical view of attachment is proposed identifying the causes of attachment behavior. Part II turns to clinical aspects of the treatment of attachment problems. Problems caused by trauma are identified and the many therapeutic complexities are outlined. A model for treating attachment disturbances is proposed that discusses the clinical process in three distinct areas: disrupted attachment, anxious attachment, and no attachment. The article ends with a discussion of the prognosis for a successful outcome and projects time requirements for attachment disorder therapy. Effects of Trauma on Attachment 3 Understanding and Treating Attachment Problems in Children: What Went Wrong and How Can Problems Be Fixed Introduction The study of Psychology over the last hundred years can be compared to reading a novel starting late into the book and reading progressively backwards to the beginning. Our understanding of the complex mind and psychological make-up of Homo Sapiens has begun with adults, moved to young adults, teens, adolescents, toddlers and finally we are beginning to read with great interest the first chapters of life.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Reactive Attachment Disorder in Children
    Intuition: The BYU Undergraduate Journal of Psychology Volume 12 Issue 2 Article 10 2017 Understanding Reactive Attachment Disorder in Children Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/intuition Part of the Psychology Commons Recommended Citation (2017) "Understanding Reactive Attachment Disorder in Children," Intuition: The BYU Undergraduate Journal of Psychology: Vol. 12 : Iss. 2 , Article 10. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/intuition/vol12/iss2/10 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Intuition: The BYU Undergraduate Journal of Psychology by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. et al.: Understanding RAD Understanding Reactive Attachment Disorder in Children Chaz Anthony Rich Brigham Young University Abstract Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) is recently new to clinical literature. RAD is a “Stress and Trauma-Related Disorder” that stems from an inability for a child to attach to a caregiver. Aside from some psychoanalytic foundations, most of what is known about RAD is based off John Bowlby’s attachment theory. As research has developed, RAD has been considered its own diagnosis in the DSM-5 rather than labelled under the umbrella term of “attachment disorder.” A biopsychosocial model of RAD argues that RAD is primarily formed and exacerbated by neglect from a caregiver that can infringe upon the child’s ability to form relationships later in life. Being a new diagnosis, current and detailed prevalence and prognosis of RAD are unknown. In addition, legal implications of maltreatment further contribute to the under-diagnosis of RAD.
    [Show full text]
  • Running Head: ATTACHMENT and PHYSIOLOGY 1
    Running head: ATTACHMENT AND PHYSIOLOGY 1 The attachment system and physiology in adulthood: Normative processes, individual differences, and implications for health Theodore F. Robles University of California, Los Angeles Heidi S. Kane Wayne State University Running head: ATTACHMENT AND PHYSIOLOGY 2 Abstract Attachment theory provides a conceptual framework for understanding intersections between personality and close relationships in adulthood. Moreover, attachment has implications for stress-related physiology and physical health. We review work on normative processes and individual differences in the attachment behavioral system, and their associations with biological mechanisms related to health outcomes. We highlight the need for more basic research on normative processes and physiology, and discuss our own research on individual differences in attachment and links with physiology. We then describe a novel perspective on attachment and physiology, wherein stress-related physiological changes may also be viewed as supporting the social-cognitive and emotion regulatory functions of the attachment system through providing additional energy to the brain, which has implications for eating behavior and health. We close by discussing our work on individual differences in attachment and restorative processes including sleep and skin repair, and by stressing the importance of developing biologically plausible models for describing how attachment may impact chronic illness. Keywords: Attachment theory, physiology, cortisol, stress, neuroscience Running head: ATTACHMENT AND PHYSIOLOGY 3 The attachment system and physiology in adulthood: Normative processes, individual differences, and implications for health The attachment behavioral system was proposed as a psychological regulatory system that promotes safety, survival and security by regulating proximity to nurturing attachment figures (e.g., Bowlby, 1979/2005).
    [Show full text]
  • Interventions Targeting Sensory Challenges in Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Systematic Review
    Interventions Targeting Sensory ChallengesAmy S. Weitlauf, PhD,a Nila Sathe, MA,in MLIS, Autism b Melissa L. McPheeters, Spectrum PhD, MPH, b Zachary E. Warren, PhDa, c CONTEXT: Disorder: A Systematic Reviewabstract Sensory challenges are common among children with autism spectrum disorder OBJECTIVE: (ASD). To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of interventions targeting sensory DATA SOURCES: challenges in ASD. STUDY SELECTION: Databases, including Medline and PsycINFO. Two investigators independently screened studies against predetermined DATA EXTRACTION: criteria. One investigator extracted data with review by a second. Investigators independently assessed risk of bias and strength of evidence (SOE), or confidence in the RESULTS: estimate of effects. Twenty-four studies, including 20 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), were included. Only 3 studies had low risk of bias. Populations, interventions, and outcomes varied. Limited, short-term studies reported potential positive effects of several approaches in discrete skill domains. Specifically, sensory integration-based approaches improved sensory and motor skills-related measures (low SOE). Environmental enrichment improved nonverbal cognitive skills (low SOE). Studies of auditory integration-based approaches did not improve language (low SOE). Massage improved symptom severity and sensory challenges in studies with likely overlapping participants (low SOE). Music therapy studies evaluated different protocols and outcomes, precluding synthesis (insufficient SOE). Some positive effects were reported for other approaches, but findings were inconsistent LIMITATIONS: (insufficient SOE). CONCLUSIONS: Studies were small and short-term, and few fully categorized populations. Some interventions may yield modest short-term (<6 months) improvements in sensory- and ASD symptom severity-related outcomes; the evidence base is small, and the durability of the effects is unclear.
    [Show full text]
  • New Mexico Parent Infant Psychotherapy MANUAL
    State of New Mexico Children, Youth and Families Department New Mexico Parent Infant Psychotherapy MANUAL Developed by: Jane Clarke, PhD, IMH-E®IV and Deborah Harris, LISW, IMH-E®IV CYFD Behavioral Health Services PARENT INFANT PSYCHOTHERAPY MANUAL Dedicated to Alicia Lieberman, Chandra Ghosh Ippen, Julie Larrieu and Soledad Martinez Wise Mentors and Gentle Guides Contents Preface 7 Chapter 1 - Overview of Parent-Infant Psychotherapy Role 8 CYFD-Behavioral Health Services, PullTogether and Pyramid Partnership 8 Pyramid 9 Initiatives and Pyramid Offerings 9 Matrix of Training Initiatives and Therapeutic Supports 10 Table of IMH Trainings 11 Parent-Infant Psychotherapy and Fidelity 12 Parent-Infant Psychotherapy Logic Model 12-13 Chapter 2 - Why Parent-Infant Psychotherapy 14 Introduction 14 Justification 14-15 Safety and Memory 15 Reflective Functioning 15 Timing of Supports 16 Principles of IMH Practice 16-17 Treatment Services 18 When to Make a Referral 18 Key Points to Know 18-20 References 20-22 Chapter 3 - Parent Infant Psychotherapy Service Definitions: CYFD-003 and CYFD-004 23 Targeted Populations 23 CYFD-003 23 CYFD-004 24 PIP Contractor Requirements 24 PIP Referrals 24 Fidelity Protocol for PIP Contractors 24-26 Table on Funding for PIP Activities 27-29 References 29 Chapter 4 – Parent-Infant Psychotherapy Procedures: Fidelity Protocol 30 PIP Referrals 30 PIP Intake, Screenings, New Data Entry 31 Comprehensive Infant Mental Health Assessment 31 Individual Treatment Plan 31 Goals of COS-P 31-32 Global Goals of CPP 32 Trauma-Related
    [Show full text]
  • Reactive Attachment Disorder
    Mental Health Outpatient Treatment for Reactive Attachment Disorder Date of Origin: 05/21/2009 Last Review Date: 09/23/2020 Effective Date: 10/01/2020 Dates Reviewed: 05/13, 05/14, 05/15, 07/16, 07/17, 07/18, 07/19, 09/20 Developed By: Medical Necessity Criteria Committee I. Description Reactive Attachment Disorder of Infancy or Early Childhood (RAD) is characterized by markedly disturbed and developmentally inappropriate ways of relating socially in most contexts. It can take the form of a persistent failure to initiate or respond to most social interactions in a developmentally appropriate way (known as the "inhibited" form), or it can present itself as indiscriminate sociability, such as excessive familiarity with relative strangers (known as the "disinhibited form"). Children with reactive attachment disorder are presumed to have grossly disturbed internal models for relating to others, based largely on pathogenic care provided in infancy and early childhood. Consequently, they display markedly inappropriate behaviors in their attempts to gain warmth, approval, and social connectedness with others. The following criteria are intended as a guide for establishing medical necessity for the requested level of care. They are not a substitute for clinical judgment and should be applied by appropriately trained clinicians giving consideration to the unique circumstances of each patient, including co-morbidities, safety and supportiveness of the patient’s environment, and the unique needs and vulnerabilities of children and adolescents. Diagnosis: Appropriate diagnosis is made according to diagnostic criteria in the current edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Assessment & Treatment Notes: • Assessment for RAD requires evidence directly obtained from serial observations of the child interacting with his/her primary caregivers and with unfamiliar adults, as well as careful review of history (if available).
    [Show full text]
  • Attachment, Infidelity, and Loneliness in College
    Contemp Fam Ther (2014) 36:333–350 DOI 10.1007/s10591-013-9289-8 ORIGINAL PAPER Attachment, Infidelity, and Loneliness in College Students Involved in a Romantic Relationship: The Role of Relationship Satisfaction, Morbidity, and Prayer for Partner M. Grac¸a Pereira • Ebru Taysi • Fatih Orcan • Frank Fincham Published online: 27 September 2013 Ó Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 Abstract This study examined the mediating effects of relationship satisfaction, prayer for a partner, and morbidity in the relationship between attachment and loneliness, infi- delity and loneliness, and psychological morbidity and loneliness, in college students involved in a romantic relationship. Participants were students in an introductory course on family development. This study examined only students (n = 345) who were involved in a romantic relationship. The average age of participants was 19.46 (SD = 1.92) and 25 % were males. Short-form UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-8), (Hays and DiMatteo in J Pers Assess 51:69–81, doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5101_6, 1987); Relationship Satisfaction Scale (Funk and Rogge in J Fam Psychol 21:572–583, doi:10.1037/0893-3200.21.4.572, 2007); Rotterdam Symptom Checklist (De Haes et al. in Measuring the quality of life of cancer patients with the Rotterdam Symptom Checklist (RSCL): a manual, Northern Centre for Healthcare Research, Groningen, 1996); Prayer for Partner Scale, (Fincham et al. in J Pers Soc Psychol 99:649–659, doi:10.1037/a0019628, 2010); Infidelity Scale, (Drigotas et al. in J Pers Soc Psychol 77:509–524, doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.3.509, 1999); and the Experiences in Close Relationship Scale-short form (Wei et al.
    [Show full text]