An Elaboration on the Distinction Between Controversial Parenting and Therapeutic Practices Versus Developmentally Appropriate A
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Letters to the Editor An Elaboration on the Distinction Between Controversial Parenting and Therapeutic Practices Versus Developmentally Appropriate Attachment Parenting: A Comment on the APSAC Task Force Report THE TASK FORCE USE OF THE TERM Recently, a Task Force comprising scholars who ATTACHMENT PARENTING are members of the American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children (APSAC) published in this The Task Force report notes, journal an informative report titled, “Report of the The attachment therapy controversy has centered APSAC Task Force on Attachment Therapy, Reactive most broadly on the use of what is known as “holding Attachment Disorder, and Attachment Problems” therapy” (Welch, 1988) and coercive, restraining or (Chaffin et al., 2006). The Task Force report aversive procedures such as deep tissue massage, reviewed controversial parenting approaches and aversive tickling, punishments related to food and therapies and made recommendations for assess- water intake, enforced eye contact, requiring ment and treatment of attachment disorders children to submit totally to adult control over all (Chaffin et al., 2006). The report was endorsed their needs, barring children’s access to normal by the American Psychological Association’s social relationships outside the primary parent or Division 37 and the Division 37 Section on Child caretaker, encouraging children to regress to infant Maltreatment. status, reparenting, and attachment parenting [italics We, the founders of Attachment Parenting added] or techniques designed to provoke cathartic emotional discharge. (p. 83) International (API), an organization that facilitates the formation of parent education support groups, The Task Force report goes on to acknowledge and members of the Attachment Parenting that International–Research Group (API-RG), agree with the report of the APSAC Task Force and its conclu- the term attachment parenting may have various sions regarding the detrimental effects of controver- meanings. In a less controversial context, the term sial parenting practices that have been arbitrarily refers to practices of maintaining close physical labeled by others as attachment parenting. However, we proximity between mothers and newborns, which is believe that there is significant confusion regarding argued to promote healthy attachment. This is not the appropriate definition of the term attachment par- the meaning discussed here. (Chaffin et al., 2006, enting and that the Task Force report may have inad- p. 79) vertently contributed to this confusion. We believe that clarity in this regard is central to progress in this By using the term attachment parenting when refer- controversial area and so wish to offer our thoughts ring to the controversial, abusive practices, the Task on this important matter. Force confuses the controversial practices with the developmentally appropriate parenting practices CHILD MALTREATMENT, Vol. 11, No. 4, November 2006 373-374 that are also called attachment parenting. We believe DOI: 10.1177/1077559506292635 that the controversial practices described by Chaffin © 2006 Sage Publications et al. (2006) can no more be called attachment parenting 373 374 Curtner-Smith et al. / AN ELABORATION than witchcraft can be called modern medicine. We are behaviors. Most of all, regardless of a child’s age, concerned that by using the term attachment parenting attachment parenting refers to a parent’s ability to to refer to controversial, abusive practices, the Task empathize with how a child is feeling and to how a Force may unintentionally discourage practitioners parent views those feelings as important and worthy or parents from endorsing or engaging in parenting of parental response. behaviors that have been demonstrated by research Hopefully, the distinction between controversial, to promote secure parent–child attachment bonds, abusive parenting and therapeutic practices versus which are necessary for positive child mental health. developmentally appropriate attachment parenting We suggest that in future reports, the Task Force is now clearer. Moreover, it is hoped that practitioners refer to the controversial, abusive therapeutic and and therapists aiming to promote secure parent– parenting practices as just what they are: controversial child attachment relationships now understand that and abusive. attachment parenting is very different from the con- troversial, abusive practices that are appropriately criticized in the Task Force report. AN APPROPRIATE DEFINITION OF ATTACHMENT PARENTING Mary Elizabeth Curtner-Smith, PhD, CFLE University of Alabama Developmentally appropriate attachment parent- Wendy Middlemiss, PhD, CFLE ing practices are based on mainstream psychological Pennsylvania State University Shenango attachment theory which was first conceived by John Katherine Green, PhD Bowlby (1951, 1982) and Mary Ainsworth (1982; Capella University Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978). The corner- Ann D. Murray stone of developmentally appropriate attachment Kansas State University parenting is parental emotional sensitivity to children. Miranda Barone, PhD Emotional sensitivity refers to a parent’s anticipating California State University, Long Beach and being sensitive to a child’s needs and then Jeanne Stolzer, PhD attempting to meet those perceived needs. Attachment University of Nebraska at Kearney parenting includes warm, affectionate responses to a Lysa Parker, CFLE Attachment Parenting International child’s bids for attention. This style of parenting is Barbara Nicholson neither controlling nor coercive. Other parenting Attachment Parenting International behaviors that make up the attachment style of par- enting include infant-focused prenatal activities; REFERENCES breastfeeding, when possible, to encourage close- Ainsworth, M. D., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). ness and healthy development; maintaining close Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. physical proximity through frequent touch, carrying, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. and physical contact and stimulation with the infant; Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1982). Attachment: Retrospect and prospect. In C. M. Parkes & J. Stevenson-Hinde (Eds.), The place of establishing nighttime routines that support an infant’s attachment in human behavior (pp. 3-30). New York: Basic Books. need for closeness; and avoiding long caregiver– Bowlby, J. (1951). Maternal care and mental health. Bulletin of the child separations. As children age, attachment par- World Health Organization, 3, 355-534. Bowlby, J. (1982). A control systems approach to attachment enting continues to include age-appropriate proximity behavior. In Attachment: Vol. 1 (2nd ed., pp. 235-262). New maintenance behaviors, age-appropriate levels York: Basic Books. of touch, a democratic style of communication and Chaffin, M., Hanson, R., Saunders, B. E., Nichols, T., Barnett, D., Zeanah, C., et al. (2006). Report of the APSAC Task Force on problem solving, and parents’ use of inductive rea- attachment therapy, reactive attachment disorder, and attach- soning techniques to help children learn positive ment problems. Child Maltreatment, 11, 76-89. CHILD MALTREATMENT / NOVEMBER 2006.