Attachment and Child Welfare Practice Why Attachment Matters

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Attachment and Child Welfare Practice Why Attachment Matters Attachment and Child Welfare Practice To succeed in Volume 19, Number 3 Parent-child attachment has a powerful influ- To successfully ensure child welfare July 2014 ence on child welfare work. Healthy attach- the safety, permanence, practice, it helps to be ment gives children a solid foundation for and well-being of chil- This publication for child “attachment welfare professionals is their cognitive, social, and emotional devel- dren it really helps to be literate.” produced by the North opment. When attachment is secure, often “attachment literate.” This Carolina Division of Social things are much easier. means knowing what attachment is, how it Services and the Family Unfortunately, secure attachment isn’t works, and how to respond effectively to and Children’s Resource all we see in our work. Because abuse and attachment problems. Program, part of the Jordan neglect interfere with attachment, we fre- We hope this issue of Practice Notes will Institute for Families within quently encounter children and families be a helpful resource in your ongoing study the School of Social Work struggling with attachment security. of this important topic. at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Why Attachment Matters In summarizing research, we Most of us are aware try to give you new ideas for Benefi ts of Secure Attachment refining your practice. How- attachment is an impor- Secure attachment has been linked to many ever, this publication is not tant part of healthy devel- positive child outcomes, including: intended to replace child opment. Yet we may not Brain Development. The brain grows welfare training, regular su- know exactly why attach- rapidly during the first three years of life. pervision, or peer consulta- ment is so important or Experiences shape how the brain grows. tion—only to enhance them. understand how secure attachment occurs. When it is stimulated in positive ways, the Secure Attachment brain forms connections related to those Let us hear from you! Attachment occurs when a child has a secure, experiences. For example, talking, singing, To comment about some- and reading to children help form brain thing that appears in Prac- consistent, reciprocal relationship with a pre- tice Notes, please contact: ferred person—typically the child’s primary pathways related to language. John McMahon caregiver. When the caregiver is sensitive to Attachment affects brain development in Jordan Institute for Families the child’s needs and responds in ways that two important ways. First, because the child School of Social Work are warm, nurturing, and make the child feel feels safe and cared for, the brain can use its UNC–Chapel Hill safe, the child begins to use this person as energy to develop pathways crucial for higher Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3550 a secure base from which to explore and, level thinking. Secure attachment is particu- [email protected] when necessary, as a haven of safety and larly related to the development of the fron- Newsletter Staff comfort (Waters & Cummings, 2000 cited in tal cortex, which is responsible for decision Mellicent Blythe Benoit, 2004; Moulin, et al., 2014). making, judgment, and reasoning (DeBellis Sarah Marsh If a caregiver is consistently available, & Thomas, 2003; Dozier, et al., 2008). John McMahon responsive, and nurturing, by the final Second, by providing a “home base” Laura Phipps months of the first year the child’s attach- from which a child can safely explore the Visit Our Website ment to that person is very likely to be world, secure attachment allows the child to www.practicenotes.org “secure,” meaning the child is confident the have more varied experiences and therefore caregiver will always be available to help or build more connections in the brain. save them (Bowlby, 1982; Wolpert, 1999). Social & Emotional Development. Attachment matters. Although it’s most Attachment to a primary caregiver is the obvious when we’re young, its powerful foundation of all future relationships. When influence is felt throughout our lives. there is a secure attachment, cont. next page Why Attachment Matters continued from the previous page you learn how to trust others, how to respond emotionally, and how others Some Indicators of Secure Attachment will respond to you (Bowlby, 1982). Child’s behavior Parent’s behavior In addition, secure attachment leads 1 to 18 months to the development of empathy. If a • Signals needs; relaxes when need is met • Responds to baby’s signal; identifies child sees herself as worthwhile and • Responsive; has full range of emotions needs most of the time deserving of care, she is also able to • Checks back to parents for reassurance • Returns to relaxation along with baby; when strangers are present feels good about self and child see others that way. Only when a child • Exhibits anxiety, anger, or flattened • Offers nurturing, soothing responses believes her own basic needs will be affect when parents leave • Woos child, initiates positive interac- met can she attend to others’ needs. • Pleased when reunited with parents tions, calls baby by name The child works first to please her pri- • Checks in to feel safe when exploring • Makes frequent eye contact with child • Turns to parents for comfort • Encourages safe exploration mary caretaker and over time extends 18 Months to Five Years her concerns to siblings, friends, class- mates, community members, and, as • Can handle longer periods of • Responsive to child’s needs and cues separation (in hours) without anxiety • Encourages growing autonomy and her moral development continues, to • Increasing ability to accept redirection, praises accomplishments people she has never met. discipline, and authority • Redirects/sets limits when needed Self-Regulation. When caregivers • Shows empathy, remorse, and guilt without overreacting to bad behavior respond to them, infants learn to man- • Uses “wooing” and “coercion” to try to • Enjoys reciprocal affection and influence parents interaction with child age their own feelings and behavior. Grade School When infants are overwhelmed, stress hormones are released in the brain. • Behaves as though he likes himself • Interested in child’s school performance • Shows pride in accomplishments • Accepts expression of negative feelings When caregivers respond with sooth- • Exhibits confidence in own abilities • Responds to child’s needs and fears ing behaviors, they help the child • Accepts limits imposed by adults • Initiates appropriate signs of affection reduce these hormones. • Establishes eye contact • Seems to enjoy the child Over time, the brain develops • Expresses likes and dislikes • Knows child’s likes and dislikes pathways that allow this soothing Adolescents behavior to kick in during periods of • Knows personal strengths/weaknesses • Encourages self-control stress. Eventually the child is able to • Engages in positive peer interactions • Trusts adolescent with increasing levels • Exhibits signs of conscience of responsibility calm themselves when they are angry • Involved in interests outside the home • Interested in/accepts teen’s friends or disappointed. • Developing goals for the future • Interested in teen’s school performance Trauma and Attachment • Emotionally close to parents • Shows affection Inherent in the trauma of child abuse Sources: Queensland Department of Child Safety, 2007; Fahlberg, 1991 and neglect are experiences of fear, stress, and rejection by the very per- in a position to help support secure Provide concrete supports. Over- son who is supposed to protect and attachment with both biological and whelmed caregivers have difficulty soothe the child. Because these emo- resource parents. Here’s how: focusing on the needs of children and tional experiences are in direct con- Educate. Make sure caregivers are not as effective at reading and flict with the experiences that promote know why secure attachment matters responding to cues. Providing con- attachment, it follows that children and the behaviors that build it. Mes- crete supports and resources that help with a history of maltreatment often sages to send include (Dozier, et al., caregivers manage stress allows them have attachment problems. to focus on their children’s needs. 2008; Wittamer, 2011): Children with trauma histories may In addition, young and inexperi- • Be responsive and warm have a wide range of problems related enced parents may need to build their • Respond to children’s needs to lack of secure attachment; these knowledge of parenting and child • Soothe children in distress include developmental delays, difficulty development. Although parenting with emotional regulation, impaired • Learn to read and respond to programs can help with this, they are social relationships, aggression, low children’s cues not all alike. Look for programs, such self-esteem, and depression (Hildyard • Spend time together (quantity matters) as the Incredible Years, Attachment & Wolfe, 2002; Erickson & Egeland, • Engage in positive physical contact and Biobehavioral Catch-Up, and 2002; Shipman, et al., 2005). (hugging, singing, holding, etc.) Circle of Parents, that have a specific Supporting Secure Attachment • Play with children, specifically in focus on cultivating skills that build As a child welfare worker you are activities that support reciprocity. attachment (Wittamer, 2011). 2 Identifying Attachment Problems Understanding the quality of a child’s attachment with his ural. Most children have attachment Attachment isn’t caregivers can help you intervene more effectively to pro- that can
Recommended publications
  • Secure-Base Caregiving and Adult Attachment Development Within the Client-Psychotherapist Relationship Dennis A
    Walden University ScholarWorks Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection 2015 Secure-Base Caregiving and Adult Attachment Development Within the Client-Psychotherapist Relationship Dennis A. Weeks Walden University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations Part of the Counseling Psychology Commons, and the Developmental Psychology Commons This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection at ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Walden University College of Social and Behavioral Sciences This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation by Dennis Weeks has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the review committee have been made. Review Committee Dr. Rodney Ford, Committee Chairperson, Psychology Faculty Dr. Elisabeth Weinbaum, Committee Member, Psychology Faculty Dr. Tracy Masiello, University Reviewer, Psychology Faculty Chief Academic Officer Eric Riedel, Ph.D. Walden University 2015 Abstract Secure-Base Caregiving and Adult Attachment Development Within the Client-Psychotherapist Relationship by Dennis A. Weeks EdS, Tennessee Technological University, 1996 MA, Pepperdine University, 1979 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy General Psychology Walden University May 2015 Abstract Recent studies have shown significant improvements in the attachment security of adult therapy clients during therapy, supporting Bowlby’s theory that such improvement can be influenced by secure-base caregiving provided by mentors such as therapists.
    [Show full text]
  • Experiences of Attachment Therapy
    EXPERIENCES OF ATTACHMENT THERAPY: A FOLLOW-UP STUDY OF ADOPTIVE MOTHERS by JANE SHOEMAKER WIMMER (Under the Direction of M. Elizabeth Vonk) ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to explore mothers’ experiences of attachment therapy as related to their current relationships with their adopted children. The therapy cited in this study was family-focused intervention which engaged the child and parents in resolving attachment difficulties. All of the children were adopted from the Georgia public child welfare system and had been diagnosed with Reactive Attachment Disorder, a serious emotional disorder of childhood that is exhibited by lack of bonding of the child to parental figures. The 16 mothers interviewed in this study had participated in state-sponsored attachment therapy and were part of an evaluation of that therapy in 2003. This research study employed a descriptive qualitative design that used in-depth semi- structured interviews, artifacts, and a reflective research journal for data collection. The population was purposefully chosen, and all mothers who were part of the 2003 study participated. Three research questions guided this study: (1) What was the experience of attachment therapy for the participants? (2) How did the participants view their current relationship with their adopted child? (3) What were the participants’ perceptions of the role attachment therapy played in their current level of functioning? Data analysis guided by the constant comparative method revealed eight major findings. The experience of attachment therapy was (1) consistently supportive, (2) emotionally painful, and (3) physically safe. The mothers’ current relationships with their adopted children were (4) continuously stressful and (5) unquestionably permanent.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding and Treating Attachments
    Understanding and Treating Attachment Problems in Children: What Went Wrong, and How Can Problems Be Fixed Dave Ziegler, Ph.D. Executive Director Jasper Mountain 37875 Jasper-Lowell Road Jasper, Oregon Effects of Trauma on Attachment 2 Abstract Developmental psychology, child development and clinical application with trauma have all placed important roles in a new understanding of attachment and bonding problems in early childhood. This article is broken into two parts. Part I discusses the important role that attachment plays in the future social success of children. It explains the tenants of traditional attachment theory and how trauma affects healthy attachment. This discussion continues with revisions to attachment theory that respond to its historical weak points. A new theoretical view of attachment is proposed identifying the causes of attachment behavior. Part II turns to clinical aspects of the treatment of attachment problems. Problems caused by trauma are identified and the many therapeutic complexities are outlined. A model for treating attachment disturbances is proposed that discusses the clinical process in three distinct areas: disrupted attachment, anxious attachment, and no attachment. The article ends with a discussion of the prognosis for a successful outcome and projects time requirements for attachment disorder therapy. Effects of Trauma on Attachment 3 Understanding and Treating Attachment Problems in Children: What Went Wrong and How Can Problems Be Fixed Introduction The study of Psychology over the last hundred years can be compared to reading a novel starting late into the book and reading progressively backwards to the beginning. Our understanding of the complex mind and psychological make-up of Homo Sapiens has begun with adults, moved to young adults, teens, adolescents, toddlers and finally we are beginning to read with great interest the first chapters of life.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Reactive Attachment Disorder in Children
    Intuition: The BYU Undergraduate Journal of Psychology Volume 12 Issue 2 Article 10 2017 Understanding Reactive Attachment Disorder in Children Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/intuition Part of the Psychology Commons Recommended Citation (2017) "Understanding Reactive Attachment Disorder in Children," Intuition: The BYU Undergraduate Journal of Psychology: Vol. 12 : Iss. 2 , Article 10. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/intuition/vol12/iss2/10 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Intuition: The BYU Undergraduate Journal of Psychology by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. et al.: Understanding RAD Understanding Reactive Attachment Disorder in Children Chaz Anthony Rich Brigham Young University Abstract Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) is recently new to clinical literature. RAD is a “Stress and Trauma-Related Disorder” that stems from an inability for a child to attach to a caregiver. Aside from some psychoanalytic foundations, most of what is known about RAD is based off John Bowlby’s attachment theory. As research has developed, RAD has been considered its own diagnosis in the DSM-5 rather than labelled under the umbrella term of “attachment disorder.” A biopsychosocial model of RAD argues that RAD is primarily formed and exacerbated by neglect from a caregiver that can infringe upon the child’s ability to form relationships later in life. Being a new diagnosis, current and detailed prevalence and prognosis of RAD are unknown. In addition, legal implications of maltreatment further contribute to the under-diagnosis of RAD.
    [Show full text]
  • Interventions Targeting Sensory Challenges in Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Systematic Review
    Interventions Targeting Sensory ChallengesAmy S. Weitlauf, PhD,a Nila Sathe, MA,in MLIS, Autism b Melissa L. McPheeters, Spectrum PhD, MPH, b Zachary E. Warren, PhDa, c CONTEXT: Disorder: A Systematic Reviewabstract Sensory challenges are common among children with autism spectrum disorder OBJECTIVE: (ASD). To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of interventions targeting sensory DATA SOURCES: challenges in ASD. STUDY SELECTION: Databases, including Medline and PsycINFO. Two investigators independently screened studies against predetermined DATA EXTRACTION: criteria. One investigator extracted data with review by a second. Investigators independently assessed risk of bias and strength of evidence (SOE), or confidence in the RESULTS: estimate of effects. Twenty-four studies, including 20 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), were included. Only 3 studies had low risk of bias. Populations, interventions, and outcomes varied. Limited, short-term studies reported potential positive effects of several approaches in discrete skill domains. Specifically, sensory integration-based approaches improved sensory and motor skills-related measures (low SOE). Environmental enrichment improved nonverbal cognitive skills (low SOE). Studies of auditory integration-based approaches did not improve language (low SOE). Massage improved symptom severity and sensory challenges in studies with likely overlapping participants (low SOE). Music therapy studies evaluated different protocols and outcomes, precluding synthesis (insufficient SOE). Some positive effects were reported for other approaches, but findings were inconsistent LIMITATIONS: (insufficient SOE). CONCLUSIONS: Studies were small and short-term, and few fully categorized populations. Some interventions may yield modest short-term (<6 months) improvements in sensory- and ASD symptom severity-related outcomes; the evidence base is small, and the durability of the effects is unclear.
    [Show full text]
  • New Mexico Parent Infant Psychotherapy MANUAL
    State of New Mexico Children, Youth and Families Department New Mexico Parent Infant Psychotherapy MANUAL Developed by: Jane Clarke, PhD, IMH-E®IV and Deborah Harris, LISW, IMH-E®IV CYFD Behavioral Health Services PARENT INFANT PSYCHOTHERAPY MANUAL Dedicated to Alicia Lieberman, Chandra Ghosh Ippen, Julie Larrieu and Soledad Martinez Wise Mentors and Gentle Guides Contents Preface 7 Chapter 1 - Overview of Parent-Infant Psychotherapy Role 8 CYFD-Behavioral Health Services, PullTogether and Pyramid Partnership 8 Pyramid 9 Initiatives and Pyramid Offerings 9 Matrix of Training Initiatives and Therapeutic Supports 10 Table of IMH Trainings 11 Parent-Infant Psychotherapy and Fidelity 12 Parent-Infant Psychotherapy Logic Model 12-13 Chapter 2 - Why Parent-Infant Psychotherapy 14 Introduction 14 Justification 14-15 Safety and Memory 15 Reflective Functioning 15 Timing of Supports 16 Principles of IMH Practice 16-17 Treatment Services 18 When to Make a Referral 18 Key Points to Know 18-20 References 20-22 Chapter 3 - Parent Infant Psychotherapy Service Definitions: CYFD-003 and CYFD-004 23 Targeted Populations 23 CYFD-003 23 CYFD-004 24 PIP Contractor Requirements 24 PIP Referrals 24 Fidelity Protocol for PIP Contractors 24-26 Table on Funding for PIP Activities 27-29 References 29 Chapter 4 – Parent-Infant Psychotherapy Procedures: Fidelity Protocol 30 PIP Referrals 30 PIP Intake, Screenings, New Data Entry 31 Comprehensive Infant Mental Health Assessment 31 Individual Treatment Plan 31 Goals of COS-P 31-32 Global Goals of CPP 32 Trauma-Related
    [Show full text]
  • Reactive Attachment Disorder
    Mental Health Outpatient Treatment for Reactive Attachment Disorder Date of Origin: 05/21/2009 Last Review Date: 09/23/2020 Effective Date: 10/01/2020 Dates Reviewed: 05/13, 05/14, 05/15, 07/16, 07/17, 07/18, 07/19, 09/20 Developed By: Medical Necessity Criteria Committee I. Description Reactive Attachment Disorder of Infancy or Early Childhood (RAD) is characterized by markedly disturbed and developmentally inappropriate ways of relating socially in most contexts. It can take the form of a persistent failure to initiate or respond to most social interactions in a developmentally appropriate way (known as the "inhibited" form), or it can present itself as indiscriminate sociability, such as excessive familiarity with relative strangers (known as the "disinhibited form"). Children with reactive attachment disorder are presumed to have grossly disturbed internal models for relating to others, based largely on pathogenic care provided in infancy and early childhood. Consequently, they display markedly inappropriate behaviors in their attempts to gain warmth, approval, and social connectedness with others. The following criteria are intended as a guide for establishing medical necessity for the requested level of care. They are not a substitute for clinical judgment and should be applied by appropriately trained clinicians giving consideration to the unique circumstances of each patient, including co-morbidities, safety and supportiveness of the patient’s environment, and the unique needs and vulnerabilities of children and adolescents. Diagnosis: Appropriate diagnosis is made according to diagnostic criteria in the current edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Assessment & Treatment Notes: • Assessment for RAD requires evidence directly obtained from serial observations of the child interacting with his/her primary caregivers and with unfamiliar adults, as well as careful review of history (if available).
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Study of Cognitive-Behavioral and Attachment Based Treatments for Childhood Trauma" (2012)
    Smith ScholarWorks Theses, Dissertations, and Projects 2012 Talking through the body : a comparative study of cognitive- behavioral and attachment based treatments for childhood trauma Eric A. Eichler Smith College Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.smith.edu/theses Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Eichler, Eric A., "Talking through the body : a comparative study of cognitive-behavioral and attachment based treatments for childhood trauma" (2012). Masters Thesis, Smith College, Northampton, MA. https://scholarworks.smith.edu/theses/879 This Masters Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations, and Projects by an authorized administrator of Smith ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Eric Eichler Talking Through the Body: A Comparative Study of Cognitive- Behavioral and Attachment-Based Treatments for Childhood Trauma ABSTRACT Childhood abuse and neglect have been shown to have a devastating impact on an individual’s social, emotional, and physical development. This study was undertaken in order to determine the best treatment approach for survivors of childhood trauma. The author investigated the impact of traumatic stress on the brain, and reviewed the psychoanalytic, child development, and neurobiological literature on the importance of the attachment relationship for healthy development. Various perspectives on the diagnosis of childhood trauma were explored, including models that centralize childhood trauma as the cause of much of the spectrum of mental illness we see today. The author researched the theoretical underpinnings of both cognitive-behavioral and attachment-based therapies, before analyzing representative interventions from each school of thought in order to determine the strengths and weaknesses of each approach.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 27: Attachment Disorders in Early Childhood
    CHAPTER 27 Attachment Disorders in Early Childhood Julianna Finelli Charles H. Zeanah, Jr. Anna T. Smyke “Attachment” describes the human infant’s century that “essential for mental health is that tendency to seek comfort, support, nurturance, an infant and young child should experience and protection selectively from a small number a warm, intimate and continuous relationship of caregivers. Based on experiences of regular with his mother (or mother substitute . ) in interactions with adult caregivers, infants learn which both find satisfaction and enjoyment.” gradually to seek comfort and protection not The propensity for human infants to form se- from just anyone but selectively, from caregiv- lective attachments is believed to be so strong ers on whom they have learned they can rely. that only in highly unusual and maladaptive According to attachment theory, infants’ behav- caregiving environments do attachments fail to iors with these caregivers are guided by their develop. For young children raised in species- “internal working models” of relationships, a atypical rearing conditions, however, seriously heuristic term describing a set of tendencies to disturbed and developmentally inappropri- experience and behave in intimate relationships ate ways of relating may evolve. Examples of in particular ways; that is, as early as the first atypical environments include institutions (i.e., year of life, infants begin to construct expec- orphanages), frequent changes of caregivers (as tations about how they and others with whom sometimes happens in foster care), neglectful they interact will feel and behave. The internal or abusive caregiving, or being raised by insen- working model is more than a set of expecta- sitive or unresponsive caregivers.
    [Show full text]
  • Child Parent Relationship Therapy: Hope for Disrupted Attachment
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 12-2009 Child Parent Relationship Therapy: Hope for Disrupted Attachment Carolyn Carlisle Hacker University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Educational Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Hacker, Carolyn Carlisle, "Child Parent Relationship Therapy: Hope for Disrupted Attachment. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2009. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/604 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Carolyn Carlisle Hacker entitled "Child Parent Relationship Therapy: Hope for Disrupted Attachment." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Educational Psychology. Tricia McClam, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Ralph G. Brockett, Teresa A. Hutchens, Marianne Woodside Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Carolyn Carlisle Hacker entitled “Child Parent Relationship Therapy: Hope for Disrupted Attachment.” I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Educational Psychology and Counseling.
    [Show full text]
  • Efficacy of Child Parent Relationship Therapy for Caregivers of Children with Attachment Problems
    University of Louisville ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository Electronic Theses and Dissertations 12-2011 Efficacy of child parent relationship therapy for caregivers of children with attachment problems. Margaret Sergeant University of Louisville Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd Recommended Citation Sergeant, Margaret, "Efficacy of child parent relationship therapy for caregivers of children with attachment problems." (2011). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1299. https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/1299 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has retained all other copyrights. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EFFICACY OF CHILD PARENT RELATIONSHIP THERAPY FOR CAREGIVERS OF CHLDREN WITH ATTACHMENT PROBLEMS By Margaret Sergeant M.Ed., University of Louisville, 2003 B.A., Spalding University, 1995 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Education of the University of Louisville in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Education and Human Development University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky December 2011 EFFICACY OF CHILD PARENT RELATIONSHIP THERAPY FOR CAREGIVERS OF CHILDREN WITH ATTACHMENT PROBLEMS By Margaret Sergeant M.Ed., University of Louisville, 2003 B.A., Spalding University, 1995 A Dissertation Approved on August 26, 2011 by the following Dissertation Committee Sam Stringfield, Dissertation Director Patrick Possel Natalie Stipanovic ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the members of my committee for the time and effort each of them put into the completion of this project.
    [Show full text]
  • The Move from Categories to Process: Attachment Phenomena and Clinical Evaluation
    IMHJ (Wiley) RIGHT BATCH top of AH ARTICLE THE MOVE FROM CATEGORIES TO PROCESS: ATTACHMENT PHENOMENA AND CLINICAL EVALUATION ARIETTA SLADE City University of New York and Yale Child Study Center ABSTRACT: Despite the degree to which attachment theory and research have been embraced by clinicians in recent years, many remain unsure as to what this perspective adds to clinical understanding and psychodynamic thinking about the clinical process. In this article, I outline some ways that developments in the study of attachment have the potential to enrich our clinical work with children and families, and may be particularly illuminating with respect to certain aspects of evaluation, formulation, and diagnosis. This added value comes not from formally assessing patients’ attachment classification but from sensi- tizing clinicians to observing the functioning of the attachment system and to the internal and interpersonal functions of attachment processes. Such awareness on the part of the therapist makes it possible for these dynamicregulatory, defense, and motivational systems to be addressed within the contextof evaluation and ongoing psychotherapeutic work. Thinking about attachment processes within the clinical situation does not supplant other aspects of dynamically oriented assessment and evaluation, but rather is theoret- ically consistent with psychoanalytic models of development and offers new levels of richness and un- derstanding to formulations and treatment planning. RESUMEN: A pesar del nivel al cual la teorı´a de la afectividad y la investigacio´n han sido recibidas por los clı´nicos en an˜os recientes, muchos no esta´n seguros de que´ es lo que la teorı´a de la afectividad y la investigacio´n aportan a la comprensio´n clı´nica y al pensamiento sicodina´mico acerca del proceso clı´nico.
    [Show full text]