Indian EO Program : Climate Observations & Products

Vinay K Dadhwal Director Indian Institute of Space Science & Technology

23rd Session of the CLIVAR Scientific Steering Group, IITM, Pune, 29 November 2017 Evolution of ISRO EO Weather Missions 2001-2005 2007……

1996-2000

Oceansat-2 (OCM, 1991-95 Scatterometer, ROSA) SCATSAT-1 INSAT-3D/3DR 1982-90 (Imager, Sounder) Megha Tropique KALPANA (VHRR) (Madras, ScaRab, INSAT-3A SAPHIR, (VHRR,CCD) GPS Occ.) IRS-P3 (MOS) SARAL 1979-81 INSAT-2D (VHRR) INSAT-2E INSAT (VHRR,CCD) (2A/2B/2C) IRS-P4 INSAT (VHRR) (OCM,MSMR) (1A/1B/1C/1D)

(VHRR) VHRR VHRR 2.0 km Vis BHASKARA-1 2.75 km Vis 8 km IR WV BHASKARA-2 CCD (SAMIR) 11 km IR 1 km MS Current Weather Satellites

KALPANA

Visible WV Thermal INSAT-3D & 3DR

6 Bands IMAGER 19 Channel Sounder

3 Band VHRR - 2 / 8 km 48 images per day

MEGHA-TROPIQUES Imager - 1 / 4 km ; Sounder

Radiation Budget Atm. Profiles Radio Occultation INSAT – 3D : Imager & Sounder

Current Oceanography Satellites

OCEANSAT-2 Ocean Color 360 m / 2 days

SARAL Ocean Altimetry/ Ka Band Altimeter

SCATSAT-1 Wind Vector Ku BAND Scatterometer -

OCM-2 / Data Products Oceansat-2/OCM : Monitoring Algal Blooms SCATSAT-1

SCATSAT-1 Products & Applications

Cyclogenesis of hurricane IRMA was predicted using SCATSAT-1 observations on 22UTC 25 Aug, 2017 and it was declared as tropical storm by National Hurricane Centre on 12Z 30 Aug, 2017 Current Land Satellites

RESOURCESAT-2/2A RISAT -1

56 / 23 / 5.8 Meters All Weather Imaging

CARTOSAT- 1 CARTOSAT-2

2.5 Meter - Stereo Sub- meter Data Access

• Generic Web sites for Data Access – Meteorological and Oceanographic Satellite Data Archive Center

http://www.mosdac.gov.in

– National Geospatial Platform – BHUVAN

– Visualization of Earth Observation Data and Archival System

http://vedas.sac.gov.in/vedas/

EO Products on MOSDAC / VEDAS Name of ECV Satellite/instrument Atmosphere Products Name of ECV Satellite/instrument Ocean Products Precipitation INSAT-3D, 3DR, Sea surface INSAT-3D, 3DR, Kalpana-1 temperature Kalpana-1 Air temperature INSAT-3D, 3DR Sea level SARAL-ALTIKA Mean surface pressure INSAT-3D, 3DR Sea ice RISAT Radiation budget: OLR INSAT-3D, 3DR, Surface SARAL-ALTIKA Kalpana-1 Currents Radiation budget: Kalpana-1 Insolation Wind speed and INSAT-3D, 3DR TerrestrialName of Products ECV Satellite/instrument direction fAPAR INSAT-3A * Water vapor INSAT-3D, 3DR Soil moisture SMAP * Total Ozone INSAT-3D, 3DR River water SARAL-ALTIKA Cloud properties: cloud INSAT-3D, 3DR level/discharge effective radius Snow cover INSAT-3A, 3D, Cloud properties: cloud INSAT-3D, 3DR Resourcesat * optical thickness Glaciers Resourcesat-AWiFS Aerosol optical INSAT-3D, 3DR, INSAT- * thickness 3A

NICES : New products in the pipeline Geo Physical Satellite/Sensor Coverage Availability Resolution Dataset Spatial Temporal Terrestrial Products NPP & NEP Model India 2000 - 2015 2’ x 2’ Monthly

Resourcesat-2 Himalayan Jan 2015 – Snow Albedo 250 m 8-day AWiFS sensor region Dec 2016

Snow Melt and Oceansat - 2 / Jan 2001 - Feb Antarctica 2.225 km Daily Freeze OSCAT 2014 Ocean Products Aquarius, MODIS Dec 2013-June 0.25° x Total Alkalinity Global 7-day AQUA and Argos 2016 0.25° Dissolved Inorganic Dec 2013-June 0.25° x -do- Global 7-day Carbon 2016 0.25° CO2 partial pressure Model Indian Ocean 2012-2014 Monthly Atmosphere Products (under Preparation) Convective Available Daily, 05°N -40°N; 0.25° x Potential Energy SNPP - CrIS 7Days and 50°E-110°E 0.25° (CAPE) Monthly Future EO Satellites for Ocean observations Future Geosynchronous Missions – Weather/Land GISAT-1 (2018) Future Satellite Missions - Ocean

OCEANSAT-3/3A (2018/19)

Sensor Ocean Colour Monitor (ii) SSTM (iii) Scatterometer (iv) ARGOS

Res. OCM: 360 x 236 m (across x along track), SSTM:1080m, Scat: 25km

Swath 1420 km, 1440 km , 1800km, Oceansat – 3 : OCM & SSTM Future Satellite Missions - Land

FRS-1/FRS-2 536 km Mode

107 km HRS Mode CRS 659 km Mode

MRS Mode Frequency C-band (5.35 GHz) Polarization Single, Dual , & Circular (Hybrid) Sensor GSD Swath Revisit Swath 10 km to 240 km ALISS-3 (A,B&C) 20 m 925 km 4 days Incidence Angles 20° – 49° ALISS-3 (C) 10 m 280 km 11 days Spatial Resolution 3 to 6, 25, 50 m ATCOR 0.4-1 µm 240 m Repetivity 25 days for 240 km swath – Spectral bands : B1-B5 systematic Modes Stripmap, CRS, MRS, Spotlight Future Missions : NASA ISRO SAR

NISAR (2021)

Parameters L-band SAR 1.25 GHz S-band SAR 3.2 GHz Orbit 747 Km with 98.5 Inclination Repeat, Nodal Crossing Time 12 days repeat, 6AM / 6PM Polarization Single, Dual , Circular, Quad and Quasi-quad pol Incidence angle range 33 – 47 deg 6.4m  6m (at 25MHz bw) Resolution 6.9m  7.5m (for 20MHz bw) 6.4m  2m (for 75MHz (Azimuth  Slant range) 6.9m  1.9m (for 80MHz bw) bw) Max. Swath width > 240 Km ISRO EO Scenario

Currently, thirteen operational satellites are in Sun-synchronous orbit – RESOURCESAT-1, 2, 2A CARTOSAT-1, 2, 2A, 2B, RISAT-1 and 2, OCEANSAT-2, Megha-Tropiques, SARAL and SCATSAT-1, and four in Geostationary orbit- INSAT-3D, Kalpana & INSAT 3A, INSAT -3DR

Future Satellite Missions – Weather/Land

GISAT-1 (2018) Orbit Geosynchronous

Payloads Multispectral – VNIR (6 bands) : 50 meter LWIR - (6 bands) : 1.5 x 1.5 km Hyperspectral - VNIR : 320 meter Hyperspectral – SWIR : 192 meter

Swath 1000 X 1000 km, 3000 X 3000 km, 6000 X 6000 km Future Satellite Missions - Ocean OCEANSAT-3/3A (2018/19)