Nanning Cantonese and Nanning Pinghua — their Tai-ness and non-Tai-ness

Hilário de Sousa ERC SINOTYPE project École des hautes études en sciences sociales [email protected] [email protected]

1 Setting: Sinitic Languages

(Lang atlas of China) Nanning Pinghua Yue (e.g. Cantonese) 南寧 平話 粵語 2 Setting: Non-Sinitic languages

Nanning Kra-dai languages 南寧 (e.g. Nth/Sth Zhuang) 3 In 南寧 Nanning, schematically: Northern Zhuang (indegenous) Southern Pinghua (≈1000 years) Cantonese Yong River (≈100 years) 邕江

Southern Zhuang (indegenous) 4 In this talk: How Nanning Cantonese and Nanning Pinghua resemble and not resemble Tai languages.

Not in this talk: How the Zhuang languages resemble Sinitic languages. (see, e.g., Wang (1962), Dai (1992), Qin (2004), Sybesma (2008), Zhao (2008))

5 Source of Tai-ness Nanning Pinghua: their Zhuang neighbours Nanning Cantonese: 1. they already had strong Tai- substratum before their move into Nanning (e.g. Bauer 1996)

6 7 Genetics • Gan, Pan et al. 2008 dendogram clustering of Han Chinese branches and other East Asian phyla (also see Wen et al. 2004):

A Dendogram of Y chromosome haplogroups B Dendogram of mtDNA haplogroups Han-Wu Daic Han-Hui Hmong-Mien Han-Gan Han-Pinghua Han-Jin Han-Yue Tibeto-Burman Han-Min Han-Mandarin Han-Mandarin Han-Min Han-Wu Han-Yue Han-Xiang Tibeto-Burman Han-Hakka Han-Hui Hmong-Mien Han-Gan Austro-Asiatic Han-Jin Han-Pinghua Han-Xiang Daic Altaic Austronesian Austronesian Altaic Austro-Asiatic

Note: ‘Han-Pinghua’ = Northern Pinghua Source of Tai-ness Nanning Pinghua: had strong taboo of intermarriage with their Zhuang neighbours Zhuang Nanning Cantonese: 1. they already had strong Tai- substratum before their move into Nanning (e.g. Bauer 1996) 2. language shift of Zhuang into Nanning Cantonese (e.g. Qin & Wu 2009, Kwok 2010) 8 Onsets Wuming N Zhuang Yongning S Zhuang p t k ʔ pl kj kw p t k ʔ pl kl kw pʰ tʰ kʰ pʰl kʰl kʰw ɓ ɗ m n ŋ ml m n ŋ ml f θ ɕ ɣ h f h hl tʃ tʃʰ l j w ʋ l j ˀj ˀw ɬ

Zhuang phonological data from Zhang et al. (1999)

9 Nanning Pinghua Nanning Cantonese p t k kw p t k kw pʰ tʰ kʰ kʰw pʰ tʰ kʰ kʰw

m n ɲ ŋ m n ŋ f ʃ h f ʃ h tʃ tʃ tʃʰ tʃʰ l j w l j w

ɬ ɬ • /ɬ/ (or /θ/ in some places) is Tai-influenced; • poor in sibilants (Sinitic languages typically have sibilants at at least two places of articulations); • The CG|VC syllable structure resembles CC|VC in Tai rather than the usual C|GVC in Sinitic languages. 10 (c.f. the C|GVC phonotactics of, e.g. Mandarin) i u ü a ia ua o uo b p m f e ie üe d t n l ai uai g k h ei uei j q x ao iao z c s ou iou zh ch sh r an ian uan üan en in uen ün ang iang uang eng ing ueng ong iong er 11 Rhymes

Wuming N Zhuang a ɯ i u ɛ ɔ aːj aj ɯəj uəj ɔːj aːw aw iəw ɛːw aɰ aːp ap iəp ip uəp up ɛːp ɔːp op aːm am iəm im uəm um ɛːm ɔːm om aːt at ɯət ɯt iət it uət ut ɛːt ɔːt ot aːn an ɯən ɯn iən in uən un ɛːn ɔːn on aːk ak ɯk iək ik uək uk ɛːk ɔːk ok aːŋ aŋ ɯŋ iəŋ iŋ uəŋ uŋ ɛːŋ ɔːŋ oŋ 12 Rhymes

Yongning S Zhuang a ə i u ɛ ɔ aːj aj əːj uːj ej ɔːj aːw aw iːw ɛːw ow aːp ap əp iːp ɪp ɛːp ɔːp aːm am əːm əm iːm ɪm ɛːm ɔːm aːt at ət iːt uːt ʊt ɛːt ɔːt ot aːn an ən iːn uːn ʊn ɛːn ɔːn on aːk ak əːk ək ɪk uːk ʊk ɛːk ɔːk ok aːŋ aŋ əːŋ əŋ ɪŋ uːŋ ʊŋ ɛːŋ ɔːŋ oŋ 13 Nanning Shangyao Pinghua Nanning Cantonese a ǝ i u ɛ ɔ a i u ɛ ɔ œ y aj ɐ̆j ǝj uj ɔj aj ɐ̆j uj ɔj aw ɐ̆w ǝw iw ɛw aw ɐ̆w iw ɛw ap ɐ̆p ip ap ɐ̆p ip ɛp am ɐ̆m im am ɐ̆m im ɛm m̩ at ɐ̆t ǝt it ut ɛt ɔt at ɐ̆t it ut ɛt ɔt œt yt an ɐ̆n ǝn in un ɛn ɔn an ɐ̆n in un ɛn ɔn yn ak ɐ̆k ɪ̆k ʊ̆k ɛk ak ɐ̆k ɪ̆k ʊ̆k ɛk ɔk œk aŋ ɐ̆ŋ ɪ̆ŋ ʊ̆ŋ ɛŋ aŋ ɐ̆ŋ ɪ̆ŋ ʊ̆ŋ ɛŋ ɔŋ œŋ ŋ̍

• some vowel length contrasts (very rare in other Sinitic lngs); • conservative with –p –t –k –m –n –ŋ codas; • most Southern Pinghua dialects have /ǝ/ and/or /ɯ/; • not many Yue dialects have rounded front vowels. 14 Tones

Wuming N Zhuang tones *A *B *C *DS *DL

*VOICELESS ˥ ˥

*VOICED ˧ ˧

Yongning S Zhuang tones *A *B *C *DS *DL *ASPIRATED, ˧ *GLOTTALISED ˥ *UNASPIRATED ˥

*VOICED ˩ˀ ˧ 15 Tones

Nanning/ Standard Cantonese tones *level *rising *departing *entering (*A) (*C) (*B) (*D)

*VOICELESS ˥ ˧ ˥S ˧L

*VOICED ˩ ˨ ˨

• vowel length contrast for the entering tone in vast majority of Yue dialects and some Southern Pinghua dialects (unique in Sinitic languages);

16 Tones

Nanning (Xinxu/Shangyao) Pinghua tones *level *rising *departing *entering (*A) (*C) (*B) (*D) *ASPIRATED ˧ ˧ *UNASPIRATED ˥

*NASAL ˩ ˨ *VOICED ORAL ˨

• by contrast, Pinghua dialects typically does not have vowel length contrast in the entering tone; • the other conditioning factors—aspiration and nasal/oral of the onset—are not uncommon in Sinitic languages. 17 Lexicon

Southern Pinghua lexicon often resembles Cantonese. However, when they differ, Southern Pinghua often has a Tai-loan or a Mandarin-sounding word instead. (Cantonese already has many Tai words; Pinghua has even more.) A few examples:

18 Lexicon

Nanning Pinghua Northern Zhuang c.f. Standard Cantonese wɐn˩ (-tɔi˨ 隊) wun˩ ‘(other) people’ (no clusivity distinction) 1PL.INCL hɐi (˥) ‘give’ hǝɯ˥ ‘give’ 畀 pei jǝn ‘cold’ P-Tai *ʔjenA ‘cool’ (Li 1977) 凍 tʊŋ˧ ‘cold’ hɐŋ ‘too non-tact. hot’ hɯŋ ‘hot weather’ ? ɬɐk˧ ‘a few’ θak˥ ‘a few’ 幾 kei ‘a few’ nɐm˥ ‘stupid’ nam ‘slow’ 蠢 tsʰɵn ‘stupid’ ɬɐn˩ ‘shiver’ θan˩ ‘shiver’ 震 tsɐn˧ ‘shake’ hɐn ‘play’ fan ‘play’ 玩 wan ‘play’ pʊk˨ (-tsi˧ 子) ‘pomelo’ (maak˧-) puk˧ ‘pomelo’ 碌柚 lʊk˥jɐu ‘pomelo’

19 Lexicon

Nanning Pinghua Mandarin c.f. Standard Cantonese 是 ɬi˨ ‘be’ 是 ʂʐ ‘be’ 係 hɐi˨ ‘be’ 喫 hɐt˧ ‘eat’ 喫 ʈʂʰʐ˥ ‘eat’ 食 sɪk˨ ‘eat’ 看 han ‘look’ 看 kʰan ‘look’ 睇 tʰɐi ‘look’ 鼻 pәt˨(Entering) ‘nose’ 鼻 pi(<*Entering) ‘nose’ 鼻 pei˨(Departing) ‘nose’ 了 liu PERFECTIVE 了 lә PERFECTIVE 咗 tsɔ PERFECTIVE 捱 ŋai˩ PASSIVE SW Mand. 捱 ŋæ 畀 pei PASSIVE (‘suffer’) PASSIVE (‘give’) (can be agentless) (can be agentless) (must be agented)

20 Grammar

• Morphologically ‘isolating’; • Word order in Sinitic languages: generally SVO, but [MOD N], [ADV V] ([REL N] and [ADV V] extremely rare for SVO languages; Dryer 2003)

21 Morphological differences between Southern Pinghua and Cantonese

3.

22 4.

23 5.

(Noun markers are ubiquitous in Mandarin, but much less prevalent in Cantonese; Cantonese and Zhuang have a lot more monosyllabic nouns.) 24 Syntactic differences between Southern Pinghua and Cantonese

6. 8.

7. 9.

25 10. 11.

12. 14.

13.

26 15.

16.

17.

27 20. 18.

21. 19.

22.

28 How Nanning Cantonese resembles Zhuang even further

23.

24.

25.

29 26.

27.

30 28.

29.

31 30.

31.

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32 33.

34.

35.

33 Conclusion In Nanning area: • Nanning Pinghua has been in the Nanning area for about 1000 years, and has a lot of lexical borrowings (and some phonological and syntacc borrowings) from the indigenous Tai languages; • Nanning Cantonese has been in the Nanning area for about 100 years, but its phonology and grammar is even more like the Tai languages: 1. Cantonese already had a strong Tai substratum before their move into the Nanning area; 2. Aer their arrival in Nanning area, many Zhuang people shied to Nanning Cantonese and absorbed into the Cantonese community (Pinghua people, on the other hand, had strong taboo towards intermarriage with the Zhuang). 34 Conclusion

Mandarin Nanning Standard Nanning Northern Pinghua Cantonese Cantonese Zhuang Phonology σ C|GVC CG|VC CG|VC CG|VC CC|VC

ə and/or ɯ - + - - + tone DS/DL - - + + + Morphology N-⚥ - - + + +

-子 many many few few none

35 Conclusion

Mandarin Nanning Standard Nanning Northern Pinghua Cantonese Cantonese Zhuang Syntax V + ‘first’ - ± + + + SURPASS - ± + + + comparative [CL N] V - - + + + POSS [CL - - + + [CL N] N] POSS ADJ [CL N] - - - + [CL N] ADJ ADJ + ‘many’ - ± - + + anaphoric - - - + + [CL] 36 Acknowledgement

• I would like to thank my Southern Pinghua consultants. • Research funded by the European Research Council under the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) / ERC grant agreement nº 230388.

37 Bibliography

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