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Home , AIAN (U.S. Census)

Northeast Area Regional Profile ME, NH, VT, MA, CT, RI, NY, NJ, DE, PA, IN, OH

Houlton Maliseet

Pleasant Point

INDIANA AND OHIO

Oneida (NY)

Tonawanda

Hassanamisco

Mashantucket Pequot Mashpee Wampanoag Mohegan

Golden hill Wampanoag-Aquinnah Narragansett Paucatuck Poospatuck Eastern Pequot

Federal reservation and/or off-reservation trust land Tribal Designated Statistical Area State Designated American Indian Statistical Area State Reservations

This map shows NCAI Northeastern states which have American Indian reservation land, Tribal Designated Statistical Areas, State Designated Indian Statistical Areas, and State Indian Reservations.1

1 Northeast Area. Scale 1:6,000,000. 2010 TIGER/Line Shapefiles, U.S. Census Bureau, 2012. Using ArcMap10.1. , DC: National Congress of American Indians NCAI Policy Research Center Northeast Regional Profile

Population2

CT DE MA ME # % # % # % # % Total Population in State 2,772,410 100% 618,617 100% 5,265,236 100% 1,264,971 100% AIAN Alone 11,256 0.4% 4,181 0.7% 18,850 0.4% 8,568 0.7% AIAN Alone or in Combination 31,140 1.1% 9,899 1.6% 50,705 1.0% 18,482 1.5%

NJ NY RI # % # % # % Total Population in State 6,029,248 100% 12,740,974 100% 856,869 100% AIAN Alone 29,026 0.5% 106,906 0.8% 6,058 0.7% AIAN Alone or in Combination 70,716 1.2% 221,058 1.7% 14,394 1.7% Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 Census, Summary File, Table DP-1

Age Distribution

According to the World Factbook,3 age structure of a population affects a nation's key socioeconomic issues. Nations with young populations (high percentage under age 15), for instance, should invest more in schools, while nations with older populations should invest more in the health sector. The age structure can also be used to help predict political issues. The rapid growth of a young adult population unable to find employment, for instance, can lead to unrest.

10 9.1 9.2 -- AIAN AoiC 8.5 8.6 9 8.1 8.2 AIAN = 11,256 8 7.3 7.3 7.4 7 6.9 6.9 White = 2,772,410 7 6.3 7.6 6.4 6.9 AIAN AoiC = 31,140 6 5.3 6.5 6.2 5.8 4.7 5 5.8 5.6 5.3 4.1 5.1 4 4.8 3.4 2.9 2.9 2.6 3 2.5 1.7 2 1.2 0.9 0.8 1 0

Source: 2010 Census AIAN Summary File, Table DP-1

 In Connecticut, the median age for the AIAN alone population was 31.6 years compared to 43.3 for the White population.  The median age for the AIAN alone or in combination population was 30.7.

2 This profile covers states that include some tribal geography, whether federal or state. States not included are: Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Vermont, and New Hampshire. 3 The World Factbook 2013-14. Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency, 2013.

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10 9.1 -- AIAN AoiC 9 8.1 7.9 7.8 7.9 AIAN = 4,181 7.8 7.5 8 7.2 6.9 6.9 White = 618,617 7 6.6 6.6 6.4 7.5 AIAN AoiC = 9,899 6.6 5.5 6 6.5 6.7 6.7 5.9 5.8 5 5.5 5.3 5.5 5.4 4.1 5 3.3 4 4.5 3 2.4 2.2 3.2 2 2.3 1 1.6 0.9 0.9 0

Source: 2010 Census AIAN Summary File, Table DP-1

 In Delaware, the median age for the AIAN alone population was 35.1 years compared to 43.1 for the White population.  The median age for the AIAN alone or in combination population was 32.1.

9.4 10 8.9 9 8.2 8.1 7.9 7.7 8 7.5 AIAN = 18,850 8 7.2 7.2 6.5 6.2 White = 5,265,236 7 6.3 7.4 AIAN AoiC = 50,705 6 6.6 6.8 6.8 6.8 5.9 6.2 6.1 4.5 5 5.4 5.7 4.9 5.4 4 3.3 2.8 2.6 3 AIAN AoiC -- 3.9 2.4 2 2.8 1 1.9 1.3 0 0.9 0.8

Source: 2010 Census AIAN Summary File, Table DP-1

 In Massachusetts, the median age for the AIAN alone population was 30.8 years compared to 431.8 for the White population.  The median age for the AIAN alone or in combination population was 30.5.

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14 12.4 -- AIAN AoiC 12 Rservations AIAN = 18,850 9.5 10 White = 5,265,236 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.5 7.7 8 7.9 AIAN AoiC = 50,705 8 6.9 6.9 5.4 6 AIAN AoiC Res = 2,094 6 5 6.5 6.7 5.8 6.5 5.9 4.9 5.4 5.4 6 6 3.7 4 5.1 3 4.4 2.4 2.3 3.2 3.4 2 2.7

0 1.2 0.5 0.4

Source: 2010 Census Summary File-1, Table DP-1  In Maine, the median age for the AIAN alone population was 34 years compared to 43.6 for the White population.  The median age for the AIAN alone or in combination population was 33.  The median for AIAN alone or in combination on reservations was 27.3.

10 9 -- AIAN Alone 9 7.9 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 7.6 7.6 7.9 7.3 8 7.1 7.1 AIAN = 29.026 7 6.2 7.3 7.1 6 White = 6,029,248 6.3 6.3 6.4 5.9 6.1 4.6 AIAN AoiC = 70,716 5 5.4 5.6 5.6 5.5 3.4 4 4.7 3 2.6 2.7 3 3.7

2 2.5 1 1.8 1.2 0.9 0.7 0

Source: 2010 Census Summary File-1, Table DP-1

 In New Jersey, the median age for the AIAN alone population was 30.7 years compared to 42.4 for the White population.  The median age for the AIAN alone or in combination population was 31.4.

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10 9 8.9 8.5 7.8 7.7 7.8 8 7.3 AIAN = 106,906 7.1 7.2 7 7.9 7.9 7.8 White = 12,740,974 7 6.2 6.9 7.3 AIAN AoiC = 221,058 6 6.7 6.1 6.4 6.6 6.2 5.8 6 4.5 AIAN AoiC Res = 8,271 5 5.3 5.5 4 5 3.5 2.9 2.6 3 AIAN AoiC -- 3.8 2.5

2 2.6 1 2 1.2 0 0.8 0.7

Source: 2010 Census Summary File-1, Table DP-1

 In New York, the median age for the AIAN alone population was 30.7 years compared to 41.1 for the White population.  The median age for the AIAN alone or in combination population was 31.  The median age for the AIAN alone or in combination on reservations was 32.2.

12 10.6 -- AIAN AoiC 9.1 10 9.4 9.1 8.4 8.1 8.2 AIAN = 6,058 7 7.3 8 7 6.4 5.7 6.4 White = 856,869 7.2 AIAN AoiC = 14,394 6 7 6.5 6.3 4.6 5.7 5.4 5.9 6.6 5.1 5.5 4 3.3 3 4.6 4.6 2.9 2.7

2 3.3 2.4 1.6 1.1 1 1 0

 In Rhode Island, the median age for the AIAN alone population was 29.9 years compared to 42.6 for the White population.  The median age for the AIAN alone or in combination population was 27.3.

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Educational Attainment

The figure below shows the percentage of AIAN and White populations over 25 with a high school diploma or higher and percentage with a bachelor’s degree or higher. The Massachusetts AIAN population had the highest percentage with a bachelor’s or higher (25 percent) of AIAN populations across the seven states.

Percentage of persons age 25 and over with high school completion or higher and a bachelor's or higher degree: 2008-10

100 92.3 90.3 91.9 90.4 92.0 91.2 87.5 90 80 83.8 82.8 83.4 82.3 80.5 79.7 70 70.6 60 White % with HS or Higher

50 40.6 39.3 38.0 37.4 40 32.9 AIAN % with HS or Higher 29.4 26.4 30 White % with Bachelor's or 20 25.1 Higher 10 20.5 18.1 14.2 15.5 16.4 AIAN % with Bachelor's or 0 Higher

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, 2008-2010 American Community Survey (ACS) 3-Year Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) data. (This table was prepared August 2012 by the National Center for Education Statistics.)

Rhode Island AIAN bachelor’s data not included due to reporting standards not being met. Either there are too few cases for a reliable estimate or the coefficient of variation (CV) is 50 percent or greater. NOTE: Estimates are 3-year averages of 2008–10 data. Use of a 3-year average increases the sample size, thereby reducing the size of sampling errors and producing more stable estimates. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity.

12 State Dropout Rate for AIAN and White Students 10.3 10 8.6 8.5 8 5.6 6 4.2 3.8 4 3 3.1 3.3 1.4 1.7 1.5 1.7 2 0.9 0 White AIAN White AIAN White AIAN White AIAN White AIAN White AIAN White AIAN CT DE ME MA NJ NY RI Data Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), "State Dropout and Completion Data File", 2009-10 v.1a.

The Dropout Rate is the count of grade dropouts divided by the enrollment base for the grade.

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120 State Averaged Freshman Graduation Rate, 2009-10 96.3 95.2 94.1 91.8 100 86.6 86.7 81.8 82.4 79.9 76.3 78.3 80 70.5 61.3 59.7 60

40

20

0 AIAN White AIAN White AIAN White AIAN White AIAN White AIAN White AIAN White CT DE ME MA NJ NY RI

Data Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), "State Dropout and Completion Data File", 2009-10 v.1a.

Averaged Freshman Graduation Rate (AFGR) of students is an estimate of the percentage of an entering freshman class students graduating in 4 years. These data are taken from the CCD State Dropout and Completion Data File.

AIAN Educational Attainment by Northeast State

The first educational attainment figure displays highest level of education for American Indian/ Natives living in seven Northeast states.

American Indian Educational Attainment

40% CT AIAN# DE AIAN# ME AIAN# MA AIAN# NJ AIAN NY AIAN RI AIAN# 35% 36 30% 34 33 32 25% 30 29 30 27 20% 22 21 20 20 15% 18 16 16 17 16 14 10% 13 12 13 12 11 12 12 11 11 10 10 9 10 10 9 5% 9 7 5 8 5 8 6 8 9 6 9 5 3 6 6 4 0% < 9 grade 9 -12 no HS graduate Some college, Associate's Bachelor's Grad or prof diploma (includes no degree degree equivalency) Source: US Census Bureau, 2006 -2010 American Community Survey, Table DP02 # means the estimate has medium reliability

Massachusetts and Connecticut had the highest proportion of the AIAN population attaining a graduate or professional degree, both at 9 percent. The percentage of bachelor’s degree attainment among the AIAN Massachusetts population was 12 percent. In New Jersey, 29 percent of the AIAN population had less than a high school diploma or equivalency; in Rhode Island, 27 percent had not completed high school.

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The next figures show educational attainment by the seven states for the AIAN and White population over 25.

40% Connecticut 35% 34% 28% 30% CT White 25% 21% 21% CT AIAN 20% 16% 17% 16% 15% 9% 8% 8% 9% 10% 6% 4% 5% 5% 0% < 9 grade 9 -12 no HS graduate Some Associate's Bachelor's Grad or prof diploma (includes college, no degree equivalency) degree

Delaware 35% 32% 30% 30% 27% DE White 25% DE AIAN 20% 20% 17% 14% 15% 12% 9% 10% 7% 8% 8% 8% 4% 5% 5% 0% < 9 grade 9 -12 no HS graduate Some college, Associate's Bachelor's Grad or prof diploma (includes no degree degree equivalency)

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Maine 40% 35% 35% 29% ME White 30% ME AIAN 25% 22% 19% 20% 17% 13% 15% 11% 12% 11% 9% 9% 10% 6% 4% 5% 3% 0% < 9 grade 9 -12 no HS graduate Some college, Associate's Bachelor's Grad or prof diploma (includes no degree degree equivalency)

Massachusetts 35% 30% 30% 27% MA White 23% 25% MA AIAN 18% 20% 16% 17% 15% 11% 12% 10% 9% 9% 10% 8% 6% 4% 5% 0% < 9 grade 9 -12 no HS graduate Some college, Associate's Bachelor's Grad or prof diploma (includes no degree degree equivalency)

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New Jersery 35% 33% 31% 30% NJ White 25% 22% NJ AIAN 20% 16% 17% 16% 15% 13% 13% 10% 10% 6% 6% 6% 5% 5% 5% 0% < 9 grade 9 -12 no HS graduate Some college, Associate's Bachelor's Grad or prof diploma (includes no degree degree equivalency)

New York 35% 32% 29% 30% NY White 25% NY AIAN 20% 19% 20% 16% 16% 15% 12% 12% 10% 9% 8% 10% 7% 6% 5% 5% 0% < 9 grade 9 -12 no HS graduate Some college, Associate's Bachelor's Grad or prof diploma (includes no degree degree equivalency)

Rhode Island 40% 36% 35% RI White 30% 28% RI AIAN 25% 20% 19% 20% 17% 18% 13% 15% 10% 9% 8% 10% 6% 6% 6% 4% 5% 0% < 9 grade 9 -12 no HS graduate Some college, Associate's Bachelor's Grad or prof diploma (includes no degree degree equivalency)

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About the American Community Survey (ACS): ACS produces period estimates of socioeconomic and housing characteristics which describe the average characteristics of an area over a specific time period. The survey collects information nearly every day of the year and then aggregates the results over a 1, 3, or 5 year period. The multiyear estimates describe the population and characteristics of an area for the full period, as opposed to a point in time. Multiyear estimates are the only type of estimates available for geographic areas with populations of less than 65,000, which describes most tribal geographies and AIAN village- and reservation-level populations. Multiyear estimates, based on larger sample sizes, are more reliable for AIAN populations.

Economic Characteristics

The Census definition of unemployment differs from the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) measure of unemployment. Persons are considered by BIA as "unemployed" if they are thought to be available for work, but not employed. This more realistic approach differs from the definition of unemployment in the Census Bureau data which requires that a person be "actively seeking work" within the last four weeks to be counted as unemployed. The Census definition does not take into account job seeking patterns where persons do not actively search for work when they know it is not available, common for many reservation/tribal areas. With that caveat, below is the percent unemployed according to the 5 year estimate (2006-2010) for Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, and Rhode Island.

Unemployment, 2006-2010

30%

25% 19% 18% 20% 17% 17% 15% 12% 12% 13%

10% 6% 6% 6% 7% 7% 6% 7% 5%

0% White AIAN# White AIAN# White AIAN# White AIAN# White AIAN White AIAN White AIAN# CT DE ME MA NJ NY RI

# means the estimate has medium reliability SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, 2006-2010 American Community Survey (ACS) 5-Year Estimates, Table DP03

Of the Northeast states with tribal geographic areas (federal or state), Maine had the highest percentage unemployed of the AIAN (alone) population 16 and over. The lowest AIAN percentage unemployed was Connecticut and New Jersey.

Data interpretation must take account the level of uncertainty present in ACS estimates, which may be large for small subpopulation groups and rare characteristics. The coefficient of variation (CV) can help determine the fitness of an estimate and help assess whether estimates should be aggregated to a higher geographic level or if the characteristic detail should be collapsed. The CV is calculated as the ratio of the standard error of the estimate to the estimate. A white paper produced by the software company ESRI characterizes a CV below 0.12 as high reliability, 0.12–0.40 as medium reliability and anything above 0.40 as low reliability.4

4 ESRI (2011). The American Community Survey. Technical report, ESRI.

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70% Families in Poverty (2006-2010 ACS) 60% 46% 50% 36% All families 39% 40% with children under 18 years 35% 28% 25% 28% 30% 22% 21% 20% 18% 19% 20% 13% 12% 14% 9% 11% 10% 7% 8% 8% 7% 7% 10% 4% 5% 5% 4% 6% 0% White AIAN# White AIAN# White AIAN White AIAN# White AIAN# White AIAN White AIAN# CT DE ME MA NJ NY RI # means the estimate has medium reliability SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, 2006-2010 American Community Survey (ACS) 5-Year Estimates, Table DP03

Median Family Income 100,000 91,077 92,497 86,368 90,000 76,496 77,000 80,000 74,853 70,000 59,399 58,841 56,011 60,000 48,241 50,000 44,800 44,987 40,000 33,457 27,725 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 White AIAN White AIAN White AIAN White AIAN White AIAN White AIAN White AIAN CT DE ME MA NJ NY RI SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, 2006-2010 American Community Survey (ACS) 5-Year Estimates, Table DP03

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