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Volunteer Diver Audits Coral Reefs 76.6% Coral Reproduction Most corals can reproduce both asexually and sexually. By releasing both sperm and eggs, coral reproduces sexually through fertilization. Coral also reproduces asexually by budding or fragmentation. Fragmentation Asexually 16 | Monday, February 24, 2020 CRITICALHKEgg ISSUES HONG KONG EDITION | CHINA DAILY 17 s Sexually Fertilization Our Data Journalism reports map the options for the community to Polyp Larva resolve its challenges with consensus. We analyze data from government, industry, corporations, scholars, think Sperm Data Journalism tanks and NGOs. Let the facts speak We integrate the insights and policy prescriptions from domain experts. CanCoral Reef Conservation and Rehabilitation we Research Center of Guangdong Oceansave University, our coral reefs? established in 2016, has been working on coral conservation from these two methods. A piece broken off from parent corals can mature and start Sperm and eggs from corals merge to form new individuals. Naturally Artificially new colonies. These colonies will be genetically similar to the Global warming migrates tropical corals to subtropical regions like Hong Kong. parent. A disadvantage is the reduced genetic variability. Sexually: In sexual reproduction, sperm and eggs from corals merge together to form new individuals. It However, corals in Hong Kong and Shenzhen suffer is important for maintaining coral populations and evolutionary processes. Pearl River effluents, discarded fishing nets, as well as typhoons. Step 1. Spawning: The majority of coral species are hermaphroditic, they usually release eggs and sperm Marine scientists of both regions are collaborating to improve the current situation. Step 1. Collect seedlings from parent corals, plant on special tap once a year. The released gametes drift to the water surface where fertilization takes place. of ceramic material close to corals rock. Shadow Li reports. Late May in Coral Late May 8 pm to 9 pm greenhouseFull-moon night lunar calendar in Lunar calendar Seedling of Pruinosa corals One night Test tube around full moon The Coral Conservation Center in Shenzhen Institute of Fragmentation for collecting gametes Guangdong Ocean University takes action Eggs and Over 50,000 coral plantings in Mirs Bay since 2016 sperm of planted coral survives 75% Ceramic tap Screw nut 8 pm to 9 pm Natural reproduction occurs once annually Tentacle on a full-moon night. Marine scientists and volunteers help this precarious process by Spawning corals capturing the spawn to assist fertilization. Diving Marine Diving volunteer Scientist volunteer Step 1. Spawning: The majority of coral species are hermaphroditic — Anatomy of a coral polyp they usually release eggs and sperm once a year. The released gametes Step 2. Volunteer drift to the water surface where fertilization takes place. trainees led by ma- Sperm Eggs rine scientists go to coral areas to restore colonies. Stir gently to help eggs and Mouth Zooxanthellae: sperm to mix Fertilization 70% of 33 surveyed Fertilization photosynthetic algae success corals areas decreased provide essential in HK, 2019 vs 2012 nutrients and color to Source: AFCD corals. Step 2. Fertilization: When sperm and eggs from genetically different colonies meet, fertilization take place. The embryos develop into coral larva (planula) within the three days. Step 3. Plant ceramic taps with coral seedlings Artificial coral reefs: on artificial coral reefs, more than 120 under Settlement substrates Shenzhen waters. cultivated for half a year 70% regularly maintained. in advance Larvae waiting Larvae on the for settlement settlement substrate Digestive sac Skeleton Step 4. Once settled, larvae takes up zooxanthellae Step 3. Settlement: Larvae has many sensory cells to find the most ap- and develop to coral polyps: tiny sac-like animals propriate place to settle. It’s the crucial step from a mobile planktonic that are the living corals. larva to a sessile one. Larva Polyp Coral seedlings: New Port more than 30,000 already planted. Coral loss at Daya Bay, ˚C 0.8 Shenzhen Daya Bay Preserving marine ecosystems Unofficial contact between volunteers Shenzhen Da’ao Bay， to other species challenged by climate systems; instead, they form colonies in Variances in global sea surface Source: Marine Fisheries 0.7 0.68 oral reefs are the “tropical rain- and scientists has evolved across the (an academic journal) change, as fledgling ecosystems. shallow coastal waters, said Liu. The 0.6 temperature against the forests” of oceans, providing bay in recent years although the official Mirs Bay Global warming is considered one of Some scientists noted the Greater Bay Pearl 1901-2000 average food and shelter to 25 percent co-ordination is lacking. David Baker, 76.6% the key factors that gives stress to corals Area might attract migrating corals with 0.5 of marine creatures. Their loss assistant professor at the University of River by exhausting the symbiotic algae, which global warming. But global warming cre- Source: NOAA 1983/84 37.7 % 0.4 Cwould remove an essential home for Hong Kong, commented that corals and Hong Kong then leads to bleaching. It is a temporary ates excess carbon dioxide that could acid- 2017 Parts per marine flora and fauna, and further waters do not have boundaries. condition that can recover if such stress ify the seawater and dissolve the calcium 0.3 million* diminish the already paltry undersea abates. A two-year study of Hong Kong’s in corals skeletons. Liu wondered if the 420 0.2 resources of Hong Kong waters. Are we Artificial breeding coral colonies by the AFCD and local sci- temperature peaks may be followed by 412.08 410 doing enough to protect our marine hab- Guangdong province formed a team growth, the coral buds would be trans- colonies in Tolo Harbour. light to accelerate photosynthesis for entists, released in October, revealed that adverse acidification of seawater. 0.1 itat and its life forms? of scientists and volunteers in 2007 to planted to 120 artificial coral reefs in the survival. When the corals thrive, they the corals at six sites that suffered bleach- At present, the average temperature of 400 0.0 The discharge of the Pearl River conduct an annual July-November audit sea, maintained by the Dapeng Linhai Natural habitat remove the plastic cage and return the ing fully recovered within one to three seawater in Shenzhen and Hong Kong 390 -0.1 around Shenzhen and Hong Kong, espe- of coral life. Liao Baolin, secretary-general Marine biological industry innovation The optimal temperature for healthy regenerated coral to the ecosystem of months. is around 25 C. However, when the cold 380 cially along the western shore, is turbid of China Reef Check, is worried about the demonstration base. Each coral reef coral is within 25 to 28 C. That pertains the sea. The study’s leading scientist, Qiu Jianw- currents strike, it could dip to 13 C, which -0.2 with low salinity. It is not optimal for high rate of coral-destruction. Data for would average a density of 300 coral in coral colonies of the Philippines, for Xia is despondent about the long-term en, at Hong Kong Baptist University, said threatens corals life. This lack of a stable, 370 -0.3 coral species. Most of the coral able to the past 12 years shows an alarming-drop buds. example, where the temperature and future of the coral colonies. He thinks warmer weather in Hong Kong seems to year-round temperature is another chal- 360 survive under these conditions would be in coral coverage in Shenzhen from 60 Asexual propagation is also the abundant sunlight breed corals natu- coordinated action on human activities, favor certain types of corals. He said signs lenge for the coral colonies of Shenzhen -0.4 stony coral. percent to 20 percent. option used in Hong Kong. The city’s rally with minimal climatic stress. They effluent discharge, plus regeneration of coral migration to subtropical areas like and Hong Kong. Volunteer diver 350 -0.5 Shenzhen’s Dapeng peninsula, a few Liao is director of the Coral Reef Con- Agriculture, Fisheries and Conserva- regenerate when detached by storms measures at sea are needed to conserve Japan has been found, though not yet in 340 kilometers from Hong Kong’s Hoi Ha servation and Rehabilitation Research tion Department (AFCD) commissioned or fishing nets, as the larger ecosystem the coral, beyond just one or two isolated Hong Kong. 2019 was the warmest year Net & typhoon damage audits coral reefs 330 Wan Marine Park, hosts almost all the Center — China’s only licensed coral scientists from the University of Hong supports re-growth. initiatives. for Hong Kong since 1884, with tempera- Over his many dives, Xia finds that Xia Jiaxiang, 38, from Shenzhen, corals found in Shenzhen. And Hoi Ha reef unit — at the Shenzhen Institute Kong to rehabilitate coral colonies of Xia Jiaxiang, a worker for Dive4Love, ture averaging 24.5 C. abandoned and drifting fishing nets is dives as a volunteer for Guangdong Global carbon dioxide levels 320 Wan has 64 of the 84 coral species found of Guangdong Ocean University. He is the Hoi Ha Wan Marine Park, which an NGO in Shenzhen that helps conserve Coral migrates Last year saw the highest number hot a constant danger to the coral colonies. *1 parts per million=1 milligram per kilogram Reef Check, part of a global program 314.62 310 in Hong Kong. Minimal human distur- leading efforts to rescue coral colonies. suffered extensive damage in 2015 and coral, disagrees with the cutting off of A Marine Ecology Progress Series study nights with 46, a 77 percent increase Xia tries to alert and educate the fishing Source: NASA bance allows corals in Tung Ping Chau Coral polyps are animals in the phylum 2016. coral fragments for asexual propagation. in July noted that warming oceans have from 2018. “Hot nights” are days with community of Dapeng to not discard their to physically audit the coral reefs.
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