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Bracken Thesis.Indd THINKING SHANGHAI A Foucauldian Interrogation of the Postsocialist Metropolis Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Technische Universiteit Delft, op gezag van de Rector Magnifi cus prof.dr.ir. J.T. Fokkema, voorzitter van het College voor Promoties, in het openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 4 juni 2009 om 10.00 uur door Gregory BRACKEN Master of Science in Architecture, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Bachelor of Science in Architecture, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland Diploma in Architecture, Bolton Street College of Technology, Dublin, Ireland geboren te Dublin, Ierland 1 Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de promotor: Prof.dr. A. Graafl and Samenstelling promotiecommissie: Rector Magnifi cus, voorzitter Prof.dr. A. Graafl and, Technische Universiteit Delft, promotor Prof.dr.ir. T. de Jong, Technische Universiteit Delft Prof. M. Sparreboom, Universiteit Leiden Mw prof.dr. C. van Eyck, Universiteit Leiden Prof. B. de Meulder, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium Mw prof. M.C. Boyer, Princeton University, USA Dean prof. Heng C.K., National University of Singapore Prof.ir. U. Barbieri, Technische Universiteit Delft 2 SUMMARY This work is an investigation into Shanghai’s role in the twenty-fi rst century as it attempts to rejoin the global city network. It also examines the effects this move is having on the city, its people, and its public spaces. Shanghai’s intention to turn itself into the New York of Asia is not succeeding, in fact the city might be better trying to become the Chicago of Asia instead. As one of Saskia Sassen’s ‘global cit- ies’ Shanghai functions as part of a network that requires face-to-face contact, but it has also been able to benefi t from links that were forged during the colonial era (1842 to c.1949). In fact, the new global elites who have made cities like Shanghai their home have ended up living much like former ones; with the result that their needs are pushing out the very people who used to call this city home. These are the people who inhabit what Manuel Castells calls the ‘Fourth World’ (what this research refers to as the ‘analogue archipelago’). Manuel Castells’s notion of the ‘network society’ also shows how recent developments in glo- balisation have resulted in qualitative social and economic changes because they operate in real time. Globalisation, however, does not necessarily mean Westernisation. In fact, there is a strong neo-Confu- cian ethos underpinning China’s recent resurgence, which in turn has important ramifi cations for how Chinese people perceive public space. Shanghai’s new public space is curiously dead – and while Asians tend to blur distinctions between public and private more than we do in the West (which can render these spaces harder to read for Westerners) – the fault lies more with the fact that some of Shanghai’s new public spaces are simply ‘left-over’ spaces, particularly in front of the newer skyscrapers. This space has been designed for movement, not for use, and it contrasts starkly with the traditional alleyway houses of the colonial-era city where communal activity, graduated privacy, and organised complexity made for a rich and dynamic street life. Part II of this thesis deals with colonialism, noting how Shanghai has benefi tted from its justly famous colonial history in its attempts to rejoin the global city network. Colonialism is carefully differ- entiated from imperialism, although it is noted that both were premised on industrial innovations, partic- ularly Britain’s, in the nineteenth century. Part II also examines Hong Kong’s and Singapore’s role in the global city network, the better to understand Shanghai; and a useful comparison has been made between Shanghai’s alleyway houses and the Singapore shophouse with regard to public space and the possibili- ties for rehabilitation and reuse. Part III is perhaps the most important section of this thesis, particularly its use of Michel Fou- cault’s theories of space and power relations and how these are inscribed in a built environment. This Part also highlights the use that has been made of Foucault’s work by other academics, notably Edward W. Said in Orientalism. Said saw some good things as having resulted from Western hegemony over that part of the world he defi nes as the Orient but generally tends to regard imperialistic infl uence as de- bilitating and dangerous. Use has also been made of some critics of Said’s work, notably Robert Irwin and Ibn Warraq, who maintain that Said overvalued the role of the intellectual, and more dangerously, misunderstood the Foucauldian notion of discourse, which is what led him to make some of his most damaging statements about European racism against the Orient. By way of contrast, David Grahame Shane’s application of the Foucauldian notion of the heterotopia – to Hong Kong’s Kowloon Walled City – is an apposite and accurate use of one of Foucault’s theories. Part IV examines China’s rich and ancient culture, noting as it does so that cultures are con- structed, and more importantly, asking how they are constructed. Manuel Castells sees the construction of identities as using materials from history, geography, biology, productive and reproductive institu- tions, as well as from collective memory and personal fantasies, and even from power apparatuses and religious revelation; this thesis’s examination of the Chinese mentalité is an important exercise in help- ing to comprehend what is happening in Shanghai today. Cities are not about buildings and streets; cities are about people, and their networks of interac- tion. Any study of a city must take account of the warm life of its inhabitants and not allow itself to be blinded by the cold geometries of stone. This examination of what has gone wrong with Shanghai’s new 3 public spaces was greatly aided by an understanding of the Chinese language itself, which in turn led to the conclusion that the Western term ‘public’ might be better transliterated into Chinese as chang (which means ‘open-air’) rather than the more usual gong (or ‘public’), especially when describing Shanghai’s new public space. 4 SUMMARY (in Dutch) Dit proefschrift is een onderzoek naar de rol die Shanghai’s in de 21e eeuw speelde in haar poging tot aansluiting aan het ‘global city network’. Het behandelt tevens het effect die deze ontwikkeling heeft op de stad, de mensen, en zijn openbare ruimte. Shanghai’s intentie zich te transformeren tot het New York van Asia blijft echter zonder success en het zou er in plaats daarvan wellicht beter aan doen zich te meten met Chicago. Als één van Sakia Sassen’s ‘global cities’ functioneert Shanghai als deel van een network dat direct contact behoeft, het is echter ook in staat geweest te profi teren van connecties die opgelegd werden gedurende het koloniale tijdperk (van 1842 tot c.1949). De werkelijkheid is dat de nieuwe wereld elite, die steden als Shanghai met hun hogere levensstandaard tot hun residentie ge- maakt hebben hetzelfde pad volgen als hun voorgangers daarmee de mensen die het voordien hun thuis noemde verdrijven. Dit zijn de mensen die wat Manuel Castells de ‘Fourth World’ noemt bewonen (in dit onderzoek gerefereerd aan als ‘analogue archipelago’). Manuel Castells’s idee van de ‘network society’ laat ook zien hoe recente ontwikkelingen in de globalisatie geresulteerd heeft in kwalitatieve sociale en economische veranderingen omdat ze plaats- vinden in ‘real time’ Echter globalisatie betekent niet zonder meer verwestering. Er is in feite een sterke neo-Confuciaanse stemming dien de recente opgang van China ondersteunt, wat op zich weer een belan- grijke invloed heeft op de manier waarop de Chinese mensen met openbare ruimte omgaan. De nieuwe publieke ruimtes van Shanghai is merkwaardig genoeg zo goed levenloos – en terwijl bij de Aziaten het onderscheid tussen publieke en openbare ruimten meer schijnt te vervagen dan in het Westen (wat het voor Westerners moeilijker maakt deze ruimtes te bevatten), de fout ligt eigenlijk meer bij het feit dat somige openbare ruimtes bestaan uit overgebleven plekken, speciaal voor de nieuwe wolkenkrab- bers. Deze openbare ruimtes zijn ontworpen voor doorgang niet voor gebruik, en ze staan in fel contrast met de traditionele ‘Alleyway Houses’ van de koloniale-tijdperk stad waar gemeenschaps activiteiten, ‘graduated privacy’, en georganiseerde complexiteit de grondvesten waren voor een rijk en dynamisch straatleven. Deel II van dit proefschrift behandelt het kolonialisme, waar we kunnen vaststellen dat Shanghai geprofi teerd heeft van zijn koloniale erfgoed bij zijn pogingen om zich weer met het ‘Global City Net- work’ te verenigen. Kolonialisme wordt uitgebreid in vergeliking gebracht met imperialisme maar het is duidelijk dat beide hun basis vonden in de industriele innovatie, met name in het Verenigd Koninkrijk in de negentiende eeuw. Om Shanghai beter te begrijpen behandelt deel II ook de rol van Hong Kong en Singapore binnen het ‘Global City Network’ en een nuttige vergelijking is gemaakt tussen de Shanghai’s ‘Alleyway Houses’ en de Singapore ‘Shophouse’ met betrekking tot de openbare ruimtes en de mogeli- jkheid voor herstel en hergebruik. Deel III is misschien wel het belangrijkste deel van dit proefschrift, met name door het gebruik van Michel Foucault’s theorien over ruimte en kracht relaties en hoe deze zijn vertaald naar een bebou- wde omgeving. Dit gedeelte benadrukt tevens het gebruik van Foucault’s werk door andere academici in het bijzonder Edward Said in Orientalism. Said zag enige goede zaken die voortkwamen van de Westerse hegemonie over dat gedeelte van de wereld dat hij defi nieert als de Orient maar over het al- gemeen imperialistische invloed als slopend en gevaarlijk beschouwd. Er is ook gebruik gemaakt van sommige critici van Said’s werk, met name Robert Erwin en Ibn Warraq die beweren dat Said de rol van de intellectuelen overschatte, en, erger nog, hij begreep de Foucauldian notie van betoog niet, hetgeen hem bracht tot het maken van een van zijn meest schadelijke bewering over Europees racisme tegenover de Orient.
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