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Engendering Paleoindian Technological Organization Susan Ruth

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Engendering Paleoindian Technological Organization Susan Ruth University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Anthropology ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations 7-1-2013 Women's Toolkits: Engendering Paleoindian Technological Organization Susan Ruth Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/anth_etds Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Ruth, Susan. "Women's Toolkits: Engendering Paleoindian Technological Organization." (2013). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/ anth_etds/58 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Anthropology ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Department of Anthropology Department This dissertation is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Dissertation Committee: Dr. Bruce Huckell, Co-Chairperson Dr. Lawrence Straus, Co-Chairperson Dr. James Dixon Dr. Joe Watkins i WOMEN’S TOOLKITS: ENGENDERING PALEOINDIAN TECHNOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION by SUSAN RUTH B.A., English and Anthropology, Penn State University, 1992 M.A., Anthropology New Mexico, State University, 1996 DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Anthropology The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico July 13, 2013 ii DEDICATION For Will and David iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I heartily acknowledge Dr. Bruce Huckell, my committee chair for his guidance, patience, and sense of humor. I also thank my co-chair, Dr. Lawrence Straus, for his support and guidance, which gave me the motivation to complete this research. Many thanks are extended to Dr. James Dixon and Dr. Joe Watkins for their valuable advice and recommendations on this manuscript. I extend my gratitude to the Hibben Foundation for their generous support in the form of the Senior Hibben Fellowship along with the University of New Mexico Anthropology Department for the Kennedy Award. I would also like to thank the Feminist Research Institute at the University of New Mexico for their support in the form of the Ana Castillo Best Paper Award. The Center for Southwest Research also provided me with financial assistance and a wonderful work experience as the Sophie D. Aberle Fellow. To my friends at UNM, Connie Constan, Hannah Mattson, Audry Salem, Scott Worman, Marcus Hamilton, Roberto Herrerra, Luke Kellett, Nicole Kellett, Kristy Harbor, Joe Snell, Gwen Mohr, Kelly Peoples, Kari Schleher, and Bill Reitze, a very heart-felt thank you. I owe a debt of gratitude to Ed Jolie for his generosity in giving me an important book. Special thanks to Beth Stone for her insights into Upper Paleolithic hide-working tools, and to the multi-talented Ian Thompson, for showing me the basics of hide-working. Much gratitude goes to the excavators of the Boca Negra Wash Folsom site, Christina Sinkovec, Briggs Buchanan, David Kilby, and Ian Thompson, Oskar Burger, and the late Patrick Mullen, who was always full of questions and boundless curiosity. To my friend Janice Crompton, my husband Jim, and to my family, warmest thanks for your support over the years. iv WOMEN’S TOOLKITS: ENGENDERING PALEOINDIAN TECHNOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION by Susan M. Ruth B.A., English and Anthropology, Penn State University M.A., Anthropology, New Mexico State University Ph.D., Anthropology, University of New Mexico ABSTRACT Archaeologists have long studied hunting strategies and weapons technology of the Paleoindian period of North America, dating to the close of the Pleistocene more than 10,000 years ago. Less well understood are women’s activities, the toolkits they used, and how gendered activities can be recognized in the archaeological record. I use a number of lines of inquiry, including ethnographic review, cross-cultural analysis, and archaeological investigation, to address these questions. Because the Paleoindian record consists largely of flaked stone, investigating gendered activities is challenging, particularly if women did not use stone tools to any great extent. Examination of the historic and ethnographic literature reveals women’s participation in all aspects of technological organization, including quarrying, transport, manufacture, use, and maintenance. Especially prominent among women’s toolkits are stone hide-working tools. Similar tools, called endscrapers, occur in the Paleoindian record, suggesting that these may have been used by women. To further examine the possibility of women’s contributions to the Paleoindian record, I conducted cross-cultural analyses, which indicate that high reliance on hunting v and increasing latitude results in a division of labor in which women do the vast majority of the hide processing. Employing embodied capital theory (Kaplan et al. 2000), I argue that tasks requiring both in-depth knowledge and complex perceptual motor skills, such as hide-working, take many years to master and are often divided along gender lines beginning in early childhood. Finally, I use the Rio Rancho Folsom site in the Central Rio Grande Valley of New Mexico as a case study to investigate Paleoindian gendered activities. Spatial distribution of Folsom-age endscrapers and weaponry from the Rio Rancho Folsom site indicate that endscrapers and weapons debris were distributed differently, though they also overlapped to a degree. The spatial distributions of weapons and endscrapers suggest that most endscrapers were not associated with weapons production. Raw material allocation for weapons and endscrapers differs to some degree, but there are overall similarities in the makeup of these assemblages in terms of local and non-local materials. The allocation of raw material to endscrapers does not appear to have been expedient, but rather planned for in anticipation of use at the site. Further, the production of endscrapers does not appear to have been a byproduct of weapons production, but rather a separate strategy to produce a particular form. Overall, multiple lines of evidence are suggestive of women’s hide-working in the Paleoindian record, and point to the possibility of endscrapers as a component of women’s hide-working toolkits. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................xiii LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................xviii CHAPTER 1 Introduction ......................................................................................1 Research Questions...........................................................................................1 Chapter Organization........................................................................................8 CHAPTER 2 Women and Stone Tools ..................................................................10 Gender in Archaeology.....................................................................................11 Women and Stone Tools: Manufacture and Use ..............................................13 Australia and New Guinea.......................................................................14 Africa .......................................................................................................18 South America .........................................................................................20 North America .........................................................................................24 Northern Europe and Siberia ...................................................................32 Other Contexts.........................................................................................34 Quarrying, Raw Material Selection, and Transport..........................................34 Implications for Paleoindian Studies ................................................................36 Differences in Men’s and Women’s Stone Tool Manufacture. ...............37 Differences in Men’s and Women’s Tool Use ........................................42 Cooperation in Tool Making....................................................................44 Summary...........................................................................................................45 CHAPTER 3 Cross-Cultural Analysis...................................................................47 Hide-working and Subsistence .........................................................................47 vii Hide-working and Climate................................................................................56 Implications for Paleoindian Gendered Tasks and Toolkits.............................61 CHAPTER 4 Understanding Gendered Toolkits..................................................63 Craft Learning, Embodied Capital and Skill.....................................................63 Skill in Non-Subsistence Activities ..................................................................67 Other Factors Influencing Gendered Toolkits ..................................................74 Tool Borrowing........................................................................................74 Social Ideology........................................................................................76 Alternative Genders.................................................................................80 Division of Labor in Hunting and Hide-working .............................................82 Summary...........................................................................................................91
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