I Francescani Nei Balcani

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I Francescani Nei Balcani I Balcani tra Oriente e Occidente Collana di atti congressuali diretta da Aleksander Naumow, Gianclaudio Macchiarella e Gianfranco Giraudo CENTRO INTERDIPARTIMENTALE DI STUDI BALCANICI E INTERNAZIONALI I FRANCESCANI NELLA STORIA DEI POPOLI BALCANICI nell’VIII centenario della fondazione dell’Ordine ATTI DEL CONVEGNO INTERNAZIONALE DI STUDI VENEZIA, 13-14 NOVEMBRE 2009 a cura di VIVIANA NOSILIA E MARCO SCARPA Venezia 2011 L’icona in copertina è di Michele Stuppiello ([email protected]) http://www.teofane.splinder.com/post/17298857/san-francesco-dassisi (immagine utilizzata per gentile concessione dell’autore) Volume pubblicato in collaborazione con: Centro Interdipartimentale di Studi Balcanici e Internazionali Università Ca’ Foscari – Venezia Dipartimento di Americanistica, Iberistica e Slavistica Università Ca’ Foscari – Venezia Istituto di Studi Ecumenici San Bernardino (Venezia) Pontificia Facoltà Teologica Seraphicum (Roma) Con il patrocinio dell’Associazione Italiana degli Slavisti © Centro Interdipartimentale di Studi Balcanici e Internazionali Università Ca’ Foscari – Venezia © ArchetipoLibri prima edizione: Gennaio 2011 direzione editoriale: Claudio Tubertini copertina e progetto grafico: Logo srl (Borgoricco, Padova) stampa: Logo srl (Borgoricco, Padova) Sommario I Balcani e i francescani: un’introduzione (Aleksander Naumow) VII I francescani nel cuore dell’Impero Ottomano (Alfonso M. Sammut) 1 Momenti significativi della presenza francescana nei Paesi Romeni (Stefan Damian) 15 Francescani in Albania (Maria Francesca Di Miceli) 27 Storia dei francescani in Slovenia (Igor Salmič) 39 Testimoni dell’evangelo nel mondo di oggi. Nota sulla presenza dei francescani in Croazia (secoli XIII-XX) (Riccardo Burigana) 61 L’attività dei francescani in Dalmazia, Croazia e Bosnia nella prospettiva storico-culturale (Barbara Lomagistro) 75 I francescani, la Serbia e la costa adriatica nel XIII e XIV secolo: incroci culturali tra Oriente e Occidente (Rosa D’Amico) 119 I francescani e il cattolicesimo in Bulgaria fino al secolo XIX (Krassimir Stantchev) 139 I francescani in Bulgaria. Blasius Kleiner: un francescano in viaggio per i Balcani (sulla base della Storia della Bulgaria di Blasius Kleiner) (Wanda Stępniak-Minczewa) 193 Postfazione (Zdzisław Kijas) 203 I Balcani e i francescani: un’introduzione Aleksander Naumow Università “Ca’ Foscari” - Venezia E quando precipiteranno tutto il mondo e tutte le potenze, credi, questi frati resteranno a galla come l’olio. Ivo Andrić A causa del costante afflusso e delle migrazioni di popoli diversi i Balcani da sempre sono un terreno di coesistenza dinamica e di confronto tra culture, religioni e lingue. Nello stesso tempo queste terre sono state oggetto di tentativi di unifi- cazione e di formazione di Stati da parte di più imperi: quello macedone, quel- lo romano, quello romano d’Oriente (Bisanzio), quello ottomano, in parte anche quello franco, l’impero asburgico, francese, russo, la Repubblica di Ve-nezia e la Roma pontificia. Lo spazio dei Balcani, delimitato ad est dal Mar Nero, ad ovest dall’Adriatico e a sud dal Mar Egeo, sotto molti aspetto oltrepassa il limes danu- biano e si estende a nord sino alle terre popolate dai romeni e dai magiari e risulta così a stretto contatto con la Mitteleuropa. I Balcani possono vantare tra le glorie del loro passato Orfeo e gli Argonauti, Alessandro il Macedone e i resti di popola- zioni antiche (in particolare i Traci), Spartaco, Costantino il Grande, Giustiniano, san Girolamo; essi serbano memoria di Diocleziano, dei viaggi missionari di san Paolo, di molti famosi santi della cristianità che provenivano da quelle terre o che lì passarono dalla vita terrena a quella celeste. Le culture dei nuovi popoli, primi fra tutti gli Slavi, che attraversarono il Danu- bio a partire dalla fine del V secolo, andarono a sovrapporsi a culture preesistenti e fecero propri molti elementi del loro patrimonio spirituale, a cominciare dal cri- stianesimo, e in parte anche la civiltà latina e le pressoché sconosciute tradizioni illiriche. Il sostrato culturale di Traci, Daci, Geti e Celti fu sempre forte. Nel VII secolo da nord-est giunse la popolazione asiatica dei Protobulgari, che si mescolò VIII I francescani nei Balcani con gli Slavi; a sud-ovest gli Albanesi, isolati, conducevano la loro difficile esi- stenza; la zona litoranea occidentale era dominata dai Veneziani, quella orientale dai Greci; per i Balcani vagavano tribù valacche, fondavano insediamenti Zigani ed Ebrei. Col tempo, lentamente, si crearono formazioni statali: la Bulgaria, la Serbia, la Croazia, la Bosnia; nacquero zone con spiccate peculiarità regionali, come il Montenegro, la Dalmazia, la Slovenia, la Macedonia. I confini tra il con- cetto di ‘Stato’ e quello di ‘regione, fra appartenenza etnica e tribale sono molto difficili da definire e molto instabili e suscitano ancora oggi (e forse oggi più che mai) sentimenti accesi ed abusi interpretativi. Neppure il cristianesimo garantì ai Balcani l’unità spirituale e la pace di Cri- sto. È vero che proprio in queste terre comparvero i primi cristiani non facenti parte del popolo ebraico, ma già ai tempi di san Paolo si scontravano concezioni diverse della nuova fede, e la visione universalistica della Chiesa delle nazioni (cf. Epistola ai Galati) si faceva strada a fatica. La vittoria della concezione paolina tuttavia non assicurò l’unità: le eresie dilaganti, in particolare quella di Ario, le va- rie fedi dualistiche, il forte attaccamento alle tradizioni pagane locali, e soprattutto le divergenze fra la sede episcopale romana e il nuovo impero d’Occidente da una parte e il centro del potere politico ed ecclesiastico sito a Costantinopoli dall’altra contribuirono a rendere instabile l’organizzazione ecclesiastica nei Balcani. Il crollo delle idee universalistiche dell’Impero Romano e della Chiesa uni- versale divenne la prima e principale causa delle divisioni culturali e politiche nei Balcani. Il primo periodo, caratterizzato dalle missioni apostoliche irlandesi e scozzesi fu seguito a breve distanza da un periodo di aggressive missioni germa- niche, soprattutto bavaresi. La grande opera dei missionari bizantini Costantino- Cirillo (827-869) e Metodio (815-885), che riuscirono a creare la lingua letteraria slava e ad introdurla nella liturgia, portò alla luce le spaccature di fondo di tutto il continente europeo, nonché pericolose tendenze disgregatrici. L’Europa cirillo- metodiana fino alla fine del primo millennio poggiava sull’esperienza della sim- biosi culturale degli italo-greci, sul patrimonio culturale del grande ordine di san Benedetto e sul magnifico sviluppo del monachesimo orientale, che dalla metà del IX secolo divenne il motore e il modello spirituale dello sviluppo dell’Impero d’Oriente e dei territori che costituivano suoi satelliti dal punto di vista culturale. La compenetrazione reciproca di tradizione cirillo-metodiana, benedettina e basi- liana contrassegna il primo periodo del cristianesimo nei Balcani. L’ingresso nel secondo millennio dell’era cristiana fu segnato da un’atmosfera di crescente competizione fra Roma e Costantinopoli, alimentata da ambo le parti da superbia ecclesiale e complessi. Nel frattempo in Occidente si verificavano profonde trasformazioni istituzionali, in Spagna si combatteva contro gli Arabi, il fanatismo religioso cresceva, veniva lanciata l’idea delle Crociate, si attivò ed istituzionalizzò l’Inquisizione, le ambizioni monarchiche del papato degenerava- no in conflitti sempre più aspri con l’impero; in Oriente, invece, s’affievoliva la potenza dell’Impero d’Oriente, che in Medio Oriente perdeva sempre più terreno a vantaggio di Arabi e Selgiuchidi; dal patriarcato si enucleavano sempre nuove Chiese locali in relazione al formarsi di nuove entità statali, scoppiavano conflitti religiosi e sociali. I francescani e i Balcani: un’introduzione IX Ai tempi delle Crociate il contatto fra i due mondi assunse dimensioni più massicce. I drappelli raccogliticci e incontrollati di crociati che attraversavano i Balcani, lo scontro di visioni del mondo e di interpretazioni delle verità di fede, le evidenti differenze nei riti e negli usi portarono alla luce la profondità della divisione spirituale e culturale del continente cristiano. L’attacco a Zara da parte di alcuni crociati e la conquista e devastazione di Costantinopli sono due manife- stazioni del declino spirituale dell’Occidente. La nascita e l’iniziale attività di due nuovi ordini – quello dei domenicani, cui fu affidata la cura della purezza della fede e quindi l’attività di inquisizione, e quel- lo dei francescani che doveva restituire alla Chiesa romana la sua dimensione di Chiesa universale – s’inscrive appunto in questi tempi così difficili e al contempo tanto determinanti per il futuro destino dell’Europa e dei Balcani. Nel corso del XIII secolo nei Balcani occidentali accanto ai conventi benedet- tini si stabilirono numerose comunità di domenicani e francescani, e col tempo dalle terre magiare giunsero anche gli eremiti di san Paolo di Tebe. La complicata situazione politica del periodo successivo alla Quarta Crociata, l’aspirazione della Corona di Santo Stefano e di Venezia a dominare gli Slavi del Sud, la rinascita dello Stato bulgaro, la nascita di uno Stato serbo unificato, le trasformazioni del- la’organizzazione ecclesiale dell’ortodossia in seguito al sorgere di nuove Chiese autocefale, le nuove trattative con Roma per l’unione delle Chiese, che spesso erano solo modi per accattivarsi simpatie per ottenere un corona regale o l’aiuto
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