Appendix a List of Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Symbols

Home , Americamysis almyra, Common octopus, Squid, Thalassia (plant), Turbinella angulata

APPENDIX A LIST OF ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS

Degree(s) BMLD Below mud-line depth % Percent BOD Biochemical oxygen ‰ Parts per thousand demand C Degree(s) Celsius BOEM Bureau of Ocean Energy F Degree(s) Fahrenheit Management mg/g Microgram(s) per gram BOEMRE Bureau of Ocean Energy mg/L Microgram(s) per liter Management, mm Micrometer(s) Regulation, and mmol Micromole(s) Enforcement 2D Two-dimensional BP BP Exploration & 3D Three-dimensional Production Inc. AAM American Academy BRD Bycatch reduction device of Microbiology BSR Bottom simulating ac Acre reflector(s) AL Alabama BTEC Barataria-Terrebonne APG Angiosperm Phylogeny Estuarine Complex Group BTNEP Barataria-Terrebonne APHA American Public Health National Estuary Program Association BW Body weight atm Atmosphere cal yr BP Calibration year Before AUV Autonomous underwater Present vehicle CBBE Coastal Bend Bays and bbl Barrel(s) Estuaries BEACH Beaches Environmental CBBEP Coastal Bend Bays Assessment, Closure, and and Estuaries Program Health Program CCA Chromated copper BEG Bureau of Economic arsenate Geology CEC Commission for BIMS Baseline Information Environmental Management System Cooperation BL Body length CENR Committee on the BLM Bureau of Land Environment and Natural Management Resources

# The Author(s) 2017 841 C.H. Ward (ed.), Habitats and Biota of the Gulf of Mexico: Before the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-3447-8 842 List of Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Symbols CFH Critical fisheries habitat DSC Deep sea coral CFMC Caribbean Fishery DW/dw Dry weight Management Council EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone cm Centimeter(s) EFH Essential fish habitat cm3 Cubic centimeters ELI Environmental Law CMDA Centro Mexicano de Institute Derecho Ambiental EMAP Environmental CNCYT Consejo Nacional de Monitoring and Ciencia y Technologı´a Assessment Program (National Council of EMAP-E Environmental Monitoring Science and Technology) and Assessment Program CONAPESCA Comision Nacional Estuaries de Acuacultura y Pesca ERL Effects range low (National Commission ERM Effects range median of Aquaculture and ESA Ecological Society of Fisheries) America CPUE catch per unit effort ESR Echo-sounder recorder CSA Coastal Study Area FAQ Frequently asked CSA Continental Shelf questions Associates FAO Food and Agriculture CU Cuba Organization cy Cubic yards FB Florida Bay DAPI 40,6-Diamidino-2- FDEP Florida Department of phenylindole (fluorescent Environmental Protection stain for DNA) FFWCC- Florida Fish and Wildlife DDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichlo- FWRI Conservation roethane Commission—Fish and DGoMB Deep Gulf of Mexico Wildlife Research Benthos Institute and Research DHS U.S. Department of Planning Homeland Security FGBNMS Flower Gardens Banks DIN Dissolved inorganic National Marine nitrogen Sanctuary DIP Dissolved inorganic FL Florida phosphorus FMG Florida Middle Grounds DO Dissolved oxygen FMP Fishery Management Plan DOC Dissolved organic carbon FNAI Florida Natural Areas DoD U.S. Department of Inventory Defense ft Foot/feet DOE U.S. Department of ft3 Cubic feet Energy g Gram(s) DOI U.S. Department of the gal Gallon(s) Interior GBEP Galveston Bay Estuary DOM Dissolved organic matter Program dpm Disintegrations per GCRL Gulf Coast Research minute Laboratory List of Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Symbols 843 GERG Geochemical and LME Large Marine Ecosystem Environmental Research LSU Louisiana State University Group LTA Long-term average GMFMC Gulf of Mexico Fishery m Meter(s) Management Council m2 Square meter(s) GMSAFMC Gulf of Mexico and m3 Cubic meter(s) South Atlantic Fishery m3/s Cubic meter(s) per second Management Councils MAFAC Marine Fisheries GoM/GOMEX Gulf of Mexico Advisory Committee GoMRI Gulf of Mexico Research MAFLA Mississippi-Alabama- Initiative Florida GOOMEX Gulf of Mexico Offshore MAMES Mississippi Alabama Operations Monitoring Marine Ecosystem Study Experiment MDM Mid-depth maximum GSMFC Gulf States Marine MDS Multidimensional scaling Fisheries Commission mg Milligram(s) GT Gigatonne(s) mg/L Milligram(s) per liter h Hour(s) mi Mile(s) ha Hectare(s) mi2 Square mile(s) HAB Harmful algal bloom mi3 Cubic mile(s) HRI Harte Research Institute min Minute(s) for Gulf of Mexico MIP Ministerio de la Industria Studies Pesquera (Ministry of ICES International Fishing Industries) Commission for the mL/ml Milliliter(s) Exploration of the Seas mm Millimeter(s) IMaRS/USF Institute for Marine mM millimolar Remote Sensing, MMS Minerals Management University of South Service Florida MPA Marine protected area in. Inch(es) MRFSS Marine Recreational IPN Instituto Nacional de Fisheries Statistics Survey Pesca (National Fishery MRIP Marine Recreational Institute) Information Program kg Kilogram(s) MS Mississippi km Kilometer(s) MsCIP Mississippi Coastal km2 Square kilometer(s) Improvements Program km3 Cubic kilometer(s) mV Millivolt(s) L/l Liter(s) MX Mexico LA Louisiana NASA National Aeronautics Lb/lb Pound(s) and Space Administration LC Loop current NCA National Coastal LCS/lcs Loop current system Assessment LDWF Louisiana Department NCCR National Coastal of Wildlife and Fisheries Condition Report 844 List of Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Symbols NDBC National Data Buoy Center PBS Public Broadcasting NEGOM-CME Northeastern Gulf of System Mexico-Coastal and PCB Polychlorinated Marine Ecosystem biphenyl Program PDB Pee Dee Belemnite NEP National Estuary PEMEX Petroleos Mexicanos Program (Mexican Petroleums) NEP CCR National Estuary PFA Provisional Fishing Program Coastal Associations Condition Report POC Particulate organic ng Nanogram(s) carbon NGoMCS Northern Gulf of Mexico POTW Publicly owned treatment Continental Slope work NHC National Hurricane PP Primary production Center ppb Part(s) per billion NJ New Jersey ppm Part(s) per million NLFWA National Listing of Fish ppt Part(s) per thousand and Wildlife Advisories PRAWN Program Tracking, NMFS National Marine Fisheries Advisories, Water Service Quality Standards, and NOAA National Oceanic and Nutrients Atmospheric PSMSL Permanent Service for Administration Mean Sea Level NOAA/OER NOAA Office of psu Practical salinity unit Ocean Exploration REMAP Regional Environmental and Research Monitoring and NOAA/CCMA NOAA Center for Assessment Program Coastal Monitoring and RPD Redox potential Assessment discontinuity NOS National Ocean Service ROV Remotely operated NPDES National Pollutant (underwater) vehicle Discharge Elimination s/sec Second(s) System SAGARPA Secretaria de Agricultura, NRC National Research Ganaderia, Desarrollo Council Rural, Pesca, y NS&T National Status and Alimentacion (Ministry Trends of Agriculture, Livestock, NWCM National Water Rural Development, Commission of Mexico Fisheries, and Foods) NWI National Wetlands SAP Sigsbee Abyssal Plain Inventory SAV Submerged aquatic OCS Outer continental shelf vegetation ONR Office of Naval SBNEP Sarasota Bay National Research Estuary Program PAH Polycyclic aromatic SCAR Scientific Committee on hydrocarbon Antarctic Research PAR Photosynthetically active SCOC Sediment community radiation oxygen consumption List of Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Symbols 845 SCOPE Scientific Committee on TCEQ Texas Commission for Problems of the Environmental Quality Environment TCM Trillion cubic meters SCUBA Self-contained TDS Total dissolved solids underwater breathing TED Turtle excluder device apparatus TOC Total organic carbon SEAMAP Southeast Area TSS Total suspended solids Monitoring and TX Texas Assessment Program UCM Unresolved complex SeaWiFS Sea-viewing wide field- mixture of-view sensor UNEP United Nations SEDAR Southeast Data, Environment Program Assessment, and Review UNEP/GPA United Nations SEMARNAT Secretary of Environment Environment Program/ and Natural Resources, Global Programme of Mexico (Ministry of the Action Environment and Natural U.S. United States Resources) USA United States of America SEPM Society for Sedimentology USACE U.S. Army Corps of SERDP Strategic Environmental Engineers Research and USDA U.S. Department of Development Program Agriculture SIMB Society of Industrial USEPA U.S. Environmental Microbiology and Protection Agency Biotechnology USF University of South Florida SIMPROF Similarity profile USFWS U.S. Fisheries and analysis Wildlife Service SJRWMD St. Johns River Water USGS U.S. Geological Survey Management District USM The University of SLM Southern Laguna Madre Southern Mississippi SOFLA Southwest Florida Shelf VME Vulnerable Marine STOCS South Texas Outer Ecosystem Continental Shelf VOC Volatile organic STP Standard temperature compound and pressure VPDB Vienna PDB SVOC Semivolatile organic WAVCIS Wave-Current-Surge compound Information System for SWFSC Southwest Fisheries Coastal Louisiana Science Center WCI Water clarity indicator TAMU Texas A&M University WHO World Health TAMU-CC Texas A&M University at Organization Corpus Christi WHOI Woods Hole TAMUG Texas A&M University at Oceanographic Galveston Institution TB Tampa Bay ww Wet weight TBEP Tampa Bay Estuary WWF World Wildlife Fund Program yr Year . APPENDIX B UNIT CONVERSION TABLE

Multiply By To Obtain Acres 0.405 Hectares Acres 1.56 E–3 Square miles (statute) Centimeters 0.394 Inches Cubic feet 0.028 Cubic meters Cubic feet 7.48 Gallons (U.S. liquid) Cubic feet 28.3 Liters Cubic meter 35.3 Cubic feet Cubic yard 0.76 Cubic meter Feet 0.305 Meters Gallons (U.S. liquid) 3.79 Liters Hectares 2.47 Acres Inches 2.54 Centimeters Kilograms 2.20 Pounds (avoir) Kilometers 0.62 Miles (statue) Liters 0.035 Cubic feet Liters 0.26 Gallons (U.S. liquid) Meters 3.28 Feet Metric ton(ne)s 1.102 U.S. short tons Miles (statue) 1.61 Kilometers Pounds (avoir) 0.45 Kilograms Square feet 0.093 Square meters Square kilometers 0.386 Square miles Square miles 640 Acres Square miles 2.59 Square kilometers

# The Author(s) 2017 847 C.H. Ward (ed.), Habitats and Biota of the Gulf of Mexico: Before the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-3447-8 INDEX

A Annelid, 472, 520, 521, 524, 538, 539, Abyssal plain, 1, 13, 18, 22, 47, 48, 165, 168, 181, 570, 709, 792, 824 183, 209, 331, 333, 344, 641, 644–646, Annual rainfall, 56, 58, 368, 370, 470 720–738, 741, 742, 744, 747, 749 Anthias, 667, 702 Acanthocybium solandri, 666 Anthias nicholsi, 667 Achiridae, 562, 571 Anthiinae, 667, 717 Achirus lineatus, 523, 562, 571 Apalachicola Bay, 196–197, 199, 225, 366, Adinia xenica, 486, 523, 541 383, 552, 788, 818 African pompano, 661 Apocorophium louisianum, 558 Agricultural runoff, 5, 61, 96, 219, 710 Arabella iricolor, 557 Alabama Pinnacles, 18, 20, 713, 716, 748, 749 Aransas Bay, 91, 92, 204, 205 Alaminos Canyon, 338 Archea, 276 Alectis, 662 Archosargus Alectis ciliaris, 661 A. probatocephalus, 486, 494, 542, 824 Algae, 27, 61, 63, 64, 73, 152, 491, 555, 559, A. rhomboidalis, 486 580, 705, 712, 713, 790, 824 Argopecten Algal bloom, 4, 5, 7, 34, 46, 62, 75, 131, 145, A. gibbus, 557 146, 156, 157, 652, 823 A. irradians, 556, 560, 584, 776 Aliger costatus, 775 Ariidae, 483, 484, 525, 562, 571 Alligator, 368, 453, 478, 489 Ariopsis felis, 562 Alpheus heterochaelis, 558 Armandia agilis, 557 Amberjack, 26, 28, 49, 661, 669 Armases cinereum, 558 Americamysis almyra, 558 Arsenic (As), 9, 67, 97, 160, 219, 223, 239, American horse mussel, 23, 776, 782 253, 258, 267, 268 American silver perch, 665 Arthropod, 824 Americardia guppyi, 557 Artificial reef, 20 Ampelisca Asteroid, 473 A. abdita, 473 Astichopus multifidus, 779 A. holmesi, 558 Astropecten, 473 A. mississippiana, 725, 741 Atchafalaya Bay, 87, 710 Amphipod, 472, 473, 476, 506, 507, 521, 537, Atchafalaya drainage basin(s), 15, 583 539, 548, 557, 559, 560, 569, 570, 573, Atherinidae, 484, 508, 522, 540, 541, 562 709, 725, 741, 790 Atherinomorus stipes, 486, 541 Anadara transversa, 776 Atlantic bluefin tuna, 26, 28, 49, 659, 692 Anchoa Atlantic bonito, 666 A. cayorum, 486, 541 Atlantic brief squid, 776 A. cubana, 486 Atlantic bumper, 661, 669, 672, 700–703 A. hepsetus, 486, 507, 541 Atlantic croaker, 573, 665, 685, 700, 702, 703 A. lamprotaenia, 486 Atlantic mackerel, 666 A. lyolepis, 486, 507 Atlantic menhaden, 663 A. mitchilli, 485, 486, 507, 523, 524, 541, Atlantic moonfish, 662 562, 572, 585 Atlantic rangia, 24, 777, 782 Anchovie, 484, 507, 540, 543, 544, 699, Atlantic seabob, 23, 777, 782, 786–787 700, 703 Atlantic thread herring, 26, 663, 670, 674, Anemone, 342, 713, 733, 824 701–703

# The Author(s) 2017 849 C.H. Ward (ed.), Habitats and Biota of the Gulf of Mexico: Before the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-3447-8 850 Index Atlantic white marlin, 26 Bathymodiolus Atrina rigida, 776 B. brooksi, 335, 719 Atwater Valley, 342 B. childressi, 333, 335, 719 Authigenic calcium carbonate, 244 B. heckeri, 335 Authigenic mineral(s), 13, 306, 312, 318, Bathynomus giganteus, 732 337, 344 Batis, 462 Auxis, 665, 688, 702 Batrachoididae, 544, 572 Avicennia germinan, 177, 442, 445, 448, Bay scallop, 23, 556, 557, 559, 560, 578, 452, 471, 497, 514, 515, 517, 527–536, 584, 776, 782 578, 583 Beach advisory(ies), 7, 46, 122, 124, 155 Avrainvillea, 447, 584 Beach closing(s), 7, 46, 71, 72, 124, 126 Beach Environmental Assessment Closure B and Health (BEACH) Program, 72, Bacteria, 5, 13, 14, 61, 63, 72, 102, 146, 290, 153, 155 302–304, 327, 329, 331, 336, 496, 540, BEG. See Bureau of Economic Geology 569, 707, 719–721, 739, 741, 742, 795 (BEG) Bacterial contamination/contaminants, 7, Belonesox belizanus, 486, 542 46, 102 Belonidae, 484, 544, 562 Baffin Bay, 75, 91, 177, 206–208, 570 Benthos systems, 2 Bairdiella chrysoura, 486, 562, 572, 665 Benzene, 159, 266, 302 Banded drum, 665, 702 Bhawania goodei, 557 Banded rudderfish, 662 Bigeye scad, 661, 702 Banded tulip, 23, 775, 782 Bigeye tuna, 659 Barataria Basin, 93 Biloxi Bay, 225, 226 Barataria-Terrebonne Estuarine Complex Bioaccumulation, 158, 218, 226, 251, 265 (BTEC), 95–97, 236, 238, 239 Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 130 Barataria-Terrebonne Estuary, 93, 94 Biocline, 21, 48, 749 Barataria-Terrebonne National Estuary Biodegradation, 22, 158, 265, 301, 303–305, Program (BTNEP), 95 357, 750 Barium (Ba), 139, 219, 244, 246–248, 251, Biodiversity, 2, 18, 22, 48, 224, 336, 488, 253, 258 494, 538, 641, 642, 707, 711, 716, 728, Barracuda, 494, 540 747, 749, 750, 769 Barrier island, 7, 8, 15, 91, 97, 100, 175–177, Biogenic organic debris, 9, 46 190, 201, 208, 209, 359, 360, 365, 366, Biogenic sediment(s), 8, 9, 16, 165, 180–181, 368, 393, 399–401, 405–412, 415–424, 189, 398, 585 426, 437, 438, 440, 442, 443, 449–456, Biogenic seeps, 12, 14 459–467, 491, 494–498, 505–508, 552, Biological contamination/contaminants, 554, 567, 582, 584, 685 71–72, 117, 118, 124, 126, 145 Barrier strand, 359, 387, 438–443, 461, 464, Biological tissue(s), 5, 7, 9, 46, 67, 71, 105, 492, 494–508, 570 106, 126, 139, 145, 146, 218, 225, 258 Basslets, 667, 702 Biomagnification, 67, 164, 218, 273 Batea catharinensis, 558 Biomarkers, 298, 300, 357 Batfish, 488, 489 Bivalves, 71, 160, 224, 226, 267, 329, 472, 490, Bathyanthias mexicanus, 668 506, 507, 520, 521, 559, 560, 569, 573, Bathygobius soporator, 486, 542 584, 709, 715, 781, 794, 824 Bathymetric provinces, 7, 165–177 Black drum, 26, 665, 702, 795, 824 Bathymetry, 169, 172, 174, 184, 186, 192, Blackfin tuna, 659, 666 193, 323, 338, 340, 342, 344, 372, 383, Black mangrove, 366, 368, 370, 448, 453, 644, 719 463, 495, 514, 515, 527, 539, 541, 583 Index 851 Black needlerush, 366, 452, 512, 521 Butyltin, 163, 164, 273 Black seabass, 667 Bycatch reduction device (BRD), 799, BLM. See Bureau of Land Management 800, 825 (BLM) Blue crab, 23–25, 28–30, 44, 48, 49, 123, C 473, 490, 507, 519–521, 526, 539, 548, Cabo Catoche, Mexico, 1, 774, 791 549, 559, 573, 578, 579, 584, 769, 771, Cadmium (Cd), 5, 9, 67, 146, 160, 162, 219, 772, 778, 779, 782, 786, 789, 796–799, 225, 226, 228, 239, 246, 248, 251–253, 819–822, 824–827 257, 258, 268, 271 Blue land crab, 24, 779, 782 Caecum plicatum, 557 Blue marlin, 26, 28, 49, 663, 699 Cakile edentula, 439 Blue runner, 661, 669, 701, 702 Calamus arctifrons, 486 Bluntnose jack, 662 Calappa, 472, 570 Bocourt swimming crab, 778 Calcasieu River, 81 BOEM. See Bureau of Ocean Energy Calcium (Ca), 7, 61, 179–181, 192, 195, 244, Management (BOEM) 303, 318, 362, 447, 470, 721, 746, 824 Bonito, 658, 665, 666, 688, 691, 699 Calcium carbonate, 7, 180–181, 192, 195, 244, Boonea impressa, 824 303, 318, 362, 447, 470, 721, 746, 824 Boring polychaetes, 795, 824 Callianassa, 472, 569 Boring sponge, 824 Callinectes Borrichia, 462, 501, 503, 504, 516, 517 C. bocourti, 778 BP Exploration & Production Inc. C. danae, 778 (BP), 2, 299 C. ornatus, 488, 563, 778 BRD. See Bycatch reduction device (BRD) C. rathbunae, 778 Brevoortia patronus, 485, 486, 491, 523, C. sapidus, 473, 488, 507, 521–523, 526, 524, 541, 572, 663, 670 539, 542, 549, 558, 559, 563, 572, 573, Bromine, 66 584, 778, 796, 824 Broomsedge, 495, 497 C. similis, 472, 488, 563, 571, 572, 778 Brown rangia, 24, 777, 782 Calliostoma pulchrum, 557 Brown shrimp, 23, 521, 526, 539, 561, 573, Calytogena ponderosa, 333 709, 769, 777, 782, 789–793, 799, Campeche Bank, 2, 16, 173, 193, 384, 585, 802–806, 809, 811, 812, 823 644, 653, 711, 783, 788 Bryozoans, 555, 715, 792, 824 Campeche Bay, 165, 193, 209, 777 BTEC. See Barataria-Terrebonne Estuarine Campeche Canyon, 18, 748 Complex (BTEC) Campeche/Yucatań Carbonate Beach, 425, Bubble streams/plumes, 13, 312, 315 432–434, 468 Bulla striata, 557 Cantharus, 472 Bullet tuna, 702 Cape Sable, 1, 365, 371, 398, 400 Bumperfish, 662 Capitella capitata, 521, 548, 557, 570, 584 Bureau of Economic Geology (BEG), 201, Carangidae, 484, 507, 508, 658, 660, 661, 458, 460, 463 669, 670, 697, 704, 705 Bureau of Land Management (BLM), 472, Caranx 643, 707 C. bartholomai, 661 Bureau of Ocean Energy Management C. crysos, 661, 669 (BOEM), 323, 324, 379, 383–385, 472, C. hippos, 26, 507, 661 643, 707, 718, 729 C. latus, 662 Busycon perversum, 775 Carbonate deposit(s), 15, 317, 376, 396, 582 Butane, 108, 298 Carbonate platform(s), 1, 8, 165, 167, 183, Buttonwood, 448, 498, 527 185, 372, 653, 711 852 Index Carbonate sediment(s), 9, 15, 46, 167, 181, 186, Chromium (Cr), 9, 67, 97, 219, 223, 224, 188, 193, 207–209, 375, 396, 434, 467, 227, 228, 230, 232, 234, 239, 248, 251, 582, 715 253, 257, 258 Carbon cycling, 738–744 Chrysoma pauciflosculosa, 497 Carbon dating, 356 Cichlidae, 484, 541, 544 Cardiosoma guanhumi, 558, 779 Circulation systems, 383 Caribbean Fishery Management Council Clam(s), 14, 309, 340, 569, 719, 769, 781, 795 (CFMC), 775, 783 Clay dune(s), 2, 462 Caribbean Sea, 1, 19, 142, 209, 361, 363, Clibanarius vittatus, 558 382, 385, 434–436, 447, 470, 478, Clupeidae, 484, 507, 508, 540, 541, 562, 572, 706, 783, 786 658, 660, 669, 670, 675, 697, 699, 701 Caribbean Sea marine ecoregion, 361, Coastal Bend Bay, 58, 89–94, 236–239 434–436, 470 Coastal Bend Bay and Estuaries (CBBE) Caridean shrimp, 478, 522, 554, 559, 564 complex, 89, 91, 92 Carolina marsh clam, 23, 776, 782 Coastal Bend Bay and Estuaries Program Catch per unit effort (CPUE), 802, 803, 805, (CBBEP), 91, 92 807–809, 811, 812, 818, 821, 822, 824 Coastal marshes, 365, 368, 386, 399, 402, Caulerpa, 447, 552, 584 403, 451, 514, 515, 573, 580, 581, 826 CEC. See Commission for Environmental Coccolithophores, 181 Cooperation (CEC) Coccoliths, 8, 47 Cenchrus incertus, 497 Codakia orbicularis, 776 Centropomus undecimalis, 26, 483 Combers, 666 Centropristis, 667 Commercial fisheries, 2, 17, 18, 28, 30, Centropristis striata, 667 49, 62, 98, 134, 559, 564, 579, 585, Cephalopod, 16, 478, 483, 781 642, 669, 680, 692, 737, 744, 787, Chamaecrista fasciculata, 500 788, 795, 820 Charlotte Harbor, 80, 81, 87, 89, 101, 130, Commission for Environmental Cooperation 196, 197, 529 (CEC), 360–362, 365, 367, 380 Chemical contamination/contaminant(s), 5, Committee on the Environment and Natural 11, 43, 51, 65–72, 102, 103, 105, 126, Resources (CENR), 136 139, 146, 219–222, 226 Common dolphinfish, 701 Chemosynthesis, 13, 329 Common octopus, 23, 776, 782, 784 Chemosynthetic communities, 2, 13, 14, 47, Conocarpus erectus, 448, 471, 498, 501, 527, 344 530, 532, 533, 583 Chilomycterus schoepfi, 486 Continental Shelf, 1, 5, 7, 8, 10, 18, 20, 35, Chione 46, 58, 106, 136–145, 165–167, 170–176, C. cancellata, 777 182, 183, 185–194, 209, 217, 221, C. elerata, 777 241–258, 296, 323, 362, 363, 373, 386, Chlordane, 158, 227, 228, 239, 264 472, 473, 641, 643, 644, 649, 650, 652, Chloride (Cl-), 61, 508 653, 658, 669, 670, 675, 677, 679, 680, Chlorine (Cl), 66, 159, 266 683, 688, 691, 692, 696, 702, 705, Chlorite, 179, 183 707–711, 715, 722, 726, 727, 744–747, Chlorophyll a, 4, 5, 7, 46, 62, 64, 66, 73, 75, 749, 791, 793, 789790 77, 80–83, 85–89, 92, 95, 96, 99, 102, Continental Slope, 1, 8, 13, 20, 22, 47, 48, 165, 126, 129–131, 134, 145, 146, 151, 152, 166, 169–171, 184–185, 189, 209, 244, 246, 154–156, 356, 648, 649, 709, 726, 741 247, 253, 255, 289, 291, 294, 296, 305, Chloroscombrus, 662 307, 310, 317, 328, 329, 336–338, 344, 384, Chloroscombrus chrysurus, 661, 669, 672, 703 385, 641, 642, 644–646, 711, 715, 718, Choctawhatchee Bay, 225, 552 720–738, 744–746, 748–750 Index 853 Copano Bay, 200, 204–205, 239, 461 Cyclone(s), 17, 45, 47, 377, 379, 384–387, 396, Copper (Cu), 9, 67, 97, 160, 161, 219, 223, 398, 401, 406, 409, 418, 434, 453, 574, 224, 227, 230, 232, 234, 239, 246, 248, 585, 655 251, 253, 257, 258, 268, 269 Cynoglossidae, 571, 572, 703 Coral reef(s), 2, 18, 21, 36, 174, 217, 359, Cynoscion 362, 363, 365, 371, 396, 433, 434, 436, C. arenarius, 486, 665, 700, 703 437, 447, 448, 464, 470, 472, 480, 483, C. nebulosus, 26, 483, 486, 522, 523, 485, 489, 532, 539, 543, 555, 653, 542, 658 711–713, 747, 787, 823, 826 C. nothus, 665 Cordgrass, 177, 366 C. regalis, 658, 665 Corpus Christi Bay, 75, 91, 205–206, 226, Cyprinodon artifrons, 486 235, 239, 368, 421, 461 Cyprinodontidae, 478, 483, 484, 490, 508, 522, Coryphaena, 26, 663 524, 540, 541, 543, 544, 562, 585 Coryphaenidae Cyprinodon variegatus, 486, 491, 523, 541, 562 C. equiselis, 663 C. hippurus, 663 D Cossura candida, 557 Damselfish, 488, 489, 700 CPUE. See Catch per unit effort (CPUE) Dana swimming crab, 778 Crab(s), 91, 538, 539, 576, 578, 771, 781, 784, DDT. See Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane 786, 788, 795, 820, 821, 823, 824 (DDT) Crassostrea Dead zones, 7, 46, 136, 710, 823 C. rhizophorae, 776, 786 Decapod(s), 472, 559, 560, 573 C. virginica, 531, 580, 776, 793 Decapod crustaceans, 472, 473, 478, 480, Crepidula planum, 557 483–485, 488, 489, 506, 507, 522–526, Crevall jack, 661 537, 540, 542, 543, 549, 555, 560, 561, Critical fisheries habitat (CFH), 746 563, 564, 566, 571, 572, 713, 717 Croaker, 658, 664, 680, 683, 686, 688, 702 Decapterus, 661 Crocodile, 478, 489 Decapterus punctatus, 661, 669 Croton punctatus, 497–499, 501 Deep benthos, 19, 748 Crown conch, 23, 775, 782 Deep continental margins, 18, 22, 747, 750 Crustacea-Decapoda, 558 Deep Gulf of Mexico Benthos (DGoMB), Crustacean(s), 22, 97, 340, 476, 483, 490, 720, 721, 724, 725, 727, 728, 731, 741 506, 520, 521, 539, 540, 554, 555, Deep iron stone sediment, 18, 748 557, 559, 560, 569, 573, 576, 584, 711, Deep sea coral (DSC), 333, 715–717, 745 713, 715, 721, 750, 769, 779, 781, Deepwater coral, 2, 343, 717 786–789, 827 Deepwater Horizon, 2, 28, 32, 46, 49, 641, Ctenogobius 769, 771 C. boleosoma, 562, 572 Deepwater Horizon accident, 2 C. smaragdus, 486, 542 Delta, 172, 186, 189, 190, 194, 198, 203, 204, Cuban stone crab, 24, 778, 782 206, 248, 368, 370, 390–393, 406, 410, Current(s), 1, 3, 7, 8, 10, 15, 20, 24, 26, 30, 412, 415, 421, 431, 453–457, 546, 644, 826 33, 43, 48, 56, 63, 142, 176, 180–182, Demersal fishes, 22, 573, 643, 707, 709, 728, 184, 194, 209, 259, 335, 360–363, 729, 733–738, 750 383–385, 387, 396, 399, 406, 410, 412, Dermocystidium/dermo, 44, 795, 824 415, 434–436, 453, 455, 462, 466, 478, DeSoto canyon, 585 505, 568, 646, 652, 656, 703, 715, 717, DGoMB. See Deep Gulf of Mexico Benthos 724, 738, 773, 774, 784 (DGoMB) Cyanobacteria, 463, 568, 651 Diadema, 473 Cyathura polita, 520, 521, 558 Diamondback terrapin, 489, 490, 579 854 Index Diapirs/diapirism, 18, 169, 172, 173, 184, 194, DSC. See Deep sea coral (DSC) 287, 292, 296, 317, 642, 644, 711, 748–750 Dune(s), 2, 176, 198, 359, 363, 366, 368, 369, Diapterus 398, 400, 418, 426, 428, 433, 434, D. auratus, 486 438–441, 452, 453, 460–462, 465, 466, D. rhomboides, 486 468, 470, 492–505, 531, 533 Diasterane, 300 Dwarf seahorse, 478, 564, 585 Diatoms, 8, 47, 151, 165, 181, 568, 646, 647 Dyspanopeus texana, 558 Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), 5, 38, Dytaster insignis, 730, 731 91, 146, 158, 225–228, 239, 248, 264, 265 Dieldrin, 5, 146, 158, 159, 228, 239, 265 E DIN. See Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) East Bay, Louisiana, 87 Dioxin, 91, 123, 125, 126 Eastern Oyster, 23, 25, 44, 48, 769–771, 776, DIP. See Dissolved inorganic phosphorus 781, 782, 789, 793–796, 798, 814–817, 827 (DIP) Echinaster serpentarius, 556, 558, 584 Diplectrum, 666 Echinodermata, 558, 730 Diplothyra smithi, 824 Echinoderms, 22, 25, 48, 180, 472, 473, 507, Disease, 3, 35, 36, 43–46, 51, 72, 153, 575, 555, 570, 573, 584, 713, 732, 733, 750, 779, 771, 794, 795, 816, 822–825 781, 788, 827 Dispersion, 113, 243, 284, 301, 509 Echinoids, 473, 474 Dissolution, 70, 163, 181, 221–223, 255, 272, Echo-sounder recorder (ESR), 718 301, 302, 314, 403, 718 Ecoregions, 362, 363, 368–372, 426, 447–449, Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), 62, 63, 452, 453, 456, 461, 464, 466, 469, 470, 66, 80–83, 86–88, 92, 95, 99, 102, 135, 484, 487–489, 520, 551–553, 648–650 143, 154 Ecosystem services, 14, 47, 359, 491–494, 545, Dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP), 62, 66, 564–565, 582, 642, 644, 738–744, 794, 80–83, 86–89, 92, 95, 99, 102, 154 812, 826 Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), 742, 743 EEZ. See Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Dissolved organic matter (DOM), 158, 264, Effects range low (ERL), 11, 222–228, 710, 711, 721 230–232, 234, 235, 239, 240, 242, 246, Dissolved oxygen (DO), 4, 5, 7, 46, 62–64, 66, 250, 251, 253, 257, 264–273 73–77, 79, 82, 85–89, 92, 95, 96, 99, 102, Effects range median (ERM), 10, 11, 222, 223, 126, 127, 130, 131, 142, 143, 145, 146, 151, 225–228, 230–232, 234, 235, 237, 239, 152, 154–157, 473, 490, 506, 573, 794, 797 240, 242, 250, 251, 259, 264–273 Distichlis, 462, 520 EFH. See Essential fish habitat (EFH) Distichlis spicata, 442, 512, 514–517, 521, Elagatis, 662 527, 575 Elagatis bipinnulata, 661 Dolphin, 41, 42, 50, 472, 478, 701 El Ninõ, 102 Dolphinfish, 26, 28, 49, 658, 663, 670, EMAP. See Environmental Monitoring and 675–677, 701 Assessment Program (EMAP) DOM. See Dissolved organic matter (DOM) Embayment(s), 16, 174, 235, 294, 373, 375, Dorosoma cepedianum, 486 403, 491, 524, 532, 540, 552, 554, 575, Doryteuthis 585, 746 D. pealeii, 775 Employment, 14, 30, 47, 582 D. plei, 776 Emulsification, 70, 301, 302, 310 Double Top Reef, 714 Encope, 473 Drought, 17, 35, 48, 136, 469, 527, 575, 586, Endrin, 228, 239 746, 795, 817, 822, 824 Engelman’s seagrass, 584 Drums, 483, 484, 540, 564, 571, 579, 664, 665, Engraulidae, 483, 484, 508, 540, 541, 544, 680, 683, 686, 688, 689, 700–703 562, 572, 699, 700 Index 855 Enterococci, 72, 130, 134 Evaporation, 70, 158, 244, 264, 301, 357, Environmental Monitoring and 531, 575 Assessment Program (EMAP), 10, Evaporite mineral(s), 7, 181, 374 75–77, 151, 153, 157, 224, 226–228, Evorthodus lyricus, 486, 523, 542 239, 240, 259 Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), 18, 657, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 697, 730, 747, 771–773, 779 Program Estuaries (EMAP-E), 152 Ephippida, 544 F Epifauna, 15, 16, 447, 472, 519–521, Farfantepenaeus 537–540, 548, 554, 573, 575, 577, 578, F. aztecus, 473, 488, 521–523, 526, 542, 581, 584, 643, 715, 719 561, 563, 572, 573, 584, 709, 777, 790 Epinephelus, 26, 667 F. duorarum, 473, 489, 523, 524, 542, Epiphytes, 5, 74, 75, 146, 152, 156, 540, 555, 559, 561, 563, 572, 777, 791 560, 566, 576, 578, 790 Fasciolaria Eragrostis secundiflora, 500 F. lilium, 775 Erichthonius brasiliensis, 558 F. tulipa, 775 Erigeron procumbens, 500 FDEP. See Florida Department of ERL. See Effects range low (ERL) Environmental Protection (FDEP) ERM. See Effects range median (ERM) Fecal coliform, 72, 97, 130, 134 Escherichia coli (E.coli), 72, 134 FGBNMS. See Flower Gardens Banks Essential fish habitat (EFH), 704, 705, 771, 773, National Marine Sanctuary (FGBNMS) 794, 800, 812, 825, 826 Fimbristylis castanea, 497, 500 Estuary(ies), 1, 4, 5, 7–10, 16, 25, 26, 35, 41, Finescale menhaden, 663 46, 47, 50, 56, 58, 61, 73–77, 80, 82, 86, Finfish, 2, 18, 20, 25–28, 30, 49, 91, 745, 747, 90, 91, 93, 95, 98, 99, 101, 118, 127, 129, 748, 769, 770, 783, 790, 792, 800, 826 130, 145, 146, 151–153, 157, 160, 162, 177, Fish consumption advisory(ies), 5, 7, 46, 71, 178, 182, 186, 195–209, 217, 219, 226, 227, 123, 146 229, 235, 259, 268, 271, 363, 368–371, Fishery management plan (FMP), 771–773, 779, 377, 389, 424, 444, 449, 451, 455, 464, 473, 788, 799, 800, 804, 812, 822, 825, 826 494, 508, 525, 560, 571, 573, 577, 579, Flathead mullet, 664 580, 585, 769, 772, 787, 790–797, 799, Flood/flooding, 17, 37, 38, 48, 95, 177, 258, 812, 823, 825–827 366, 370, 378, 379, 391, 405, 432, 443, Etelinae, 664 455, 461, 469, 494, 496, 501, 508, 509, Etelis oculatus, 664 511, 516, 518, 526, 528, 545, 547, 548, 575, Etrumeus teres, 662, 670 577, 580, 581, 586, 744, 746, 794, 822 Eucinostomus Florida Bay, 11, 75, 77, 78, 80, 87, 88, 99–102, E. argenteus, 486, 562, 572 181, 195–196, 226, 233, 234, 242, 362, 365, E. gula, 486, 541, 562 396, 398, 448, 484–489, 529, 539, 543, E. harengulus, 486, 541 544, 552, 553, 562, 569, 572, 774, 791 E. melanopterus, 486 Florida Cross-barred Venus, 23, 777, 782 Eugerres plumieri, 486 Florida Department of Environmental Eustrombus gigas, 775, 783 Protection (FDEP), 101, 396–399, 401, Euthynnus, 666 402, 408, 409, 575 Euthynnus alletteratus, 665, 688, 690 Florida Lithoherms, 18, 748 Eutrophication, 3–5, 7, 17, 22, 43, 46, 48, Florida Middle Grounds (FMG), 18, 713, 748 51, 56, 58, 62–65, 73, 75, 77, 80, 82, Florida pompano, 507, 662 86–89, 92, 95, 96, 98, 101, 126–131, Florida stone crab, 23, 778, 782, 786, 788 136, 145, 146, 151, 152, 156, 578, 585, Florida Straits, 1, 142, 173, 383, 395, 471, 641, 644, 711, 750, 823 655, 712 856 Index Floridichthys Gastropod, 164, 180, 273, 472, 506, 507, 520, F. carpio, 478, 486, 541, 562 521, 537–539, 554, 559, 560, 571, 573, F. polyommus, 486, 562 576, 584, 781, 792, 795, 824 Flower Garden Banks, 2, 20, 21, 711, 712 Geese, 368, 518, 576 Flower Gardens Banks National Marine Gemma gemma, 506 Sanctuary (FGBNMS), 644, 711, 745, Geology, 2, 7, 15, 17, 48, 56, 286, 287, 360, 748–750 365, 375, 402, 436, 472, 583, 643 Fluorene, 227 Geomorphology, 56, 209, 394, 398, 448, 493, Fluvial basin(s), 381 505, 551–553 Fluvial transport, 7 Gerres cinereus, 487, 542 Flux, 14, 136, 165, 177, 195, 201, 203, 204, Gerridae, 541, 543, 562, 572 206, 307, 323, 336, 337, 344, 410, 462, Gerridae-mojarras, 484, 488, 540, 544 652, 653, 717, 721, 726, 728, 742, 750 Geukensia granosissima, 776 FMG. See Florida Middle Grounds (FMG) Ghost crab, 507 FMP. See Fishery management plan (FMP) Gilt sardine, 662 Foraminiferans, 8, 47 Glasswort, 462, 512, 527 Freshwater marsh, 37, 91, 368, 467, 510, 519 Glycinde solitaria, 557 Frigate tuna, 665 GMFMC. See Gulf of Mexico Fishery Frogfish, 488, 489, 704, 705 Management Council (GMFMC) Fundulidae, 483, 508, 522, 524, 541, 562, Gobie, 472, 483–485, 540, 544, 699, 700, 703 564, 572, 585 Gobiesocidae, 572, 699 Fundulidae-fundulids, 478, 540, 544 Gobiesox strumosus, 572 Fundulus Gobiidae, 522, 542, 561, 562, 564, 572, F. confluentus, 486, 541 699, 700 F. grandis, 479, 487, 522, 523, 526, 541, 551 Gobiidae-gobies, 483, 484, 540, 544 F. grandissimus, 479, 487 Gobioides broussoneti, 487 F. jenkinsi, 479, 485, 487, 541, 551 Gobionellus F. majalis, 487 G. boleosoma, 487, 522, 523, 542, 562, 572 F. perisimilis, 562 G. oceanicus, 487 F. seminolis, 487 G. shufeldti, 487 F. similis, 487, 526, 541, 562 Gobiosoma Fungi, 72, 290, 302 G. bosc, 487, 522, 523, 542, 562, 572 G. robustum, 487, 542, 562, 572 G Goldspotted killifish, 478 Galveston Bay, 58, 77, 89–94, 130, 134, 135, GOOMEX. See Gulf of Mexico Offshore 200–203, 225–228, 235, 236, 238–241, Monitoring Experiment (GOOMEX) 368, 459, 461, 515, 516, 526, 529, 553, Grassland, 58 554, 819 Gravity, 7, 8, 165, 167, 180, 258 Gambusia spp., 487, 542 Gravity slumping, 167, 194 G. affinis, 487 Greater Antilles marine ecoregion, 361, 362, G. holbrooki, 487, 542 436–437, 470–472, 494 Garmanella pulchra, 487 Green Canyon, 340 Gas hydrate(s), 13, 14, 275, 276, 296, 306, Grijalva-Usumacinta River System, 1, 394, 703 307, 309, 312, 317, 322–329, 333–335, Grouper(s), 49, 659, 666, 667, 692, 694–696, 337, 344, 345, 718 700 Gas seep(s), 2, 5, 7, 10, 12–14, 22, 46, 47, 58, Grunt, 539 66, 106–110, 136, 139, 140, 142, 143, 145, GSMFC. See Gulf States Marine Fisheries 146, 220, 242–244, 254, 255, 257, 259, Commission (GSMFC) 275–346, 718, 750 Guatemala, 1 Index 857 Gulf bluestem, 497 Heterotrophic zooplankton, 646 Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, 43 Hippocampus Gulf Current, 1 H. erectus, 487 Gulf menhaden, 17, 525, 585, 663, 670, H. zosterae, 478, 487, 564 700, 702 Hippolyte Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council H. curacaoensis, 488 (GMFMC), 645, 771, 773, 777, 788, 799, H. zosericola, 488 800, 825 Hippolytidae, 483, 484, 560, 561, 563, 564, 572 Gulf of Mexico Offshore Monitoring Holanthias martinicensis, 667 Experiment (GOOMEX), 249, 250, 253 Holothuria floridana, 779 Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission Holothurians, 340, 341 (GSMFC), 771, 772, 796, 801, 812, 825 Hopane, 257, 258, 300 Gulf Stone Crab, 24, 778, 782 Horse Conch, 23, 559, 775, 782 Gulf Stream, 1, 448 Horse-eye jack, 662 Houston Ship Channel, 80, 81, 91, 123, 130, H 134, 202, 239, 241, 248, 418, 460, 461 HAB. See Harmful algal bloom (HAB) Hurricane Haemulidae, 539, 544, 562 Katrina, 88, 232, 574, 746, 808, 823 Haemulon bonariense, 562 Rita, 88, 232, 808, 823 Halimeda, 447, 509, 584 Hydrocarbon seepage, 12, 47, 307, 341 Halodule, 444, 553, 554 Hydrocotyle bonariensis, 500 Halodule wrightii, 448, 524, 552–554, 556, Hymenopenaeus robustus, 778 584, 791 Hypersaline, 15, 207, 208, 369, 374, 443, Halophila, 444, 552, 554, 584 461–463, 469, 509, 511, 516, 517, 531, Haminoea glabra, 557 575, 583, 584 Hamlets, 668 Hypersaline lagoons, 2, 359, 368, 462, 531 Harengula jaguana, 487, 507, 541, 562, Hypoatherina herringtonensis, 487 662, 670, 673 Hypoplectrus, 668 Harmful algal bloom (HAB), 59, 795, 816 Hypoxia, 17–19, 22, 34, 48, 58, 77, 80, 87, Harte Research Institute for Gulf of 89, 97, 136–139, 143, 144, 151, 152, 154, Mexico Studies (HRI), 7, 22 506, 541, 549, 577, 585, 652, 653, 710, Heart urchins, 335, 339, 342 711, 744, 746–748, 750, 823 Heliotropium curassavicum, 500 Hypoxic zone(s), 5, 7, 46, 136, 137, 139, 143, Hemanthias 146, 697, 823 H. aureorubens, 667 H. leptus, 667 I H. vivanus, 667 Ichthyoplankton, 18, 647, 656–703, 705, 748 Hemicaranx amblyrhynchus, 662 Illite, 179, 183, 200, 204 Hemipholis, 473 Indo-Pacific sailfish, 663 Herbivory, 27, 494, 496, 511, 512, 524, Infauna, 15, 16, 224, 472, 473, 476, 519–521, 527, 528, 539, 559, 564–566, 524, 526, 537–539, 548, 549, 554, 576, 578 566–570, 573, 575, 577, 578, 581, 584, Hermatypic coral, 20, 642, 711, 747, 749 585, 643, 710, 720 Hermatypic coral reef(s), 18 Inkberry, 497 Hermit crab, 472, 507, 537, 539 Institute for Marine Remote Sensing Sensing, Herring, 26, 483, 484, 507, 540, 658, 662, University of South Florida (IMaRS/ 663, 669, 670, 674, 699–703 USF), 448, 470, 471 Hesiocaeca methanicola, 327, 333 Instituto Nacional de Pesca (National Fishery Heterandria formosa, 487, 562 Institute), 773 858 Index International Commission for the Exploration L of the Seas (ICES), 746 Laeonereis culveri, 520, 548, 557, 584 Intertidal flats, 15, 359, 437, 443, 446–447, Lagodon rhomboides, 485, 487, 523, 524, 472, 493, 567–573, 584 542, 563, 564 Intracoastal Waterway, 87, 93, 100, 130, 134 Lagoon(s), 1, 2, 7, 9, 16, 47, 56, 177, 195–209, Invasive species, 17, 35, 48, 580, 581, 585 280, 359, 363, 366, 368–371, 393, 394, Invertebrates, 18, 44, 51, 158, 161, 167, 180, 401, 424, 426, 432–434, 440, 443, 449, 264, 269, 472, 478, 509, 519, 539, 549, 453, 461, 462, 464, 466–470, 472, 555, 557, 565, 566, 568, 576, 651, 703, 488–491, 501, 508, 517, 523, 524, 531, 536, 711, 715, 729, 742, 744, 747, 769, 794, 552, 554, 561, 563, 564, 568, 585, 703 797, 823, 826 Laguna Madre Barrier Islands, 368, 399, Ipomoea 420–424, 461–464 I. imperati, 500 Laguna Madre, Mexico, 75, 80, 91, 177, 181, I. pes-capre, 500, 503 208, 368, 369, 421, 462, 517 I. stolonifera, 497 Laguna Madre, Texas, 2, 75, 177, 207, 363, Isobutane, 304 368, 420, 421, 446, 462, 463, 516, 570, 793 Isopod, 520, 521, 539, 548, 557, 580, Laguna Morales Barrier Beaches, 399, 424, 728, 732 425 Isoprenoid(s), 304, 305, 356, 357 Laguncularia racemosa, 177, 448, 471, 527, Isostichopus badionotus, 779 528, 530–536, 583 Istiophoridae, 658, 660, 663, 677–679 Lamellibrachia lumeysi, 333 Istiophorus, 26, 663 Lane snapper, 26, 664 Istiophorus platypterus, 399 Lanternfish, 699, 702, 703, 705, 706 Iva imbricate, 497 Large marine ecosystem (LME), 1, 23, 153, IXTOC-I, 109, 254, 473, 786 157, 641, 644, 697, 711, 769 J Larimus fasciatus, 665, 702 LDWF. See Louisiana Department of Jack mackerels, 662 Wildlife and Fisheries (LDWF) Jaiba Lead (Pb), 9, 10, 67, 97, 160–162, 219, 225, 227, J. Azul, 778 239, 246, 248, 251, 253, 257–259, J. Siri, 778 268–270, 717 Jewelfish, 667, 668 Leander tenuicornis, 488 Jobfish, 664 Leatherjack, 661, 662 Juncus, 177, 402, 451, 512, 514, 519–521, 575 Leiostomus xanthurus, 487, 542, 572, 573, 702 Juncus roemerianus, 452, 512–516, 519, Lepidactylus triarticulatus, 506, 584 575, 584 Lesser Blue Crab, 778 Jurisdictional boundaries, 772–774, 827 Leucothoe spinicarpa, 558 K Libinia, 472, 570 Limonium, 462 Kaolinite, 179, 183, 186, 200, 204 Liopropoma, 667 Katsuwonus pelamis, 26, 665, 688, 689 Lithification, 13, 306, 323, 344 Killifish, 478, 479, 484, 485, 490, 526, Lithoherms, 18, 716, 717, 748 540, 544 Lithophaga bisulcata, 824 Kingfish, 507, 665, 666, 680, 702 Litopenaeus setiferus, 46, 473, 488, 489, King mackerel, 26, 28, 49, 123, 162, 270, 521–523, 539, 542, 561, 563, 573, 584, 665, 688 777, 792 Knobbed Welk, 23 Little tunny, 665, 688, 690 Knotgrass, 497 Littoridina, 472 Index 859 Live (hard) bottom, 18, 747 Manatee, 41–43, 50, 51, 99, 100, 196, 478, 494, Live oak, 366, 368, 440, 464, 496 564, 565, 576 Lizardfish, 488, 699–701 Manatee grass, 448, 531, 552, 584 LME. See Large marine ecosystem (LME) Mangrove forests, 363, 470, 485, 492, Lobster, 23, 24, 478, 769, 773, 774, 778, 494, 512, 526–528, 530, 531, 533–536, 781–783, 786–788 539, 543, 574, 576, 577, 580, 771, Lolliguncula brevis, 776 826–827 Longfin Inshore Squid, 775 Mangrove oyster, 23, 776, 781, 782, 786 Longtail bass, 667 Mangrove snapper, 664 Loop current (LC) system, 1, 19, 20, 360, 363, Mangrove swamps, 2, 365, 470, 517, 526 383–385, 471, 649, 651, 712 Margin deposits, 15, 396, 582 Lophogobius cyprinoides, 487, 542 Marine ecoregions, 16, 17, 361–365, 371, 376, Louisiana Department of Wildlife and 377, 396–437, 447–472, 494, 551, Fisheries (LDWF), 770, 772, 801, 805, 557–558, 561–563, 572 812, 818, 819, 821, 822, 827 Marine mammals, 2, 16, 41–44, 50, 51, 158, Lucania parva, 487, 523, 541, 562, 564, 572 265, 554, 585, 647, 704, 726, 800 Luidia, 473, 570 Marine parasite, 43, 824 Lutjanidae, 488, 539, 544, 564, 658, 660, Marine predator, 824 664, 679–681, 683 Marine protected area (MPA), 746 Lutjanus Marine Recreational Fisheries Statistics L. analis, 26, 664 Survey (MRFSS), 30, 32 L. apodus, 487 Marine Recreational Information Program L. campechanus, 26, 664, 679 (MRIP), 30, 32 L. griseus, 487, 664 Marlins, 658, 663, 677 L. jocu, 487 Marsh burns, 582 L. synagris, 26, 664 Marsh fimbry, 497 Lytechinus variegatus, 556, 558 Megafauna, 18, 22, 48, 303, 331, 336, 707, 708, 728–734, 740, 741, M 747, 750 Mackerel, 658 Megafauna biomass, 18, 22, 48, 730 Mackerel scad, 661, 665, 666, 688, 691, Megafaunal invertebrate(s), 251, 705–707, 699–701 715, 729–733 Macoma constricta, 557, 570 Meiofauna, 18, 472, 554, 707, 708, 721–722, Macroalgae, 5, 126, 130, 131, 156, 447, 552, 740, 741 554, 566, 568, 576, 578, 584 Melongena, 775 Macrobrachium M. bispinosa, 775 M. acanthurus, 558 Menhaden, 26, 28, 30, 49, 484, 658, 663, M. ohione, 488 669, 670, 699, 702, 769 Macrofauna, 14, 18, 22, 48, 312, 331, 472, Menidia spp. 540, 707–709, 711, 722–730, 732–734, M. beryllina, 522, 523, 541, 562 736, 740, 741, 750 M. colei, 562 Macroinvertebrates, 15, 329, 506, 507, 520, M. martinica, 487 526, 538, 584 M. penninsulae, 541, 562 Macroseepage, 287, 318 Menippe Macroseeps, 13, 47, 317, 331, 344 M. adina, 778 Makaira nigricans, 26, 663, 699 M. mercenaria, 778 Malacoceros vanderhorsti, 557 M. nodifrans, 778 Mammal(s), 18, 51, 91, 368, 478, 489, 494, 496, Menticirrhus, 507, 665, 680, 702 545, 555, 576, 641, 670, 747, 796, 826 Menticirrhus americanus, 487, 702 860 Index Mercenaria campechensis, 777 Mississippi River Chenier plain, 417–418, Mercury (Hg), 5, 9, 38, 58, 67, 97, 123, 459 125, 126, 139, 145, 146, 162, 219, Mississippi River deltaic plain, 390, 410, 225, 228, 239, 246, 251, 253, 258, 412–417 270–271, 643 Mississippi River drainage basin, 7, 60 Mesopelagic fish, 642 Mississippi Trough (MT), 168, 644, 725, Mesquite, 91, 463 729, 737, 741, 742 Mesquite Bay, Texas, 91, 463 MMS. See Minerals Management Service Methane seeps, 18, 298, 329, 335, 641–644, (MMS) 716, 721, 725, 726, 747 Mobile Bay, 10, 77, 87, 89, 97–99, 130, Methanogenesis, 307 198, 200, 232, 234, 236–239, 259, Methylmercury, 67 293, 390, 453, 473, 508, 570 Mexican Exclusive Economic Zone, 18, 657, Mobile-Tensaw River Delta, 97 697, 730, 747, 773 Modiolus americanus, 560, 776 Microbiota, 18, 301, 310, 707, 720–722, 744 Mojarras, 484, 485, 488, 489, 540, 544, 703 Microgobius Mole crab, 507 M. gulosus, 487, 542, 562 Mollusca-Bivalvia, 557 M. thalassinus, 487 Mollusca-Gastropoda, 557–558 Micropogonias undulates, 665 Mollusk, 22, 25, 48, 434, 472, 473, 476, 520, Microseepage, 287, 317 521, 537, 554, 555, 559, 560, 569, 570, Migratory birds, 2, 369 580, 711, 713, 769, 774, 779, 781–786, Milk Conch, 23, 775, 782 793, 794, 824, 827 Minerals Management Service (MMS), Monoaromatic steroids, 300 144, 249, 291, 321, 384–386, 643, 707, Moon snail, 507 718, 720, 722, 725, 729, 730 Morphology, 56, 169, 170, 203, 306, 307, Ministerio de la Industria Pesquera 310, 318, 372, 374, 393, 450, 575 (Ministry of Fishing Industries), 774 Mud shrimp, 472 Mississippi Alabama Marine Ecosystem Mugil Study (MAMES), 709 M. cephalus, 26, 487, 491, 507, 522, 523, Mississippi-Atchafalaya River deltaic 542, 664 plain, 415, 457 M. curema, 487, 507, 542, 572, 664 Mississippi canyon, 168, 169, 183, 246, 342, M. trichodon, 562 644 Mugilidae, 483, 484, 488, 508, 522, 540, Mississippi Coastal Improvements Program 542, 562, 572, 658, 660, 664, 680, (MsCIP), 506, 507 684, 685 Mississippi delta, 1, 8, 165, 172, 183, 189, Mulinia, 472, 570 192, 194, 248, 644, 649, 653, 685, 701, Mullet, 26, 28, 49, 483, 484, 488, 507, 508, 708, 711, 715, 748, 793 540, 544, 658, 664, 680, 684, 685, 774 Mississippi Fan (Cone), 168 Multidimensional scaling (MDS), 735, 736, Mississippi River, 1, 5, 7, 15, 18, 46, 56, 739, 740 58, 63, 65, 73–76, 93, 106, 115, 129, Multinucleate sphere X (MSX), 824, 825 136, 143, 145, 146, 168, 179, 183–186, Muskrat, 576 190, 221–224, 226, 228, 242, 244, Mussel, 14, 71, 126, 225, 307, 309, 331–333, 246, 248, 249, 257, 258, 366, 390, 335, 338–343, 346, 518, 521, 526, 560, 444, 454, 459, 488, 495, 497, 498, 719, 720, 781, 795 509, 515, 545, 552, 553, 557, 574, Mutton snapper, 26, 664 577, 580–582, 584, 641, 649, 650, Mycteroperca, 667 652, 653, 670, 692, 699, 702, 710, Myrica cerifera, 440, 496 711, 717, 744, 747 Myrophis punctatus, 572 Index 861 N Nutrient(s), 3–5, 7, 14, 17–20, 27, 43, 46, 48, 58, Naphthalene, 302 60, 62, 63, 65, 67, 73, 75–77, 80–82, 93, Nassarius, 742 95, 102, 115, 124, 126, 129, 130, 134, 136, Natant crustaceans, 16, 561, 585 142, 145, 146, 151, 154, 156, 157, 161, 163, National coastal assessment (NCA), 81, 106, 218, 269, 272, 304, 329, 360, 363, 368, 153, 156, 157, 218 370, 371, 375, 377, 378, 380, 447, 449, 464, National coastal condition report (NCCR), 3, 483, 491–496, 508–510, 518, 527, 528, 10, 11, 73, 75–89, 135, 151–155, 157, 223, 533, 545, 547, 553, 560, 564–566, 573, 228–235, 240, 242, 259 577–578, 585, 644, 646–649, 653, 655, National Data Buoy Center (NDBC), 385, 386 699, 704, 705, 709–711, 744, 747, 749, National Estuary Program (NEP), 58, 81, 823, 826 84, 89, 90, 93, 97–99, 156, 219, 235, O 236, 239 National estuary program coastal condition Oceanographic setting, 56, 250 report, 156 OCS. See Outer continental shelf (OCS) National Pollutant Discharge Elimination Octopus, 23, 478, 769, 782, 784 System (NPDES), 143 Octopus cf. vulgaris, 776 Naucrates doctor, 661 Octopus maya, 483, 558, 776 NCA. See National coastal assessment (NCA) Oenothera drummondii, 500 NCCR. See National coastal condition report Oil and gas seep(s), 5, 7, 12–14, 22, 46, 47, (NCCR) 107–109, 140, 142, 143, 145, 146, 220, Needlefishe, 484, 544 242, 244, 255, 275–346, 750 Nekton assemblages, 16, 478, 483–485, 489, Oligoplites, 662 490, 507, 508, 521–524, 539, 543, 549, Oligoplites saurus, 661 560, 561, 564, 571, 579, 585 Oligotrophic, 18–20, 22, 48, 650, 651, 654, NEP. See National Estuary Program (NEP) 655, 720, 722, 733, 744, 748–750 Neritina virginea, 558 Ooid(s), 181, 186, 207, 208, 396 Nickel (Ni), 9, 67, 162, 219, 223, 224, 227, Ophichthidae, 572 228, 230, 232, 234, 239, 248, 253, 257, Ophiuroid, 473 258, 271, 300 Opisthonema oglinum, 26, 487, 541, 663, Nitidella nitida, 558 670, 674, 703 Nitrate, 19, 20, 48, 61, 63, 130, 218, 646–650, Opsanus beta, 572 653, 709–711, 722, 739, 748, 749 Opuntia, 463, 497 Nitrogen (N), 4, 62, 63, 65, 66, 75, 77, 80, 101, Organic matter, 15, 19, 62–64, 136, 143, 104, 126, 129, 130, 136, 143, 152, 154, 298, 151, 158, 161, 196, 264, 269, 275, 287, 356, 431, 496, 510, 518, 547, 566, 577, 578, 290, 291, 298, 300, 304, 329, 335, 641, 647, 651, 710, 720, 744 360, 369, 370, 386, 387, 440, 494, NOAA National Estuarine Eutrophication 496, 509, 518, 524, 527, 528, 531, Assessment, 73–75, 152 538, 547, 565, 567, 569, 578, 584, NOAA National Status and Trends 646, 649, 650, 652, 653, 710, 716, Program, 9, 151, 225–226 720, 722, 726, 738, 742–744, 748 North East Gulf of Mexico-Center for Outer continental shelf (OCS), 5, 21, 143, Marine Ecosystem Programs 144, 321, 323, 701, 711, 712 (NEGOM-CME), 713 Oxidation, 70, 107, 142, 143, 158, 264, Northern bluefin tuna, 666 300–304, 314, 329, 332, 578, 719 Northern GOM marine ecoregion, 361, 376, Oyster 399, 449, 551 drill, 795, 824 Nuculana, 472 reef, 1, 2, 24, 91, 98, 197, 199, 201–207, 398, Nueces Bay, 91, 205–206, 226 451, 457, 491, 771, 772, 793, 794, 799, 812, Nutria, 496, 576, 580 814, 817–819, 823, 825–827 862 Index P Penicillus, 447 Pagonias cromis, 824 Pensacola Bay, 129, 130, 225, 390 Pagurus, 472, 507 Peociliidae, 544 PAH. See Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon Pepina del Mar, 779 (PAH) Perch, 460, 665, 666 Palaemonetes spp. Perdido Bay, 130 P. intermedius, 488, 563, 572 Periclimenes P. paludosus, 488 P. americanus, 563 P. pugio, 488, 523, 526, 563, 572 P. longicaudatus, 563 P. transverus, 488 Persephone, 472 P. vulgaris, 488 Persistent organic pollutant(s), 61, 65 Palaemonidae, 483, 484, 490, 542, 561, 563, Perylene, 246, 247 564, 572 Pesticide, 9–12, 27, 40, 47, 65–67, 97, 123, Palemon floridanus, 563 126, 139, 158, 160, 219, 220, 225, 226, Palometa, 662 228, 232, 234, 239, 240, 242, 250, Panama City, 225, 498 257–260, 264, 267, 268 Panicum amarum, 496–498 Petalifera ramose, 558 Panulirus Petrogenic hydrocarbons, 257 P. argus, 778, 787 Petroleum, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12–14, 46, 47, 56, 65–70, P. guttatus, 778 91, 102–117, 126, 136, 139–143, 145, 146, Paracereis caudata, 558 159, 181, 194, 204, 219, 227, 243, 244, 248, Parandalia vivanneae, 557 249, 251, 253–259, 266, 275–278, Paraonis fulgens, 506 280–297, 300–302, 304–306, 310–314, Parasite(s), 43, 44, 51, 72, 771, 795, 816, 317, 318, 322, 324, 329, 332, 335–338, 822, 824–825 343–345, 357, 473, 582 Paronychia erecta, 497 Phenanthrene, 223, 227 Parrotfish, 489 Phosphate, 61, 63, 81, 87, 89, 160, 196, 218, Particulate organic carbon (POC), 648, 717, 268, 646, 647 721, 725, 726, 728, 729, 733, 739, 741, Phosphatic skeleton, 180, 181 742, 749, 750 Phosphorus, 62, 63, 66, 77, 80, 102, 130, 152, Paspalum 154, 496, 510, 560, 578 P. distichum, 497, 498 Photis macromanus, 558, 570 P. monostachyum, 500 Photooxidation, 244, 302, 303, 310 P. setaceum, 500 Photosynthetic phytoplankton, 646 Pathogen(s), 3, 35, 56, 71, 72, 95, 97, 117, 124, Photosynthetic zooxanthellae, 20, 711, 715, 749 126, 130, 134, 135, 145, 795, 824 Phragmites australis, 444, 445, 543, 545–547, PCB. See Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) 550, 551, 577, 580 Pea crabs, 824 Phyla nodiflora, 498, 500 Pee Dee Belemnite (PDB), 314, 355 Physiographic characteristics, 15, 396, 582 Pelagic megafaunal invertebrate, 705–707 Physiographic setting, 3, 56–58 Penaeidae, 483, 484, 489, 490, 542, 563, 571, Phytane, 304, 305, 356, 357 572, 777, 789 Phytoplankton, 18, 20, 48, 60, 64, 81, 82, 136, Penaeids, 473, 475, 478, 492, 561, 579, 809 143, 154, 156, 157, 302, 317, 537, 555, 565, Penaeid shrimp, 17, 44, 473, 475, 478, 483, 484, 568, 578, 641, 642, 646–656, 705, 709, 519, 520, 522, 525, 537, 539, 540, 559, 717, 743, 748, 749, 790 561, 563, 570, 571, 573, 575, 577–579, 581, Pickfordiateuthis pulchella, 558 584, 585, 769, 771, 779, 786, 789–793, Pilot fish, 661 799, 826, 827 Pink shrimp, 23, 489, 490, 524, 559, 561, 777, 782, 786, 789, 791–793, 799, 807–810, 812 Index 863 Pinnotheres ostreum, 824 Pronotogrammus aureorubens, 667 Pista cristata, 557 Propane, 108, 304, 313, 314 Pitar simpsoni, 557 Prosopis glandulosa, 463 Plankton, 2, 18–22, 48, 61, 478, 641–750, 792 Protozoan(s), 44, 72, 795, 824 Planktonic foraminifera, 181, 183 Provisional Fishing Associations (PFAs), 774 Plectranthias, 668 Pseudogramma, 667 Pleoticus robustus, 778 Pseudogramma gregoryi, 667 Pleuroploca giganteus, 775 Publically owned treatment work (POTW), POC. See Particulate organic carbon (POC) 121–122 Podges, 667 Purse crab, 472 Poecilia Pygmy seabass, 667 P. latipinna, 487, 491, 542, 562 P. velifera, 562 Q Poeciliidae, 478, 484, 508, 522, 524, 540, 542, Queen conch, 23, 775, 781, 783–784, 787 544, 562 Queen snapper, 664 Pogonias cromis, 26, 487, 542, 665, 702 Quercus virginiana, 440, 464, 496 Pogonophoran(s), 331, 335, 340, 341 Quintana Roo, 1, 15, 371, 396, 434–436, 517, Pogonophoran tubeworms, 335 582, 774, 777, 778, 780 Polychaetes Polychaete worm, 207, 520, 573, 713, 715, 719, R 720, 746. See also Sabellaria alveolata Radiolarians, 8, 47, 181 Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), 5, 9–12, 47, Rainbow runner, 661, 662 66, 91, 97, 123, 126, 146, 159, 219, 220, Rangia 225, 226, 228–230, 232, 234, 239, 240, R. cuneata, 777 242, 248, 250, 258, 259, 266, 267 R. flexuosa, 777 Polyclad flatworm, 824 Recreation, 14, 47, 60, 62, 72, 98, 153, 492, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), 9–12, 494, 582, 770 44, 47, 65, 66, 68, 106, 159, 219, 221, 223, Recreational fisheries, 20, 22, 27–32, 34, 49, 225–230, 232, 234, 239, 240, 242, 244, 91, 253, 560, 571, 579, 581, 656, 660, 670, 246–248, 250–253, 257–259, 266, 300 679, 688, 711, 713, 745, 749, 750, 770, 788, Polymesoda caroliniana, 520, 521, 584, 776 796, 801, 819, 820, 825, 826 Pompano, 507, 658, 660–662, 669, 701 Red barbier, 667 Pompano dolphinfish, 663 Red drum, 28, 32, 49, 579, 685 Porgie, 483–485, 540, 544 Red-eye round herring, 682 Port of Houston, Texas, 91 Redfish, 91, 658, 665, 680, 683, 685, 687 Portunidae, 483, 484, 489, 490, 507, 542, 563, Redfish Bay, 91 571, 572, 778, 796 Red mangrove, 448, 512, 527, 531, 540, 576, Potassium (K), 61, 179 580, 583, 786 Precipitation, 7, 13, 15, 56, 102, 136, 181, Redox potential discontinuity (RPD), 567 207–209, 220, 303, 306, 309, 331, 333, Red snapper, 26, 28, 49, 664, 679 365–369, 371, 377, 380, 396, 462, 465, Reed beds, 443–445, 543, 545–551 468, 469, 496, 531, 583, 719 Reed marsh, 15, 582 Prickly pear cactus, 463 Reef bass, 667 Pristane, 304, 305, 356, 357 Reeffish, 667, 668 Pristipomoides, 664 Refinery(ies), 58, 91, 112, 113, 115, 141, 257, 278 Pristipomoides aquilonaris, 664 Regional Environmental Monitoring and Program Tracking, Advisories, Water Quality Assessment Program (REMAP), 10, 235, Standards, and Nutrients (PRAWN), 72 239, 259 Pronotogrammus, 667 Remineralization, 63, 64 864 Index Remotely operated (underwater) vehicle Sardine, 26, 483, 507, 658, 662, 663, 669, (ROV), 20 670, 673, 699–703 Renilla, 472, 575 Sardine Aurita, 26, 662, 670 Reptile(s), 16, 478, 489, 494, 554, 555, 585 Sargassum, 568, 647, 675, 703–705, 744, 749 Resident birds, 38 SAV. See Submerged aquatic vegetation Rhizophora mangle, 177, 448, 471, 493, 512, (SAV) 517, 527, 532, 533, 583 Savanna, 58 Rhomboplites aurorubens, 26, 680, 682 Sawgrass, 512 Rifting, 167, 374 Scaevola plumieri, 497, 498, 501, 503, 584 Rock shrimp, 24, 570, 777, 782, 786 Scaled sardine, 507, 662, 670, 673, 701–703 Rough scad, 661, 701, 702 Scallop, 478, 560, 781 Roughtongue bass, 667, 713 Schizachyrium maritimum, 497, 498 Roughtongue reef, 713, 714 Sciaenidae, 483, 484, 507, 508, 525, 540, 542, Round herrings, 663, 670, 701, 702 562, 564, 571, 572, 579, 658, 660, 664, Round scad, 661, 669, 701 665, 680, 683, 685–688, 699, 700 Royal red shrimp, 24, 778, 782, 786 Sciaenops Ruppia, 444, 551, 554 S. ocella, 665 Ruppia maritima, 444, 524, 554, 584 S. ocellatus, 26, 483, 487, 494, 542, 658, 687 Rushes (Juncus), 177 Scomberomorus S. cavalla, 26, 665, 688 S S. macula, 666 Sabellaria alveolata, 207. See also S. regalis, 666 Polychaete worm Scomber scombrus, 666 Sabellaria reef(s), 207 Scombridae, 658, 660, 665, 688–692, 699 Sailfish, 658, 663, 677, 699 SCUBA. See Self-contained underwater Salicornia, 462, 512, 516, 517, 527 breathing apparatus (SCUBA) Salt dome(s), 167, 168, 172, 183, 280, 292, Seabass, 488, 659, 666–668, 692, 694–696 374, 460 Sea catfish, 483, 484, 571 Saltgrass, 366, 368 Sea cucumber, 24, 733, 747, 769, 779, 782 Salt marsh, 2, 15, 16, 37, 47, 177, 359, 363, 366, Seafloor mounds, 13 368, 387, 402, 403, 437, 440, 443–445, Seafloor pockmarks, 13 449, 450, 452, 461, 462, 476, 477, Seagrass beds, 2, 359, 363, 369, 371, 443, 444, 491–494, 496, 508–527, 529–531, 545, 446–449, 451, 453, 463, 464, 467, 469, 548, 551, 561, 574–578, 580–585, 771, 797, 470, 472, 473, 479, 483, 485–488, 491, 826–827 497, 515, 540, 551–554, 556, 557, 559, Saltmeadow rush, 512 560, 564, 566, 574, 576, 581, 584, 585, Saltwater intrusion, 56, 574 771, 791, 799, 826 Saltwort, 462, 516 Seagrass meadow(s), 36, 91, 363, 368, 446, San Antonio Bay, 203–204, 368, 461 453, 470, 471, 473, 476, 551–566, 580, Sand dollar, 507, 570 584, 826–827 Sand perch, 666 Sea lavender, 462 Sand weakfish, 665, 702, 703 Sea-level rise, 15, 17, 35, 37, 47, 91, 95, 174, 175, San Jacinto river, 90, 130, 134 177, 368, 378, 387, 389–396, 405, 406, SAP. See Sigsbee Abyssal Plain (SAP) 448, 453, 455, 457, 459, 505, 512, 513, 527, Sarasota bay, 99–104 545, 574–576, 578, 582, 585, 823 Sarasota Bay National Estuary Program SEAMAP. See Southeast Area Monitoring (SBNEP), 101 and Assessment Program (SEAMAP) Saratherodon melanotheron, 487 Sea oats, 368, 440, 452, 495, 496, 498, 500, 584 Sarda, 666 Sea oye-eye, 462 Index 865 Sea pansies, 472 Shoalgrass, 584 Sea rocket, 439 Shoalweed, 448, 552 Sea star, 556, 584, 730, 731 Shrimp, 24, 25, 27–30, 32, 48, 49, 91, 359, 522, Sea-surface slicks, 13, 14, 254, 275, 276, 281, 531, 559, 579, 642, 656, 699, 720, 734, 297, 312–318, 323, 330, 719 745, 769–775, 781, 786, 787, 789–791, Sea turtle(s), 2, 32–37, 44, 49–50, 472, 494, 793, 798–812, 822–825, 827 564, 565, 576, 704 Shrub land, 58 Sea urchin(s), 180, 342, 556, 570, 576, 584, 715 Sicyonia brevirostis, 777 Sediment community oxygen consumption Sigsbee Abyssal Plain (SAP), 168, 644, 646, (SCOC), 726, 727, 739 720, 725, 732 Sediment contaminant(s), 2, 9–12, 47, 217–260 Sigsbee Deep, 1, 168, 371 Sediment gravity flows, 167 Sigsbee Knolls, 168, 717 Sediment transport, 208, 258, 372, 374, 378, Siliceous material(s), 180 385, 395–437, 452, 453, 455 Silver (Ag), 9, 11, 67, 219, 225, 228, 233, Seep, 12–14, 20, 22, 108, 142, 143, 243, 244, 234, 242, 246, 251, 258 275, 277, 278, 280, 281, 284, 286, 292, Silver seatrout, 665 297, 298, 300–308, 310, 312, 313, 317, 329, Silverside, 484, 508, 540, 543, 544 331, 333, 336, 344, 345, 643, 716, 719–721, Skate, 25, 49, 573, 824 744, 748–750 Skipjack tuna, 665, 688, 689 Seepage (natural oil and gas), 2, 10, 58, 106, Slash pine, 497 107, 136, 142, 145, 243–244, 254, 257, 259 Slender Inshore Squid, 776 Seepiophila jonesi, 333, 719 Slopefishes, 664 Seismic data, 291, 294, 338, 340 Smectite, 179, 183, 186, 204 Selar crumenophthalmus, 702 Smooth cordgrass, 368, 496, 510, 512, 515, Selene 521, 526, 527, 547–549, 584 S. setapinnis, 662, 702 Snapper, 49, 485, 488, 489, 494, 539, 544, S. vomer, 661 564, 658, 664, 679–681, 683 Selenium (Se), 67 Sniffer, 313, 314 Self-contained underwater breathing Snook, 26, 483, 488, 540 apparatus (SCUBA), 20, 711–713, 749 Sodium, 61, 179, 508 Semele bellastriata, 557 SOFLA. See Southwest Florida shelf (SOFLA) Semivolatile organic compound (SVOC), Southeast Area Monitoring and Assessment 217–220, 222, 227, 239, 240, 248, Program (SEAMAP), 19, 157, 655–679, 264–267 681–701, 770, 801–803, 807, 811 Seriola, 661 Southeast Data, Assessment, and Review Seriola zonata, 662 (SEDAR), 783 Serpulid worm reef, 91, 207, 208 Southern Gulf of Mexico (GOM) marine Serraniculus, 668 ecoregion, 361, 363, 425–434, Serraniculus pumilio, 667 464–469, 551 Serranidae, 488, 659, 660, 666, 692, 694–697 Southern Laguna Madre, 78 Serranus, 666 Southern Quahog, 23, 777, 782 Sesuvium portulacastrum, 498, 500, 501, 516, Southern Ribbed Mussel, 23, 776, 782 517, 527, 531 South Florida/Bahamian Atlanti marine Shad, 658, 662, 669, 699–701, 703 ecoregion, 15, 16, 361, 362, 447–449, Shame-faced crab, 472 476, 551, 553 Sharptooth Swimming Crab, 778 South Texas outer continental shelf Sheepshead, 494, 824 (STOCS), 472, 569, 709 Shellfish, 2, 22–25, 28, 48, 49, 72, 91, 117, 123, Southwest Florida shelf (SOFLA), 472, 158, 162, 264, 265, 271, 494, 564, 769–827 569, 716 866 Index Spadefish, 544 Strongylura Spanish mackerel, 26, 666, 688 S. marina, 487 Sparidae, 542, 563 S. notata, 487, 562 Sparidae-porgies, 483, 484, 540, 544 S. timucu, 487 Spartina Submarine canyon, 18, 20, 169, 209, 644, S. alterniflora, 442, 445, 461, 496, 509–513, 722, 733, 748 515, 516, 518, 519, 521, 527, 529, 548, 550, Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), 4, 5, 575, 578, 584 7, 46, 56, 60, 61, 73–75, 87, 126, 130, S. patens, 496, 497, 511, 512, 514–516, 575 131, 133, 145, 146, 151, 152, 155–157, Spearfish, 663, 711 444, 508, 524, 551–554, 564 Sphoeroides Subsidence, 37, 91, 95, 167, 368, 374, 390, S. nephalus, 488 391, 394, 412, 415, 444, 447, 457, 459, S. spengleri, 488 497, 545, 575–576, 581 S. testudineus, 488, 563 Subtidal soft bottom habitats, 15 Spider crab, 472, 570 Surface prospecting, 275 Spindletop, Texas, 280 SVOC. See Semivolatile organic compound Spiny lobster, 23, 769, 773, 778, 782, 783, (SVOC) 786–788 Swimming crab, 24, 483, 484, 490, 573, 778, Spio pettibonae, 557 782, 796 Sponges, 180, 181, 359, 537–539, 555, 584, Swordfish, 162, 270, 659, 668, 694, 696–699 712–717, 746, 774, 792, 795, 797, 824 Symbioses, 13 Sporobolus virginicus, 497, 498, 500, 503, Symphurus plagiusa, 523, 572 516, 527 Symphysanodon, 664 Spot, 10, 20, 71, 118, 259, 336, 401, 406, 407, Syngnathidae, 484, 560, 561, 563, 564, 507, 573, 665, 702, 716, 737, 749, 791 704, 705 Spotted lobster, 24, 778, 782, 786 Syngnathus Spotted seatrout, 26, 32, 49, 483, 522, 658 S. dunkeri, 488 Squid, 23, 41, 478, 483, 647, 706, 769, 775, S. floridae, 488 776, 781, 782 S. louisianae, 488 Squilla, 472 S. scovelli, 488, 563 St. Andrew Bay, 225, 407, 553 Syringodium, 444, 552–554, 584 Star drum, 665 S. filiforme, 448, 531, 552–554, 556, 584 Starfish, 180, 570 Stellifer lanceolatus, 665, 702 T Stemodia tomentosa, 500 Tabascan Neritic Rocky and Deltaic Sterane, 300 Shoreline, 425, 426, 428–432 Stiff Pen Shell, 23, 776, 782 Tabasco coast, 15, 582 Stingray, 489, 571 Tachypenaeus constrictus, 488 St. Johns River Water Management District Tagelus divisus, 557 (SJRWMD), 101 Tamaulipas coast, 368, 421, 422, 462, 778 STOCS. See South Texas outer continental Tampa Bay, 78, 80, 81, 87, 89, 99–104, shelf (STOCS) 129, 130, 196, 198, 225, 226, 512, 529, Stramonita haemastoma, 824 534, 541, 542 Streamer bass, 667 Tampa Bay Estuary Program (TBEP), 99 Streblospio benedcti, 557 Tar balls, 69, 70, 107, 195, 302, 335 Strombus Tectura antillarum, 558 S. costatus, 775 Tellina tampaensis, 557 S. gigas, 775 Terpane, 300 S. pugilis, 775 Terrebonne Basin, 93 Index 867 Terrestrial ecoregions, 361, 365–371, 377, Total organic carbon (TOC), 130, 189, 200, 378, 447–464, 532 231, 232, 235, 237, 239 Terrigenous fluvial input, 15 Total suspended solids (TSS), 61, 130, 134 Terrigenous sediment(s)/mud/sand, Toxaphene, 5, 146 178–180, 182 Tozeuma carolinense, 488, 558, 563, 572 Tetradontidae, 484, 563 Trachinotus Tetrapturus, 663 T. carolinus, 507, 662 Tetrapturus albidus, 663 T. falcatus, 662 Texas Commission for Environmental T. goodie, 662 Quality (TCEQ), 134, 135 Trachurus, 662 Texas Mid-Coast Barrier Islands, 399, Trachurus lathami, 661, 701, 702 418–420 Transverse Ark, 23, 776, 782 Thais haemostoma, 824 Triaromatic steroids, 300 Thalassia, 444, 449, 552–554, 584, 712 Triplofusus giganteus, 775 Thalassia testudinum, 448, 471, 524, 553, Tropical storm, 368, 385, 386, 396, 471, 505, 554, 556, 560, 584 506, 573, 574, 823 Thermogenic hydrocarbons, 12, 275, 298, True tulip, 23, 775, 782 300, 329 Tubeworm, 14, 307, 327, 331–335, 338, Thermogenic seeps, 12, 14, 275, 314 340–343, 346, 719, 720 Thor floridanus, 488, 563, 572 Tuna, 26, 658, 659, 665, 666, 688, 691–694, Threadfish, 662 699–702, 774 Thread herrings, 663, 670, 674, 701 Turbidites, 8, 184, 340 Threatened and endangered species, 3 Turbinella angulata, 775 Thunnus Turtle, 2, 18, 32–37, 44, 49–51, 91, 472, 478, T. albacares, 659, 666 494, 564, 565, 576, 641, 652, 704, 747, T. atlanticus, 659, 666 799, 800 T. obesus, 26, 659, 666 Turtle excluder device (TED), 799, 800, 825 T. thynnus, 26, 659, 666 Turtlegrass, 448, 471, 584 Tidal inlet(s), 8, 177, 182, 201, 203, 209, 210, U 401, 450, 460, 461, 470 Udotea, 447, 584 marshes, 91, 97, 363, 403, 449, 483, 485, Uniola paniculata, 440, 452, 495–498, 500, 489, 490, 494, 522–524, 526, 537–539, 584 545, 554, 561, 571 United States Environmental Protection range, 7, 9, 56, 129, 165, 177, 195, 512, 513 Agency (USEPA) Tides, 7, 8, 37, 38, 61, 98, 380, 382–383, BEACH program, 72, 153, 155 440, 443, 444, 447, 451, 455, 490, EMAP, 75–77, 151, 153, 157, 224, 226, 227, 491, 508, 510, 511, 521, 526, 527, 533, 239, 259 568, 790 NCCR, 10, 11, 73, 75–81, 85–89, 151–157, Tiger Lucine, 23, 776, 782 228–234 Tin (Sn), 9, 162–163, 219, 225, 258, NEP, 58, 81, 84, 89, 90, 156, 219, 235, 236 271–272 PRAWN, 72 Toadfish, 544 Unresolved complex mixture (UCM), 304 TOC. See Total organic carbon (TOC) Upper Laguna Madre, 91, 570 Toluene, 302 Topography, 7, 184, 189, 202, 365, 417, 418, V 440, 453, 460, 465, 499, 514, 548, 703, Vanadium (V), 219, 248, 257, 258, 300 714, 716 Vegetated habitats, 15, 47, 359, 447, 473, Total dissolved solids (TDS), 61 490, 537–539, 826 868 Index Veracruz Whale, 41–43, 50, 51, 478, 706 coast, 376, 393, 394, 425 White mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa), Neritic Barrier Shoreline, 425, 426 177, 448, 527, 583 Vermillion snapper, 26, 680 White mullet, 664 Vesicomya chordata, 333 White shrimp, 23, 25, 28, 30, 46, 48, 49, 489, Vesicomyid clams, 333, 335 521, 539, 561, 573, 769, 777, 782, 789, Virus(es), 44, 51, 72, 742, 795 792–793, 799, 804, 805, 809, 811–813, Volatile organic compound (VOC), 97, 823, 827 217, 218 Wideongrass, 584 Vulnerable marine ecosystem (VME), 746 Wind tidal flats, 2, 91, 368, 462 Wind waves, 385, 396, 582 W Wood-boring beetle, 576 Wahoo, 666 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Wastewater, 5, 62, 63, 75, 96, 97, 101, 130, (WHOI), 643 146, 161, 269, 577 World War I, 278 Water clarity, 3, 4, 7, 15, 46, 56, 60–63, 77, World War II, 258, 278, 820, 821 78, 82, 85–89, 92, 95, 99, 102, 126, 127, Wreckfish, 667, 668 145, 152, 154, 155, 433, 443, 444, 457, 494, 495, 583 X Water clarity indicator, 155 Xiphias, 668 Water column plumes, 313–317 Xiphias gladius, 26, 668, 694, 699 Water column stratification, 7, 46, 136 Xiphiidae, 659, 660, 668, 694, 696–698 Water quality, 2–7, 46, 49, 55–147, 151–154, Xiphopenaeus kroyeri, 777, 787 156, 218, 235, 491–494, 556, 771 Watershed(s), 1, 27, 56, 58, 60, 73, 81, 87, 89, Y 91, 97, 99–101, 127, 129, 136, 224, Yaupon, 497 226–229, 361, 365, 369–372, 375, 377, Yellowfin bass, 667 380–382, 391, 396, 400, 412, 483, 491, Yellowfin tuna, 26, 659, 666, 692 574, 581, 582, 823 Yellow jack, 661 Wave(s), 7–9, 176, 180, 182, 194, 201–203, 385, Yellowtail bass, 668 387, 399, 401, 407–409, 412, 415, 416, 419, Yucatań octopus, 23, 776, 781, 782, 784, 785 421, 432, 434, 436, 437, 439, 440, 453, 455, Yucatań Peninsula, 1, 17, 20, 47, 165, 173, 457, 459, 461, 462, 466, 494, 505, 715 180, 181, 185, 193, 195, 209, 363, 370, Wave-Current-Surge Information System for 371, 374, 376, 377, 389, 394, 395, Coastal Louisiana (WAVCIS), 386 425, 428, 432–434, 444, 446, 464, Wax myrtle, 440, 496 467, 468, 470, 501, 517, 554, 564, Weakfish, 665, 702, 703 585, 649, 708, 711, 749, 779, 781, 786, 790, Weathering, 13, 61, 63, 68, 69, 161, 162, 179, 791, 794 269, 271, 300–302, 344 Yucatań Straits, 1, 19, 722 Wenchman, 664 West Indian Chank, 23, 775, 782 Z West Indian Fighting Conch, 23, 775, 782 Zinc (Zn), 9, 67, 160, 163, 219, 225, 227, Wetland(s), 8, 15–17, 28, 48, 60, 73, 76, 90, 91, 239, 246, 248, 251, 253, 257, 258, 268, 93, 95, 97, 153, 157, 163, 177, 391, 398, 272–273 403, 415, 448, 449, 455, 458, 467, 473, 478, Zooplankton, 18–20, 22, 48, 61, 254, 482–484, 490, 491, 511, 516, 517, 522, 525, 641, 642, 646, 647, 651–657, 685, 537, 538, 540, 543, 545, 554, 560, 564, 701, 705, 707, 709, 711, 742, 743, 748, 571, 572, 574, 575, 577–579, 581, 585, 826 749, 790