Guide to

MS.PC.001

Yuri Valentinovich Knorozov Papers, 1945-1998

47 linear inches

Processed by Alexander Tokovinine July 2008

Provenance: Estate of Iurii Valentinovich Knorozov, 2007

Citation: Yuri Valentinovich Knorozov Papers, 1945-1998, MS.PC.001, Image Collections and Fieldwork Archives, Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for , Washington, D.C.

Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection 2

Biographical Sketch Iurii Knorozov was born in 1922 in Khar’kov, Ukraine. His parents had Russian and Armenian roots and were members of the Soviet intelligentsia. By the time Knorozov graduated from high school, he spoke Russian, Ukrainian, and some German. In 1939, he was admitted to the Khar’kov State University where he majored in history.

Knorozov met the beginning of the war of 1941-1945 in the Ukraine. The country was soon occupied by the German army. Knorozov and his mother eventually managed to cross the battle lines back to the Soviet-controlled territory in 1943. Knorozov was then able to continue his undergraduate education at the Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU). His college friends recalled that he was fascinated with writing systems and paleography, especially with Egyptian hieroglyphs. In 1944, Knorozov entered the military service. After the end of the war in 1945, he went on to complete his undergraduate studies at the MSU. His thesis on the Shamun Nabi mausoleum and the associated oral and written tradition was based on his fieldwork in Xorazm (Khwarezm/Khorezm), Uzbekistan, as a member of the archaeological-ethnographic expedition of 1945-1948 directed by Sergei Tolstov. Knorozov’s first publication in the Sovetskaia Etnografiia journal (“Soviet Ethnography”) in 1949 was based on his undergraduate thesis.

In 1949, Knorozov moved to St. Petersburg. Thanks to the efforts of Sergei Tokarev, another of Knorozov’s mentors at MSU, he was appointed junior research fellow at the Museum of the Ethnography of the Peoples of the USSR. About that time, Knorozov became increasingly fascinated with the problem of the decipherment of Maya hieroglyphs. While studying the manuscript written by Diego de Landa, the Bishop of Yucatan, that was supposed to be the main subject of his doctoral dissertation, he realized that the so-called “Landa’s alphabet” of Maya hieroglyphs contained readings of several syllabic signs. Knorozov then turned to the published , identified the same signs in these manuscripts, and deciphered new syllables. He discovered that Maya writing was logo-syllabic and determined basic spelling rules.

The first results of Knorozov’s decipherment were published in 1952 as an article in Sovetskaia Etnografiia. It was well-received by the Soviet academia. Tolstov and Tokarev then arranged Knorozov’s new research appointment at the Kunstkamera Museum which was affiliated with the Institute of Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and obtained permission for Knorozov to defend his Ph.D. dissertation on Diego de Landa’s manuscript in 1955. The initial article on the decipherment was followed by a series of publications in Russian, Spanish, and English. In 1956, Knorozov participated in the International Congress of Americanists in Copenhagen where he presented his ideas to the international academic audience for the first time. Two later monographs – Pis’mennost’ Indeitsev Maiia (The Writing of Maya Indians) published in 1963 and Ieroglificheskiie Rukopisi Maiia (Maya Hieroglyphic Manuscripts) published in 1975 – summarized Knorozov’s work on the Maya . Also in 1975, he received the prestigious Gosudarstvennaia Premiia (“National Fellowship”) of the USSR for his contributions to Maya studies. 3

Knorozov’s decipherment of Maya writing was met with strong opposition from several prominent , particularly J. Eric S. Thompson and his students. However, several anthropologists, art historians, and linguists including Michael D. Coe, David Kelley, Floyd Lounsbury, and Tatiana Proskouriakoff corresponded with Knorozov and encouraged him. An abridged edition of Knorozov’s Pis’mennost’ Indeitsev Maiia translated by Sophie Coe was published as Selected Chapters from the Writing of Maya Indians by the Peabody Museum of Harvard University in 1967. Epigraphers applied Knorozov’s approach to Classic Maya inscriptions and deciphered additional signs. As more inscriptions were photographed, drawn, and published, the corpus of Maya logograms and syllables with known phonetic values grew exponentially.

As early as the mid-1950s, Knorozov also became interested in the decipherment of the Easter Island (Rongorongo) script. This work resulted in a number of articles, some of them written jointly with Nikolai Butinov and later with Irina Fedorova. Knorozov also contributed to the study of the Indus Script and published several reports and articles on this subject between 1965 and 1995. Nikolai Gurov was Knorozov’s main collaborator in this research until the late 1970s. Subsequent publications on the Indus script were co- authored by Margarita Al’bedil’. During the 1960s-1970s, Knorozov’s research interests extended into signaling theory and semiotics as he participated in the Linguistics section of the Research Council on Cybernetics of the National Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Beginning in 1963, Knorozov headed a special research group dedicated to the decipherment of ancient scripts.

Knorozov’s research on Maya writing in the 1980s and 1990s was shaped by collaboration with Galina Ershova, who co-authored a number of publications on Classic Maya inscriptions. In addition, he became fascinated with the topic of the peopling of the Americas. Knorozov took part in archaeological and ethnographic expeditions to the Kuril Islands. This research resulted in several publications on Ainu ethnography and archaeology.

In the 1990s, the Guatemalan and Mexican governments acknowledged Knorozov’s contributions to Maya studies. He was presented with an honorary medal by the Guatemalan government during the 1990’s and in 1994, the government of Mexico awarded him the Order of the Aztec Eagle. The 1990s was also the first time when Knorozov traveled to Mexico and and visited several important Maya sites.

Knorozov died of pneumonia in St. Petersburg in 1999. He was survived by his daughter Ekaterina and granddaughter Anna.

Scope and Content Note The Knorozov Papers contain correspondence, manuscripts, notes, journal offprints, and photographs from the personal papers of Iurii Valentinovich Knorozov (1922-1999), Russian anthropologist and linguist, famous for his breakthrough in the decipherment of Maya writing, who also made important contributions to the study of other ancient 4 scripts, signaling theory, and semiotics. The collection contains materials dating from 1945 to 1998 and is organized into four series: biographical, correspondence, writings, and research files.

The Biographical series, 1945-1994, includes a group of Knorozov’s personal daily notes, receipts, notes on research planning, hand-written selections of prose and poetry, and documents related to Knorozov’s trips to Copenhagen, Mexico, and Guatemala. The files also include newsclippings about Knorozov from Soviet and Spanish language newspapers. The earliest document in the Papers is a typed text on table manners dated 1945.

The Correspondence, 1952-1998, includes professional correspondence as well as various notes and attachments, between Knorozov and other scholars and institutions in the and abroad. The few personal letters are New Year/Christmas greetings. The series is not large, but recurring subjects of the letters are theoretical linguistics, Maya languages and writing, Peru writing/notation systems, archaeology of Kuril Islands, and publishing. Correspondence with David Kelley, Michael and Sophie Coe, Tatiana Proskouriakoff, Thomas Barthel, Norman and Dolores McQuown, and the Peabody Museum of Harvard University, will be of particular interest to Mayanists. Letters and reports related to the activities of the Research Council of the Soviet Academy of Sciences on Cybernetics, the Semiotics research group, the Group of the decipherment of ancient scripts, and to Ustinov’s work on the computer-assisted decipherment of Maya writing are also of great importance for future scholarship. Other Knorozov’s correspondents include Ignace J. Gelb, Rafael Girard, John P. Harrington, Eleazar Meletinskii, Peter Lanyon-Orgill, and Aleksandr Reformatskii.

Of greatest importance in this series, Writings, 1960 -1988, are manuscripts and offprints of Knorozov’s publications, including parts of the drafts of the monographs Pis’mennost’ indeitsev maiia (“Writing of Maya Indians”) published in 1963 and Ieroglificheskiie rukopisi maiia (Maya Hieroglyphic Manuscripts) published in 1975. There are also offprints of Knorozov’s articles on Maya and Mesoamerican calendars published in the Sovetskaia Etnografiia journal in 1971-1973. Knorozov’s work on Classic Maya inscriptions in the 1980s is represented by a full set of drafts and notes, which led to a publication of the inscription on the sarcophagus from the Temple of the Inscriptions at , in 1988. The series also includes some manuscripts related to the “signal systems theory” including transcripts of the colloquium on signaling theory organized by the Research Council of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1961, as well as drafts of an article on children’s art, and drafts of a paper on the origins and evolution of Paleolithic art. In addition, there are several manuscripts of reviews and an offprint of an article on ancient Peru writing systems that Knorozov co-authored with Fedorova.

The Research Files, 1940s-1990s is the largest series in the Knorozov Papers and contains notes, news clippings, manuscripts and offprints by other scholars, all files organized by topic. The range of subjects is broad from Ainu pictographs, archaeology, and religion, to the peopling of the Americas, contacts between the Old and New 5

Worlds, and Mesoamerican archaeology. There is a number of files on Maya languages and writing, and fewer files on Olmecs, Isthmian script, Peruvian writing and notation systems, Indus script, systems theory, structural linguistics, phonology, morphology, semantics, semiotics, and signaling theory.

The largest subject cluster is the materials on Maya languages and writing. It features Knorozov’s notes on Maya (Yukatek) grammar and vocabulary made while working on the manuscripts of Pis’mennost’ Indeitsev Maiia (Writing of Maya Indians) published in 1963 and Ieroglificheskiie Rukopisi Maiia (Maya Hieroglyphic Manuscripts) published in 1975. Some notes on Yukatek are organized by specific subjects like “weather” or “astronomy.” Another set of notes is dedicated to names and place names (onomastics and toponymy). Besides glosses, these notes contain examples of hieroglyphic spellings from the codices. There are also notes on the grammar and vocabulary of other Maya languages. A set of notes deals with the frequency of signs in Maya codices. In addition, the section includes thematic selections of images from the codices and photographs of Maya monuments grouped by region and archaeological sites. There are also offprints and manuscripts by David Kelley, Thomas Barthel, and Roberto Esclante. A selection of Danish newspaper articles about Knorozov’s presentation of the decipherment of Maya writing at a congress in Copenhagen in 1956 is of particular importance to anyone interested in the history of decipherment and can be found in the Biographical series. Knorozov’s bibliographic notes on Maya studies reflect his knowledge of and preferences in dealing with published works on Maya languages, writing, art, and archaeology.

In addition to Knorozov’s study of Maya writing, this series reveals his interest in the Olmec civilization and Isthmian (Olmec) and Zapotec writing, including offprints of articles on Olmec archaeology and early Mesoamerican writing systems, photographs, and notes on some Isthmian and Zapotec inscriptions. The inclusion certain offprints and drawings also illuminates Knorozov’s correspondence with Michael Coe, George Stuart, and . Various correspondents sent materials to Knorozov for opinions, or because he had difficulty obtaining a copy. Victoria de la Jara and Thomas Barthel were Knorozov’s main correspondents and providers of materials on Peru writing systems and there several files dealing with tukapu and Colonial “hieroglyphic” writing.

Knorozov’s interest in the history and theory of writing systems is also reflected in a selection of notes and materials on various scripts and notation systems grouped by type of script/signs (alphabets, syllabaries, numbers, rebuses, ciphers, and pictograms) or by geographic location (China, Japan, Africa, and Eskimo). Materials on linguistics theory constitute another major section of the research files series. These include Knorozov’s own notes on signaling theory, offprints of articles by several prominent Soviet linguists on the subjects of morphology, semantics, and phonology, and reports and newsletters of the Research Council on Cybernetics of the Academy of Sciences of USSR. Despite the fact that Knorozov published multiple articles on Easter Island and Indus scripts, there are almost no research files on these two subjects. Knorozov was in the habit of folding a piece of paper in half and placing a set of notes inside. Sometimes 6 the package was identified, others not. A few “re-used” notes on the Indus script decipherment have been identified and placed in a separate folder.

Finally this series contains a few notes and visual materials on Ainu ethnography and language with a special emphasis on pictograms. Several packages of notes and reports also reflect Knorozov’s participation in the archaeological research on the Kuril Islands in the1980’s and 1990’s. A set of notes corresponds to Knorozov’s research on Ainu religion, which led to a publication on Ainu beliefs about reincarnation.

Provenance The Knorozov Papers were purchased from his estate in 2007.

Permission to Publish Please contact the Curator of Image Collections and Fieldwork Archives for further information about copyright issues and permission to publish items from this collection.

Notes to Researchers The series divisions do not reflect the original organization of the papers because by the time the papers arrived at Dumbarton Oaks, original order had been lost. The series and many file names were created to facilitate scholarship.

Most of the papers are in Russian, with other languages including Spanish, Dutch, English and German. Further Ainu files and materials are at the Library of Congress. Other Knorozov materials exist at the institutions where he worked. There are oversized newspapers in a box at the end of the collection. Box Folder Title 7

Series 1: Biographical 1 1 Business Cards and Contact Information, n.d. 2 Daily Planners, n.d. 3 Mexico Trips, 1992-1993 4 MSC Notes,1977? News Clipping, 32nd International Congress of Americanists 5 (Copenhagen, 1956 Press Reviews News clippings, Mexican and other Spanish Language Newspapers, 6 re: Knorozov 7 News clippings, Soviet Newspapers about Knorozov 8 Poetry, n.d. 9 Prose, n.d. 10 Receipts, 1976 11 Research Planning, 1968, 1994 Reviews of Knorozov’s “Writing of Maya Indians” and of Evreinov, Kosarev, and Ustinou’s “Application of Electric Computing Machines in 12 the Study of ” Series 2: Correspondence 13 American Anthropologist, 1962, Argentina,1952, 1958, 1960, Correspondence with Individuals from 14 Argentina 15 Arqueología Mexicana, 1994 16 Thomas Barthel, 1964 17 Belgium, Jamin, 1956 18 C.R. Bird, 1962 19 Iu. Bromlei, 1966 20 Lyle Campbell, 1979 21 Centro de Estudios Mayas, 1997 22 Charles Upson Clark, 1952-1954 23 Michael Coe, 1957 24 Sophie Coe, 1965, 1993 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (); Francisco De 25 P. Solano, 1962 26 Costa-Rica (33rd International Congress of Americanists), 1957-1959 27 George Cowgill, 1957 28 Current Anthropology, 1961 29 Alexander Ebin, 1962 30 Embajada de Mexico, 1995 31 Galina Ershova, 1986, 1990 32 Rudigh Fuchs, 1994 2 33 Ignace J. Gelb, 1964 34 Rafael Girard, 1956 35 Francisco Guerra, 1960 36 John P. Harrington, 1956 Box Folder Title 8

37 Hermann Publishing House, 1958, Pierre Beres Knorozov 38 Hermitage Museum, 1998 Ibero-Amerikanische Bibliothek, 1957, Hans-Joachim Bock Knorozov 39 G. Kutscher 40 Institute of Slavic and Baltic Studies, 1979? 41 Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, 1968 42 International Biographical Catalogue, 1998 43 C. Jaschek and F. Atriobarandela, 1998 44 P. Jeganathan, 1994 45 Katsnel’son, Isidor S. (KauheΛteoh, Ueuaop), 1968 46 David H. Kelley, 1956-1959, 1961, 1963 47 Johann Knobloch, 1969 48 La. Kuz’min, 1988 49 Peter A. Lanyon-Orgill, 1957, 1959?, 1960 50 George Lobsiger, 1956 51 Norman and Dolores McQuown, 1970-1972, 1993, 1979 52 Alan L. Mackay, 1956 53 Joyce Marcus, 198? 54 E. Meletinskii, 1982 55 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Inc, 1971 56 Mexico, 1954, 1957 57 Museo Nacional de Arqueologica y Etnologia Guatemala, 1952-1960 58 Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography Kunstkamera, 1994 59 Nauka Publishing House, 1966 60 Pamiatniki Mirovoi Literatury, 1966 Peabody Museum Harvard University, 1964-1966, (J. Brew, Iu. 61 Knorozov, Gordon Willey, Sophie Coe, Henry Field) 62 Tatiana Proskouriakoff, 1970 63 Luis Vasquez Pueyo, 1970 64 F. I. Pyzh’ianov, 1985, 1994 65 Jim Rauh, 1970 66 A.A. Reformatskii, 1961 Research Council on Cybernetics Academy of Sciences, USSR, Re: 67 Correspondence Reports on Linguistics-Semiotics, 1959, 1962, 1966 Research Council on Cybernetics Academy of Sciences, USSR, Re: Decipherment of Ancient Scripts, 1964-1966, 1968, 1970, 1973, [Folder includes correspondence with Pavlov, Boiko, Rozentsveig, 68 Markov, and Shreder] 69 F. Roucaute, 1962 3 70 Salvador, 1953, 1956 71 Anatolii Shkun’kov, 1994 Staatliches Museum Für Völkerkunde, Dresden, 1957, 1959, [Kurt 72 Biermann to Knorozov] 73 L. Supagn, 1970 74 W. Cameron Townsend, 1956 Box Folder Title 9

75 C.L. Trepaniek, c. 1960 76 University of Chicago Press, 1974 77 Uruguay, 1953 V.A. Ustinov, 1959-1962 (correspondence and notes related to 78 Ustinov’s dissertation) 79 Venezuela, 1953, 1956-1959 80 Vestnik Akademii Nauk , n.d. 81 Voprosy Iazykoznaniia, 1976 82 Voprosy Istorii , 1976-1977 83 Wenner-Gren Foundation, 1962 84 Mark Zhukovskii, 197?-199? 85 Unidentified Correspondents, 1977 Series 3: Writings Manuscripts 86 K Stat’e Izobrazitel’noe Tvorchestvu Detei on the article “Children Art” 87 Colloquium on Signal Systems Theory (transcript) K Voprosu Osmysle Termina “Promiskuitet” (of the meaning of the 88 term “promiscuity”) Ieroglificheskie Rukopisi Maiia (ИEPOΓΛИКФИЦЕСΚLΓЕ 89 ΡΥΚΟΠИСИ МАЙЯ) (Maya Hieroglyphic Manuscripts) 4 Nadpis’ na sarkofage V Palenke (Inscription on the Sarcophagus at 90 Palenque) O Sbornike “Iskusstvo Stran Iatinskoi Ameriki” (O Ceophlike 91 “Uckycctbo Ctrah ΛAtuhckou AmerИkИ”) 92 “Osobennosti detskikh izobrazhenii” (“Peculiarities of Children’s Art”) “Osobennosti sovremennykh signal’nykh sistem” (“Peculiarities of 93 Contemporary Signal Systems”) 94 Paleolithic Art in North America 95 Peopling of the New World (Original Title Unknown) 96 Pis’mennost’ Indeitsev Maiia (The Writing of Maya Indians) 97 V Zashchito T. Kheierdala (In Defense of T. Heyerdahl) Review of Andreeva’s Dissertation “Algorithmic Recognition of Statistical Combinatory Types of Word Change and Word Categories 98 Based on Russian Language” Review of the article “Cosmological Text of the Ancient Eastern 99 European Black Sea Area” - By Marchenko Response to Thompson’s and Barthel’s Critique of Knorozov’s 100 Decipherment of Maya Writing Offprints 101 “The Ancient Ways of the Mayans” 102 Review of Michael Coe’s Book America’s First Civilization Drevnee Pepuanskoe Pis’mo: “Problema I Gipotezy, 1970” (Ancient 103 Peruvian Script: The Problem and Hypotheses) K Voprosuo Genezise “Paleoliticheskikh Izobrazhenii,” 1976 (On the 104 Origins of Paleolithic Art) Box Folder Title 10

Zametki o Kalendare Maiia (Notes on , 1971, 1973), 105 [several articles about classic Maya calendar] Series 4: Research Files 5 106 Africa - Nigeria Archaeology, [an article about Akwanshi] 107 Africa Writing 108 Ainu - Artifacts-Ikunisi, [photographs and notes on Ikunisi] 109 Ainu - Pictographs 110 Ainu Religion - Kuril Islands Archaeology 111 Americas - Contacts with the Old World 112 Americas - Indigenous Languages 113 Americas - Peopling, [Offprints of several articles] 114 Anthropology Russia - Bibliography 115 Aztec Archaeology [Michael Coe 1964 offprint] 116 Central American Newspapers 117 Chinese Writing 118 Communication in Space 119 Consejo Estatal Consultivo de la Educacion en Yucatan 120 Eskimo - Archaeology 121 Eskimo - Pictographs 122 Europe Astronomy 123 Evolutionary Biology 124 Indus Script - Decipherment 125 Japanese Writing 126 Ket Mythology 127 Kuril Islands - Archaeology 128 Kuril Islands - Newspapers 6 129 Linguistics - Bibliography 130 Linguistics - Cybernetics Linguistics - Cybernetics, Reports of the research Council on 131 Cybernetics 132 Linguistics - Invented Languages 133 Linguistics - Morphology 134 Linguistics - Phonology 135 Linguistics - Secret Codes and Cyphers 136 Linguistics - Poetry and Metrics 137 Linguistics - Semantics 138 Linguistics - Semiotics 139 Linguistics - Semiotics Ethnic Semiotics Group, 1989 140 Linguistics - Semiotics Research Council on Cybernetics 1962 7 141 Linguistics - Signal Systems 142 Linguistics - Signal Systems, Animals 143 Linguistics - Signal Systems, Child Development 144 Linguistics - Signal Systems, Nonverbal Communication 145 Linguistics - Structural Analysis, Articles by A. Reformatskii 146 Linguistics - Theory Box Folder Title 11

147 Maya - Archaeology George L. Cowgill 148 Maya - Art Themes, Specific Themes: Women, bats, snakes, vultures, rabbits, foxes, dogs, jaguars, monkeys, deer, trees, zodiac, new year, katuns 8 149 Maya - Artifacts, Pottery 150 Maya - Artifacts, Pottery - Clarkson 151 Maya v Artifacts, Pottery - Chetumal Vessel [now at Dumbarton Oaks] 152 Maya - Astronomy, Michael Coe “Native Astronomy in Meso America” 153 Maya - Languages Names and Place Names 154- Maya - Bibliography (3 folders) 156 157 Maya - Calendar Maricela Ayala and Munro S. Edmonson, 1969 158 Maya - Chronology 159 Maya - Kinship 160 Maya Languages - Chontal, Article by Atwin Smailus, Escritura Maya, November 1969 161 Maya Languages - Comparative 9 162- Maya Languages - Writing, Word Lists by theme, Time, Weather, 163 Celestial Objects, Pottery, Clothes, Household Items, Astronomy, Political Organization, Kinship, Agriculture, Trade, War, Gods (2 Folders) 164 Maya Languages - Yukatek, Colonial Dictionaries 165- Maya Languages - Yukatek, Dictionary (2 folders) 166 10 167- Maya Languages - Yukatek, Grammar (2 folders) 168 169 Maya Movies, Ershova 170 - Gods, “Red Winter Moiety”, “Blue Summer Moiety” 171 Maya Religion - Gods, God B/ Chaak, GI, God K/ K’awill, God D 172 Maya Writing - Decipherment notes on Leon de Rosny 173 Maya Writing - Decipherment papers by Thomas Barthel 174 Maya Writing - Decipherment papers by Roberto Escalante 175 Maya Writing - Decipherment papers by David H. Kelley 176 Maya Writing - Decipherment, Reviews of Knorozov’s “Writing of Maya Indians” and of Evreinov, Kosarev, and Ustinou’s “Application of Electr. Computing machines in the study of Maya script.” 11 177- Maya Writing - Inscriptions (4 folders) 180 12 181 Maya Writing - Reading and Translation Leiden Plaque 182 Maya Writing - Sign Frequency 183 Maya Writing - Signs 184 Archaeology, Teotihuacan 185 Mesoamerica Writing, Joyce Marcus 186 Mongolian Archaeology and Writing 187 Navigation History Dicke Y Julio A. Ibarra Grasso 188 Nogai Kinship, [1 chart of kinship terms] Box Folder Title 12

189 Olmec - Archaeology, offprints of articles by M. Coe, and Knorozov’s Notes on M. Coe’s America’s First Civilization 190 Olmec - Monuments, Photographs of Monuments from Lauenta Cerro de las Mesas 191 Olmec - Religion, Notes on Olmec religion and Gods 192 Olmec Writing - Notes on Isthmian Writing [sign lists and specific inscriptions Tuxla tres zapotes] 193 Paleolithic Art Origins, Unorozou’s Notes on a monograph by stoliar 194 Peru - Inca, Guaman Poma de Ayala, Cutouts of Drawings by Guaman Poma Published in the Russian Edition of Garcilaso de la Vega 195 Peru - Mochica Mythology [offprint of an article by Berezkin] 13 196- Peru Writing - Knorozov’s Notes on Tukapu, Offprints of two articles 197 by Thomas S. Barbel Dealing with Dukapu, Offprint of an Article by Ibarra Grasso [About Inca Hieroglyphs], Offprint of an Article by Gustavo Baca Corzo [on Same subject], Review of Peruvian Writing by unknown author, Bibliography of words by Barthel and Jara (2 folders) 198- Peru Writing [publications and materials prepared by Victoria de la 199 Jara] (2 folders) 200 Russia - Ethnography 201 Russia - Kinship 202 Russia - Siberia Ethnography 203 Russia Writing - History 204 Social Theory - Ethnicity, Articles by Gomilev 205 Social Theory - Kinship, Articles by Girenko 206 Social Theory - Political Economy 207 Social Theory - Social Evolution, Marriage 208 Statistics 209 Survival in Extreme Conditions 14 210 Systems of Theory 211 Systems Theory, Theory of Collectives 212 Writing - Comparative Alphabets and Syllabaries 213 Writing - Comparative Numbers 214 Writing - Comparative Pictographs 215 Writing - Maps 216 Writing - Rebus 217 Writing Theory, Samkova’s Manuscript “Origins and Development of Writing” 218 Zapotec - Archaeology, Religion 219 Zapotec - Monuments and Inscriptions Oversize box 15 Russian language newspapers