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Book Reviews CAVE of the WINDS Afterburner Book Reviews CAVE OF THE WINDS The Remarkable History of the Langley Full-Scale Wind Tunnel By J R Chambers NASA SP-2014-614. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC. 2014. (http://www.hq.nasa.gov/offi ce/hqlibrary/ic/ ic2.htm). 533pp. Illustrated. $30 plus postage/ packing. (e-book version of this publication can be downloaded for free via http://www.nasa.gov/ connect/ebooks/cave_of_the_winds_detail.html). When the press stood in the open test section of the 30 x 60ft Full Scale Wind Tunnel at NACA Langley at its inauguration in 1931 they were staggered by its scale. It was the largest wind tunnel in the world and ‘Cave of the Winds’ became its name in the popular press for the next 15 years. This book tells a longer story, starting from the tunnel’s antecedents A Loening XSL-1 single- Propeller Research Tunnel (PRT) of 1927 put the and following through from a detailed account of its engine fl ying boat in the US well ahead of Europe in the ability to develop Full-Scale Wind Tunnel at the design, beginning in 1928, its opening on 27 May new aerofoil sections (VDT) and dramatically 1931, its 78 years of operation, to conclude with the National Advisory Committee of Aeronautics Laboratories at improve the cooling effi ciency of the air-cooled completion of its demolition on 18 May 2011. It is a Langley Field, Virginia, USA, engines of the time (PRT). On the strength of what heroic story. in October 1931. RAeS (NAL). these two facilities had made possible, approval was Although the Wright brothers had shown the given in 1928 for the construction of a wind tunnel world in 1903 that controlled, powered fl ight was capable of testing full-scale aircraft. possible, over the following decade the United States After initial teething troubles and some lagged behind Europe in moving the technology modifi cations, the tunnel quickly established its ability on. At the start of WW1 the European nations to predict fl ight results from tests of full-scale aircraft had several thousand warplanes and the United in the tunnel. In the following fi ve years, in addition to States had 23. Concerned at this gap in capability, a signifi cant body of generic aerodynamic research, the US Congress added a rider to the 1915 Naval the tunnel investigated lift and drag, stability, engine Appropriations Act that created a 12-man Advisory cooling, carbon monoxide ingress into the cockpit Committee for Aeronautics, reporting directly to the and other detailed aspects for a wide range of actual President, and also included the potential future It is thus a aircraft. The book gives a full account of what was establishment of an aeronautical research laboratory. defi nitive book. tested and what was learned during this period. The committee followed the formula set in Britain six The test facility By the late 1930s WW2 was looming and years previously but, when it fi rst met, the committee that is its subject American industry and NACA, entered a seven-year restyled itself the National Advisory Committee for period of intensive development of new military Aeronautics and the NACA was born. In 1917 some made one of the aircraft. The tunnel operated in shifts, 24 hours a land in Hampton, Virginia was purchased, named most substantial day, seven days a week. The account in the book Langley Field after the early fl ight pioneer Samuel contributions covers the details of the most signifi cant work Pierpont Langley, and construction began of the done during this period, notably the increases that Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory. to aeronautical were achieved in fi ghter aircraft top speeds by The laboratory was completed and, in 1920, progress in the ‘drag clean up’, which became a speciality of the the NACA Wind Tunnel No 1, a replica of a ten-year last century and tunnel. It also records the resolution of many critical old tunnel at the National Physical Laboratory in its story should problems in stability and control, engine cooling, Britain, began operation. Although it provided useful etc. encountered not only by prototypes but also by experience for the new young scientists joining the be a fascinating in-service aircraft. By the end of the war, to quote laboratory, it was effectively obsolete when it was read for aviation from the book “the Langley Full-Scale Tunnel was built and produced no signifi cant results. The US historians, recognised for its tremendous contributions to the was still lagging far behind Europe. Over the next aerodynamicists Nation’s war efforts and as one of the most valuable decade, however, Langley completely turned the investments ever made by the United States.” tables. The 5ft diameter, 20atm Variable Density and wind In the six and a half decades that followed WW2 Tunnel (VDT) of 1922 and the 20ft diameter tunnellers alike there were many changes – of name (the NACA 44 AEROSPACE / APRIL 2016 became NASA), of organisation, of personalities and of role. There were enhancements of capability, damage by hurricane-caused fl ooding, reduced funding following the end of the Cold War and fi nally, for the years 1996-2009, a transfer of tunnel operation from NASA to the Old Dominion University (ODU) of Norfolk, Virginia. Between 1946 and 2009, test programmes included the fi rst generation of swept-wing fi ghters, supersonic transports, space vehicles, dynamically scaled free-fl ying models, helicopters, submarines, airships, active control of fi ghters in the post-stall regime, racing cars, trucks, a replica of the Wright Flyer, even a cell-phone tower disguised as a tree! The fi nal test in 2009 was of the Boeing-NASA X-48C 0.085 scale fl ying model of a Hybrid/ Blended Wing Body transport aircraft, built in the UK by Cranfi eld Aerospace. The model then went to NASA Dryden for fl ight testing, which ended in August 2012, completing a six-year programme of The Boeing X-48B in the contributions to aeronautical progress in the last tunnel and fl ight research that had begun at Langley tunnel. The slightly later century and its story should be a fascinating read X-48C was the fi nal aircraft in 2006 with its predecessor, the X-48B. tested in the NACA/NASA for aviation historians, aerodynamicists and wind The book sets out the history on the tunnel, Full-Scale Wind Tunnel tunnellers alike. its test activity and its personnel in detail and with at the Langley Memorial humour. It has been thoroughly researched and Aeronautical Laboratory in Dr J E Green contains a wealth of historic photographs. The Hampton, Virginia. NASA. FREng FRAeS FAIAA author began his career in 1962 in the Full-Scale Wind Tunnel, was the eighth head of the tunnel, Virtually the only artefact that remains from this from 1974 to 1981, and retired in 1988 after a famous wind tunnel following its demolition is one 36-year career at Langley. He has had full access of the two drive fans weighing 7,000lb which is now to the wind tunnel archives and to the memories of prominently on display at the National Air and Space a great many colleagues, whose help in preparation Museum, Washington DC, in the Boeing Milestones of and scrutiny of the draft he acknowledges. Flight Hall which acted on the advice of their Curator It is thus a defi nitive book. The test facility that of Aerodynamics Dr John D Anderson FRAeS http:// is its subject made one of the most substantial blog.nasm.si.edu/history/full-scale-wind-tunnel JUNKERS W 33, W 34 AND K 43 Workhorse in Peace and War which have not been published before. Of particular et al interest are the W33 fi tted with a large loudspeaker By L Andersson over its wing for ‘sky shouting’ during the 1932 EAM Books EEIG, 3 Gatesmead, Haywards Heath German election (defi nitely not a good aerodynamic RH16 1SN, UK (E [email protected]). 2015. arrangement) and the 1928 W33 experimentally 272pp. Illustrated. £30 (inclusive of UK postage/ fi tted with two airscrews driven from its single engine. packing). ISBN 978-0-9573744-1-6. Almost a third of the book is taken up with very comprehensive appendices covering production Derived from the pioneering Junkers F13, which records, registration lists, Luftwaffe factor codes, served three quarters of the world’s air routes during world-wide operators, performance parameters, data the 1920s, the W33/W34 series of transports was Junkers Ju46, D-2244, of and drawings of the different variants and records Lufthansa, shortly after being also an unqualifi ed success. These civilian aircraft catapulted from the SS achieved. Towards the book’s end there is a nice transported freight and passengers all over the Europa. RAeS (NAL). colour drawing of the cockpit of a W34hi, followed world (34 countries) while the K43 military version by pictures of stamps and nine pages of coloured served in even greater numbers in the Luftwaffe. side views of the W33, W34, Ju46 and K43. In this book, the authors have chosen to focus on This book, the subject of which is diffi cult to the diversifi ed pre-war civilian operations around research due to the destruction of many records the world. As the authors point out, the W33/W34 during WW2, is a follow on from the authors’ book aircraft were not cheap to buy or fast in the air but on the Junkers F13 and is well worth a place on the these all-metal aircraft were weather-resistant, aerophile’s book shelf.
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