SHANXI PROVINCE, 1998-2004 Karen R. POLENSKE

APPENDIX A

PHOTOS AND DESCRIPTIONS

COKEMAKING PHOTOS, SHANXI PROVINCE, 1998-2004

Karen R. POLENSKE

A.0 Photo History of Cokemaking in Shanxi Province, 1998-2004

Since we took our first field trip in July 1998, our cokemaking team has taken many photos, a few of which I include in Appendix A. I note those not taken by me. Little did I realize during that first field trip that I would be recording the beginning of a rapid transformation in the cokemaking technologies in Shanxi Province. I started to photograph at the coke plants in Shanxi Province in 1998, and I have used the more than 2,000 photos I have taken in many of my powerpoint presentations, as well as in the posters that we display at the poster session for the Annual AGS conference, and to show the research assistants (RAs) some of what to expect when new RAs prepare for their first field trip. In the United States, I have shown them at the different coke plants I have visited to illustrate some of the transformation that is occurring in China. I try always to ask for permission before taking any photo. Only a few times have I been told not to take a photo. In the photos, note that the picture often seems hazy. The photo is not bad, but it is the polluted air that is causing the photo to look hazy. In this Appendix, I share with you, select photos to help tell the remarkable story of the TEEH chain in Shanxi Province. Several of the ovens, batteries, and other items I have photographed no longer exist.

I call the maps "Photos," just for ease in numbering. In Photo 1 (created by Li Xin in June 2005), I provide the map of China and show where Shanxi Province and Beijing are located. In Photos 2 and 3, I show two road and rail maps of Shanxi Province (Chapter 6), identifying the coal mines, coke plants, and the major highways and rail lines. Photo 2 shows coal shipments, and Photo 3 shows coke shipments in the region, both for the year 2000.

A.1 Coke-Oven Technologies

In Photo 4, I show the line of coke chimneys that we saw on our first 150-Kilometer trip from Taiyuan to Hongtong. In this first section of photos, I document different coke- oven technologies from the hole-in-the-ground indigenous ovens to the modern slot ovens and clean coke ovens. In Photo 5, I show an indigenous coke-oven site that we visited south of Jiexiu on our first field trip; and, in Photo 6, I show five men who are manually pushing a cover onto a modified indigenous oven. This oven was torn down at the Antai Coke plant in Jiexiu the next year and replaced by a hotel. In Photo 7, I show batteries of modified indigenous ovens, which probably are all closed. We were traveling on the highway, so that I could not ascertain whether they were operating. In Photo 9, a man is sweeping the area in front of a JKH modified indigenous oven at Sansheng, and in Photo 10, I show the coke oven doors that were to be installed in a new machinery (slot-oven) battery at Qingxu. One battery of slot ovens and the coal- loading tower are in the background. I show the sequence of cokemaking operations from the coke push into the quenching car (Photo 11), to the quenching tower (Photo 13), and to the coke-cooling wharf (Photo 12). The black smoke from the coke push contrasts with the white steam from the cooling tower. I note that the following year, some plants, like Antai, had installed covers on at least some of their quenching cars, as continuous efforts are made by them and other coke plants to reduce pollution. I do not show this in the photos.

In the final set of photos on coke-oven technologies, I show different versions of “clean” coke ovens, originally referred to as nonrecovery ovens. We first saw the SJ-96 (SanJia-1996) ovens, Photos 14 and 15, in 1998 at the Sanjia plant in Jiexiu. The workers sealed the oven doors with mud. Note the blue-painted chimneys in the background. The Environmental Protection Bureau would allow a chimney to be painted blue or green only if the plant met the then increasingly stringent pollution standards. In Photo 16, I show the heat-recovery version of this type of oven, which had been installed at Sanjia by July 2002. In 1998, I heard about the Houma coke nonrecovery ovens (Photo 17), but I did not see them until 2004, by which time they were not operating properly and were being replaced by newer ovens (not shown). Both the Gangyuan coke plant (Photo 18) and the Qingxu Yingxian coke plant (Photos 19 and 20) recently (2003-2004) installed “clean” coke ovens. At the Gangyuan battery in January 2004, the manager asked us to do an intensive particulate-pollution test later in the year. This is the first time a plant manager had asked us to do the tests instead of our asking if we could conduct tests.

The product of cokemaking is coke. I show the difference in size of the metallurgical coke and stacked foundry coke in Photo 21, the workers stacking the foundry coke in Photo 22, and one of many uses of some waste products—in this case to make sidewalk tiles (Photo 23).

A.2 Energy: Coal, its mining, transport, and processing In Shanxi Province, plants obtain coal from nearby coal mines. We visited only one such mine, which was a pit mine. In 2002, we visited one of the largest open-surface Appendix A 161 mines in China at Fushun, Liaoning Province. I include Photo 24 to show the extensive rail system they use within the mine. In Shanxi Province, most of the coal is mined from underground mines (Photo 25) and trucked to the plant, where the trucks are weighed (Photo 26) prior to being unloaded. At the Houma Coke Plant, they were using large equipment to unload the coal from the train or truck onto a pile of coal for storing for use in the ovens (Photo 27). At Qingxu Yingxian, the coal is top loaded into the clean coke ovens (Photo 28). Before being loaded into the coke oven, the coal is washed to remove dirt and other impurities (Photo 29). The washing also removes some of the ash from the coal. After the coal is washed, workers test the coal for quality (Photo 30).

For materials, such as brick, for the ovens, workers use animals to pull wagons (Photo 31, taken by Francis C. McMichael). For the movement of the coke on the plant site, they may use small tractors (Photo 32) or local peasants build up the sides of their trailers in order to use them for transporting coke to the local train station. Here, they wait in line to weigh their loads (Photo 33). I show some of the coke cars from a train that passes by a coke plant as it heads towards Taiyuan or other points East (Photo 34). Plants also use large diesel trucks. This truck is transporting foundry coke from a plant to points unknown (Photo 35). Most workers at a plant use motorcycles or bicycles to travel from their nearby villages or towns (Photos 36 and 37).

The year 2000 was one of the first years in which plants used 20-tonne containers for shipping coke to the ports. They load the container manually at the plant and take it to the train station, or they load the container directly onto a truck bed. One man takes one day to load such a container (Photo 38). Two years later, several men were loading one container (Photo 39). The plant used this control room to track the coal and coke. The control-room manager had three red telephones, but we did not determine for what important calls they were used (Photo 40).

A.3 Environmental Pollution Measures and Health

After the slot coke-oven is filled with coal, the men use a sealant to prevent emissions from escaping the oven during the coking process (Photo 41). Different signs are used to warn workers (and visitors) of the dangers at the plant, stressing the need to wear a gas mask (Photo 42) and the dangers of Black Lung Disease (Photo 43). Photo 44 shows the technical drawings of the three sensors members of our team used to detect particulate pollution. Many plants surround coke ovens with trees and grass (Photo 45). Diesel trucks carrying coal must be covered if they use expressways (Photo 47). In Photo 46, I show Dr. Qian Zhiqiang, one of our China coke team members, examining the three types of particulate sensors we used, which are shown in more detail in Photo 48.

Although we have not had the funding to start the health phase of our work yet, we expect that the health of many workers and their families are improving, especially since 1998 as many of the most polluting plants are being closed. For those still open, many coke plants have considerable amounts of green grass, trees, and shrubs, some of which are directly by the coke ovens (Photos 49 and 50). Some plants even have vast 162 Appendix A

beds of flowers (not shown). Indirectly, such flower beds may help the mental attitude of workers as they arrive at or leave work. Whereas the quenching water used to flow directly into the ground at the indigenous and modified indigenous coke ovens, some coke plants have recycling units for the water, which is then reused (Photo 51). These are just a few of the many examples we have seen of the efforts coke managers are making to provide a healthy and safe place in which their employees can work and live.

Even so, the pollution problem is severe. In addition to closing the most polluting plants, the managers are installing newer coke-oven technologies that reduce the pollution emitted from the ovens and quenching cars, but I remain troubled by the lack of attention to the pollution caused by the diesel trucks. Although Shanxi Province authorities have closed two-thirds of the most polluting coke ovens that existed in 1998, the air in the villages and towns where coke production occurs is still hazy most days, and using our three mobile battery-operated particulate-pollution sensors, we continue to detect high levels of particulate pollution in the ambient air, especially along the highways. I am confident that the officials will soon make concerted efforts to solve the freight-transportation problem, so that in the future, my pictures can show blue rather than hazy sky, and, even more important, so that the workers and people in the towns and villages in Shanxi Province can be healthy. Appendix A 163

Beijing Shanxi Province

Photo 1: Map of China with Shanxi Province Highlighted

Legend Coal Mine Coke Plant Consumer

Coal Road Coal Rail

Coke Road

Coke Rail Photo 2: Coal Transportation in Photo 3: Coke Transportation in Shanxi Province Shanxi Province 164 Appendix A

Photo 4: Coke Chimneys Near Jiexiu, July 2000

Photo 5: Closed Indigenous Coke-Oven Facility, South of Jiexiu, August 1998

Photo 6: Coke Workers Pushing Cover onto Modified-Indigenous Coke Oven, August 1998

TECHNOLOGY: INDIGENOUS AND MODIFIED INDIGENOUS COKE OVENS Appendix A 165

Photo 7: Modified Indigenous Coke Photo 8: Beehive Oven with Ovens, January 12, 2004 Green Chimney, July 31, 2002

Photo 9: Sansheng JKH Ovens: Worker Sweeping, July 8, 2000

Photo 10: Qingxu Slot Ovens, with Oven Doors for New Battery in Foreground, July 2001

TECHNOLOGY: MODIFIED INDIGENOUS COKE OVENS AND SLOT OVENS 166 Appendix A

Photo 11: Coke Push—Antai, Photo 12: Cooling Wharf—Antai, July 8, 2000 July 8, 2000

Photo 13: Quenching Tower–Antai, July 8, 2000

TECHNOLOGY: SLOT OVENS Appendix A 167

Photo 14: Worker Cleaning Photo 15: Sealing Coke Oven (Sanjia SJ-96) Oven (Sanjia SJ-96), Jiexiu, July 31, 2002 July 31, 2002

Photo 16: New Sanjia Ovens with Heat Recovery Jiexiu, July 31 2002

TECHNOLOGY: CLEAN COKE OVENS 168 Appendix A

Photo 18: Gangyuan Clean Coke Ovens, January 10, 2004

Photo 17: Houma Coke Ovens, January 12, 2004

Photo 19: Qingxu Yingxian Clean Photo 20: Qingxu Yingxian Clean Coke Coke Ovens, July 31, 2002 Ovens with EPB (Environmental Protection Bureau) Approved Blue Chimney, July 31, 2002

TECHNOLOGY: CLEAN COKE OVENS Appendix A 169

Photo 21: Metallurgical and Foundry Coke, Sanjia, July 9, 2000

Photo 22: Workers Stacking Foundry Coke, Sanjia, July 31 2002

Photo 23: Making Pedestrian Tiles with Waste, July 7, 2001

METALLURGICAL AND FOUNDRY COKE AND WASTE PRODUCTS 170 Appendix A

Photo 24: Fushun Surface Coal Mine Rail Photo 25: Dongshan Workers System, August 6, 2002 at Mine Mouth, July 6, 2000

Photo 26: Qingxu Truck-Weighing Station, January 10, 2004

Photo 27: Houma Unloading Coal, Photo 28: Top-Loading Coal— January 12, 2004 Clean Coke Oven Qingxu YingXian, July 31, 2002

ENERGY: COAL MINING AND TRANSPORTATION Appendix A 171

Photo 29: Coal Washing, July 7, 2001

Photo 30: Workers Testing Coal after Washing, July 7, 2001

ENERGY: COAL PREPARATION 172 Appendix A

Photo 31: Peasants with Horses Hauling Bricks, Sansheng Coke Plant, July 8, 2000

Photo 32: Small Tractor Used to Haul Coke at Plant, July 8, 2001

Photo 33: Peasants with Tractors Waiting to Weigh Coke, August 1999

TRANSPORTATION Appendix A 173

Photo 34: Coke Train Near Jiexiu, July 31, 2002

Photo 35: Foundry Coke Truck Near Jiexiu, January 12, 2004

Photo 36: Workers’ Motorcycles Sanjia, Jiexiu, Photo 37: Workers Leaving July 31, 2002 Meijing Coke Plant, January 10, 2004

TRANSPORTATION 174 Appendix A

Photo 38: Coke Worker Loading 20-tonne Coke Container, Jiexiu, July 9, 2000

Photo 39: Coke Workers Loading 20-tonne Coke Container, Jiexiu, July 31, 2002

Photo 40: Antai Computer Control Room, July 7, 2001

TRANSPORTATION Appendix A 175

Photo 41: Workers Sealing Top of Coke Ovens--Fushun Iron and Steel, August 6, 2002

Photo 42: Safety Sign at Dongsheng Photo 43: Black Lungs Sign at Taiyuan Coke Plant, January 11, 2004 Coal Gasification Plant, August 1999

ENVIRONMENT 176 Appendix A

Note: LS = Light Scattering; DC = Diffusion Charging; PC = Photoelectric Charging. Photo 44: Air-Pollution Sensors

ENVIRONMENT Appendix A 177

Photo 45: Green Grass and Trees, Antai Photo 46: Qian Zhiqiang Cokemaking Plant, July 7, 2001 Inspecting Three Pollution Sensors, Qingxu, January 10, 2004

Photo 47: Diesel Truck With Cover Hauling Coal, Photo 48: Three Qingxu, January 10, 2004 Particulate Pollution Sensors, Qingxu, January 10, 2004

ENVIRONMENT 178 Appendix A

Photo 49: Coke Plant and New Construction, Antai, July 8, 2000

Photo 50: Coke Push with Trees Lining Street by Coke Battery, July 9, 2000

Photo 51: Water Recycling Settlement Basin, July 9, 2000 ENVIRONMENT APPENDIX B

ACRONYMS

AC alternating-current AGS Alliance for Global Sustainability BaP Benzopyrene-3.4 CAS Chinese Academy of Science CEEPR Center for Environmental and Energy Policy Research China People’s Republic of China CIS Center for International Studies CNC condensation nucleus counter CO Carbon Monoxide CO2 Carbon Dioxide COG Coke-Oven Gas CSY China Statistical Yearbook DC Diffusion charging DMA Differential mobility analyzer DQJ-50 Daogu Qingjie Lu with a maximum capacity of 50 ten thousand tonnes DUSP Department of Urban Studies and Planning EIOT Extended Input-Output Table ETHz Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology, Zürich GDP Gross Domestic Product GFCF gross fixed capital formation GIS Geographical Information System GPSS GIS-based Planning Support System gsce Grams of standard coal equivalent GUI Graphic User Interface H2S Hydrogen Sulfide HH Household HRO Heat-Recovery Oven HSPH Harvard School of Public Health ISO14000 International Standards Organization 14000 ISO9000 International Standards Organization 9000 ISS Institute of System Sciences JKH89-I JKH-89 ovens designed by Jiexiu Erji Gongsi in 1989, Model I.

JKH89-II JKH-89 ovens designed by Jiexiu Erji Gongsi in 1989, Model II. JKH-97 JKH-89 ovens designed by Jiexiu Erji Gongsi in 1997, JNK43-98D Designed by the Anshan Cokemaking & Refractory Engineering Consulting Corporation in 1998, 4.3 meters high, with tamping (Daogu). JX-1 Jiexiu-1 kg Kilogram km Kilometers LS Light scattering LL Oven Luliang Oven MACT Maximum Achievable Clean Technology M³ Cubic meters MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology NEPA National Environment Planning Agency nm nanometers PM10 Particulate Matter (up to 10 micrometers in size) 91 1991 type NOx Nitrogen Oxide NSFC National Natural Science Foundation of China ODPHSP Occupational Disease Prophylactic and Therapeutic Hospital of Shanxi Province OTA Office of Technology Assessment PAH Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon PC Photoelectric charging Plant-Min 2000 Plant-Minimization Scenario PPAH Particle-bound Polycyclic aromatic hydrcarbon PX Oven Pingxiang Oven QRD-2000 Qingjie Re Daogu (in Chinese) 2000 QRD-2002 Qingjie Re Daogu (in Chinese) 2002 RMB Renminbi SDA Structural Decomposition Analysis SPGPSS Shanxi Province Geographic Planning Support System SSDA Spatial Structural Decomposition Analysis SJ-96 Sanjia 1996 type SO2 Sulfur Dioxide SOx Sulfur Oxide SOE State-Owned Enterprise Tce Tonnes of Coal Equivalent TEEH Chain Technology-Energy-Environment-Health Chain TJ-75 Taiyuan Jixiehua 1975 TJL4350D Taiyuan Jixiehua Lu, mechanized oven that is 4.3 meters high, 500 mm wide, and features coal tamping Transport-Min 2000 Transport-Minimization Scenario TFP Total factor productivity TSP Total Suspended Particulates TUT Taiyuan University of Technology TVE Township-and-Village Enterprise Appendix B 181

TVG Township and Village Government 2000 Base 2000 Base Scenario 2000 Plant-Min 2000 Plant-Minimization Scenario 2000 Transport-Min 2000 Transport-Minimization Scenario UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization USD U.S. Dollars UT The University of Tokyo YX-21QJL-1 Yingxian 21 Shiji Qingjie Lu-1, in Chinese; that is, Yingxian 21 Century Clean Oven-type 1, in English INDEX

A Changzhi, 104 see also highway. Academy of Mathematics and Systems charging machine, 30 Science, 10, 22 chemical coal-cleaning method, 35 acute and chronic symptom, 155 Chicago, 31 advanced froth floatation, 35 China Cokemaking Team, see MIT. advanced physical method, 35 China Coking Industry Association (CCIA), Agenda 21, 3, 157 15 Alliance for Global Sustainability (AGS), 3, China, People’s Republic of, 1-2, 9, 134, 6, 95, 133-134, 137, 153-154, 157 149 Mexico City Project, 154 Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 3, ammonia, 28-29, 32, 34, 38, 103, 120 10, 157 Anshan Cokemaking & Refractory chronic respiratory effect, 155 Engineering Consulting Corporation, 14 clean: ArcView GIS, 96 (nonrecovery) coke oven, 14, 24, 26, 32-33, 37-38, 92, 103, 120, 123, 128- B 129, 153-154, 156, 160-161, 167- 168 beehive oven, 27, 165 coke-oven technology, 100-102 Beijing, 104 cokemaking plant, 38, 92 see also expressway. non-recovery coke-oven technology, 99 benzene, 23, 28-29, 32, 34, 38, 112-113, -oven technology, 6 140 clinical respiratory effect, 155 benzopyrene-3.4 (BaP), 34 coal: biological method, 35 and coke, 2-7, 38, 91-92, 95, 101, 104- blast furnace, 1, 24, 39, 156 105, 137, 153, 161 brownfield, 157 consumption, 9, 11, 26, 28, 30, 62, 151 byproduct recovery system, 24 -gas, 10, 13, 78 gasification, 175 C -input coefficient, 11, 15-16, 20 -tar, 10, 13 caking propensities, 24 volatile, 26 calcium-carbide making, 23 coal cleaning method, 35 capital-requirement effect, 151 see also advanced physical method; carbon: biological method; chemical coal dioxide (CO2), 34, 39 cleaning method; conventional monoxide (CO), 24, 34, 39 physical cleaning method. chamber: coke: coal-carbonization chamber, 36 crushing, 33 coking chamber, 27, 29, 30 -market effect, 151 combustion chamber, 30, 32 -oven gas (COG), 23, 27-29, 31, 34, 36- heating chamber, 30 38 regenerative chamber, 29 -oven technology 183 184 Index

push (pushing), 30, 33-34, 120, 152, conventional physical method, 35 160, 166, 178 conveyer belt, 36 -pushing process, 118, 120-121 cooling wharf, 30, 37, 160, 166 -pushing operation, 37 crude petroleum, 49-57, 59-61, 63, 73-80, quenching, 27, 33, 120, 122-124, 137 82 screening, 33, 39 semi-coke, 23-24 D cokemaking: oven, 23, 25, 27-28, 30, 99 Daogu Qingjie Lu, 14, 32 process, 101, 106, 118, 120 Datong, 104 sector, see also highway. supply chain differential mobility analyzer (DMA), 116 technology, 11, 14, 24, 28, 150 diffusion charging (DC), 110, 113, 115- coke-oven technology, 14, 99, 102-103, 116, 176 106 direct and indirect: see also clean coke-oven technology; energy input, 48, 58, 62-63, 67, 73-74, clean non-recovery coke-oven 77-79, 81, 88 technology; machinery coke-oven input coefficient, 54, 64 technology; non-machinery coke labor input, 73, 75, 77-78, 80, 88 oven technology. DQJ-50 oven, see coke-oven type. coke-oven type: dry quenching, 37, 156. 91-type oven, 13, 15-16, 21 DQJ-50 oven, 14-16, 32 E Jewell-Thompson coke oven, 31 JKH-89 oven, 27-28, 30 economic efficiency, 65 JKH-97 oven, 14-15, 21, 28, 144 economies of scale, 45, 94, 98-99, 102, 105 JNK43-98 oven, 14-15 electrostatic, 35, 38, 115 JNK43-98D oven, 14, 16 employment effect, 150 JX-1 oven, 27-28 energy: joint clean oven, 16 -conservation programs, 65, 67 Kiln oven, 25 consumption, 2, 41, 44-46, 48-49, 52, QRD-2000 oven, 14, 16, 32 55-56, 58-59, 64-65, 68, 77-78, 81, QRD-2002 oven, 16, 32 83, 91, 93, 95, 98, 101-102, 104-107, PX oven, 28, 144 151-152 Red Flag oven, 15-16 efficiency, 3, 6, 12-17, 22, 39, 45, 52, SJ-96 oven, 13, 123, 144, 160, 167 65-66, 71-73, 78, 85 small 58 oven, 15-16 -input coefficient, 48, 52 TJ-75 oven, 13, 15-16, 21, 31-32 intensity, 2-4, 6, 10, 13, 41-44, 57, 59, TJL4350A oven, 16 62, 64, 66-67, 146, 150, 154 TJL4350D oven, 14, 16 intensity improvements, 2 WJ-663 oven, 15-16 -intensive sector, YX-21QJL-1 oven, 14-16 enterprise ownership structure, 134-135 coking: Environmental Protection Bureau, 3, 31, chamber, see chamber. 160, 168 coal, 9, 24-25, 27, 33, 35, 37, 52, 92 environmental regulation, 10, 22, 38, 92, cycle, 26 137, 144, 157 combustion chamber, see chamber. exposure-response relationship, 152 condensation nucleus counter (CNC), 116 expressway: Index 185

Beijing-Shenzhen expressway, 104 heavy liquid cycloning, 35 Beijing-Shijiazhuang expressway, 104 Hejin, 105 Beijing-Tianjin-Tanggu expressway, hetero-chemical catalytic reaction, 116 104 high-capacity plant, 151 Taiyuan-Jiuguan expressway, 104 highway: extended input-output table (EIOT), 5-6 Datong-Yuncheng Highway, 104 Taiyuan-Changzhi-Jincheng highway, F 104 Taiyuan-Lishi-Liulin highway, 104 Fenyang, 105 Hongtong, 3, 105, 160 final-demand shift, 46-48, 55-60, 64 Houma, 33, 160-161, 168, 170 Five-Year Social Economic Development human health, 109-112, 150 Plan, 65 human respiratory tract, 109-110, 112 foundry coke, 1, 24, 34, 160-161, 169, 173 hydrogen: furnace, see blast furnace; steel blast sulfide (H2S), 34, 38 furnace. cyanide, 38

G I gasification, 23, 175 impurities, 24, 35, 38, 161 see also coal gasification. India, 1-2, 33, 149, 155-156 geographic information system (GIS), 5, 93, Indiana, 31 95-96, 106, 151, 154 Indiana Harbor, 31, 33 GIS-based Planning Support System indigenous: (GPSS), 93, 95, 96, 154 cokemaking, 28, 36 global warming, 156 cokemaking method, 26 gram of standard coal equivalent (GSCE), (cokemaking) oven, 25, 31 42-43 technology, 26, 29-30, 144 graphic user interface (GUI), 96-97 industrial park, 92-93, 105-107 gray market, 86 input-output: greenhouse gas emission, 156 account, 45 gross domestic product (GDP), 41, 43, 47, analysis, 42, 44, 73, 78 135 economics, 42, 45 gross fixed capital formation (GFCF), 49- model, 44-46, 48 51, 59-60 table, 5-6, 41, 44, 52, 59, 67-68, 73, 154 Gujiao, 105 transaction table, 45 Institute of System Sciences (ISS), 11 H International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 137-138 Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH), iron: 155 blast furnace, 156 Haverhill, 31 -ore bed, 24 heat-recovery: -ore burden, 1 oven (HRO), 30, 32 system, 31 J heating chamber, see chamber. heating flues, 29 Japan, 1, 149, 155-156 heavy industry, 42-43, 65, 78 186 Index

Jewell-Thompson coke oven, see coke- see also large-machinery coke oven; oven type. small-machinery coke oven. JiaoNaiyuan Kuanti Danre Lu, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Jiexiu, 14, 27-29, 31, 105-107, 118, 160, (MIT), 3 164, 167, 173-174 China Cokemaking Team, 7, 70, 134, Jincheng, 104 149, 153 see also highway. Committee on the Use of Humans as joint clean oven, see coke-oven type. Experimental Subjects (COUHES), 5 JKH-89 oven, see coke-oven type. maximum achievable clean technology JKH-97 oven, see coke-oven type. (MACT), 31 JNK43-98 oven, see coke-oven type. metal casting, 23-24, 34 JNK43-98D oven, see coke-oven type. metallurgical coal, 1, 9, 151-152, 156 Jiexiu, 14, 31, 105-107, 118, 160, 164, Ministry of Agriculture, 3, 157 167 Ministry of Machinery, 92 Jiexiu-1 oven, see JX-1 oven. mobile air-pollution sensor, 154 Jiuguan, 104 modified indigenous: see also expressway. cokemaking, 14, 36-37 JX-1 oven, see coke-oven type. (cokemaking) oven, 14, 25-28, 30-31, 36-38, 118, 160 K coke oven, 118 coke oven technology, 14, 92 Kiln method, 25 plant, 38-39 Kiln oven, see coke-oven type. molecular structure of coal, 23 Krupp Mannesmann Steelworks, 30 N L 91 type, see coke-oven type. labor compensation, 78, 81, 144 naphthalene, 38-39 large-capacity plant, 99, 106 national and provincial input-output table, large-machinery: 154 coke oven,10, 14-15, 28, 92, 100, 103, National Environmental Planning Agency 120, 129 (NEPA), 157 coke plant, 38, 92, 102, 120 natural gas, 49-57, 59-61, 63, 73-80, 82 coke-oven technology, 99, 102-103 neoclassical location theories, 94 leveling, 36 network optimization algorithm, 95 Liaoning Province, 38, 161 nitrogen oxide (NOx), 29, 34, 37, 102 light scattering (LS), 110, 113, 117, 176 non-coking coals, 25 light-scattering sensor (LS-sensor), 117 non-ferrous metallurgy, 23 Lishi-Liulin area, 104-106 non-machinery: see also highway. coke oven, 27 Lucheng, 105 cokemaking technology, 28 Luliang (LL), 27 nonrecovery cokemaking, 30 mountain area, 26 Northeast China, 151

M O

machinery coke oven, 14, 20, 29-30, 32, 1991-type, see 91-type. 37-38, 118 Index 187

Office of Technology Assessment (OTA), QRD-2002 oven, see coke-oven type. 44 quenching: Ohio, 31 car, 30, 37, 101, 120, 122, 137, 160, 162 one-sided ignition system operation, 37 oven, see beehive oven, clean coke oven; tower, 30, 37, 160, 167 cokemaking oven; coke-oven type; see also dry quenching. indigenous coke oven; machinery coke- oven; non-machinery coke-oven; R primitive indigenous coke oven; single- chamber oven. rail-transport capacity, 151 Red Flag oven, see coke-oven type. P refractory brick, 29, 38 regenerative chamber, see chamber. particle-bound PAH (PPAH), 110, 113-114, renminbi (RMB), 5, 42-43, 49-51, 56-57, 117-118, 120, 123, 125-130 60, 78, 84, 99-100, 103, 105, 135-136 particulate pollution, 3, 5, 7, 118, 125, 152, respiratory system, 155 154, 160-162, 177 PC/DC measurement ratio, 110 S People’s Republic of China, see China. photoelectric charging (PC), 110, 113-114, Sanjia, 32, 169, 173 116, 176 Coal Chemistry Company, 14 photoelectric-charging sensor (PC-sensor), Coke Plant, 31, 160 113-114, 127 Sanjia-1996, see SJ-96. pile method, 25 Sansheng Coke Company, 14, 29 plant survey, 4, 11-12, 153, 157 scrubber car, 37 pollution emission, 38, 93, 98, 101-102, sealing, 26, 36, 167, 175 104, 106, 152 Shanxi: pollution-emission coefficient, 104 Medical University, 155 pollution-monitoring tool, 153 Province, 153-156, 159-163 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), Province Development and Planning 110, 152 Committee, 104 primitive indigenous coke oven, 6 Province Geographic Planning Support process-flow model, 96 System (SPGPSS), 95-98, 101, 104- production-technology change, 46-48, 55, 106, 152 57 Province Transportation Planning property-right system, 87 Department, 104 protective gear, 155 TVE Bureau, 10, 17, 19, 26 pulmonary system, 109 Shenzhen, 104 pushing machine, 30 see also expressway. Pingxiang, 27-28, 144 Shijiazhuang, 104 PX oven, see coke-oven type. see also expressway. single-chamber oven, 31 Q sintering, 23 SJ-96, see coke-oven type. Qingjie Rehuishou Daogu Lu, 14, 32 skip-bucket truck, 36 Qingxu, 105, 160-161, 165, 168, 170, 177 slot oven, 5, 25, 28, 36, 144, 153, 160, 165- Qinhuangdao, 151 166 QRD-2000 oven, see coke-oven type. small-capacity plant, 92-93, 101-102, 106 188 Index

small 58 oven, see coke-oven type. ditch, 28 small-machinery: precipitator, 38 coke oven, 13-15, 30, 120-121, 123, -recovery mechanism, 27 128 see also coal-tar. slot oven, 144 technology-energy-environment-health see also Red Flag oven; small 58 oven; (TEEH) chain, 3-4, 9-10, 150, 153, 155, WJ-663 oven. 159 socioeconomic effect, 7 Tenth Five Year Plan, 104 soft-budget constraint, 72 see also Five Year Social Economic Soviet growth model, 65 Development Plan. spatial structural decomposition analysis thermal decomposition, 23 (SSDA), 5, 41-42, 47, 58, 60, 67 Tianjin, 104 State Economic and Trade Commission, 92 see also expressway. State Environmental Protection Agency, 10, Tianjin-1975, see TJ-75. 92 time-series survey, 153 State Information Office, 3 TJ-75 oven, see coke-oven type. state-owned enterprise (SOE), 2, 4, 10, 30, TJL4350A, see coke-oven type. 52, 71, 74-77, 79-80, 82-84, 133-134 TJL4350D, see coke-oven type. cokemaking enterprise, 86 toluene, 38, 140 cokemaking plant, 13 tonnes of coal equivalent (TCE), 26, 28, 30 cokemaking sector, 81 total factor productivity (TFP), 81 cokemaking survey, 21-22, 107 township and village enterprise (TVE), 2. 4, steel blast furnace, 1 6, 9, 30, 52, 71, 74-77, 79-80, 82-84, stochastic sampling method, 11 133, 136-137, 149, 154 structural decomposition analysis (SDA), cokemaking industry, 133 5-6, 41, 56-57, 71, 73, 88 cokemaking plant, 10, 12, 17, 19, 26, 39, sub-clinical respiratory effect, 155 52, 73 sulfur: cokemaking sector, 78, 81, 86 dioxide (SO2), 34, 102, 140 cokemaking survery, 11-12, 15, 17-19, oxide (SOx), 29 21-22, 107 Sun Coke Company, 31, 39 coke production, 2, 13, 26, 135, 150 supply chain relationship, 133 township and village government (TVG), see also cokemaking supply chain. 78, 86 sustainable economic asset, 149 toxic pollutant, 32 Swiss Federal Institute of Technology transportation netflow model, 96 (ETHz), 117 total suspended particulates (TSP), 34

T U

Taiyuan Jixiehua Lu, 14 U.S. Environmental Agency, 31 Taiyuan, 104 U.S. Federal Reserve Bank, 5 see also expressway; highway. U.S. National Science Foundation, 153, Taiyuan University of Technology (TUT), 157 3, 137, 157 ultra-fine particulate, 5, 7, 152 tamping clean oven, 14, 32 United Nations Industrial Development Tanggu, 104 Organization (UNIDO), 2, 9, 10, 12- see also expressway. 14, 16-17, 30, 32 tar, 23, 27-29, 31-32, 34, 38-39, 103, 120 Index 189

United States, 1, 5-6, 25, 30-31, 33, 37, Xiaoyi, 105 44, 117, 149, 154-157, 159 University of Tokyo (UT), 3 Y

V Yingxian 21 Century Clean Oven type 1, 14 Vansant, 31 Yingxian 21 Shiji Qingjie Lu-1, 14 Virginia, 31 Yuncheng, 104 see also highway. W YX-21QJL-1, see coke-oven type.

WJ-663 oven, see coke-oven type. Z World Bank, 26-30, 35, 38-39, 65-66 Zürich, 3, 116 X xylene, 38, 140 Alliance for Global Sustainability Series

1. F. Moavenzadeh, K. Hanaki and P. Baccini (eds.): Future Cities: Dynamics and Sustainability. 2002 ISBN 1-4020-0540-7 2. L. Molina (ed.): Air Quality in the Mexico Megacity: An Integrated Assessment. 2002 ISBN 1-4020-0452-4 3. W.Wimmer and R. Zust:¨ ECODESIGN Pilot. Product-Investigation-, Learning- and Optimization-Tool for Sustainable Product Development with CD-ROM. 2003 ISBN 1-4020-0965-8 4. B. Eliasson and Y. Lee (eds.): Integrated Assessment of Sustainable Energy Systems in China. The China Technology Program. A Framework for Decision Support in the Electric Sector of Shandong Province. 2003 ISBN 1-4020-1198-9 5. M. Keiner, C. Zegras, W.A. Schmid and D. Salmeron´ (eds.): From Under- standing to Action. Sustainable Urban Development in Medium-Sized Cities in Africa and Latin America. 2004 ISBN 1-4020-2879-2 6. W. Wimmer, R. Zust¨ and K.M. Lee: ECODESIGN Implementation. A Sys- tematic Guidance on Integrating Environmental Considerations into Product Development. 2004 ISBN 1-4020-3070-3 7. D.L. Goldblatt: Sustainable Energy Consumption and Society. Personal, Tech- nological, or Social Change? 2005 ISBN 1-4020-3086-X 8. K.R. Polenske (ed.): The Technology-Energy-Environment-Health (TEEH) Chain in China. A Case Study of Cokemaking. 2006 ISBN 1-4020-3433-4

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