06 /L -4 - / YELLOW RIVER DEVELOPMENTPROJECT (YRDP) Taiyuan, Shanxi, PRC E155 Public Disclosure Authorized Volume 2

Home , Gujiao, Jinci, Ningwu County, Pinglu County, Yuanqu County

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/06 /l -4 - / YELLOW RIVER DEVELOPMENTPROJECT (YRDP) Taiyuan, Shanxi, PRC E155 Public Disclosure Authorized Volume 2

WANJIAZHAI WATER TRANSFER PROJECT

ENVIRONMENTALIMPACT ASSESSMENT

MAIN REPORT

July 1996 Public Disclosure Authorized

FINAL REPORT Public Disclosure Authorized

By CIRP for YRDP/World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized

FILECOPY

PREFACE

EIA FORWANJIAZHAI WATER TRANSFER PROJECT

TABLEOF CONTENTS

(Note: Each Chapter containsits own detailedTable of Contents)

Preface

Table of Contents Abbreviations

Chapters

I Introduction 1.1 Project Background 1.2 Basis for Preparation of EIA 1.3 Strategy and Focus for Preparing EIA 1.4 EIA Study Area and Standards 1.5 EIA Team and Work Plan 1.6 EIA Report Organization 1.7 Acknowledgments

2 Project Description 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Need for WWTP 2.3 Project Components 2.4 Project Construction Scheduling 2.5 Project Alternatives 2.6 Project EnvironmentalComponents

3 Environmental Setting 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Environmental Study Area 3.3 Land Uses 3.4 Natural Physical Resources 3.5 Natural Ecological Resources 3.6 Development 3.7 Quality of Life 3.8 Summary and Conclusions

4 Environmental Impact Assessment and EPMs 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Land Use 4.3 Hydrology 4.4 Special Design Issues 4.5 Environmental Review of Resettlement 4.6 Public Health 4.7 Ecology 4.8 ReservoirEIAs Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Report

4.9 Erosionand Sedimentation 4.10 Qualityof Life 4.11 ConstructionOperations Constraints 4.12 InterbasinWater TransferFeasibility 4.13 ConnectionWorks 4.14 GlobalEnvironmental Issues 4.15 Surnmaryand Conclusions

5 Water Managementand WaterPollution Control 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Water Supply 5.3 Water PollutionControl 5.4 Water Quality 5.5 IntegratedManagement for Water Supplyand PollutionControl 5.6 EnvironmentalManagement Achievements in TaiyuanCity 5.7 Summaryand Conclusions

6 AdditionalStudies 6.1 Introduction 6.2 PublicParticipation 6.3 Compliancewith EnvironmentalLaws 6.4 EnvironmentalEconomics 6.5 RiskAssessment

7 EnvironmentalMonitoring 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Monitoring SEIs 7.3 SummnarizedMonitoring Programs 7.4 MonitoringParticipants 7.5 MonitoringCosts 7.6 Summaryand Conclusions

3 EnvironmentalTraining 8.1 Purposeof TrainingProgram 8.2 Componentsof SpecializedTraining Requirements 8.3 ProposedTraining Program 8.4 TrainingProgram Costs 8.5 Value of Training Program 8.6 TEPB Training Program 8.7 Summary and Conclusion

9 EnvironmentalManagement Plan(EMP) 9.1 Introduction 9.2 EMNApproach 9.3 EnvironmentalManagement System 9.4 ProjectTime Frame 9.5 SummarizedEMO/EMP Program 9.6 EconomicJustification for EMO 9.7 Summaryand Conclusions

- ii - Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Report

10 Sumnmaryand Conclusions 10.1 Work Approachby EIA Team 10.2 EIA Reports 10.3 SignificantEnvironmental Issues 10.4 XiaolangdiExperience 10.5 EnvironmentalManagement Plan and Office

ANNEXES AnnexA ReferencesUtilized AnnexB TOR for CIRP Annex C TOR for World BankEIA Team AnnexD PublicParticipation Survey AnnexE Notes on Meetingswith OtherGovernmental Agencies AnnexF InterbasinWater TransferFeasibility Study Annex G DetailedInformation of Fauna and Florain WWTP/ESA AnnexH TaiyuanEPB TechnicalAssistance Proposal Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect. Final RcDort

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB AsianDevelopment Bank CC ConstructionContractor CRO CountyResettlement Office CIRP ChinaInstitute for RadiationProtection CW Connectionworks ECI EnvironmentalConstruction Inspector EIA EnvironmentalImpact Assessment ELC Electro Consult,Italy EMO EnvironmentalManagement Office EMP EnvironmentalManagement Plan EPB EnvironmentalProtection Bureau (Province) EPM EnvironmentalProtection Measure ESA EnvironmentalStudy Area GML GeneralMain Line IEE InitialEnvironmental Examination MPI Ministryof Power Industry MRO MunicipalResettlement Office MWR Ministryof Water Resources NEPA NationalEnvironmental Protection Agency NML North MainLine PP PublicParticipation PRC People'sRepublic of China RS ResettlementJResettler SEI SignificantEnviromnental Issue SEPB ShanxiProvincial Environemntal Protection Bureau SML SouthMain Line SPC StatePlanning Commission SPRO ShanxiProvincial Resettlement Office SIDI ShanxiWater Resources Investigation and Design Institute TMEDI TaiyuanMunicipal Engineering Design Institute TOR Terms of Reference TIDI TianjinInvestigation and DesignInstitute TVEs Townshipor VillageEnterprises WB WorldBank WWTP WanjiazhaiWater Transfer Project YRDP YellowRiver Diversion Project Administration Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Report

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Waniiazhai Water Transfer Project Final Report

TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR CHAPTER I

TEXT

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project Background 1.1.1 Project Concept 1.1.2 Importanceof WWTP 1.1.3 Purpose of EIA 1.2 Basisfor Preparationof ELA 1.2.1 History of EIA Studiesfor WWTP 1.2.2 EIA Assignment to CIRP 1.2.3 Laws and Regulationson EnvironmentalProtection 1.2.4 EIA TechnicalGuidelines 1.2.5 References Utilized 1.2.5.1 Listing of References 1.2.5.2 Assessment of References 1.2.6 EIA Methodology 1.3 Strategyand Focusfor PreparingEIA 1.3.1 EIA Strategy 1.3.2 EIA Highlights 1.4 EIA StudyArea and Standards 1.4.1 EIA StudyArea 1.4.2 EIA Standards 1.4.3 EnviromnentalProtection Objectives 1.5 EIA Teamand WorkPlan 1.6 EIA Report Organization 1.7 Acknowledgments

FIGURES

Figure 1. I.1-1 SchematicDrawing of WWTP Figure 1.1.1-2 Color PlanLayout of WWTP Figure 1.2.5-1 Evaluationof EIA Data Sources Figure 1.5-1 EIA Team Figure 1.5-2 EIA Work Program

PHOTOGRAPHS

Photo 1 YellowRiver at Wanjiazhai Photo 2 Dam Site of WanjiazhaiReservoir Photo 3 Dam Closureof WanjiazhaiReservoir Photo 4 Inlet of No. 4 Sub-tunnelfor No. 11 Tunnelof GML Photo 5 Land Requisitionedfor ConstructionDisposals from No. 8 Tunnel6ofGML Photo 7 MountainArea of PianguanCounty I-i Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiecl Final ReDort

Photo 8 Outlet of No. 5 Tunnel of SML Photo 9 Constructionof No. 5 Tunnel of SML Photo 10 Fen River Upstreamof Taiyuan Photo 11 ELCIEIATeam Memberswith Officials from Shanxi Provincial EPB and Taiyuan EPB Photo 12 Area of Baimaya,Inlet of HaoshuigoyReservoir Photo 13 Area of Outlet of SML Photo 14 Area of ZhaojiaxiaocunReservoir Photo 15 TemporaryConstruction Site for No. 8 Tunnelof GML

1li Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Reonao

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Background

1.1.1 Project Concept

The overallWanjiazhai Water TransferProject (WWTP),which has been under study for some three decades,is envisionedto comprisethe followingcomponents: (i) GeneralMain Line, for deliveringwater from WanjiazhaiReservoir to the SouthMain Line (included in WWTP/PhaseI) and, in a future phase, to deliverwater to the North MainLine. (ii) SouthMain Line, for deliveringwater to the TaiyuanService Area, includinguse of Fen River to deliverwater to Fen-l reservoir,and ConnectionWorks for deliveryfrom Fen-l reservoirto the TaiyuanService Area. (iii)NorthMain Line, includingsome new reservoirs,for deliveringwater to the Pingshuo and Datong serviceareas.

The present PhaseI projectis limitedto Item (i) (ii) and excludesthe North MainLine. Figure 1.1.1-1is a schematicdrawing which illustrates the overallproject conceptand those componentsincluded in Phase I. Figure 1.1.1-2 shows the plan layout of the V,'VTP in color. The Phase I project willtransfer I millionm 3/dayof water to Taiyuan beginingin 2001 and another0.76 millionm 3/dayby 2004.

1.1.2 Importance of WWTP

The purpose of overallWWTP is to furnishadditional water supplyfor industrialand municipaluse in Taiyuan, Pingshuo and Datong in Shanxi Province. It is a "life" project of the provinceand also one of the importantdevelopment projects of the State "8thFive-year Plan". As noted above, the Phase I projectis limitedto furnishingwater. to the TaiyuanService Area.

Taiyuan is an important energy and chemicalbase of China. As a result of great shortage of water, it is now dependingon groundwaterover-development. At present, the daily water unavailabilityis 425,000 m3. Although 225,000 m3/day is made availableby means of groundwaterover-development, there is still a gap of 200,000 m3. Extensiveover-development of groundwaterhas enlargedthe groundwaterfunnel area in the city from 11.2 km2 in the 1960sto 328 km2 in 1993 and has increasedthe well depth from 50 m to over 300 m. Up to date, more than 800 wells have dried up and abandoned.Water has been long suppliedat a low pressureand even interruptedin a total area of 42 km2, which directlyaffects the livelihoodof 400,000 people.The reconstructionand expansionof a series of large and middle-sizedenterprises are restricted by the shortage of water. At the Lancun water source (a major water source), the water availabilityhas decreasedfrom 460,000 m3/day in the 1970s to 260,000 m3/d in 1993. Extensive groundwater over development has caused deteriorationof groundwaterquality, settlement of ground and surface,unbalance of

l-l Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Report the eco-enviromnent,which endangers human health and environment.It is, thus, very urgent to seek new water sources for relaxingthe critical water shortage in Taiyuan, and the onlyfeasible solution is to divert water flow fromthe YellowRiver system.

The State PlanningCommission (SPC) submittedto the State Councilthe "Submission of Review and Approval of the FeasibilityStudy Report on WanjiazhaiDam and W'aterTransfer Project" (Letter No. JNJ87) on January27, 1993. The submissionwas approvedby the State Councilon February22, 1993.

1.1.3 Purpose of ELA

The purpose of the presentstudy is to producean EIA report for the WanjiazhaiWater Transfer Project (WWTP) as it is currentlyplanned, based on the utilization and updating of earlier studies of WWTP, which will meet the requirements of MWR, NEPA, ShanxiEPB, and the WorldBank.

1.2 Basis for Preparationof EIA

1.2.1 Historyof EIAStudies for WWTP

In accordance with th- EnvironmentProtection Law, PRC and the Regulation on EnvironmentProtection Management of Construction Project, the YRDP has entrusted the CIRP with prepartion of the EIA of WWTP (GML and NML) and EJA of the WW7P (ML) whichwere approvedby NEPAas reviewedby MWR.

To make up the project construction cost deficiency, Shanxi Provincial Government provided the State Council with Submission of WW7P General Schedule and Financial/PolicyIssues Needing to be Solved. In this submission, 150-200 rnillion USD loan was proposedto be obtainedfrom the WB, the ADB, foreigngovernments or other internationalfinancial organizations. In September1993, WWTPwas included by SPC in the candidatesfor WB loans in the1994-1996fiscal years.

Five WB missionsleaded by Mr. DanielGunaradnum visited Shamci for the purpose of WWTP. TheseWB missionactivities include:

(i) A WB missionwhich was briefedon the projectdescription on May 22, 1994.

(ii) A projectidentification mission, which carried out an overallreview of the project planning,design and construction.Also, site visitswere made.

(iii)In May 2-26, 1995,the projectpreparation mission visited WWTP to evaluate its preparationstage.

(iv)In October 3-22, 1995, the project preappraisalmission had discussionswith the Governent and local agencies about such issues as project scope, investment,works by Internationaland local competitive bidding, tender documentpreparation, EIA, resettlement,etc..

1-2 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiea Final Report

(v) During April 9 to 27, 1996, agreementwas reached after detailed discussions between the project appraisal preparation mission and responsible local agencies on joint design, connection works, Taiyuan water supply system, equipment procurement,works by internationalcompetitive bidding, water organizationestablishment, water pricing reform, supervisionengineer, EIA, resettlement,project cost estimateand constructionschedule, and other issues. It was proposed by this missionto increasethe WB loan up to 400 million USD.

A project appraisalmission is expected to be sent by WB to complete the project appraisalin September1996.

On the basis of the NEPA Notice on the Enhancement of EIA Management of Construction Project Financed by International Financial Organization (Letter No. H1324 [93]), the YRDPentrusted the CIRP with preparingthe WW7'PEnvironmental ImpactAssessment as requiredby NEPAfor WB financedprojects accordingly.

CIRP establishedan EIA team, composedof key EIA staff members,as describedin Section 1.5. The EIA Terms of Reference for WWTP was completed and submitted to and approvedby NEPA.This TOR is includedin AnnexB.

1.2.2 EIA Assignment to CIRP

The basis for the EIA assignment, by YRDP to CIRP, comprises the following documents:

(i) SPC letter No. lWZ1682 (93) which included WWTP in the candidates for WB loans in 1994-1996 fiscal years.

(ii) Shanxi Provincial Planning Commission letter No. JJW808 (94) entitled Submission of WWTP Proposal for WB Loan and its supplementary write-up dated March 7, 1995.

(iii) SPC letter No. JNJ87 (93) entitled Submission of Review and Approval of the Feasibility Study Report on WanjiazhaiDam and Water Transfer Project.

(iv) SPC letter No. JNJ250 (93) Notice on the Distribution of "Submissionzof Review and Approval of the Feasibility Study Report on Wanjiazhai Dam and Water Transfer Project".

(v) YRDP letter No. JYZ6 (96) entitled Letter of Assignment for EIA Revision and Amendment.

1.2.3 Laws and Regulations on Environmental Protection

The environmentallaws and regulationswhich were observed in preparingthe EIA are the following:

1-3 WaniiazhaiWater Transfer Proiect Final Report

(i) EnvironmentProtection Law, PRC (ii) NEPA letter No. GH003 (86) Regulationon EnvironmentProtection Managementof ConstructionProject. (iii) SEPB letter No. JHI (86) Detailed Rules for Compliance with "Regulationon EnvironmentProtection Management of Construction Project". (iv) NEPA letter No. HJ324 (93) Notice on the Enhancement of ETA Management of Construction Project Financed by International FinancialOrganizations. (v) Law of Waterand Soil Conservation,PRC (vi) ShanxiRegulation on WaterPollution in the Fen River Basin. (vii) ShanxiRegulation on EnvironmentProtection.

1.2.4 EIA Technical Guidelines

Technicalguidelines of PRC utilizedfor the EIA include:

(i) TechnicalGuideliniesfor ETA (HJ/T2.1-2.3-93). (ii) Shanxi SpecificationforEJAManagementofConstructionProject or Trial Use)and detailedrules for the implementationthereof. (iii) NEPAManuals on EIA for major constructionprojects (Ref. 205).

In addition the EIA team made use of the World Bank's EIA guidelinesgiven In References301 and 307.

1.2.5 References Utilized

1.2.5.1 Listingof References

Annex A is a listingof the manyreferences utilized by the ELAteam. Theseinclude EIA studiesmade for GML,and SMLby CIRPin 1993-94(References 101 and 102) and for ConnectionWorks by SIDI in 1995(Ref. 157)

The present EIA study.is based essentiallyon the usc of earlier studies/reportsas delineatedin Annex A. These earlier studieshave produced most of the information used for the present study, and the role of the present study has been to use this informationtogether with new data obtainedto filldata gaps to produce an EIA which meets the EIA requirementsof NEPA,the ShanxiEPB, and the WorldBank.

1.2.5.2 Assessmentof References

Figure 1.2.5-1 has been prepared to show, for each reference, the information contained as related to the various EIA tasks. The figure shows, as expected, that much informationis availablefou some tasks but limiteddata for others. The strategy

1-4 WaniiazhaiWater Transfer Project Final Reort for preparing the present EIA is based on use of these various studies to furnish the bulk of the needed information,with additionalinformation obtained by the EIA team from field visits and meetingswith various governmentalagencies and obtained from various parts of the ELC/WWTPproject report prepared on the engineeringdesign aspects of the project.

Many of the SEIs involvedin WWTP are similarto the SEIs for YRCC's Xiaolangdi project (Refs. 206 to 210), and the methods used by the Xiaolangdiproject for resolvingthese issues have furnishedvaluable guidelinesfor assistingin planningof WWTP. This includes environmentalmanagement in both design and construction stages.

1.2.6 EIA Methodology

The basic EIA methodologyutilized for the present study is that originallydeveloped for the ColumbiaRiver Project (USA, Reference302), which classifiesenvironmental resourcesinto the followingcategofies:

(a) Naturalphysical resources (b) Nationalecological resources (c) Economicdevelopment resources (farming, urban, industry,infrastructure) (d) Quality of life resources (social, cultural, archeological public health, recreationaland other values)

Under this procedure, the EIA report assigns one chapter for describing these environmentalresources, and in later chaptersthe expectedimpacts on these resources are delineatedand those which are significant(called Significant Environmental Issues [SETs)are evaluatedand appropriateEnvironmental Protection Measures (EPMs) are formulated,working in conjunctionwith the WWTPengineering team.

The EPMs are consideredto include(I) mitigationmeasures, (ii) offsettingmeasures, where needed when mitigationis not enough, and (iii) environrnentalmeasures where appropriate for taking advantage of opportunitiesto include in the overall project certain additional components where such inclusion will significantly improve environmentat low cost.

Other EIA methodologyreference utilized includethe World Bank EIA Handbook (Ref.301), and the ADB/EIAmanuals (Ref. 305)

1.3 Strategy and Focus for Preparing EIA

1.3.1 EIA Strategy

The ultimate purpose of the WWTP is to provide Taiyuan with Yellow River water of good quality such that a new water source will be available which is suitable for both industrial and municipal purposes. Therefore, the EIA has to consider possible project- related environmental impacts and also such impacts on imported water quality. The assessment will cover environmental impacts by the project per se, and such impacts not includedin but closely related to the project.Potential environmentaleffects by

1-5 WaniiazhaiWater Transfer Proiect Final ReDort

other main works, as integral part of the water development project, will be also considered.

Based on the above statement, the ELAstrategy is identified as follows:

(a) The WWNTPPhase I Project is considered as a whole. In other words, the EIA will cover both project components to be financed by WB (GML, SML and Connecting Works for SML) and those not to be financed by WB (Wanjiazhai Dam, Taiyuan Municipal Water Supply Project, Taiyuan Waste Management Project). The diverted water will be treated to satisfy requirements for industrial and municipal purposes. Industrial wastewater and excreta will be properly managed and controlled to avoid wastewater discharge polluting the Fen River water quality.

(b) ELks for most WWTP components, as locally financed works, have already been prepared and approved. However, ELAs for these components have to be resubmitted for review and approval as part of the new EIA now being prepared for both NEPA and WB. Every effort has been made to meet both WB and Governmental requirements with respect to EIA format and content. Issues of special WB concem (for example,water pollution control, public participation, and resettlernent) have been discussed and highlighted in separate sections. A complete EIA covering all WWTP Phase I components has been prepared.

(d) EIA quality assurance has been strengthened. Qualified ELA staff have been selected to ensure that EIA participants are well aware of WB/E1A guidelines.and Governmental enviromnental policies, laws and standards. Close association has been maintained with the staff of YRDP, for whom the EIA has been prepared.

1.3.2 EIA Highlights

The overall WWTP/Phase I Project comprises basically two components, (i) delivery of the Yellow River from Wanjiazhai to Taiyuan City, and (ii) implementation of a comprehensive program for ensuring optimal use of the expensive imported water, including optimal water use and reuse and use of waste management systems for promoting maximum reuse and for achieving water pollution control including maintenance of acceptable water quality in the Fen River both within Taiyuan City and downstream.

The EIA has highlightedboth of these basic issues.

1.4 EIA Study Area and Standards

1.4.1 EIA Study Area

1-6 WaniiazhaiWater Transfer Project Final Renort

In accordance with the EIA strategy noted above, the overall EIA study area for WWTP/Phase I includes these areas affected by Wanjiazhai dam/reservoir, by GML/SMULup to Fen-l reservoir,the ConnectionWorks, TaiyuanCity, and the Fen River within and downstreamof TaiyuanCity. These areas are described in detail in Chapter 3.

1.4.2 EIA Standards

PRC standards applicableto WVVTP/PhaseI/EIA, as confirmed by Shanxi EPB, includethe following:

(a) Surface Water: To comply with Category III (water-carryingriver section)and CategoryIV (Taiyuansection of the Fen River) of Surface Water Quality Standards (GB3838-88).

(b) AgriculturalWater: To complywith Category n (dryland farming) of Irrigation Water Quality Standards (GB 5084-92).

(d) Air: To comply with Category II of Ambient Air Quality Standards (GB3095-82).

(e) Discharge Standards

(f) Wastewater:To complywith Class I (dischargedinto water-carrying river section), Class n1(discharged into Taiyuan section of the Fen River) and Class III (dischargedinto secondary treatment plant in Taiyuan) of Comprehensive Wastewater Discharge Standards (GB8978-88).

(g) Boilers:To complywith Category II area of Air Pollutant Discharge Standardsfor Boilers (GB 13271-91).

1.4.3 Environmental Protection Objectives

The WWTP constructionoperations will not involveany cultural relics or natural reserves.Although the tunnelswill go throughMount Guancen,the forests there will not be impacted.

The main objectivesinclude endurance of continuityof the supplyof importedwater, avoidance of water pollution during transfer, mitigation of eco-environmental destruction during constructionand proper restoration of the eco-environmenton completionof construction,and improvementof Taiyuanfacilities for use and reuse of water (including both existing water resources and imported water) and for managementof works to optimizewater use/reuse and maintenanceof water qualityin the Fen Riverwithin and belowTaiyuan City.

1.5 EIA Team and Work Plan

I-7 WVaniiazhaiWater Transfer Proiect Final Remot

Figure 1.5-1 shows the overallWWTP/Phase I IEIA Team and other participantswho supportedthe work of the EIA Team.

Figure 1.5-2 is a summarytabulation which describes the EIA work plan for present study. This show (I) the EIA tasks as related to EIA chapters and sub-chapters headings,(ii) the SignificantEnvironmental Issues involvedand the magnitude of their importance,(iii) the project componentsrelating to the tasks, and (iv) task assignment (designationof task leaders).

1.6 EIA Report Organization As indicated by the Table of Contents, the EIA report comprises the following components(produced in both Chineseand English Versions)

ExecutiveSummary Chapters 1. Introduction 2. Project Description(including project alternatives) 3. EnvironmentalSetting 4. EnvironmentalAssessment and EnvironmentalProtection Measures 5. WaterSupply and Use (includingpollution control) 6. AdditionalStudies 7. EnvironmentalMonitoring 8. EnvironmentalTraining 9. EnvironmentalManagement Plan (EMP) 10 Summaryand Conclusions

Annexes A ReferencesUtilized B TOR for EIA as Requiredand approvedby NEPA C TOR for WB Assistancein PreparingEIA D Notes on Meetingswith GovernmentOfficials E PublicParticipation Survey F Informationon WaterTransfer to Taiyuan G Infonnationon Ecology

The Table of Contentsgiven at the beginningof the overallreport is liniitedto major subject headings.Each report chapter includesa detailed Table of Contents for the chapter,including listing of tablesand figures.

1.7 Acknowledgments

The EIA team is greatly indebtedto numerousgovernmental agencies and officials, who gave assistanceon variousaspects of this study. The team is especiallyindebted to the YRDP,to Provincialagencies, including EPB and AES, to NEPA (Mr. Li Xin Min), and to various membersof the WorldBank Project Missionheaded by Dr. D. Gunaratnam.

1-8 Figurc 1.1.1-1 Schematic Drawing of WWTP

DALIANG Resennrv.oir Rc~~~~~~~cn'nIr~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Fiti-ill

* _ , I North Main Linc ro jCt : p , H.H.. D ...... DATONG ...... ,ScniccArne 4 a1queducts QN=22.2m3 /s Qc=48 j Ls PINGSIIUO

.General Main Line L South g Qs=25.8m3/s LEGEND Line Connection Works (®) Pumping Station E / \ End o SL__ -- us, Small reservoir FEN-1 TAIYUAN Rccrnoir E111DAqueduct ._ Phase I RD Diversion IIR FEN PProjcct ® 1-lHydropowerStation PossiblefUtitlrc /... River FEN River reservoir, - Tunnel or pipe not in Phase I

- River Course EWiWater Treatment Plant Note: 1. Phase I Project includes GMiL, SML and Connection Works. --- ' Existing Reservoir 2. H-IR= Houshuigou Reservoir ,which is not included in Phase I but may possiblly be included in future project phase. Sewerage Discharge 3. Water Treatnicnt Plant (W) is not included in the WB loan. Future Project

4~~~~~7

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FIGURE125.1 EVALUATIONOF DATASOURCES; INFORMATION OF EIA TASKS AVAILABLEIN REFERENCEREPORTS

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FIGURE 1.5-1 ELATEAM AND ASSIGNMENTSFOR WWTP (I of 2)

EIA Team Participants Specialty Assignments Chapters/Sections Lead Assisting A ChinaInsttute for Radiaaion Protection 1. ZhaoYingie En*ir.Ergmeenng 7.6,8.;,8.2,8.5,8.6,9.1,9.2,9.4,9.5,9.7,170All

2. SunWeiqin Envir.Engineering 1,2.1,2.2,2.4,2.5,2.6,3.1,3.2,3.4,3.7,3.8,6.All 1,6.3,6.4,6.5,10 3. Li Jianguo Enir. Ecology 3.4.4,3.6,4.7 3.5,3.7,4.8 4. Cui Yu LandManagement 3.3,4.2 4.10 S.Xie Manting WorkSanitary 4.6 6.5.2.1 6. ZhlangQiang Envir.Chemistry 4.14 5.4 7. DuXiaoli En%ir.Management 7.5,8.3,8.4,9.6 3.4 8. ShenZhenyao EngineeringGeology 4.4 3.4.6 B Sharud University 1. Fan Wenbiao Envir.Engineering 3.4.5,3.4.6,3.4.7,4.3,5,10 All 2. Xue Juenin Envir.Ecology 3.5 4.6,4.7,4.9 3. ShiXiaofeng En%ir.Engineering 2.3,4.11 4.13 4. YangGuodong Sociology 4.5,6.2 4.12,8 5. ZhangJunjie Envir.Planning 7.2,9.3 4.15,7.5,8.4,9.6 C EIA Team Supportfrom ELC/WorldBank_ 1. Ludwig Envir. Engineering 1,2,3,3.1,3.7,4.1,4.4.1,4.7.1,74.5,4.1 All 0.4.12.4.14,6.1,6.5,.8,9,A,C,D,E 2. G. Crema Envir. Engineering 3. Alan Li Sanitazy 5 ______Engineering 4. Xie Qingtao Envir. Engineering 3,3.2,3.4,3.5,4.3,4.4.3,4.7,4.8,4.9,4. All 13,4.15,6.3,A 5. Hu Shunong Civil Enginer 6.2,E 6. Zhou Chenghu Natural Resources 3.3.4.2 4.7 7. Tufarelli Sociologist 4.5 3.6.6.2 8. Eccher Civil Engineer 2 D Supportfrom Other ELC/WWTPProject Team GiovanniBarla Civil Engineer 4.4.2 Franco Cosci Civil Engineer 4.3.2 Garv Kutcher Economist 4.12.6.4 Marco Marochi Economist _ 6.4

1-13 FIGURE1.5-1 EIATEAM AND ASSIGNMENTSFOR WWTP (2of 2)

EIA TeamParticipants Specialty AssignmentsChapters/Sections Led Assisling E Supportfrom YRDP Hu Maosheng(Foreign Coordinator Affais) TianYongqing Freign Coordinator Affairs) Li Zhenlun (YRDP/EMO) Coordinator GaoDanynan Coordiaor (YRDP/EMO)

1-14 Figure 1.5-2: EIA Work Program(Assigrnents for Team Member)(I of 2)

Task Assignemnt PnnmaryCIRP SU WB Assistance Responsibility Responsibility Preface Zhao Yingjie NFL ExecutiveSummary Sun Weiqing HFL Chapters 1. Introduction Sun Weiging NFL 2. Project Description Sun Weiqing HFLJLE 3. EnvironmentalSetting XQ/HL 3.1 Introduction Sun Weiging NFL 3.2 EnvironmentalStudy Area Su XQ 3.3 Land Use Cui Yu ZC 3.4 NaturealPhysical Resources Li Jianguo XQ 3.5 NaturalEcological Resources Xue Jueming XQ 3.6 DevelopmentResources Li Jianguo XQ 3.7 Qualityof Life Resources Sun Weiqing CT 3.8 Summaryand Conclusions Sun Weiqing HFL 4. EnvironmentalAssessment and EPMs 4.1 Intoduction/Delineation of SELs Zhao Yingjie BFL __4.2Land Use ______CuiYu ZC L4.3Hydrology 0 Fanl Wenbiao XQ 4.4Desigssues 0X000XXShen Zhenyao NFL |4.4.1Introduction _ Shen Zhenyao HFL 4.4.2Stability Tunnel ShenZhenyao GB 4.4.3 EquipmentErosion ShenZhenyao NFL 4.5 Resettlement Yang Guodong CT 4.6 Public Health !ie Manting HFLJXQ 4.7 Ecology Li Jian o XQ/ZC 4.8 ReservoirE_As ZhaoYmgjie XQ 4.8.1 Introduction Zhao Yingjie HFL 4.8.2 ApproachUsed by EIA Team Zhao Yingjie 4.8.3 Wanjiazhai Zhao Yingjie XQ 4.8.4 Fen-1 Zhao Yingjie 4.9 Erosion and Sediment Zhao Yingjie XQ 4.10 Qualityof Life Aspects Zhao Yingjie CT 4.11 ConstructionConstraints ShiXianfeng HFIJXQ 4.12 River BasinWater Transfer Zhao Yingjie GK 4.13 ConnectionWorks Zhao Yingjie XQ 4.14 GlobalEnvironmental Issue ZhangQiang HFL 4.15 Summaryand Conclusions Zhao Yingjie HFL

1-15 Figure 1.5-2: EIA Work Program(Assignments for TeamMember) (2 of 2)

PrimaryCIRP SU WB Assistance Task Assignemnt Responsibility Responsibility 5. WastwaterManagement and Water Polution Fan Wenbiao AL/XQ Control 6. AdditionalStudies 6.1 Introduction Sun Weiging -FL 6.2 PublicParticipation Yang Weiqing HS 6.3 Compliancewith EnvironmentalLaw SunWeiging XQ 6.4 EnvironmentalEconomics Sun Weiqing GK 6.5 Risk Assessment Sun Weiqing HFL 7. EnvironmentMonitoring Zhao Yingjiie FL 8. Environmental Training Zhao Yingjie HFL 9. EnvironmentalManagement Plan Du Xiaoli NFL 10 Summaryand Conclusions Sun Weiqing HFL Annexes Annex A-_References Sun Weiain HFIXQ Annex B: TORICIRP Sun Weiqing Am_exC: TOR/WB BFL Annex D: Meetingwith VariousAgencies HFIJXQ Annex E: PublicParticipation HS/HFL

Notes: (1) WB TeamMember HFL = H. Ludwig CT = C.Tufarelli ZC = Chenghu Zhou AL = AlanLi XQ = Qingtao Xie LE = Lorenzo Eccher GWH = (Hydrologist) HS = Hu Shunong GC = G. Crema Coordinationwith YRDP/CRIP:Mr. Hu Maoshengand Mr. Tiam Yongqingof YRDP ForeignAffairs Office and Mr. Li Zhenlun,Ms. Gao Danyuanof YRDPEMO

1-16 WaniiazhaiWater Transfer Proiect Final Report

CHAPTER 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

WaniiazhaiWater Transfer Proiect Final Report

TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR CHAPTER 2

Text

2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2. 1 Introduction 2.1 1 Project Area 2.1.2 Project Concept 2.1.2.1 WWTP Phase I 2.1.2.2 Additional Projects included in ESA 2.2 Need for WWTP 2.2.1 Evaluation of Shanxi Water Resources 2.2.2 Development and Use of Shanxi Water Resources 2.2.3 Essential Solution to Water Shortage 2.3 Project Components 2.3.1 WWTP Phase I 2.3.1.1 General Main Line (GML) 2.3.1.2 South Main Line (SML) 2.3.1.3 SML Connection Works 2.3.2 AdditionalProjects 2.3.2.1 WanjiazhaiDam Project 2.3.2.2 TaiyuanMunicipal Water Supply Distribution System 2.3.2.3 TaiyuanMunicipal Sewerage System 2.3.3 Summary of Project Components 2.4 WWTP Phasing and Progress 2.4.1 VAWITPPhasing 2.4.2 WWTP Progress 2.5 WWTP Alternatives 2.5.1 Alternativeto WanjiazhaiAs Water Source 2.5.2 TransmissionSystem Routing 2.5.3 SML Connection Works 2.5.4 "Do Nothing" Alternative 2.6 Project EnviromnentalComponents

FIGURES

Figure 2.1.1-1 Geographic Location of WWTP Figure 2.1.1-2 Map of Shanxi Province Figure 2.1.2-1 Base Map of Overall WWTP Figure 2.5.1-1 Shanxi Sub-BasinsAs Related to Water Importation

TABLES

Table 2.3.3-1 Summary of WWTP Project Components Table 2.3.3-2 Summary of Main Engineering Indices for WWTTPPhase I Table 2.5.4-1 Project Area IndustrialWater Shortages without WWTP

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WaniiazhaiWater Transfer Proiect Final Report

CHAPTER 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 Introduction

2.1.1 Project Area

The project area covers nine counties (district, city), including Pianguan, Pinglu, Shuozhou, Shenchi, Ningwu, Jingle, Loufan, Gujiao and Taiyuan. These are distributed in the northwest and midnorth parts of Shanxi Province located in North China. The geographic location of U'WTP is as shown in Figure 2.1.1- 1.

The following is a brief description of Shanxi Provincial to give a better understanding of the areas involved in the project.

Shanxi Province is bordered by Hebei Province in the east with the Taihang Mountain in between, and separated by the Yellow River from Shaanxi Province in the west and Henan Province in the south. In the north, it leans against the Great Wall and links with Inner Mongolia. The province is 670 km from north to south and 370 km from west to east, taking a shape of a parallelogramwith the south-north side being longer as shown in Figure 2.1.1-2.

The morphology here greatly varies from place to place. In the eastern and western parts, there is a sequence of mountain chains and hills, with graben basins situated in the middle. The ground surface fluctuates to such an extent that most of the province, except the basins in the middle and south parts, has an elevation above 1,000 m. The summit of Mount Wutai (the maximum peak in North China) has an elevation as high as 3,058 m. Along the Yellow River flood land area distributed in Yuanqu County, however, the elevation is only 245 m.

The total land area of the province is 156,267 km2, including 35.7% contributed by mountain areas, 44.6% by broken country, and 19.7% by plains.

The mean yearly precipitmtionis 524 mm. In most parts of the province, precipitation ranges between 400 ar.iin-0 n;m. Most of the southeastern part, mountain areas in the mideastern part. and Cjuandishanin the Luliang Mountain enjoy more precipitation, with a yearly value of 600-700 mm. But precipitation in Datong basin, Guanling, Fansi and Pianguan Counties is less than 400 mm. Precipitation in the province greatly varies from year to year (by some twice from wet year to dry year). Also, it considerably varies during the year, with the majority concentrated in the period from July to September.

With a total population of 30.452 million (1994), the density was 195 inhabitants/km2.

Coal and iron are very rich in the province, with 262.42 billion tons coal and 3.45 billion tons iron deposits. The annual coal and iron production in 1994 was 324 million tons and 13.414 milliontons respectively.

2-1 Waniiazhai WaterTransfer Proiect Final Report

Well developedpower industrymakes the province a commercialpower base of the country. The annual output in 1994 was 45.693 TWH, with 1.1 TWH exported to other provinces.The output will reach 100 TWH by the year of 2000, with more than 40 TWH exportedto other parts of the country.

Shanxiis remarkablein its productivityproducing outstanding and enjoysrich mineral deposits,but the per capita annualincome is at a low level.In 1994, the averagewage of workers was 3,997 yuan (481.6 USD) and the average net income of farm householdswas only 884 yuan (106.5 USD). The province is thus an impoverished part of China.

One of the major reasons for the impoverishmentis the worseningshortage of water whichis, in turn, a bottlenecklto harmoniouseconomic development.

2.1.2 Project Concept

The overallWWTP is composedof GML,NEL, SML and ConnectionWorks.

The proposedWB loan proceedswill be appliedtoward the costs of GML, SML, and SML ConnectionWorks. The NML works are scheduledto be carriedout later. In a later phase the SML system may include an additionalreservoir, the Haoshuigou Reservoir,but this is not includedin Phase I.

In addition,in the EIA process,the WanjiazhaiDam Project, togetherwith all works up to water users, should be consideredas an overall project. That is to say, all environmentalimpacts to be posed by the overallproject shouldbe considered.These include WanjiazhaiDam Project, the Taiyuan municipalwater supply distribution system, and the Taiyuanmunicipal sewerage system including treatment and disposal and reuse facilities,Taiyuan municipal sewerage system.

Figure 1.1.1-1 of Chapter I is a schematicillustration of the overall WWTP project including Phase I, and Figure 1.1.1-2 is a color plan layout of the WWTP. The followingis a brief discussionof the Phase I project and the additionalprojects not in WWTPbut includedin ESA (EnvironmentalStudy Area).

2.1.2.1 WWTPPhase I

(a) GML

As shown in Figures 1.1.1-1,2, startingat the intake OD the left bank of Wanjiazhai dam, the GML goes east to deliverwater, throughtunnels and 3 pumpingstations, to the SML and NML partitionpoint locatedat XiatuzhaiVillage,?Pianguan County. The fulllength of GML is about 44.6 km.

(b) SML

Starting from the partitionpoint, the SML goes, in the south-eastdirection, through Pianguan, XinhuxinyaoVllUage (Zhiniquan Township, Pinglu), Dongdian (Limin Township, Sucheng District), WerdingVillage (Shenchi County), and Shijieshang,

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Fenshuiling and Matouying (Ningwu County). Imported water is delivered through tunnels, aqueducts, and inverted syphons. The total length is approximately 102.9 km.

After flowing out of the SML tunnel terminal at Toumaying, imported water is led to the Fen River and delivered to Fen-I reservoir via the natural river channel. Then, it is sent to Huyan treatment plant via 40.7 km twin pipelines and 16.8 km twin tunnels.

2.1.2-2 Additional Projects

(a) Wanjiazhai Dam Project

Wanjiazhai Dam Project is located in Pianguan, Shanxi Province. It has a maximum storage level of 980 m and a total storage capacity of 896 million m;. The principal objectives include water supply, power generation, as well as flood and ice-jam control. A project EIA was completed by TIDI in November 1989.

(b) Taiyuan Municipal Water Supply DistributionSystem

This system provides imported water, after purification in the treatment plant, for users via distribution mains and pipelines.

This component intersects and collects municipal sewage which is then treated to be reused for industrial/agriculturalpurposes or dischargedinto the Fen River.

2.2 Need for WWTP

2.2.1 Evaluation of Shanxi Water Resources

Natural precipitation is the main source of water recharge in Shanxi. Based on the mean annual precipitation of 524 mm, it is known that the total precipitation volume is .9 biiiion m3 . The average annual water resources amount to 14.08 billion m, including 10.87 billion m3 surface water (river runoff) and 3.21 billion m3 groundwater availability.

As calculated on the basis of the total provincial population 27.7441 million in 1990, 3 the per capita water availabilityis 507.5 m , which is only 20% of the national average. On the basis of the total farmland area of 3.6925 million ha in 1990, the water 3 availability per unit farmland is 3,813 Mm/ha, which is 14.6% of the national average 26,130 m3/ha.

2.2.2 Development and Use of Shanxi Water Resources

Shortage of water mark-edly affects industrial/agriculturalproduction and people's livelihood.

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There is about 1.1667 million ha irrigated land, amountingto 31.6% of the total farmlandarea in the province.As analyzedby water agencies,no more than 20% of the irrigatedland is providedwith adequateirrigation water, 63% is accessibleto irrigation water far less than required, and the rest 17% is irrigated land in name only. Water consumptionfor domestic purposes of rural residents is only 36 I/d. It is still very difficultto get drink}ingwater in someremote areas.

In urban areas, domesticwater consumptionis 74 lId, less than the minimumlevel of 100 l/d as recommendedby the WHO and also far below the nationalaverage of 174 l/d.

As a coal, energy,and chemicalbase of the country, SharDihas many industrieswith high water demands. Water for industrial needs is concentrated on power, coal, chemical,and metallurgicalactivities. These four sectors accountfor 74% of the total water take for industrialneeds in the province. Industrialwater supply is far from adequate.In 1992,water availabilityfor industrialpurposes was only 58% of the water demand.Due to the lack of water, some factoriesare forced to limittheir productivity. At Taiyuan Iron and Steel Plant, cooling water has been cut down to the warning level, with risks for high furnacesto be shut down. In some miningareas inspectedby Datong MiningService Bureau, people have to use minewater as drinkingwater. Lack of water supplyhas deferredcommissioning of the completedYanzishan and Sitaigou mines.

Although225,000 m3 groundwateris over exploited on a dailybasis, there is still a shortage of 200,000 m3. As a result water is suppliedon a low-pressurefintermittent servicebasis.

2.2.3 Essential Solution to Water Shortage

On the principle of ensuring adequate water for livelihoodneeds and also tak-ing account of industrial and agriculturalneeds, areas sufferingfrom water shortages mainlyinclude: Datong economiccenter, Sangganheregion where Suzhou coal and power base is located; Taiyuaneconomic center, upper and middlereaches of the Fen River where Fenxi coal and power base is located; lower reaches of the Fen River where Houlin industrialzone and Hexiangbauxite, coal, and 1 :\ er base are situated; and SushuiRiver regionwith the Yunchenggrain and cotton productionbase.

Based on statisticaldata, the total water take for industrialand agriculturalneeds in 3 3 1993 was 5.576 billionm , including2.106 billion m from river runoffand 3.47 billion m3 from groundwater.

The annual water shortagein the abovementioned areas is estimatedto be about 1.2 to 1.5 billion rn3.

What is the way out to deal with this situation?

With the existingwater supplyfacilities, the provinceriver runoff utilizationis about 30%. Alongthe upper and middlereaches of the Fen River,Sanggan River and Sushui

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River, the value has reached 50-70%, greatly exceeding the allowed capacity of river runoff. As a result, river channels have become "sewage ditches".

The ever-increasing conflict of runoff supply and demand results in competition of groundwater over-exploitation for industrial and agricultural needs. This over- exploitation lowers down the water table from year to year such that extensive groundwater funnel areas are produced. In addition, groundwater resources destruction contributed by coal mining activities (causing at least water resources reduction by 200 million m3) puts the water crisis in a worse position.

Any effort to meet the province water demand by increasing use of surface water and groundwater will meet costly and insurmountable difficulties. Being affected by precipitation, surface water is highly seasonable and the majority of the still available surface water is distributed in the southeastern part of the province, far away from the major demand centers in the north and midnorth.

As discussed in the previous paragraphs, it is obvious that the first solution to deal with the water shortage problem is to provide more input and to implement the WWTP at a full scale. This will provide a much increased water supply capacity, satisfy the province sustainable social and economic development, and relax the conflict between water demand for construction of energy/chemical bases and the inadequate water resources affordability.

2.3 Project Components

Project components include components of WWTP Phase I and components of additional projects.

2.3.1 WWTP Phase I

2.3.1.1 General Main Line (GML)

Starting at the intake on the left bank of Wanjiazhaidam, the GML travels eastward to deliver water, through 2 underground and I surface pumping stations, to the SML and NML partition point (at El 1,286 m) located in the vicinity of Xiatuzhai Village, Pianguan County. The full length of GC\TL is about 44.6 km, with design discharge being 48 m3/s.

(a) Headwork Diversion

One pressure pipeline 192.93 m long and one pressure tunnel 211.21 m long (f4 m for both) will be built at El 948 m of the dam. These are then combined to convey imported water, through a f3.6 m pressure tunnel 1.I km long, to the primary pumping station forebay.

(b) Pumping Station

The primary pumping station, located in Daqing Gully, is an underground one with 10 vertical-type pumps equipped in the main pump house. Presenting an installed capacity

2-5 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Repnrt of 12 MW and designlift of 142 m, each of these pumps providesa flow discharge of 6.45 m3 /s.

The secondarypumping station, located near ShentongzuiVillage, has identicaltype and designparameters.

The tertiary pumping station is situated in cascade 2 terrace on the Pianguan River, about 700 m east of YantousiVillage and immediatelyadjacent to Pianguan-Pinglu highway.The main pumphouse is furnishedwith 16 vertical-typepumps, each having an installedcapacity of 4 MW, designhead of 80 m, and dischargeof 4 m3/s.

The conveyancesystem is composedof 11 tunnels and 4 aqueducts, with a grand length of 43.5 kIn, circular(f5.46 m) or circular-archstalk (5 x 5.5 m) section. Out of these tunnels,5 are in pressure vith a total length of 3.6 km and the remaining6 are free flow with a total length of 38.8 km. The aqueductshave a total length of 0.543 km. Generally,the geographicconditions along the tunnel alignmnentare rather good due to a generalizedpresence of limestoneand dolostoneover 94% of the total length. The remainingpart is mostlymade of soil (loess and laterite).At the full tunnel length, the water table is generallybelow the tunnelsthemselves.

Being separately located in West Shamaogou, East Shamaogou, Shuiquanhe and Dongxiaogou,these aqueductsare respectively60, 90, 327 and 57 m long.

(d) Reservoir

A small reservoir (Shentongzuireservoir) is planned to be built at a place a little further downstreamof the secondarypumping station, allowingdaily regulationsfor the primary and secondarystations with a regulatingcapacity of 108,000 m3. The reservoirarea is dolomite.In orderto reduce water seepage, 15 cm thick concretewill be placed on the reservoirbed, with curtaingrouting provided for the dam foundation for the purpose of seepageprevention.

2.3.1.2 SouthMain Line (SML)

The SML starts from the partition point at XiatuzhaiVillage and moves southward through Pianguan, Pinglu, Shuozhou, Shenchi and Ningwu Counties, with a total lengthof 102.9km. It is composedof 16 structureswhich convey the importedwater in a close mode at the full length. The design flow is 25.8 m3/s. Imported water, when liftedup to El 1,482.6m withtwo outdoor pumpingstations, is conveyedinto the Fen River througha free-flowtunnel.

(a) Water ConveyanceStructure

The conveyance system consists of a diversion gate, 7 tunnels, 3 aqueducts, 2 embeddedculverts and I invertedsyphon.

(a.1) Tunnel

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Tunnels No. 1-7 arranged from north to south are the main works of the SML conveyance system, with a length of 98.47 km, being 95.7% of the total SML length. The section size is 4 x 4.24 m or 3.8 x 4.15 (4.19) m. All are free flow. The 66 km tunnels north of Shijieshang are mainly aligned in Cambrian system and Ordovician system limestone which is mostly Class I, II, or III surrounding rock with good stability, and is generally above the water table except that a small part is arranged in soils.

The 32 km alignments south of Shijieshang are placed in Carbonic and Jurassic sandstone, shale and mudstone which are relatively weak. A part of tunnel is more than 300 m below the ground. The water table here is relatively high, with abundant groundwater. This part (tunnel No. 7) is proposed to be treated with pre-jet grout during construction.

Out of these 7 tunnels, 3 are extremely long, with tunnel No. 5 being 26.76 km, No. 6 being 14.47 km and No. 7 being 43,34 kin.

(a.2) Aqueduct

Three aqueducts are separately located at Pianguanhe, Longxugou and Xipinggou, with a separate length of 847.13, 224 and 370 m, and section size of 4x 3.85 m.

(a.3) Culvert

Two culverts are separately located at Muguagou and Wenlingcun upstream of the Zhujia River, one is 350 m and the other is 730 m long.

(a.4) Inverted Syphon

A inverted syphon is placed between tunnel 3 outlet and secondary pumping station forebay, being 90.6 m in length and 3.5 m in diameter.

(b) Pumping Station

SML has primary and secondary pumping stations.

The former station is located in the floodland area south of Xiatuzhai, on the left bank of the Pianguan River. It connects to Pianguanhe aqueduct in the upstream, 1.8 km from the partition point, and with tunnel 2 in the downstream. The ground-type pump house is equipped with 8 x 7.5 MW units, providing an installed capacity of 60 MW. Each of the units, with a design head of 142 m, provides 4.3 m3/s flow.

The latter station is located at Xihuxinyao Village in Zhiniquan Township, Pinglu County, 6.3 km away from the primary station. Both installed capacity and layout are identical to those of the former, with design head also being 142 m.

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2.3.1.3 SML ConnectionWorks

Phase I SML ConnectionWorks starts from the tunnel outlet at Toumaying.Through the natural Fen River channeland Jingle County,it leads imported water to Fen-I reservoir built in Loufan County. Then it conveyswater, through twin pipelinesand twin tunnels in Gujiao City, to Huyan treatment plant. Fen-l reservoir allows regulation of the imported water. During August-Septemberperiod, water diversion will suspend for sediment flushingoperations of Wanjiazhaireservoir, and Fen-I reservoir will provide some 57 millionm 3 water for Huyan water treatment plant, whichis not includedin WWTP.

The followingis a descriptionof Phase I SML ConnectionWorks (also discussed in Section 4.13).

(a) Natural RiverCourse

The Fen River sectionfrom Toumayingto Fen reservoiris 81.2 kin, with broad valley and straight course. ClassI alluvialterrace is well developed.The water table on both banks is higher than the water levels of the Fen River and its tributarieswhich are, therefore, contributed by groundwater. All larger tributaries originate from metamorphicrocks, intersectingstrata and joiningthe Fen River. Generallyspeaking, there is no risk of river channelseepage.

(b) Fen-] Reservoir

This reservoiris located in Loufan County in the upper reaches of the Fen River. It was started in 1958 and put into operationin June 1961, involvinga total catchmnent area of 5268 kin2. In this catchmentarea, larger tributariesinclude Lan, Dongnian, Mingshuiand Loufan.The maximumreservoir surface area is 32 kin2, with maximum backwater lengthof 18.3 km. The upper reaches of the Fen River is 122 km, with a gradientof 4.5%.

Principal tasks of this reservoir include flood control, water supply for irrigation, industrialand municipalneeds, plus power generationand fishery.It is a multipurpose carry-overstorage. The overallproject is composedof dam, spillway,water-carrying tunnel, power house, flood and sedimenttunnels. The total storage capacity is 721 millionrn 3. The reservoir has been operatingin the mode of "storingclear water and discharging muddy water". Up to date, it has retained 330 millionin 3 sediment.

Providedthat Fen reservoiris used to provideregulations for the connectingsystem, a layered intake tower needs to be added, providinga design flow of 20.5 m3/s. The intake gate is connectedto a f2 im pressure tunnel 446.8 m long, and then to f2.5 m power and conveyancepenstock. The existingpower house is to be expanded,with a new 10 MW generatingunit added. Also, a tail bay will be provided.Water will be conveyed from the culvert downstreamof the tailbay to the pressureforebay at the water conveyancepipe inlet.

2-8 WaniiazhaiWater Transfcr Proiect Final Renort

(d) Water ConveyancePipe/Tunnel

From Fen reservoir,imported water will be conveyedthrough twin pipelinesand twin tunnels,without any provisionof power station.At the fill length of 57.356 km, there will be arranged7 pressuretunnels 16.571km (with section size of 2.2, 2.4 or 2.6 m) and 6 water conveyancepipes 40.209km (withsection diameterof 2.2 or 2.4 m), plus associated structures including7 valve chambers,76 manholes, 134 vent shafts, 6 depressure tanks at 3 different places, I pressure forebay, 2 plunge pools, 17 check sluice gates,4 overflowweirs and 2 electricbutterfly valves.

2.3.2 Additional Projects Not in WWTP but Included in ESA

2.3.2.1 Wanjiazhia Dam Project

Wanjiazhai Dam Project is not included in the WWTP, though, it needs to be discussed as it is the beginning component for WWTP.

This dam project is located on the upper north main stem of the Yellow River, with Pianguan county on the left bankiand Sungar County (Inner Mongolia) on the right. The main objectives are water supply and power generation, plus flood and ice-jam control.

With a total storage capacity of 895 millionm 3 , the reservoir will provide 200 million m 3 water for Inner Mongolia and 1,200 million m3 for Shanxi each year. The installed capacity will be 1,080 MW (6 Francis turbines), producing an annual output of 2,652 GWH. The operation mode will be "storing clear water and discharging muddy water". Sediment flushing will be arranged in August and September.

Above the dam site, there is a catchment area of 394,800 km2. The channel gradient here is 1.24%, and the river width is 300-400 m, with a U-shape valley. Bed rocks are exposed on the river bed. Floodland on both banks is composed of sand and gravel deposits. The long-term annual mean runoff at the damsite is 19.2 billion m3 . As checked using 10,000-year flood, the corresponding maximum discharge is 21,200 m3/s. The design sediment content is averaged at 7.21 kg/m3.

The dam is of a concrete gravity type, with a height of 90 m and rvsi !ength of 438 m. The rock foundation is generally dolomite, limestone, shale and mudstone. The design normal storage level is 977 m, with a maximum of 980 m (lasting about 10 days each year).

In addition to water intakes and generating units, the control system also includes discharge structures, namely, 8 low-level pressure gates (4 x 6 m), 4 middle-level pressure ones (4 x 8 m) and I high-leveloutlet (14 m).

2.3.2.2 Taiyuan MunicipalWater Supply Distributin System

When imported water is made available to Taiyuan, water supply for the city will be increased by I million m3/d in 2001 and then by other 0.76 rnillion m3/d in 2004, far

2-9 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Renom

beyond the present capacityof existingwater supply systemswhich, therefore, needs to be upgraded.

(1) TreatmentPlant

The new treatment plant is proposed to be located at Huyan Village in the north outskirts of Taiyuan.This plant, with a design capacity of 1.76 millionm 3/d, will be carried out in two stages. In Stage 1, 1 millionm 3/d will be provided,and the restO0.76 millionm 3/d will be completedin Stage II when the total water supplywill reach the designcapacity of 1.76million m 3/d.

The treatmentprocess includesprecipitation with flocculent(polyacrylamide and basic aluniinumchloride) and disinfectionusing ammonia chloride. Main structures are water distributionwell, radial-flowpresedimentation tank, horizontalsedimentation tank, air- water backflushfilter chamber, and clearwater chamber,etc.

(2) DistributionPipeline

Distributionpipelines include distribution mains, pipelines for exclusiveuse (Taiyuan ChemicalGroup and TaiyuanPower Plant 2), and pipe networks. Phase I pipelines have a total length of 113 km, and those includedin Phase n1have a length of 66.25 km.

(3) PressureStation

Three pressure stations are planned at pipe network borders, namely, Dongshan, Beiyingand Xishan pressure stations, to providewater for far and remote parts of Taiyuan.

Facilitiesto be providedfor these stationsinclude pump houses,power transformation and distribution chambers, regulation water tanks, suction wells, complex office buildingsand boiler houses, etc. Equipmentwill be provided,as appropriate, in line with the scope of serviceareas and water supplyquantities.

2.3.2.3Tiayuan Municipal Seweage System

The dischargeof industrialand domesticwastewater will go up as imported water reaches Taiyuan.Accordingly, sewage treatment capacity needs to be increased and water pollutioncontrol improved.

To this end, 15 sewagereceiving zones are identified.Also, it is plannedto expandand upgrade the existing5 treatmentplants and to provide 7 new ones up to the year of 2020,plus provisionof 1,165.5km sewagemains (see Chapter5 for details).

2.3.3 Summary of Project Components Table 2.3.7-1 summarizes the WWTP Phase I components and the additional projects included in ESA and Table 2.3.7-2 summarizer the main engineering indices of WWTP Phase I.

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2.4 WWTP Phasing and Progress

2.4.1 WWTP Phasing

The overall WWTTPplan includes Phase I and Phase II.

Phase I includes all civil works and water conveyance structures involved in GML, SMILand Connection Works, quarter electromechanicalequipment for GML pumping stations, and half electromechanical equipment for SML pumping stations. All these will be completed by 2001.

Phase II is expected to cover the remaining electromechanicalequipment for GML and SML pumping stations, Haoshuigou reservoir included in SML and other facilities as needed.

2.4.2 WWTPProgress

(a) Wanjiazhai Dam Project

River diversion was started upon the closure of Phase II cofferdam and the removal of Phase I cofferdam on November 7, 1995. As of March 25, 1996, concrete placement was started in zones 1-9 of the main dam, and zone 11 was raised to El 915 m. Excavation in the power house and tailrace was completed, with a maximum depth down to El 882 m.

Embankment of Phase II upstream cofferdam reached El 914 m, while the downstream cofferdam was almost completed to be ready for the upcoming ice jam.

(b) GML

All preparation workls had been practically completed prior to March 25, 1996.

Excavation of water conveyance tunnels was completed by 22,447.6 m, including 3 3 723,808 m soil and rock works, 16,738 m (96,323.6 m ) concrete lining works.

Excavation of access adits was completed bx 2,64-?m, involving 107,918 m3 earth and rock works.

A total of 216,775 m3 open excavation was completed for primary pumping stations and 394,467 m3 for secondary ones.

Aqueducts I and 2 foundations were completed.

Works completed by March 25, 1996 includes: 7 water supply works, 3 power substations, 95.5 km power transmission lines and 15 km roads. All temporary works are expected to be completed by August, 1996.

2-11 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Rewrt

Excavationof water conveyancetunnels was completedby 1,260 m, including29,326 3 3 m earth and rock works, and 633 m concrete lining(4,156 m ).

Excavationof access adits was completedby 312 m, involving5,526 m3 earth and rock works.

All the 3 lot contractors (for a total length of 8.4 km tunnels)had mobilizedto the worklsite, starting constructionof the main worksfrom April20, 1996.

2.5 Project Alternatives

2.5.1 Alternatives to Wanjiazhai as Water Source

If economicgrowth in the ProjectAreas is to continue,and the urbanpopulation is to receive adequate supplies of water, additional sources of water must be found. Potentialsources include(a) groundwater,(b) localsurface water, (c) importedsurface water, and (d) reallocationof existingwater from other uses (irrigation).These are discussedas follows:

(a) Groundwater

Groundwater,in Datongand Taiyuan,is alreadyseriously over-exploited, and has been since the late 1980s.The evidencecomes from both a comparisonof extractionswith estimates of sustainableyields, and from observationsof decliningwater tables and increasingincidence of land subsidence.In 1993,groundwater overdraft in Datong was 40% higher than sustainableyield, and in Taiyuan,15%. Groundwatersupplied 86.7% of total consumptionin Datong in that year, and 80.4% in Taiyuan.

The question is not whether increasedextraction of groundwatercan be tolerated, but whether current levels can be sustainedto the year 2001 when the Project water is scheduledto becomeavailable.

(b) Local SurfaceWater

Taiyuan City is situated near the upper end of the Upper Fen Basin, an enclosed hydrologicalentity which relies almost entirely on. snowmeltand far upper reach runoff for the river flow. There is negligibleofftake above TaiyuanCity and its northern suburbs, but. virtually unlimited demand for water in and around Taiyuan and downstreamnfor irrigation.The utilizationrate has been as highas 74% in recent years, which is probablythe highestin the YellowRiver Basin, and cannotbe increasedgiven the seasonalityof flows and high sedimentcontent during flood periods. This level of utilization has resulted in the river bed often runningdry much of the year, and a dramaticdecline in the irrigationsupplies to downstreanfarmers.

Furthermore, there is strong evidence that recorded Fen River flows have been decliningat statistically-significantrates. This has been causedby ex-tensiveterracing (to conservewater and lessen erosion)upstream, and by the declinein groundwater tables whichincreases losses fromseepage.

2-12 WaniiazhaiWater Transfer Proiect Final Renort

The alternative sources for importing surface water are either from adjacent sub-basins within Shanxi, or from the Yellow River. Figure 2.5.1-1 shows that Shanxi is divided into 15 sub-basins or catchment areas. Conceivably, Taiyuan could receive water diverted from the North-West or Hotuohe basins, and Pingshuo and Datong could receive water from the Honghe and Yanghe basins respectively. Two factors make these options virtually impossible. First, water shortages are prevalent throughout northern Shanxi, and are intensifying everywhere. Only in the West is excess surface flows projected, and these occur mostly in flood season drainage directly to the Yellow, at points remote from the Project Area water demand centers. Second, the division of Shanxi into sub-basins follows the pattern of intervening mountain ranges which would need to be crossed if water were to be diverted. These ranges are as high as 3,000 m and would involve insurmountable technical and economic difficulties.

The above discussion shows that only importation of water from the Yellow by a project such as Wanjiazhai can meet the projected water demands. Alternatives neither can supply the volumes required, or would pose even greater difficulties and higher costs than Wanjiazhai. An another question is, is Wanjiazhai the best location on the Yellow for the diversions? Studies have shown that it is the only location which is feasible. Above Wanjiazhai the Yellow River turns westward, requiring longer and more costly diversion route, and one which encroaches on Inner Mongalia. Below Wanjiazhai, the Loess Plateau begins with its associated runoff with very high silt concentrations which would create many problems in the diversion system.

(d) Reallocation of Existing Water

In 1993, irrigation accounted for 40 mcm (21.4% of total consumption) in Datong and 83 mcm (19.0%) in Taiyuan. Irrigation consumption as a percentage of total consumption has been declining as water has been diverted to municipal and industrial uses or sold by farmers who have water rights.

However, not all of the current irrigation supplies could be diverted to municipal and industrial (M&I) uses in the Project Areas. Irrigation demands are seasonal, peaking in the Spring months, whereas M&I demands are relatively constant throughout the year. The larger irrigated areas are not located near the cities, so that reallocation would require investments in both surface water storage and conveyance. Those irrigated areas located near the Project cities supply important and valuable produce to those cities, supplies which would be difficult and costly to procure elsewhere. But the most important reason why reallocation from irrigation should not be pursued has to do with poverty alleviation. Most of Shanxi's poor are rural, and most rural residents rely on agriculture for the bulk of their incomes. Without irrigation, agriculture in Shanxi is a precarious undertaking because of low and unpredictable rainfall. Irrigated yields are double those for rained land, and could be much higher were irrigation water available in ample supplies. Agricultural incomes are probably quadrupled when crops can be irrigated. In 1994, farm wages were only 33% of wages in manufacturing. Thus any further re-allocation of water from farmers would have serious negative income effects on this group which is already the'poorest of Shanxi.

2-13 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Reori

2.5.2 TransmissionSystem Routing

As early as the 1950s, an joint engineeringteam was established, by the Beijing Investigationand DesignInstitute of the formnerMWR and Shanxi Province,to study Yellow Riverdiversion alignments. Based on surveysand route selection efforts over the past 3 decades, the current alignment determined on the basis of many justifications.Construction work has been carried out, step by step, along GML and SM'.

2.5.3 SML ConnectionWorks

As explainedin Section4.13 of Chapter4, "ConnectionWorks", four alternativeswere consideredfor conveyingthe importedwater from the end of SML Tunnel No. 7 to Taiyuan City (see Figure 1.1.1-1). As explainedin Section 4.13, "Alternative2" was selectedas the most feasiblesolution for Phase I. This plan makes use of the 81.2 km naturalFen River courseto conveythe importedwater from the end of SML Tunnel No. 7 to the existingFen-I reservoirand then utilizespipelines and tunnels to convey the water from Fen-l reservoir to Taiyuan,thus avoiding use of the Fen River for conveyancefrom Fen- 1 reservoirto Taiyuan.This avoids problemsof significantwater losses in this river reach due to leakage,and avoidsthe hazard of significantpollution runoff into this reachbecause of difficultiesin controllingthis.

2.5.4 "Do Nothing" Alternative

With current water shortages in the Project Areas amountingto 40% of estimated demand, and growingrapidly, and both ground and surface water suppliesdeclining, failure to completethe WWTP would engender economic,social, and environmental calamity.Projections using the ProvincialPlanning Model (PPM) show that if the Project Areas' urbanresidents are to be given suppliesequaling the norms for China, and if farmers' water allocationsare to be preservedat current levels, industrialand mining activitieswould decline rapidly and virtuallycease after the year 2010. The annual loss in industrialoutput would be 32 billionyuan in 2000, and 66 billionin 2010. The impactwould be felt throughoutChina given the heavyreliance on northern Shanxi's coal, heavyindustry, and chemicaloutput. Hundreds of thousandsof skilled workerswould needto be relocated,any vast quantitiesof mineraland fossilresources would go unexplored.It is not surprisingthat Chinese plannershave mentionedthe possibilitythat Taiyuanand Datongwould need to be relocated(at incalculablecost) if WWTP water is not forthcoming.The PPM also shows that sufficientwater could be extracted from irrigationin northern Shand given significantinvestments in water storage and conveyance,but probablyat a cost for engineeringworks exceedingthat of WWTP.There wouldbe other prohibitiveeconomic and social costs associatedwith this policy.Already low agriculturalincomes would be severelyaffected, and a million or more agriculturalworkers would need to be relocated and retrained. Alternative sources of food supplies would need to be found, and the transportation and distributionnetwork expanded and reorganized.Even so, the volumes of water that could be reallocatedfrom this option would be exhaustedlong before the horizon of the WWTPplanning period of 2020.

2-14 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Project Final Report

2.6 Project Environmental Components

Generally,each of the variouscomponents of WWA'TPhas been designedto incorporate environmentalprotection measures as specifiedin the WWTP/EIA. In additionto the project's physicalcomponents, the overallpresent projectincludes (i) an environmental trainingprogram, (ii) a environmentalmonitoring programs, for both constructionand operation stages, (iii) a public participation program, and (iv) an Environmental ManagementPlan with an EnvironmnentalManagement Office for implementingthe EnvironmentalManagement Plan.

In addition,the present project includespreliminary evaluation of the needs and costs of the facilitiesto be designed/implementedby local agencies for work management andmaintenance of waterquality as neededto protect beneficialwater uses.

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/~~~ - lI Table 2.3.3-1 Summary of Project Components

Component Description Unit Qty Notes 1 Reservoir 1.1 Dam No. 1 Concretegravity dam 90 m high,crest length438 m, 8 low-levelpressure Wanjiazhai* gates,4 middle-levelones, I high-levelgate 3 Dam Project 1.2 Reservoir No. 1 Total storagecapacity 896 mitlion m , regulationcapaciy 445 millionm', yearlywater supply 1.4 billion m 3 2. Hydropowerstation No. 1 After-dampower house, total installed capacity 1080 MW (6 x 180MW), I_powersource for peakregulabtion in NorthChina

1. Headworkdiversion 1.1 Pressurepipeline m 192.9 *$m 1.2 Pressuretunnel m 1311.2 +4m 211.2m, 5.6 m 1100 m 2. Pumpingstation No. 3 3 2.1 Primary Set 10 Unit flow6.45 m's, designlift 142 m, installedcapacity 12 MW 3 2.2 Secondary Set 10 Unit flow6.45 m's, designlift 142 m, installedcapacity 12 MW 3 GML 2.3 Tertiary Set 16 Unit flow4 m's, designlift 80 m, installedcapacity 4 MW 3. Conveyancestructure No. 15 3.1 Pressuretunnel No. S Length3.6 km 3.2 Freeflow tunnel No. 6 Length38.8 km 3 3.3 Aqueduct No. 4 Length0.543 km, now 48 m /s 4. Reservoir No. 1 Storagecapacity 200000 m 3, dailyregulation for pnmary& secondary pumpingstations

1. Conveyancestructure No. 14 1.1 Diversiongate No. 1 1.2Tunnel No. 7 Length98.47 km 1.3Aqueduct No. 3 Length1441.13m SML 1.4Cuhert No. 2 LengthI080 m 1.5Inverse syphon No. 1 Length90.64 m 2. Pumpingstation No. 2 2.1 Primary Set 8 Unit flow4.3 m'is, designlift 142m, installedcapacity 7.5 MW 2.2 Secondary Set 8 Unitflow 4.3 m'Is, designlift 142 m, installedcapacity 7.5 MW 3. AccessAdt No. 24 Sectionsize identical to that of tunnels,total length 9075 m 1. Intakefacility Layeredintake tower and dischargegate beforeFen reservoir Connection 2. Conveyancestructure Work Z1 Tunnel No. 7 Length16.8 km 22 Pipeline No. 6 Length402 km, Q2.4or 2.2 m

3 3 1. Treatmentplant No. 1 PhaseI watersupply 1 millionm /day, Phase111.76 million m TaiyuanWater' 2. Dstributionpipeline SupplySystem 2.1 Main km 22 11 km in PhaseI and 11 km in PhaseII .220O mm 2.2 Pipenetwork km 157 102km in PhaseI and 55 km in Phasell 3. Pressurestation No. 3 Watersupply for Dongshan,Xishan and Beiying

Taiyuanv 1. Sewagemain pipe km 1165.5 Exi*ng 153 kmpipe network Sewerage 2. Treatmentplant No. 10 To upgradethe emsting5 andto buLd5 new ple"a.- System

* Not included in WWTP but included in ESA.

2-20 Table 2.3.3-2 Summary of Main Engineering Indices forWWWTPPhase 1(1)

No. htem Unit Qty Notes 1 Designdischarge 1.1 GML nm31s 48 1.2SML m3/s 25.8 1.3Connection works m3/s 20.5 2 Designannual water quantity 2.1GML 106 m3 640 22 SML 1e ml 640 Stage 1 1066m 350 Stage220'm 3 290 3 Projectlength 3.1 Total km 1285 3.2GML km 44 | 3.3 SML km 103 3.4 Connectionworks km 138 Inclusive of 812 km river channel 4 Tunnels =4.1Number of tunnels No. 26 4.2 Total length km 159 4.3 Maximumtunnel length km 4 Tunnel7 in SML 5 Aqueducts 5.1 Numberof aqueducts No. 7 5.2 Total length m 1984 6 Pumpingstations {6.1 Numberof pumpingstations No. 5 16.2 Total installedcapacity MW 424 6.3 Total design head m 648

7 Inverted syphons _ 7.1 Numberof inversesyphons No. 1 7.2 Total pipelinelength m 90.6

2-21 Table 2.3.3-2 Summary of Main Engineering Indices for WWTP Phase 1(2)

No. Item Unit oty Notes 8 EmbededCulvert 8.1 Number of embeddedculverts No. 2 8.2Total length m 1080 9 Pipelines 9.1 Nunber of pipelnes No. 7 92 Total length km 40.4 9.3 Maximumpipeline length km 16.7 Pipeline3 in connectionworks 10 Naturalriver channel Phase I km 81.2 Fen River 11 Reservoirs 11.1 Numberof reservoirs No. 1 Shentongzzuidaily regulationreservoir

3 11 2 Total storagecapacity IO' m 18 12 Hydropowerstations 12.1 Numberof hydmopowerstations No. 1 Expaned Fen powerstation 122 Installedcapaty 4 m3 13 Land area to be covered 13.1 Land for pernanent use ha 446.16 1 32 Landfortemporary use ha 301.5i 13.3 Resetlement population Peison 1108 Requiningproduction arrangement 14 Main civUworks

3 14.1 Tunnel excavation IO4 m 638.40

4 3 14.2 Open excavation 10 m 834.98

3 14.3 Earh & rock embankment 104 m 402.63 14.4 Concrete & reinforced concrete 0 m3 218

2-22 TABLE 2.5.4-1: PROJlECTSERVICE AREA INDUSTRIALWATER SHORTAGESWITHOUT WWTP (From Section 4.12)

Left for Industry: (Millioncum) Taiyuan 149.9 107.5 27.7 Datong 30.6 13.3 0.0 Pinshuo 109.7 103.1 96.7 Total PA's 240.2 173.9 74.4

Neededfor Industry (Millon cum) Tayuan 382.2 565.9 728.1 Datong 181.0 236.6 278.4 Pingshuo 134.2 219.0 279.5 Total PA's 697.4 1021.5 1086.0

PotentialIndustrial Output (Millionyuan) Taiyuan 31.406 51,157 75,725 Datong 14,484 20,430 27,450 Pingshuo 4,960 9,310 12510 Total PA's 50,850 80,897 115,685

Industral Outputwih Only LocalSupplies: (Millionyuan) Taiyuan 12,318 9,718 2,881 Da"ng 2,449 1,148 0 -Pingshuo 4,054 4,383 4,328 Total PA's 18,821 15,249 7,209

PercentOutp Fogone without WWrP Taiyuan 61% 81% 96% Datong 83% 94% ¶00% Pingshuo 18% 53% 65% Tot PA's 63% 81% 94%

Oudputin million1990 constantyuan

2-23 Waniiazhai WaterTransfer Proiect Final Repo

CHAPTER 3 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

WanjiazhaiWater Transfer Project Final Report

TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR CHAPTER 3

TEXT 3. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTNNG .3] rNNTRODUCTION 3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY AREA (ESA) 3.2.1 Overall EnvironmentalStudy Area of WWTP 3.2.2 Project Component ESAs 3.3 LAND USES 3.3.1 General Information 3.3.2 Forests and Wildlife 3.3.3 Summary Tabulation 3.4 NATURAL PHYSICAL RESOURCES 3.4.1 General Description 3.4.2 Climate 3.4.2.1 General 3.4.2.2 Regional Data 3.4.2.3 Severe Storms 3.4.3 Geology 3.4.3.1 General 3.4.3.2 Seismic Zones 3.4.4 Soils/Erosion 3.4.4.1 Soil 3.4.4.2 Soil Erosion 3.4.5 Surface Water Hydrology 3.4.6 Hydrogeology 3.4.6.1 Types of Groundwater 3.4.6.2 Hydrogeologic Area Classification 3.4.7 Water Quality 3.4.7.1 Surface Water Quality 3.4.7.2 Groundwater Quality 3.4.8 Topography and Geomorphology 3.5 NATURAL BIOLOGICALRESOURCES 3.5.1 Introduction 3.5.2 Forests and Other Vegetation 3.5.3 Terrestrial Wildlifein Phase I ESA 3.5.3.1 Vertebrate 3.5.3.2 Rare Animals 3.5.3.3 Resource Animals in WWVTPArea 3.5.4 Aquatic Ecology 3.5.4.1 Introduction 3.5.4.2 Plankton in Upper Reach of Fen River 3.5.4.3 Aquatic Animalin Upper Reach of Fen River 3.6 DEVELOPMENT 3.6.1 Urbanization 3.6.2 Industry 3.6.3 Infrastructure

3 -i WanjiazhaiWater Transfer Project Final Report

3.6.4 Agriculture 3.7 QUALITYOF LIFE 3.7.1 GeneralDescription 3.7.2 Incomein ProjectAffected Areas 3.7.3 Other Qualityof Life Indices 3.7.4 TaiyuanService Area 3.7.4.1 Low Per CapitaIncome 3.7.4.1 Less per CapitaWater Use 3.7.4.3 poor Gardeningand Afforestation 3.7.5 Summaryand Conclusions 3.8 SUMMARYAND CONCLUSIONS 3.8.1 Purpose of Chapter3 3.8.2 EnvironmentalStudy Area Maps 3.8.3 Reviewof EnvironmentalResources 3.8.3.1Land Use 3.8.3.2Natural Physical Resources 3.8.3.3Natural Biological Resources 3.8.3.4Development Resources 3.8.3.5Quality of Life Resources 3.8.4 SummaryTabulation

FGLIRES Figure 3.2.1-1 EnvironmentStudy Area (ESA)of OverallWWTP Project Figure 3.2.2-1 EnvironmentStudy Area (ESA)of WanjiazhaiReservoir Figure3.2.2-2 EnvironmentStudy Area (ESA) for GeneralMain Line Figure3.2.2-3 EnvironmentStudy Area (ESA) of the SouthMain Line Figure3.2.2-4 EnvironmentStudy Area (ESA) for Fen-I Reservoir Figure3.2.2-5 EnvirommentalStudy Area for ConnectionWorks Figure3.2.2-6 EnvironmentStudy Area (ESA) for TaiyuanService Area Figure3.4.3-1 SeismicIntensity Zones Figure3.7.3-1 TransportationNetwork on WWTPArea Figure3.8.3-1 Summaryof EnvironmentalResources Related to WWTP/PhaseI

TABLES Table3.3.1-1 Summaryof LandUse in ESA Table 3.4.2-1 RainfallData fromHydrometric Stations Table 3.4.2-2 AverageAnnual Evaporation Data fromHydrometric Stations Table3.4.2-3 TemperatureData fromHydrographic Stations Table3.4.2-4 MaximumFrost SoilDepth Data Table3.4.2-5 Wind VelocityData Table 3.4.4-1 SoilFertility Along WWTP Phase I Area Table 3.4.5-1 HydrologicalIndices of MainRivers Table 3.4.8-1 TopographicConstituents of WWTPCounties Table 3.6.4-1 AgriculturalProduction Indices Table 3.7.1 -1 Distribution of Population to be Affected by WWTP Table 3.7.2-1 EconomicIncome Levels along the WWlTPby Township Table 3.7.2-2 EconornicIncome Levels of VillagesAlong the ConmectionWorks Table 3.7.3-1 BackgroundInformation on Education(1994) Table3.7.3-2 BackgroundInformation on Healthand MedicalCare

3 -ii WanjiazhaiWater Transfer Project Final Report

CHAPTER 3 ENV1RONMENTAL SETTING

3.1 I[NTRODUCTION

Figure 1.2.5-1 of Chapter I shows that the earlier studies by various Chinese Institutes do include considerableinformation on the existing environment.This has been supplementedby the work of the overallEIA team, includinginformation on natural physical resources (geology, hydrology)and on socio-economics,obtained from variouslocal officials and WorldBank- project mission members.

Chapter 3 delineatesthe "EnvironmentalStudy Area" (ESA), that is, the area expected to be significantlyaffected by the project, and describesthe existingenvironmental resources in the ESA followingthe classificationsystem noted in Section 1.2.4-1 of Chapter 1. The sequenceof presentationis the followingfor the overallproject area:

* Section3.2: ESA base maps. * Section3.3: Landuses (coveringall typesof uses describedin Section 3.4 to 3.7). * Section3.4: NaturalPhysical resources including climate, soils geology, surface water, groundwater, etc. * Section3.5: Naturalecological or biologicalresources including forests,aquatic ecology, and terrestrialwildlife. - Section 3.6: Development resources including agriculture, settlements, infrastructure,and industry. - Section 3.7: Qualityof life resources including socio-economics, public health,cultural values, archeological monuments, recreationalresources, etc.

In additionthe EIA Taskfor the individualreservoirs (Task 4.8) includesmore detailed descriptionsfor the EIAs for each reservoir,and the ConnectionWorks (Task 4.13) includemore detaileddescriptions for the ConnectionWorks.

3.2 ENVIRONMENTALSTUDY AREA (ESA)

3.2.1 Overall Environment Study Area of WWTP

The overall ESA of WWTP as shown in Figure 3.2.1-1 includes the areas subject to significant impacts from the overall WWTP project. Because the WWTP comprises several components as described in Chapter 2, the overall ESA comprises 6 sub-ESAs namely: Wanjiazhaireservoir, General Main Line, South Main Line, Fen-I Reservoir, Connection Works, and Taiyuan Service Area. The present study does not include the North Main Line and associated reservoirs and service areas.

3.2.2 Project Component ESAs

3- I Wanjiazhai Water Transfer Project Final Report

The overall ESA for WWTP Phase I includesconsideration of the followingWWTP project components:

(a) WanjiazhaiReservoir

WanjiazhaiReservoir is the water source of WWTP and its dam is presently being constructed by MWR_Though the reservoiris not a componentof WWTP, its dam stability,water availability,water quality,etc. willhave significantimpacts on WWTP. The ESA of WanjiazhaiReservoir is defined as the area of the reservoir and its surroundingarea which extendsalong 72 km of the YellowRiver valley and adjacent hills and mountainsfrom the dam site to DayushuVillage of QingshuiheCounty in Inner Mongolia,as shownin Figure3.2.2-1.

(b) GeneralMain Line (GML)

As described in Section 2.2, Chapter 2, the GML comprisestunnels, aqueducts, pumping stationsand a smallreservoir, namely Shentongzui reservoir, which is in a V- erosiongully with storage capacityof only 183,000cu.m and daily regulatingcapacity of 108,000 cu.m for the project and thereforewill have no significantimpacts on surrounding environment.Hence the ESA of GML is withinthe strip area along the main line with a total width of 2,000 m (1,000 m on each side) as shown in Figure 3.2.2-2.

The SML mainlycomprises aqueducts, pipes, siphons, and pumpingstations. The ESA of SML is also within the strip area along the SML with a total width of 2,000 m (1,000 m on each side) as shownin Figure3.2.2-3.

(d) Fen-I Reservoir

This is the existing Fen-l Reservoir, adapted to suit WWTP purposes. Its ESA includes the Fen-l Reservoirarea and the area along the Fen River reach from the SML outlet to the Fen-l Reservoiras shownin Figure3.2.24.

(e) ConnectionWorks

The ConnectionWorks (CW) refers to the projectcomponent which will conveywater from Toumaying,the outletof TunnelNo.7 of SML, to HuyanWater TreatmentPlant (HWTP) of Taiyuan City. Because of the part of the Connection Works from Toumayingto Fen-] Reservoiris includedin the ESA for Fen-I Reservoir (Figure 3.2.2-4), and the engineeringwork of CW starts from Fen-I Reservoir and end at HWTP, the ESA for CW onlyincludes the area along the pipelinesand Tunnelsfrom Fen-] Reservoir to HWTP with a total width of 2,000m(1,OOOm on each side) as show in Figure3.2.2-5.

(f) TaiyuanService Area

3 -2 WanjiazhaiWater Transfer Project Final Report

The WWTPPhase I will supplydiverted water to TaiyuanCity downtown area and its suburbarea. This will affectthe water supplysystem and the drainage system in the areas as well as the water qualityof Fen Riverin Taiyuanand downstream.Therefore, the ESA for Taiyuanservice area includesTaiyuan downtown area, suburb areas and the Fen Riverreach downstreamof Taiyuanas shownin Figure3.2.2-6

3.3 Land Uses

3.3.1 General Information

The WanjiazhaiWater Transfer Project (WWTP) stretches over the northwest part of Shanxi Province with a chain of undulating hills, crossed gullies, bare mountains, and fragmented loose plateau (Figure 2.1.1-1). The areas of concem for EIA consists of the buffer zone along the transmissionlines, the areas around Fen- I Reservoir, the area around the Connection Works, and the Taiyuan Service Area.

The land use in this area can be categorized into farmnland,gardenplot, forest, grassland, residential and industrial area, infrastructure, water area and wasteland area as listed in Table 3.3.1-1. The land use in the project areas has been deeply affected by the natural environmental conditions, long-term human activities, and current economical capability.

3.3.2 Forests and Wildlife

Due to human encroachment the original forests have disappeared from the project ESAs. Most of the area is covered with bushes and thick-grown bush grass. Forest exists in a very small percentage of the whole area. Arbor trees in large numbers are found only in Luliang and in the Wutai mountains. In the reservoir areas cultivated crops become the dominantplants.

Poor quality of vegetation limits the living environment of wildlife, and the wild animalsin the area are relativelyshort in quantity and limited in species as discussed in detail in Section 3.5.3. It is estimated that there are 150 species of vertebrates including 17 fishes, 3 amphibians,5 reptiles, 90 birds, and 26 mammals. Felis Pardus, Aquila Chrysaetos, Ciconia nigra, and Crossoptilon mantchuricum are the only four national first-protection animalsin the ESA, and they exist only in the remote thickly- forestedmountain areas or on steepprecipices and cliffs..

3.3.3 Summary Tabulation

Land uses in WV'TP area are summarizedin Table 3.3.1 -I.

3.4 Natural Physical Resources

3.4.1 General Description

The WWTP is located in northwest part of Shanxi Province. The overall project passes through Pianguan, Shouzhou, Shenchi, Ningwu and Loufan, Gujiao and Taiyuan

3 - 3 WanjiazhaiWater Transfer Project FinalReport

Counties (cities). The project also passes though LuliangMountain, the west part of whichis in the YellowRiver basin.

As shownin Figure 1.I. I -1, the divertedwater is routed from the Yellow River valley in the west to the Fen River basinin the south by the General Main/SouthMain Lines and the ConnectionWorks.

The main rivers in the areas of WWTP are the PianguanRiver, Hong River, and Fen Riverof the YellowRiver Basin,

The followingsubsections describes briefly the presentnatural physical resources in the areas along the Main Lines. The present naturalphysical resources of the reservoirs and ConnectionWorks in the ESA are describedseparately in Section 4.8 and Section 13. Becausethe Taiyuanservice areas onlyreceive additionalwater from WWTP, the EIA concernsin this area are limitedto water quality,water supply,uses and balance, wastewater treatment and pollution control, and water quality. These aspects are describedin Chapter5.

3.4.2 Climate

3.4.2.1 General

The climateof the projectregion is that of a temperate,seasonal, continental zone. Dry and windy, the region has a droughtrate of 9 years out of every 10 years with most serious drought in springs. The average annual precipitationis 410-480 mm with significantyearly and seasonalvariations.

Most of the annual precipitationfalls in July-September.The weather in summer, affectedby the subtropical anticycloneon the West Pacific,is dry and hot with annual surfacewater evaporationof 2,000 mm of whichabout half is in the period of April-June. The weatherin winter,controlled by the cold anticyclonefrom Mongolia, is dry, cold, windy and dustywith very littlerain or snow.

The average annual temperature in the region is 4.6 - 9.0 C. The average temperature difference between differentyears is littlebut the temperaturedifference withina year are significant,usually about 400C, with the highest38 0C and the lowest -3 1°C.Theaverage annual wind velocityis 2.2-4.2 m/s with maximum29.7 m/s. The maximumdepth of frozenearth is 192 cm and the maximumsnow depth is 26 cm. The four seasonsin the region are clearlydistinguished with longer winters and shorter springsand autumns(Ref. 113).

3.4.2.2 RegionalData

The WWTP P: ve I involvesnine counties(cities, districts) in the province, namely Pianguan,Ping-, Shuozhou, Shenchi,Ningwu, Jingle, Loufan, Gujiao and Taiyuan. The climates in different counties are similar.Table 3.4.2-1, Table 3.4.2-2, Table 3.4.2-3, Table 3.4.2-4, and Table 3.4.2-5 show respectivelythe detailed data on

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precipitation, evaporation, temperature, and maximum frozen earth depth and wind velocity for each county (city).

3.4.2.3 Severe Storms

Local storms are common in the areas along the WWTP main lines. The storms are characterized by high strength, short duration, and relatively small area which may cause severe flooding hazards in the adjacent areas. Two severe cases have been recorded: One in Yangjiachuan, a Yellow River tributary, in August 1969 which caused a flood discharge of 11,400 cms in the Wanjiazhai reach of Yellow River, and another was in Dayin Village in Shuozhou City on 5 July 1962 with a precipitation record of 250 mm in 24 hours.

3.4.3 Geology

3.4.3.1 General

Section 3.4.3 discusses geology in the overall WWTP project area. However, the present project is limited to the General Main Line and South Main Line. The WWTP passes through the Guancen Mountain range (of Luliang mountain ridge) which is aligned in a northeast to southwest direction with the highest elevations (up to 2,800 m) being over the South Main Line (See Figure 1.1. 1-2). Although most of the area is covered by a mantle of loess, rock outcrop is extensive. Rocks of many ages are represented in the project area but the most widespread are the limestones and dolornites with subsidiary marls and sandstones of Cambrian and Ordovician age, which are encountered extensivelyin the tunnels of all two mains. The General Main Line lies entirely within these rocks. In addition, the northern two-thirds of the South Main lie within Cambrian and Ordovician limestones. Sedimentary rocks consisting of sandstones, shales, mudstones, and coals of Carboniferous and Permian age are found in the central part of the South Main Line. Triassic sandstones and siltstones with mudstones and shales are encountered along the southern part of the SML.

The cover of loess masks older deposits which infill deep channels which have developed within the mountain system, particularly the limestone terrain, as the result of block faulting and associated erosion during and subsequent to the Tertiary period. These channels are infilled by weak red soils (the N2 red clays) with some gravel horizons. In addition, residual soils may cap the hills and river alluvium may be found in the valley bottoms.

The project lies across several major tectonic features which have well defined characteristics influencing the engineering conditions for construction. The General Main, and the north part of the South Main all lie within the Pianguan-Shenchi Uplift Block in which the rocks have a simple structure with flat dips and broad folds, thus ensuring that the tunnels within this zone will be driven in similar ground conditions over long distances. The central and south part of the South Main lie in structurally complex ground on the border of the Upthrown Luliang mass and the Ningwu Downthrown Block where faulted limestones are brought against younger less

3 - 5 WanjiazhaiWater Transfer Project FinalReport disturbedrocks. Each of these zones is associatedwith differentengineering geological issues.

Along the GML, the rocks dip gently westwards at angles less than 8 degrees. A regionalflexure causesdips up to 30 degrees along Tunnel #6 but no large faults have been identified. Along the northern part of the South Main Line the limestonesand dolomites mostly dip gently to the North. To the southeast beyond Wenlingat the intake to Tunnel #7, these rocks are separatedby a series of faults in the limestones from the large synclinalstructure in youngerPeniian and Triassicrocks whose axis is parallelto, and just to the southeastof, the SouthMain.

3.4.3.2 SeismicZones

The project extendsacross two seismiczones. The area north of PianguanCounty lies in Intensity Zone 7 and the other areas lies in Intensity Zone 6 as shown in Figure 3.4.3-1 (Ref. 151).

3.4.4 Soils/Erosion

3.4.4.1 Soils

The main soil types in the area alongthe GML and SML are mountainousbrown soil, drab soil and lightmeadow soil, etc. The mother materialcompositions are limestone, sandshale,loess, pluvial,gully silt, and alluvium.

Mountainousbrown earth is distributedin the earth-stonemountain area where the elevationis above 1800 m, in the boundariesof ShenchiCounty and NingwuCounty. Its bedrock is gneiss and mingledpurple shale,which is a red brown mountainoussoil formedunder the bioclimaticconditions of vegetationdensity, illumination insufficient, high temperatureand rainy in summer,cold and dry in winter. In mature soil area the vegetation coverage rate is above 90%/0,canopy density is 70.5%, yearly mean air temperatureis about 200C, rainfall600-780 mm. Soilerosion is light.

Mountainous drab soil belongs zonal soil, distributed along the SMiLextensively, usually under the brown earth and leachingdrab soil at lower mountainousarea with elevation 1400-1800m. It has been formed under the bioclimateconditions of higher air temperature (yearly mean 4-50C), sparse rainfall(400 - 600 mm), and a natural vegetation coveragerate of 50-60%.

Leachingdrab soilis distributedat the lower part of middle-highmountains, usually at the lower limitationof mountainousbrown earth, distributedat Haoshuicoureservoir and Honghe Riverbasin, elevation 1800 - 2000 m.

Vegetationon the soil is mainlybush, with coveragerate of 70 - 90%. The soil has been formed under the bioclimateconditions of lower temperatureand considerable rainfall.The soil retains the moisture,and has strong leachingproperties with obvious

3 - 6 Wanjiazhai Water Transfer Project Final Report alluvial horizon. The core soil base is leached and non-limereaction shows slight acidityto neutral.

The drab soil is distributedon hill slopes at upper reaches of Fenhe River. Climate conditionsof its formationare hightemperature (mean temperature 5 0C) and moderate rainfall(500 - 600 mm). This distributesalong with mountainousdrab soil, with little natural vegetation less than 40%. The distributed landform is fragmented, full of gullies, with seriouswater erosion.

Light meadowsoil is distributedin everybioclimatic zone of first -order terrace on the banks of Fenhe Riverand HongheRiver and flood land and depressionland, where the groundwaterlevel is shallow.Soil is light gray, has strong lime reaction, high organic matter content.The mainvegetation is mainlyhygrophilous plants such as Herachloe odorata, Xanthiumsibiricum, Taraxacum mongolium, Echinochloa crusgalli, poplar, willow.

The soil fertilityis shownin Table3.4.4-1.

3.4.4.2 SoilErosion

The landformalong the GMLand SML region variessignificantly with varietiescrops and natural vegetation.The landformfrom XiatuzhaiDivision in Pianguan County to the inletof FenheRiver includes three zones:Loessal Hill Gullywindy and sandy zone, earth rock mountainzone, and loessalhilly zone. The erosion degree is differentin differentzones.

(b. 1) LoessalHill GullyZone

This zone includes Xiatuzhaiin PianguanCounty, Xinhuxingaoin Pinglu County, Wenlingin ShenchiCounty, as well as the area where the Ist and the 2nd pumping stations and the Wenlingburied culvert are located. The land formnin the zone is fragmentedand undulatedwith high densitygullies. The soil in the zone is thick and the soil structuresis loose.The earth surfaceis coveredby loess with little vegetation, 20%-40%. With the extensivecultivation and unlimnitedcultivation, soil erosion is serious in the zone with erosion'modules of 5,500-20,000t/km 2. The erosion,is mainly of surfaceerosion, riverwork erosion or wind erosion.

(b.2) Earth Rock MountainousZone

This zone lies in the surroundingareas of the boundariesbetween ShenchiCounty and Ningwu County and betweenNingwu County and Jingle County. Althoughthe zone has high mountainsand steep slopes, soil erosionis not serious because the loessal cover in the zone is thin and base rock is bare in many places and furthermorethe surface is better vegetated with coveragerate over 60%, and there are many large natural and plantedforests. The erosion,mainly surface erosion, is of aged stage with erosionmodulus of 1,000-3,500t/knM 2.

(b.3) LoessalHilly Terrace Zone

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This zone covers the bank areas of FenheRiver, whichis a combinationzone of loessal gully zone with fluvialzone. The zone has the erosion characteristicsof the loessal or gully zone and the characteristicsof fluvialerosion, flood scouring,and bank caving. This zone has good agriculturalconditions and is the major grain production area along the South Main Line. Vegetation,mainly crops, is less than 30%. With wing, water, gravity erosions act alternately,erosion in this zone is serious, with erosion modulusof 50008000 tAkn2. The landformof the zone is fracturedand full of ridges and gullieswhich has caused severesoil erosion.

3.4.5 Surface Water Hydrology

The surface water in the ESA for the GML and SML comes mainlyfrom two rivers, the PianguanRiver and the Fen River of YellowRiver system.

(a) PianguanRiver

The Pianguan River rises in Limingou,in the west part of Pinglu, enters Pianguan County at Jiabao Village, Pianguan County and flows into the Yellow River at HeguankouVillage, Pianguan County. The total length of the river is 154 km with a catchrnentarea of 2,040 kin2. Averageannual run-off of the river is 59 millionm3 as shownin Table3.4.5-1.

(b) Fen River

The Fen River originatesin Luya Mountainof Guancen Mountains,Ningwu County. In Ningwu County. The river passes through Dongzhai, Huabeitou, Ninglua and Shijiazhuangtownships with a catchmentarea of 1,659 km2. Fen River enters Jingle County after it leaves Shijiazhuang,Nmgwu County. The Fen River has two major tributariesin its Shenchi-NingwuSection, Hongie River,and DongnianRiver.

Honghe Riveris a continuousriver withan averageannual discharge of 0.3m3/s, a total length of 38 lkn and a catchmentarea of 561 km2. DongnianRiver rises at the northernpart of YunzhongMountain, enters FenheRiver at the South of Chengguan. The DongnianRiver rises at the northern part of Yunzghong Mountain enters Fen River at the Southof Chengguan..The DongnianRiver has a total length of 56.2 km and a catchmentarea of 506 km2. The dischargeis about 0.2-0.8 m3/s when it joins the Fen River.

Dongnian River rises from Popo Towmship on the north slope of Yuinzhong Mountain,Jingle County.Passing through Xincun,from northeast to southwest, and joiningthe Fen River,it is the largest tributarycontributing to the upper reaches of the Fen River.

Table3.4.5-1 showsthe hydrologicalparameters of main rivers.

3.4.6 Hydrogeology

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3.4.6.] Types of Groundwater

The underground water along the line is divided into four types, namely pore water of loose rocks, fissure water of detrital rocks, karst fissure water of carbonate rocks, and fissure water of magmatic and metamorphic rocks. The grounwater recharge sources are from precipitation, surface water seepage, and river infiltration.

The first type lies in Tertiary and Quaternary strata, mainly distributed in structural subsidence basins and river valleys. It is not deeply buried, but dynamic variations are great, with water-yield property limited by the rock property and depth of acquifers, and also by the recharging area. In Fenhe and Guanhe River valleys, this part provides a yield per well of 100 m3/d, but the yield is less than 10 m3/s in most of the project area-

The second type is generally buried in sand-shale strats of the Carboniferous, Jurassic, Permian and Triassic systems. The shallow part is mainly weather fissure water, while the middle-deep parts are mostly structural fissure water. Fissure phreatic water is above the eroded surface, and interlying fissure pressure water lies beneath. The water yield property relates to the rock feature and geological structure.

The third type is the predominant type of groundwater along the WWTP. The water- bearing strata are limestones and dolomite limestones of the middle-older Cambrian series and the younger-middle Ordovician series. The water-yield property is related to such elements as rock feature, geological structure, and groundwater runoff. The maximum potential unit yield per well greatl varies, generally ranging from 100 to 3 1,000 m /d. This type is mainly HCO3-Ca, with mineral degree about 0.5 g/l, and the water quality is execellent. The recharge sources from natural precipitation seepage.

The last type comprises of structural fissure and weather fissure water, mainly containingHCO 3, Ca and Mg.

3.4.6.2 HvdroizeolonicArea Classification

According to groundwater patterns and conditions of recharge, runoff and discharge, the project area is divided into four hydrological zones, namely the Pianguan River upstream zone, Zhujiachuan River upstream zone, Huihe River upstream zone, and Honghe River basin zone.

The Pianguan River upstream zone lies in the area between Xiatuzhai and Liminbao. The groundwater in this zone is mainly pore water and Karst water of Carbonate, most of which is from rainfall and runs from east to west and finally enters the Yellow River. The groundwater is in the area is deep and limited.

The Zhujiachuan river upstream zone is in the area between Nanbaozi and Shenchi. The groundwater is mainly pore water in the Wenling Depression and the Zhujiachuan River Valley and mainly Karst water in the deep limestone of Cambrian and Ordovician

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System with depth of 100 - 300 m. This zone is the Karst water feeder zone to ShentouSpring area.

The Huihe River upstreamzone is part of the hydrologicalzone of Ningwu-Jingle water-bearing structure in which sandstone and shale are extensively distributed formingcomplex multi-strata water-bearing structures. Usually aquifers in the zone are not thick with smallwater quantity.Lower aquiferis artesianand thus forms relatively independentcrevice water systemsin detrital rocks. Underlyingthe stratum of detrital rock is a large area deeplyburied limestone of Ordoviciansystem in whichwater level may be 300-500 m belowthe surface.The HuiheRiver upstream zone is also a feeder zone to the Shentouspring water system.

The Honghe River basin zone lies in the hydrogeologicalzone of Ningwu-Jingle syncline.The groundwaterin the zone is mainlyfissured water in detrital rocks which also has the features of multiple-stratawater-bearing structure. The upper stratum water may dischargealong the stratumto valleyswhile the lower stratum is artesian. Pore water is mainlyretained in unconsolidateddebris of Honghe River with rich water field properties.

3.4.7 Water Quality

3.4.7.1 SurfaceWater Ouality

The present water qualitysituation in the upper Fen River and its major tributaries invoved in the WWTPhas beer.monitored and anlyzedon three differentoccasions. Details are givenin Chapter5.

3.4.7.2 GroundwaterQualitv

The groundwaterin the area along WWTP is mainlycomprised of pore o- crevice water and Karst water, This is all of good quality and suitable for d&iking or constructionusage.

3.4.8 Topography and Geomorphology

The topography and geomorphologyin the WWTP area are very complicated.The land form is generallydivided, from northto south,into three zones:

(i) Loessalhilly andy gully zone with El 1,100-1,300m (ii) Earth, rock mountainouszone withEl over 1,500m (iii) Loessalhilly terrace zone withEl 900-1,200m

Table 3.4.8-1 illustratesthe topographicconstituents of the project-relatedcounties. As shown in the table, 33% of the total projectarea is hillygullies, and 51% is earth and rock mountainouszone.

3.5 Natural Biological Resources

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3.5.1 Introduction

Natural biologicalresources are mainlyclassified.into 3 categories:

(i) Forestsand other vegetation (ii) Terrestrial wildlife (iii) Aquaticecology

3.5.2 Forests and Other Vegetation

As stated in Sections3.4, in the area alongthe SML, the landformis complexand the climatevaries greatly. This causes clearly different vegetation distributions. The project area in Pianguan,Pinglu, Shenchi belongs to temperatesemi-arid prairie zone, and the project area in Ningwu belongsto warmntemperate semi-aridprairie zone and the secondaryforest zone dominatedby middle,xerophyte coniferousforest. The project area in Jingle, Loufan belongs to Jingle-Lanxian intermountain basin, which is crop area with rare natural vegetation. The area around the Fen- I reservoir belongs to grass moor area:

According to the "Shanxi Forest and Vegetation Resources Investigation Report" prepared by Shanxi Forest Research Institute in 1990 (Ref. 163), there are four vegetation types and nine formations. The vegetation types include broad-leaf forest, brush and prairie. The formations include Populus simonii, pinus tabulaefromris, Hippophae rhamnoides, Arernisia sp., Thymus mongolicus stipa sp. and Juncellus sp. Details on these various type/forms are given in Annex G.

Because the WWTP Phase I project will not impact natural flora species only in already humanized areas, the project will not result in any adverse effects on any rare plant species, and for the same reason, there will be no adverse impacts on forest habitat on whichrare animalspecies might be dependent.

3.5.3 Terrestrial Wildlife in Phase I ESA

3.5.3.1 Vertebrate The WWTP is located in the area of Pianguan, Shenchi, Ningwu, Jingle and Loufan Counties which belongs to loessial plateau subsection, North China zone, palaeonorth group. The area has low vegetation coverage rate (see Section 3.5.2), lacks habitat environment for animals, and therefore has relative limited animal species and animal populations.

Details on wildlife species are given in Annex G. In summary the ESA for the project contains 3 kinds of anphibians, 5 kinds of reptiles, 99 kinds of birds, and 26 mammal species.

3.5.3.2 Rare Animals

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The Chinese system for classificationof precious animals inlcudes three grades I, II, IIl. All are rare, endangered, precious. Grade I is the most important. Grade II is a lesser level, and Grade III is the lowest preciouslevel.

The project ESA includes 4 kinds of State Protected Grade I animals, and 18 kinds of Grade n animals.

The Grade I animals are Ciconia nigra, Aquila chrysctos, Crossoptlon mantchuricum, and Felis pardus. They are very rare. Felis pardus and Aquila chrysctos are in remote thickly forested mountains, occasionally in low mountain hilly zone. Crossoptilon mantchuricum is distributed in Ningwu County Luya mountain mainly. Ciconia nigra breed and build nest in remote mountain steep cliff, and look for food in waters and swamps. According to perennial surveys in Ningwu County, Ciconia nigra is relatively more populated and is found to build nests and breed there.

The Grade 11 animals are: Milvus korchumn, Accipiter gentilis, A. nisus, Buteo hemilascus, B. buteo, A. clanga, Cricus cyancus, Falco cherruq, F. peregninus, F. columbarius, F. respertinus, F. tinnunculus, Bubo bubo, Athene noctua, Asio otus, Martes foina, Charronia flavigula, Moschus moschiferus. Among them Milvus Korschum, Bubo bubo, Martes foina, and Moschus moschiferus stay in mountain area; the rest have wide activity scope.

All of these animals live outside areas remote from areas where wildlife resources are expected to be affected by the project.

3.5.3.3 Resource Animals

The ESA for the project inlcudes 31 species of resource animals including Alectoris graeca, Perdix daurica, Phasianus colcicus, C. rupestris, Vulpes rulpes, Arctonyx collaris, capreolus capreolus, Lepus capensis etc.. Among them Phasianus colcicus and Lepus capensis, have large populations, broad distribution, and are most important resource animals in this area. The animals harmful to humanbeings life and agricultural production mainly are Rattus norvegicus, Mus musculus, Meriones meridianus, Cricetulus tritomi Myospalax fontanieri. Cricetulus tritoni, Meriones meridianus, and Myospalax fontanieri are mainly hanrful for farmland. While Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus not only are harmful to agricultural production, but also for communicate disease transmission.

3.5.4 Aquatic Ecology

3.5.4.1 Introduction

The tunnels and aqueducts involved in GML and SML will be all made in hilly and mountainous areas, where most of the rivers are seasonal and have little hydrobiological value.

The Connection Works will utilize the upper reach of the Fen River to deliver the imported water to Fen-I reservoir, hence it is necessary to evaluate the aquatic ecology in this river section.

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3.5.4.2 Plankton in Upper Reach of Fen River

The plankton in this river section comprise mainly the following species:

(a) Pyrrophyta: Peridinium bipes Stein, P. volzii Lemm., Ceratium hirundinella Schr. (b) Cyanophyta: Oscillatorin agardhii Gom., Micricytis Pseudofilamentosa Crow. (c) Bacillariophyta: Cyclotella comta (Ehr.) Kutz., C. meneghiniana Kutz., Nitzschia palea (Kutz.) W. Smith. (d) Euglenophyta: Englena viridis Ehr. (e) Chlorophyta: Chiamydomonas reinhardi Dang., Chlorella vulgaris Beij., Scnedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) Breb., S. obliguus (Turp.) Kutz.

These are all comrnon species and are important only for supporting fish and other aquatic animals.

3.5.4.3 Aguatic Animal in URper Reaches of Fen River

The aquatic animals here are predominantly fish, without any significant shellfish species.

There are some 17 species of fish includign Mylopharyngodon piceus, Ctenopharyngodon idellus, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Aristichthys nobilis, Cyprinus carpio, Carassius auratus, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, and Fluta alba, Ctenopharyngodon idellus, Cyprinus carpio, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Carassius auratus. These are all common species, are few in numbers, are found only in the rainy season, and have no commercial value and not even subsistencevalue.

3.6 Development

3.6.1 Urbanization

Because the WWTP lines passes mainly through mountain areas, no significant urban development is seen along the main lines of the Project of Phase I.

The project will cause certain local people (mostly farmers) to be resettled. 3.6.2 Industry

Due to the reasons mentioned in Section 3.6. 1, no important industry is expected to be developed in the area along the project.

3.6.3 Infrastructure

Due to the reason mentioned in Section 3.6.1, no important infrastructure has been developed in the area along the Main Lines.

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3.6.4 Agriculture

Because of the reason of poor landformnand unfavorable climate, agricultural production level in the South Main area is very low. Agriculturewith some stock raising is the main income source for local people. The major crops are naked oats, flax, soybean,Chinese yam, pea, broom corn millet,spring wheat, corn, sorghum and other coarse cereals. The yearly farmlandoutput .is generally50-100 kg/mu for hilly land and 250-400kg/mu for fluvialland.

Table 3.6.4-1 shows the agriculturalprodection indices (1994) of counties along the WWTP.

3.7 QUALITY OF LIFE

3.7.1 General Description

The impact of quality of life in ShanxiProvince by WWTTPwill be primarilyon (a) economy and people's livelihoodin the areas to be covered by the project, and (b) economy and people'slivelihood in TaiyuanService Area. To some extent the socio- economics throughoutthe provincewill be somewhat affected. Section 3.7 focuses only on the impactson the presentquality of life in the affectedareas.

For GML construction,some 54 villagersfrom 16 houses distributedin 6 villageswill be moved. No houses will be disturbedfor constructionof SML, ConnectionWorks, and Huyan TreatmentPlant, but some productionarrangemnents will be required for affectedpeople. Table 3.7.1 -1 includesthe distributionof populationsto be affected by land acquisitionand to be providedwith productionarrangements.

3.7.2 Income in Project AffectedAreas

The socio-economicbackground data (1994) for the affected communitiesalong the GML and SUL are shownin Table3.7.2-1. This tabulation shows:

(i) Allthe townshipsalong the WWTPhave similarsocio-economic background.

(ii) The economicsin most townshipsis dependentupon agriculture, mainly croppingactivities, with some forestryand animalhusbandry. Industry and transport play the leadingrole in the economicsof some townships in NingwuCounty.

(iii) The annualper capitanet incomeof rural people rangesfrom 650 to 1,000 yuan. Out of the total numberof 14 townshipscovered in this study, only 3 have per capitanet incomelevels higher than the provincialaverage.

Table 3.7.2-2 illustratesthe socio-economicbackground data of the villagesalong the ConnectionWorks. This shows that the villagersin Dujiaoqu Township of Loufan County are very poor, with an annualper capita net incomeof 355-409 yuan, mainly

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from cropping activity. Those living in Gujiao City and in the north outskirts of Taiyuan are comparatively well off, enjoying an annual per capita net income level of 1,400-2,300 yuan, also mainly from cropping activity.

As stated above, it is obvious that the economic levels along the WWTP are generally on the lower side, with little industry and poor agricultural facilities. Although the per capita farmland area is not small, the local people are generally impoverished. A primary reason for this is shortage of water.

3.7.3 Other Quality of Life Indices

(a) Transportation

Highways play the leading role in the local communications along the GML and SML. There is truck road from Yuanping to Inner Mongolia, passing through Ningwu, Shenchi, and Pianguan Counties. The road from Pinglu to Wanjiazhai dam was recently opened to traffic.

The communication facilities along the area of transmission lines of WWTP were relatively poor and were not at all adequate fpr meeting the requirements of project construction. Since the start of the WWTP in 1993, a main access road from Pinglu to Wanjiazhai has been constructed along the GML, with a total length of 114 km. Also, 19 km regional roads have been completed. A highway network, with the main access road playing the leading part, is formed, which practically relieves the transportation difficulty along the GML.

Ningwu-Kelan railway passes across the north part of Ningwu from southeast to northwest,and also the southpart of ShenchiCounty from east to west. The northern Tong-Pu railway, after leaving the plain area, trends northward to pass through the north part of Ningwu.

Along the SML, 15 km construction roads have been completed to serve construction of SMl.

Figure 3.7.3-1 illustrates the transportation network, including highways and railways, in the WW\'TParea.

Figure 3.7.3-1 shows the communicationfacilities available to the 16 affected villages affected by GML. These include Tai-Nin road and Tai-Jing road passing Dujiaoqu Township, plus roads with gravel pavement connecting villages. Tai-Gu-Lan road and Tai-Nin road connect Gujiao City with the outside. Tai-Nin road connects all other roads outside Gujiao City, but with heavy traffic due to the narrow road. A new Tai- Jing road is proposed, which would greatly relieve the traffic of Gujiao to the outside. There is a road from Chaicun Township to Taiyuan, which connects Huyan to the capital of the province.

(b) Domestic Water Supply

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The per capita water consumptionin Taiyuanis only 100 L/d,only 41% of the average in China.The volume for rural communitiesin the ESA is much less.

In all cases drinkingwater suppliesare inadequatefor the local communitiesalong the GML. Most of the local people rely on groundwater from wells. Since the commencementof the GML, the project proponenthave drilleda total of 12 wells for drinkingand constructionwater supply,providing adequate drinkingwater and some irrigationwater for 10 villagesin 5 townshipsalong the alignment.

For the constructionof the SML, 4 wells have been drilledand 2 are being drilled by the project proponent. As the SML proceeds,the drinkingwater supplyfor the local residentswill be better.

In the ESA for the ConnectionWorks, water shortageis an extremelyserious problem for all villages.In DujiaoquTownship, 4 villagesmust rely, withoutguarantee for both quality and quantity, on the water supply from Fen-I reservoir. This is delivered through a pipeline to Gujiao Township, except Dujiaoqu Village which uses groundwater from wells. The drinkingwater for 10 villagesof Gujiao Township and Huyan Villagecomes mainlyfrom groundwatersources. Of these a few villagesenjoy tap water.

Most of the villagesalong the WWTPhave power supply,public address facilities,and TV reception facilities,Telephone lines are availablefor some of them. All townships are providedwith post and telecommunications.

WWTP includes the provision of 80 km optical cables and audio cables. A total number of 2,000 program-controlledtelephone channels have been put into service, greatly improvingthe telecommunicationsin Pianguan.Also, power supplyfor light purposes is accessibleto 3 remote villages,these endingthe use of oil lamps. Along with the WWTP construction, the public address, TV, and other cultural and recreationalfacilities will be accordinglybettered.

(d) Culture and Education

Most of the WWTP passingareas are remoterural areas. The culturaland educational conditionsin the areas are muchless developed.

In the ConnectionWorks passing area, DujiaoquTownship is located in a poverty mountain region. There is only a junior high school and one opera stage. All the villages have their own primaryschools, but without enoughteachers and education facilities. Better facilitiesare availablein the Fen Reservoir ManagementBureau, which serves to improvesthe life and educationconditions of the people livingin this vicinity.

All villagesin Gujiaohave their own primaryschools, and all townshipshave middle schools and opera stages, but cultural and education facilitiesare still rather poor.

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However, the situation is much better in Gujiao City. Because of its better level of economic development, cultural and educational services are flourishing, which considerably improves the cultural quality and educational circumstances of the local people.

Table 3.7.3-1 describes the background of education in the WWTP passing counties. The ratio of full-time teachers to pupils at primary school is about 7.3 (Pinglu) to 27 (Jingle), and about 10 (Loufan) to 16 for middle school. This means shortage of teachers.

(e) Health and Medical Care

As shown in Table 3.73.2, which includes the background information on health and medical care services, such facilitiesare relativelypoor except for Gujiao City. To take an example, the medical engineering staff per 1,000 people in Pinglu is only 2.13, compared to the provincial average of 4.64. There are 2.02 sick beds available per 1,000 people, as compared to the provincialaverage of 3.42.

3.7.4 Taiyuan Service Area (TSA)

3.7.4.1 Low Per Capita Income

The shortage of water forces many industries to limit their production. The development of new industries is strictly constrained. According to the 1993 statistical data provided by Taiyuan, the gross output value of industry and agriculture was 18.716 billion yuan, less than 8,500 yuan per capita. The per capita income level is the lowest among the large and medium-sizedcities in China.

3.7.4.2 Less Per Capita Water Use

The per capita water use immediatelyrelates to the quality of life. In 1993, the volume in Taiyuan was only 90 I/d, which was further reduced to 85 l/d in 1995. In the peripheral areas, the volume was only.30-50 i/d. The desperate shortage of water significantly affected the life of quality.For example, some miners do not have water to take bath when come out of shafts. About 420,000 residents in 42 kM2 have been suffering from interrupted and low-pressure water supply. Water supply is not accessible to most multi-stored buildings until. midnight, representing great inconvenience to people's livelihood.

In addition, the inadequate water supply provides high morbidities of enteric and other communicable diseases in the urban areas, directly affecting the local economic development and public health.

3.7.4.3 Poor Gardening and Afforestation

As a famous city with a history of 2,500 years, Taiyuan enjoys a rich cultural heritage. There are 52 cultural sites at national, provincial and municipal levels. These are, however, very adversely affected by the unavailabilityof water. For instance, Lanlao

3 - 17 Wanjiazhai WaterTransfer Project Final Report

spring at Jingci has dried up as a result of groundwater over-exploitation. The Tong- dynasty locust tree at Dicun is also approaching to death as a consequence of water shortage. There are 5 parks and 11 small gardens, all of which have lost their planned functions.

This situation of water supply also affects afforestation in Taiyuan. There are altogether 12 million trees, 180.93 ha lawns, and 1,500 green pockets. The per capita green land area is still lower than national average. The inadequate afforestation in Dongshan and Xishan mountains is believed to contribute significantly to increase in Total Suspended Particules in TSA air quality.

3.7.5 Summary

The available information on socio-econonic conditions in the areas affected by the Phase I project indicates the following:

(a) Shanxi Province, including the WWTPIESA, represents one of the poorest regions in China, despite the presence of considerable rnineral resources, especially the developed coal mining and power industries.

(b) The people in the ESA, in their reliance on economic income sources, are in roughly two categories, (i) those in urban centers who are working mainlyindustry, and (ii) rural villagerswho depend mainil on agriculture. The latter are muchpoorer than the former.

(c) By far the most important parameter, which is crippling the continuing development of the province, is lackl of water supply for all sectors of development, and especially in the urban/industrial sector which represents the backbone of the overall economic/social-economic resources of the province.

3.8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

3.8.1 Purpose of Chapter 3

This chapter (i) delineates the Environmental Study Area (ESA) for the Phase I project, comprising the areas that are most likely to be affected by the project, and (ii) describes the existing environmentalresources in this area.

3.8.2 Environmental Study Area Maps

Figure 3.2.1-1 shows the Overall WWTP/Phase I/ESA. Figures 3.2.2-1,2,3,4,5 show the EIAs for the Phase I components, namly WanjiazhaiReservoir, GML, SML, Fen-l Reservoir, Connection Wroks, and the Taiyuan service area, respectively.

3.8.3 Review of Environmental Resources

3.8.3.1 Land Us

3- 18 Wanjiazhai WaterTransfer Project Final Report

The overallWWTP projectarea is primarilyhilly and mountainousand the landuse in the area can be broadly categorized into farmland, gardenplot, forest, grassland, residentialand industrialarea, infrastructure,water area and wasteland area (Table 3.3.1-1). Land use has long been impactedby human activities,primarily agriculture, and the impacthas beenparticularly severe on the area's forest and wildliferesources. Land use impact will be felt stronglyin the bufferzones along the transmissionlines, the Taiyuanservice areas, and the reservoirareas.

3.8.3.2 NaturalPhysical Resources

WWTP is located in the northwestpart of the Shanxiprovince. The project traverses the Luliangmountain, to west of whichis the main YellowRiver Basin. The project region enjoys temperate/seasonalUcontinentalzone type of climatewith the average annual temperaturebetween 4.6°C and 7c. The area is droughtprone and the annual precipitationranges between 430-480 mm.

The WWTP area passes through the GuancenMountain range, several other major tectonic features, and traversestwo seismiczones. The soil in the GML is loose and prone to erosion. Excessiveerosion has disturbedthe ecologicalbalance and affected the land utility of the area. Soil in SML also is subjectedto serious surface erosion. Pianguanriver, tributarieof YellowRiver, constitutes the major surfacehydrology for the GML, and the Pianguan,Jian-er, and Fen riversfor the SML.

The hydrologicalindices for the main riversin the region are given in Table 3.4.5-1. The undergroundhydrological conditions are governed by the regional geological structure units. The groundwateralong the WWTPis of good qualityand suitablefor drinkingand constructionpurposes.

3.8.3.3 NaturalBiological Resources

The natural biological resources have been categorized into, (i) forests and other vegetation, (ii) terrestrialwildlife and (iii) aquatic ecology. The area along the GMNL can be classifiedinto the followingflora zone categories,Pan-North Pole flora zone, Eurasian steppe subflorazone, Mongoliansteppe zone and Eastem Mongoliazone. Vegetation exhibits prairie and transitionalcharacteristics, with a wide variety of seeded plant species. Landformin the SML area is complexand the climatevarying hence differentvegetation distributions are found, ranging from temperate semi-arid prairiezone in Pianguan,Pinglu, and Shenchito warm temperatesemi-arid prairie zone in Ningwu.

A total of 150 animalspecies are found including22 state protected species and 31 resource animal species. The ESA for the project has low vegetation coverage and lacks suitable environmentfor animal habitat.

Few aquatic plants are found in the ESA for the project area, and none of these are in the rare or endangered categories. Some 17 different kinds of fish are found in the

3 - 19 Wanjiazhai WaterTransfer Projec Final Report

GML area, but these have no commercialvalue and are hardly valuable even for subsistence.

3.8.3.4 DevelopmentResources

(a) Agriculture

Area along the GML linesis primarilyan agriculturalregion. Chief source of income for the local populationis farmingand livestockdevelopment. Crops like millet,beans, corn, naked oats, potato, sesame, broomcornmillet and fruits like apple, pears and grapes are grown. The output is low though, because of the hilly and mountanious terrain. Inadequatewater supplyin the plains accounts for low agriculturaloutput. Livestockdevelopment is manilyin the formof sheep raising.

Agricultural production is low in the SML area because of poor landformnand unfavorableclimatic conditions, although it still is the main source of income for the local people. The major crops are nakedoats, flax, soybean,Chinese yam, pea, broom corn millet,spring wheat, cor, sorghumand other coarsecereals.

(b) Urbanization

Most of the project area is hilly and mountaniousand there is no signficanturban developmentin the region.Construction of reservoirsin the future project phase will cause someresettlement of the local populace,especially the farmingcommunity.

Difficultterrain has preventedany significantindustrial development from taking place in the region.

(d) RegionalInfrastructure

The developmentof any significantregional infrastructurehas been limited by the inhospitableterrain.

3.8.3.5 Qualityof Life Resources

The availableinformation on socio-economicconditions in the areas affected by the Phase I projectindicate the following:

(a) ShamciProvince, includingthe WWTP/ESA,represents one of the poorest regions in China, despite the presedce of considerablemineral resources, especiallythe coal miningand power industries.

(b) The people in the ESA, in their reliance on economicincome sources, are in roughlytwo categories,(I) those in urban certers who are working mainlyin industry,and (ii) rural villagerswho depend mainlyon agriculture.The latter are muchpoorer than the former.

3 - 20 Wanjiazhai Water Transfer Project Final Report

(c) By far the most important paramenter, which is crippling the continuing development of the province, is lack of water supply for all sectors of development.This includes both the urban/industrialsector which represents the backbone of the overall economic/social-economicresources of the province, and the rural farning sector where the people are very poor despite availabilityof adequatefarm land areas.

3.8.3.6 SummrarTabulation

A summaryof environmentalresources in ShanxiProvince, as- related to WWTP/Phase I, is givenin Figure3.8.3-1.

3 - 21 1 3. 2.1-1 Ju.I.^] FIGURE 3.2. 1-1 Overall WWTP ESA N~~~~~~~~~~

j < InnerMongolia

Date" Cy/

w jabg*F Punglu O LL,X /

ShaanxjProvinceervir

' i * Z ~~~~wub\\x ingua / /

SbmnJProvincel X ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'dCk7t/

1g~~~~~~~A- Fesi-,i, Rigw

Shsnxoiroict *e/ -7 \ D i L~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ayaatyR P12~ ~ / / §;Nt4 01 Itse-d Rwr"AE /)ujia Cit TW~~~~-rcrrl~ r wall 1/ea

31-2 3 -22XXFm2:ewvj E 3. 2. 2 - 1 ,______

FIGURE 3. 2. 2-1 ESA for Wanjiazhai Reservoir

ttP 3 4 km

It 'S4L X~~~X:

-:~~~ 40t I ~ ~ ' *e'0 r~~to C,5

Coun, B-na%Is

EST 2f>E%ni+F+ lb +a (k -

-V~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

_ _ ~~U.- Con-n;.ww

_ IniXledHOh%w Bn4i

3-23 -~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~'

[E3. 2. 2-2 W 4jI~~4fk * 0-i

FIGURE 3. 2.2-2 ESA ror CML. WWI L . k C~~~.

iXr I* *I Legend Some

20 30 40 kn Tunnel - 0 lo

tt,, River

Reservoir

StudyArea 9,

w~~~~~~~~

5-- ~~~~~~Guji,. Taiyuan

3-32.2-4

FIGURE 3.22-4 ESA forFen- Reservoir

3-26 Fig. 3.2.2,-5 ESArtarthc ConnectionWorks I

lluymn WVater.orksi

1 4. | Fi«~ forrba ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~A 22.- j { --g North~~~~~ ~ DheConerioWri~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Mplou%hul.,'eu

~SufteI,, ':- N ^ I ~ ~'s ... as~~~~~ 3X,\ -in lja °"* s wLgn a

2 ~~~~~~~~~~RI.er: - *PiI'elne UJlbn City ,, _~-- Tunnel - _ F^SAhounder . O~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Townshlp... . . ~CnUnIyhirinder

3-- o t km Yangqu

Gujio City\

j ;* /SS3 t22- ~Taiyruan ; City/ 17\ * ,1 / /

ga3-2- 2-6 ;. f t*i,E:TiAif t EX FIGURE 3.2.2-6 ESA for Tsiyuan Sernicc Area 3-28 Figure3.4.3-1 Seismic Intensity Zones

CTo keto

40 Oingshuihe '40 >,.g Fl~~~uoiren/ . 0 Jungor 0

0 Ponguarn Shuozhou

0~~~~

38 | Loufa70\ 1 / t \ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-3F'

t ! g uniOn//O~~~~Jingle 1

\ l #2~~~~~,veroToiyuon

110 '- 1t2 -£-13- 114 115-

3-29 -V--'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~s. CB

GN.N

i;<~~~~~~~~i 0~~~~~~~~~~

F__~~~~~~~~~~MN.7f

IS 3-7- 3-1 3jlXfjR3Zi;|M FIGURE 3.7-3-1 Transportation Networkon WWrP Area

3-30 FIGURE 3.8.3-1: SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMEINTAL RESOURCES RELATED TO WWTPtPHASE I

SignificantEnvironmental Degree Already Impacted by Human Attention Given or To Be Given in Planning Resource Development in Areas Used by WWWTP WWTPtPhase I

44 -x 4)

. NN cn CZ N NN

Sf 0 H U L0 . . . _. __ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~L. LandwUse lN 3 2 3 N AA3 A/2 At2 Climate N N N N N N N N Geology N . N N N N N N N Soils/Erosion N 2 2 N A/3 A/3 At3 A/ I Surface Water Hydrology N 2 2 2 N A/3 A/2 A12 Surface Water Quality N 3 - 3 N A/3 A/2 A/3 Groundwater Hydrology N N N 3 A/3 N A/2 At3 Groundwater Quality N N 3 N N A/2 At3 Inopograpy N N N I N N N At3 Forests 2 N 3 3 Atl Atl N N Terrestrial Wildlife N 3 3 3 A/ll All -A/I Afl Aquatic Ecology N 3 33 All A/I All All Urbanization 1 3 3 3 A/ll Al1 All A/3 Industry N 2 2 3 N Al3 All Al3 Infrastructure ______N N 2 3 ~ A/3 -AllI AllI A/3 Agrictilturc I All A/t Al Atl Qualityof Life N 2 2 3 N Atl A/l At3

Note: N = Negligible, I Minor, 2 = Moderate, 3 = Major, A= Adequate/l, 2, 3 (with minor.moderate.major attention as needed). Table 3.3.1-1 SUMMARY OF LAND USE IN PHASE I PROJECT REGION (ha)

County Total Farmiand Garden plot Wood Forest Grassland Residcnce & nlrastr- Water arca Wasteland Industry ucture

Pianguan 168000 55800 100 20700 13300 3300 1600 1400 71800

Pinglu 231100 108200 0 30500 14800 4900 5600 4900 62200

Shenchi 146100 75100 0 21300 7800 2200 1900 700 37100

Ningwu 193800 60500 0 46500 7300 2800 2300 7300 67100 jingle 204400 84100 300 17100 47000 1900 100 4100 49800

Loufan 129000 44600 200 37400 6300 1600 1000 6200 31700

Gujiao 150300 40800 1400 44800 12300 3700 2300 3300 41700

North Suburb of Taiyuan 65700 22500 2900 16200 4000 10000 1800 1600 6700

Taiyuan City 7700 600 0 700 0 4500 1600 300 0

Total 1296100 492200 4900 235200 112800 34900 18200 29800 368100

RateC%) 100.0 38.0 0.4 18.1 8.7 2.7 1.4 2.3 28.4 Table 3.4. 2-1 Rainfall Data from llydrometric Stations (mm) ~~~~ ~~Monthly. Monthly Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June Statlion.X July Aug Sep. Oct. Nov. Dcc. Year Items ______Pianguan mean annual value 3.1 5.5 9.0 18. 0 24. 4 41.7 89.5 117. 5 63. 6 27. 3 8.5 3. 2 411. 4 rate(%) 0.8 1.3 2.2 4.4 5. 9 10.1 21.8 28.6 15.4 6.6 2.1 0.8 100. 0 max daily value 5.8 10.5 7.7 22.4 31.4 39.3 68.0 91.3 43.3 23. 4 12.7 5. 0 91. 3 days (>10 mm) 0. I 0. 3 0.5 1.3 3.1 3.5 1.8 0. 8 0.2 11. 4 Shenchi mean annual value 3.4 5. 6 10.4 22.8 28.7 60.5 117.6 127.0 63. 9 27.8 10. 7 3. 1 481. 3 rate (%o) 0.7 1.2 2.2 4.7 6.0 12.6 24.4 26.4 13.3 5.8 2.2 0. 6 100.1 max daily valuc 6.1 7. 0 11.0 25. 5 30.2 42. 8 96.3 101. 7 49. 3 29. 4 15.0 4. 8 101. 7 days (210mm) 0.0 0.5 0.8 1.9 3.5 4.4 2.3 0.7 0.1 14.1 Pinglu mcan annual value 2.5 3.9 7.4 20.1 27.5 44.5 113.1 126. 3 60. 0 20. 6 7.7 1.6 435. 3 rate (%) 0.6 0.9 1.7 4.6 6.3 0.2 26.0 29.0 13.8 4.7 1.8 0.4 100.0 max daily value 5.3 12.9 12. 8 20.2 34.7 41.8 54.2 87. 0 85. 7 33. 3 23.3 3. 7 87. 0 days (>10mm) 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.7 1.4 3.6 4.0 1.7 0.6 0.2 12.8 Ningwu mean annual value 1. 5 4. 5 8. 1 21. 6 28.6 62. 0 119. 1 128. 7 59. 9 22. 9 9.0 2. 3 468. 1 rate (%) 0.3 1.0 1.7 4.6 6.1 13.2 25.4 27.5 12.8 4.9 1.9 0.4 99.9 max daily value 5. 0 9. 0 10. 8 32.4 35.6 76. 7 100. 0 90. 3 85. 0 28. 8 18.6 5. 9 100.0 days (I10nmm) 0.0 0.5 0.8 2.0 4.0 4.4 1.8 0.4 0.2 14. 0 Monthly Jan. Feb. Matr. Apr. May June July Aug Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year Station e Items ____

Jingle mean annual vRaue 2. 3 4. 7 9.4 24.2 29.2 62. 1 105.6 136.5 59.3 30. 8 10.8 2.0 477. 0 rate (%) 0.5 1.0 2.0 5,1 6.1 13.0 22.1 28.6 12.4 6.4 2.3 0.4 99.9 max daily value 4.6 6. 0 14. 6 31. 9 41.3 36. 5 69.0 77. 2 40.7 30. 2 17.0 9. 1 77. 2 days (>10mm) 0.2 0.6 0.8 2.5 3.3 4.4 2.0 0.8 0.3 14.9 LIoufan mean annual value O. 7 7.6 13. 6 23. 3 25.3 57. 9 98.1 114. 9 50.3 23. 6 6.0 4. 1 425. 6 rate (s) 0.2 1.8 3.2 5.5 5.9 13.6 23.0 27.0 11.8 5.5 1.4 4.0 99.9 max daily value 2.7 7. 2 5.4 17.1 43.5 44. 4 69.2 66. 3 21.4 18.7 6.2 9.2 69. 2 aays (>10mm) 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.1 3.0 3.9 1.9 0.4 11.6 p Gujiao mean annual value O. 6 7.6 17. 5 17. 0 20.3 62.0 119.5 94.1 47.8 19. 8 6.3 2. 2 414. 7 rate (%) 0.1 1.8 4.2 4.1 4.9 15.0 28.8 22.7 11.5 4.8 1.5 0.5 99.9

max daily value 1.2 5.7 9. 0 19.5 22.4 43. 2 38.1 28.4 24.0 15.2 7.8 3. 7 43.2 days (>10mm) 0.7 0.7 2.3 3.3 4.7 1.3 0.7 13.7 Taiyuan mean annual value 3.0 6.0 10. 3 23. 8 30.1 52. 6 118. 3 103. 6 64. 3 30. 8 13.2 3. 4 459. 5 rate (%) 0.7 1.3 2.2 5.2 6.6 11.4 25.7 22.5 14.0 6.7 2.9 0.7 99.9 max daily value 8.6 10.0 17.1 43.2 41.5 64.0 183.5 99.4 73.3 58.0 20.3 11.9 183.5 days (>1Omm) 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.8 1.6 3.9 3.3 2.3 0.9 0.2 0. I Tabtle 3. 4. 2-2 Average Annual Evaporation Uatafrom Hlydrometric Stations (mm)

Stations Monthly Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Junc July Aug Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Totil

Pinnguan 29. 3 47. 2 119. 2 251.9 361. 5 354 292. 4 213.2 155. 0 122. 2 60. 5 30. 9 2037. 5

Pinglu 49. 6 68.8 150.4 271.0 399. 7 376.1 271. 3 221.0 194. 7 161.7 92.6 54. 9 2311. 8

Shenchi 39.5 61. 1 125.3 232.3 325. 2 297.8 235. 1 189.6 161. 0 131.8 76.0 46. 2 1921. 1

Ningwu 48.4 61.6 124.4 222.3 321. 3 300. 3 223. 7 180. 1 156. 1 132.9 80.6 50. 7 1902. 3

Jingle 37. 4 51. 3 107. 9 187.4 269. 1 259. 1 197. 1 163.6 125. 1 103.2 58.3 37. 1 1596. 6

Loufan 51. 8 70.5 133.7 239.9 343. 5 329. 9 237.3 185.8 160. 2 136. 1 74.0 46.0 2008. 7

Gujiao 56. 4 66. 4 107. 0 244. 1 362. 3 334. 5 253. 5 218.5 166. 8 145. 7 84. 6 54. 1 2093. 8

Taiyuan 48.0 67.4 132.0 217.6 285. 4 276. 3 220. 3 182.4 143. 3 117.6 64.0 43.9 1798. 3 Table 3. 4. 2-3 Temperature Data from Hydrographic Stations (C) Monthly inn. Feb. Mar. Apr. Mny June July Aug Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Yenr Stations\ Items Pianguan meanannual value -11.0 -7.1 0.9 9.6 16.8 21.3 23.2 20.9 15.0 8.2 -0.8 -8.6 7.4 max meanvalue -3.4 0.4 8.1 17.2 24.1 28.2 29.5 27.1 21.8 15.5 6.3 -1. 3 14.5 minmean value -16.8 -13.3 -5.3 2.0 8.7 13.6 17.0 15.4 9.2 2.3 -6.0 - 13.9 1.1 absolutemaximun 9. 9 16.1 25.6 30.6 36.3 35.7 38.1 36.3 30. 3 25. 9 22.3 9.1 38.1 absoluteminimun -27.5 -25.9 -18.9 -11.0 -2.6 3. 5 11.1 6.2 -2.0 -9.2 -21.2 - 25. 2 - 27. 5 Pinglu meanannutl value -11. 4 - 8.4 -1. 0 7.0 14.1 18.6 20.1 18.4 12. 8 6.4 - 2.1 - 9. 6 5. 4 max meanvalue -5.4 -1.9 5.5 13.8 20.7 24.7 25.6 23.8 18.8 12.9 3.8 -3.6 11.6 minmean value -16.2 -13.6 -6.5 0.7 7.4 12.0 14.8 13.6 7.7 1.2 -6.6 -13.9 0.1 W absolutemaximun 9. 4 14.1 20.0 27.2 33.5 34.4 34.5 33.6 28.3 23. 19.2 11. 7 34.5

V! _. absoluteminimun -29.2 - 28.4 -21.8 -- 13.4 -4.0 3.8 8.6 4.3 -4.0 -13.7 - 23. 3 -27.9 - 29.2 Shenchi meanannual value -12.5 -9.6 - -1.56.5 13.3 17.5 19.3 17.7 12.0 5.6 -2. 9 -10.4 4.4 max meanvalue -5.3 -1.8 5.6 13.7 20.5 24.4 25.2 23.4 18. 5 12.7 4.0 -3.4 11.5 min meanvalue -18.0 -15.2 -7.3 -0.6 5.4 10.0 13.2 12.1 5.9 -0.6 -8.3 -15.8 -1.6 absolutemaximun 10.5 15. 6 21.1 28.3 32.0 34. 8 32. 7 32.8 28. 5 24. 0 22.8 11. 4 34. 8 absoluteminimun -31.7 -32.6 -25.9 -163 .5 - 2.1 5.5 2.0 -5. 8 -14.6 -27.4 -33.8 337 Ningwu meanannual value -9. 7 -6.8 -0. 1 7.6 14.6 18.5 20. o 18.5 13.2 7.2 - 0.9 -8.0 6. 2 max meanvalue -3.9 - 0.9 5.7 13.7 20.4 24.2 25.2 23.4 18.5 12.9 4.6 -2.7 11.8 minmean value -14.0 -11.3 -5.0 -1.9 8.2 12.3 5.1 13.9 8.3 2.5 - 5.0 - 12.1 1. 2 absolutemaximun 12.8 16.5 20.7 2032.6 34.034.8 33.4 28.9 23. 5 19.4 14. 6 34. 8 absoluteminimun -27.2 -25.1 - 19.0 - 13. 7 -1.8 3.5 8.9 5.6 -217 -10.8 22.3 2 6 .0 - 27.2 X ~~~~~Monthly_ Monthly Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year Stations\ Items ______

Jingle mean annual value - 9.6 - 6.7 1.0 8.6 15.4 19. 3 21. 1 19.5 13. 6 7.5 - 0.6 -8.2 6.7 max meanvalue - 0.8 1.7 8.6 16.3 23.0 26. 7 27.4 25.7 20.9 15.5 7.2 0.3 14.4 min mean value -16.5 -13.7 - 5.6 1.0 6. 11. 2 15.0 13.0 7.3 0.9 - 6.1 -14.6 0.0 absolutemaximun 12. 6 17.5 23. 7 29. 8 35.0 35.3 35. 6 35. 7 29. 6 25.8 22.4 12. 3 35. 7 absoluteminimun - 28. 4 -29.2 - 18.3 - 11. 5 - 3.8 2. 6 8.0 2.7 - 4.7 - 10.2 -- 21. 2 25. 5 - 29.2 Loufan mean annmialvalue - 8.2 - 5.3 1.3 9.2 16.1 20.2 21.5 19.8 14.4 8.7 0.5 -6.6 7.6 maxmean value -0.2 2.7 8.3 16.7 23.4 27.4 27.7 25.9 21.4 16.2 7.5 0.7 14.8 min mean value -14.1 -11.4 - 4.4 2.3 8.3 13.0 16.0 14.8 8.7 2.7 - 4.5 - 12.1 1.6 absolute maximun 12.8 16.8 21. 4 29. 4 35.4 35. 5 35. 8 32. 8 28. 3 26. 6 22. 6 10. 5 35. 8 ______fabsoluteminimun -23.3 -23.8 -14. 8 - 7.6 -1.9 5.2 10. 5 5.0 -0.2 -7.6 - 14.2 -23.3 - 23.8 Gujiao mean annual valute -6.0 - 3.9 2.6 10.4 17.5 21.6 22.6 21.4 15.2 10. 1 2.3 - 4. 6 9. 1 max meanvalue 2.1 4.9 9.9 18.8 25.3 29.0 29.0 27.6 22.4 18.3 9._9 3.3 16.7 min mean value - 11. 7 -10. 3 - 3. 0 3.1 10.1 14. 7 17.3 16.5 9.3 3.5 - 3.3 - 10.2 3.0 absolute maximun 13.8 19. 3 22. 6 32. 5 36.8 34.6 37. 0 34. 8 28. 5 26. 5 25.1 13. 3 37. 0 absoluteminimun -19.3 -21.1 - 10.6 - 4.4 1.0 7.7 12.7 7.6 2.4 - 4.4 -12.9 - 18.6 - 21.1 Taiyuan mean annual value -6.6 - 3. 1 3.7 11.4 17.7 21.7 23.5 21.8 16.1 9.9 2.1 - 4.9 9.5 maxmeanvalue 1.1 4.6 11.2 19.0 25.2 28.8 29.5 27.8 23.2 17.6 9.1 2.3 16.6 min mean value -13.0 - 9.4 -2.7 4.2 10.0 14.6 18.2 17.0 10.2 3.6 - 3. 3 -10. 5 3.2 absolute maximun 14. 3 19. 1 26.3 32. 2 36.5 38.4 39.4 36. 6 31.8 28.5 23. 2 11. 3 39. 4 absoluteminimun - 25.5 - 24.6 - 18.0 - 9.7 - 0.5 4. 4 7.2 7.4 - 2.0 - 7.4 - 21.2 - 21.9 - 25.5 Table 3. 4. 2-4 Maximum Frost Soil Depth Data (cm)

Maximum Frost Soil Depth (cm) Freeze-up date Defrosting date Stations - - Items Sep. Oct. Nov. Dee. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Max 10 cm 30 cm 10 cm 30 cm 9 46 89 157 187 192 180 192 average 24/11 4/12 9/3 18/3 Pianguan earliest 10/11 19/11 22/2 28/2 latest date 15/12 20/12 29/3 4/4 6 16 57 101 139 149 149 147 144 149 average 17/11 28/11 21/3 2/4 Shenchi earliest 9/11 15/11 28/2 17/3 latest date 4/12 15/12 2/4 16/4 13 55 89 122 141 143 139 127 143 average 17/11 28/11 17/3 31/3 Pinglu earliest 8/11 16/11 2/3 17/3 latest date 10/12 18/12 1/4 16/4 8 41 91 119 137 136 126 137 average 23/11 4/12 11/3 23/3 Ningwu earliest 8/11 21/11 21/2 3/3 latest date 5/12 22/12 31/3 8/4 3 15 51 88 122 137 137 127 5 137 average 21/11 3/12 11/3 19/3 jingle earliest 11/11 20/11 28/2 5/3 latest date 3/12 17/12 28/3 4/4 7 27 61 85 95 95 8 95 average 26/11 18/12 1/3 10/3 Loufan earliest 14/11 10/12 19/2 4/3 latest date 4/12 27/12 9/3 18/3 6 25 60 78 86 79 86 average 26/11 17/12 28/2 7/3 Gtjiao earliest 18/11 14/12 21/2 1/3 ______latest date 1/12 19/12 8/3 10/3 4 20 53 74 77 70 5 77 average 9/12 29/12 2/3 11/3 Tniyuan earliest 22/11 11/12 7/2 16/2 latest date 24/12 11/1 17/3 1/4 Tablie 3. 4. 2-5 Wind Velocity Data (m/s) >< ~~~~~~Monthly Monthly jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June jtily Aug Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year StatonsItem s ______Pianguan meanwind velocity 1.3 1.7 2.1 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.2 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.4 2.0 max wind velocity 10 9 11 14 15 12 13 9 12 12 14 11 15 wind diractionof max velocity NW 3 W,S NW W NW,WNWNW SSE SSE SW WSW WNW W Pinglu meanwind velocity 4.8 4.5 4.6 5.1 5.0 4.2 3.1 2.9 3.1 3.6 4.5 4.9 4.2 max wind velocity 21 20 20 21 21 19 16 14 20 19 21 21 21 wind diractionof max velocity W W.WNW W.NW WNW WNW WNW WNW SE NNW W W W W,"NW Shencihi meanwind velocity 4.8 4.9 4.6 4.8 4.4 3.6 3.11 3.1 3.3 3.5 4.7 4.9 4. 1 max wind velocity 20 18 >20 >20 18 18 14 12 14 14 20 20 >20 wind diractionof max velocity WvSW.WvWSW WSW S W.E W SE SE 2 W W W wSW.s Ningwu meanwind velocity 3.3 3.2 3.5 3.9 3.8 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.9 3.3 3.3 3.1 max wind velocity 21 24 20 25 24 24 11 13 14 18 24 22 25 wind diractionof max velocity W W 3 NW WSW W W W W NW W NW NW Jingle meanwind velocity 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.8 2.5 2.3 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.8 2.1 2.1 2.1 max wind velocity - 13 10 14 16 14 11 14 10 10 10 10 12 16 wind diractionof max velocity WNW NW.E NW NW WNW NNW.N NNE E E F.NNE 3 ' NW l.oufan meanwind velocity 2.7 2.7 2.7 3. o 2.7 2.3 1.8 1.8 2.1 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.4 max wind velocity 13 15 13 13 15 13 11 8 12 12 14 12 15 wirid diraciion of max velocity W W I W.NNWVWSW WNW SE W NNE NW WSW W W W.WNWII CGjiao meanwind velocity 2.9 3.0 2.5 3.5 3.1 2.8 2.2 2.3 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.6 2.6 max windvelocity 14 18 12 16 13 14 9 10 12 14 13 15 18 wind diraction of max velocity WNW.W WNW 3 N NW SW W E NW W NW NW,WNMVWNW Taiyuan meanwind velocity 2.5 2.7 3.1 3.3 3. 0 2.5 2.0 1.9 1.8 2.3 3.3 3.6 2.8 max w'indvelocity 15.7 17.3 18.0 19.0 19.0 15.6 25.0 13.5 14.0 16.5 15.5 16.5 25.0 wind diractionof max velocity NW NW NW NW NNW NE S NW WNW NNW NW NW S Table 3.4.4-1 Soil Fertility Along WWTP Phase I Area

Organic Total Quick-Acting Quick-Acting Soil Type Matter N Phophorus Potassium (_%) (%) (pp) (ppm) MountainBrown 5.82 0.29 7 181

MountainDrab 2.72 0.16 3 195

Soil______LeachingDrab 0.81 0.13 6 25

Soil______Drab 0.66 0.04 4.6 66

Soil ______ightMedow 0.40 0.03 2.4 44

3-38 Table 3.4.5-1 Hydrological Parameters of Main Rivers

Water Passing River Basin Annual River System Type County Length Area Runoff Notes 3 (km) (km2) (104 m ) l Pianguan Yellow River Seasonal Pianguan 154 2040 5900 Pinglu Fenhe Yellow River Non Ningwu 95 5268 43400 Sectionabove Seasonal Jingle Fen reservoir

______L o ufan ______Honghe Yellow River Non Ningwu 47 504 4288 l ______Seasonal I Dongnian Yellow River Non Jingle 56 506 4237 l- _ Seasonal .

3-39 Table 3. 4. 8-1 Topographic Consititutents of WWTP Counties (km')

County Total area hill-gully hill-terrace soil stone alluvial plain mountainarea

Pianguan 1680 1414 266

Shenchi 1461 786 566 109

Pinglu 2011 1319 622 70

Ningwu 1938 182 1728 28

Jingle 2044 640 284 1120

Loufan 1290 713 577

Gujiao 1503 294 1208 1

North Suburbof Taiyuan 657 163 121 259 114

TaiyuanCity 77 77

Total 12661 4097 1819 6346 399

Rate(/%) 100 32.4 14.4 50.1 3.1 Table 3. 6. 4-1 Agricultural Production Indices in Counties along WWTP

Agricultural Labor Total Production Grain Output Oil Crop Output Per Capta Net County Population Force Value (t) (t) Income

Pianguan 86364 32828 5733 30789 5808 609. 5

Shcnchi 80915 28519 8886 30491 30010 795. 3

Pinglu 152600 65466 14605 91544 12548 1207. 4

Ningwu 109253 44015 5979 34151 2728 784. 3

4. Jingle 134247 54565 5648 35853 2754 444. 6

Loufan 91033 41267 3971 27190 2580 547. 8

Gujiao 93138 36070 6840 21739 2530 1110. 9

Nortil Suburb of Taiyuan 179102 89773 10884 39294 501 1451. 0 Table 3.7.1-1 Distribution of Population To Be Affected by Land Acquisitionand To Be Provided with Production Assistance

Land for Land for Production Numberof Numberof WWTP Component Permanent TemporBl Resettlement Affected Afected Use (ha) Use (ha) Ppulatin Townships Villages (person) ____ GML 121.23 47.64 188 6 31 SUL 309.35 19.45 541 11 27 ConnectionWorks 15.38 234.72 379 7 16 Water Supply Systems 35.73 l 1 Total 481.89 301.81 1108 25 75

342 Tablc 3.7.2-1 Economic Income Levels alongtihe WWTP by Townsliip

Population(peron) Farmland(ha) TotAl Cont*bbuaiomby Different Sectors Per CAsPts Item Incom Net Income ______(90' yuan) ______( u n

Lahor Labor Per Aniral Trade & Scavare Total Agrciulture Force Forcein Total Capita Agriculture Cropping lusbanydr Forestty Indtusry Conatruction Trnwsport Catering and Agriculture Service Olher,

Wanijiahai 2,748 2.685 1.100 817 1.000 0 37 634 49 1 11 3 30 6 02 20 5 12 2 11 1 17 9 3 1 883

Ilualoogchi 4,402 4,308 1,662 1,520 2X400 0 57 421 94 30 439 20.1 - 2 3 23 14 / 520

Psanguan Shuiquan 5,180 4,9t0 2.276 1.717 3,267 0.66 603 75 2 39.2 353 0 5 4 6 12 4 53 15 0 5 514

Chenjiyeng 6.901 6,759 2.747 2.444 3.467 0.51 760 684 51 1 17 4 128 3 7 6 6 5 7 1 7 614

ttLayng 5.895 5.592 2.314 1.712 2.600 0 45 431 92 3 61 31 3 / 1 2 0 5 3 9 2 1 1 6 300

.L. Nanhhors 4,928 4,630 1,390 1.131 3.733 011 473 867 76 95 I 5 67 36 II 04 02 536 Pinglri Ximuapao 6,551 6,446 2.451 2.320 3.333 0 31 1,249 91 9 8t I 3 t / 0 5 2 6 3 2 0 5 1 3 650

7hiniquan 2,269 2.197 840 694 1.400 0 63 370 87 3 72 4 14 9 / / / 108 / 1 4 701 Shench, Xiaonrai 2.794 3.565 1.033 900 2.133 0.60 489 97 3 71 2 26 2 0 4 / 1 6 / 0 6 759

Wenling 3,576 3,984 1.256 847 1.867 0.47 857 548 406 14 0 2 30 2 1 2 9 9 0 6 3 3 S0o

Donglasi 15,445 12,672 5.604 3,220 1,867 0.15 2,960 9 5 5 4 0 2 56 9 3 2 20 6 4 3 5 4 910

NJsmnt Yurhuavg 5.0t8 4.640 2.152 1,149 1,133 0 26 2,189 51 2 9 21 Ill 70 6 1 216 0 4 19 I,351

Chenegusn 30,133 11.442 4.276 2.718 2,533 023 5,401 76 52 22 / 593 02 223 15 89 1.105

I lua,itun 7,501 7,070 2,557 1.979 1,600 0 3 9S0 331 17 3 16 0 9 37 9 58 12 8 1 7 82 594 = - _. _ . __ _ Table 3.7.2-2 EconomicIncome Levels of Villagesalong Connection Works

Numberof Population Farmlnand Incomne(10' yuan) County(City) Township Village Families (Pcrson) (ha) ______Tolal Agriculture Industry Othr PerCapita (yuer) Dujiaoqtu Dujinoqo 465 1,95 103 0.707 0.277 0.12 0.31 355 l,,rA.o,Contity Luojinqut 217 937 112 0.048 0.178 0.05 0.18 410 Qiangjiazhuang 28 146 21.7 0.049 0.039 0.1 370 Cema 32 405 III 0.159 0.134 0.25 382 Longweitou 79 203 57 0.091 0.054 0.021 0.02 409 Oijino City Suoyu Luyukou 486 2,200 54.3 80 . 77.6 2.4 2,100 ______.______Suoyu 510 2,100 74.2 100 97 3 2,300 ______Z7henchengdiChangzushang 98 321 36.3 19.93 0.435 1.4 1.09 1,570 _Shangymnmen 335 1,111 56.1 36.46 0.X42 33.44 2.18 1,S70 I Yinjiagou 286 1,08I 92 33.49 1.031 28.41 4.05 1,800 Gujiao Yongshuqu 90 276 0,7 12.60 12.22 0.38 2,032 Jijinzl:uang Fenpingling 213 R81 59.4 44.84 - 43.39 1.45 1.573 (Longqtuan)

Hckou 7Zhaishnng 192 713 5.3 18.06 . 18.06 1,450 llekou 765 2,5S1 11.4 58.23 . 58.23 1.495 liexia 292 1,102 6.3 28.49 . 28.49 1,460 Nnt1iiSubuth, Tniymin Chnicin Hunyan 1,067 4,045 332 66.94 4.71 22 11 40.12 1,385 Total 5,210 19,657 1,133 500.5 7.70 332.76 159.99 ._ - . - .- _ _,,___., Table3.7.3-1 BackgroundInformation on Education in ESA (1994)

PnimaySchool MiddleSchool County Numberof Pupil Full-ime Nunber of Student Full-time Schools Population Teachers Schools Population Teachers Pianguan 417 11,46 752 16 4850 390 Shenchi 214 9,02 513 14 4683 323 Pinglu 416 25,35 3519 24 7525 468 Ningwu 446 18,65 972 23 7204 623 Jingle 432 25,55 930 21 6985 459 Loufan 219 11,21 709 17 3,953 394 Gujiao 315 15,113 675 18 7,034 481 Taiuan' 585 192,587 10,776 156 91,290 9,196

Note: * Including 3 urban districts and 2 suburb on districts.

3-45 Table 3.7.3-2 Background Information on Health and Medical Care in ESA (1994)

Hospital MedicalEngineering Staff Sick Bed County Service Populiacn Total StaffPer Service Am Numberof Number of Number Area of Saved by Staff 1,000 of Eah Staf Sick Beds Sick Beds per Each (kI;m) Eac (per.) People (kn 2 ) 1,000 People

Pianguan 17 924 6,113 480 4.62 3.27 223 2.15 Shenchi 17 86.6 5,647 357 3.72 4.12 350 2.60 Pinglu 21 109.6 9,298 372 2.13 6.19 352 2.02 Ningwu 26 76.2 5,570 1,031 7.12 1.92 629 4.34 Jingle 24 85.0 6,346 491 3.22 4.16 390 2.56 Loimf 14 92.5 7,269 241 2.37 5.37 285 2.80 Gujiso 28 54.5 5,874 1,230 7.48 1.24 1,168 7.10 Taiyuau 139 9.8 15,009 27,229 12.45 0.OS 18,906 8.64

Note: Including3 urbandistricts and 2 suburbon districts.

3-46 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Report

CHAPTER 4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND EPMS

Waniiazhai WaterTransfer Proiect Final Report

Section 4.1 Introduction

WanjiazhaiWater Transfer Proiect Final Report

TABLE OF CONTENTS OF SECTION 4.1

TEXT

4.1 rNTRODUCTION 4.1.1 Delineation of SEIs 4.1.2 EIA Strategy 4.1.3 Initial Environmental Examination 4.1.4 EIA Task Procedure

FIGURES

Figure 4.1 .1-1 EIA Tasks With Potentials for Adverse Effects and Benefits and Project Components Involved

4.1-i

WanjiazhaiWater Transfer Proiect Final Report

CHAPTER4

ENVIRONIMENTALASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDEDEPMs

4.1 IETRODUCTION

4.1.1 Delineation of SEIs

Chapter 4 presents the essential findings of the EIA process, namely (i) delineation of the SEIs (Significant Environmental Issues), (ii) evaluation of each of these to mak-ea quantified assessment of the potentials for adverse environmental effects if no correction measures, i.e., EPMs (EnvironmentalProtection Measures) are utilized, (iii) and delineation and quantification of the needed EPMs so that the project will be economically sound. In addition, there is the need for environment monitoring programs during the construction and operation stages, which are given in Chapter 7.

Figure 4.1.1-1 shows the various EIA tasks, which are named and numbered to match the headings/numbers of the EIA Table of Contents. As shown in the figure, some of the tasks cover the entire project ( for example, resettlement and public health) xvhile other relate to specific project components (such as the reservoir EIAs and the Taiyuan service area water use evaluations).

4.1.2 EIA Strategy

(a) In 1993-94, at the request of YRDP, CIRP completed the reports "EIA for WWTP (GMfL, NML)" (Reference 101) and "EIA for the WWTP (SML)" (Reference 102), which were subsequently approved by NEPA. In addition, a number of other WWTP related studies, including some EIA components, were carried out for YRDP by TIDI, SIDI, and other agencies. At this time the WWTP was intended to be locally financed.

(b) Subsquent to (a), the Chinese Government and World Bank agreed that the World Bank should participate in the financing. Accordingly ELC prepared an initial English version EIA report, following World Bank guidelines, over the period July 1995 to Appril 1996 (the ELC/EIA repor i;

(c) The World Bank Mission which visited Taiyuan in April 1996 reviewed and prepared corrments on the ELC/EIA report. In addition, the Mission and WWTP agreed on some changes in the WWTP Plan. As a result, it was agreed that the ELC/EIA report would need to be revised and upgraded.

(d) In April 1996 YRDP contracted with CIRP/SU to prepare a Chinese version EIA report for WWTP in accordunce with NEPA requirements. Also the YRDP and the Mission agreed that both the Chinese EIA report to be prepared by CIRP/SU and the upgraded English version EIA should utilize the same Table of Contents and that the contents of both reports should be essentially the same.

4.1-1 WaniiazhaiWater Transfcr Project FinalReport

(e) To meet the agreementsand decisionsnoted above,the projectfinal EIA reports, dated JuIY1996, in both Chineseand Englighversions, have been prepared to be essentiallythe same,in orderto meet both ChineseGovernment and World Bank requirements,with the WB EIA team servingtogether with and in assistanceto CIRP/SU.

4.1.3 Initial Environmental Examination

An initial EnvironmentalExamination, based on the informationavailable from the earlier studies and other sources, was made in July 1995 to identifythe SEIs and to rate their relative importance, so that the subsequentEIA work effort would give primary attention to the critical environmentalissues. This evaluation, which is includedin Figure4.1.1-1, shows that the criticalSEls are the following:

* Availabilityof water for exportto Shanxi. * Criticalneed for additionalwater in projectsenrice area and optimaluse of both the importedand localwater resources. * Maintenanceof importedwater qualityalong the water transfersystem. D Treatment of wastes in Taiyuan City to promote water reuse and to maintainacceptable water qualityin the downstreamFen river. 3 Constructionconstraints on environmentalprotection D Adequate provisionsfor resettlementfor familiesto be moved because of WWTPcomponents (including Wanjiazhai reservoir). * Assuranceof continuingdelivery of importedwater. * Provisionsfor adequateenvironenntal monitoring during both construction and operationsstages, and for neededenvironmental training. * Establishmentof an EnviroranentalManagement Office within YRDP for ensuring that needed EPMs, including environmentalmonitoring and environmentaltraining, will be adequatelyperformed.

4.1.4 EIA Task Procedure

The various SEIs are reviewed in Chapter 4 and S. Each of the SEIs included in Chapter 4 is evaluated as a subsectionof Chapter4 as presentedbelow. Each task evaluationincludes: (i) referenceas neededto the relatedsubsections of Chapter 2 and 3, (ii) referenceto informationavailable from earlier(or ongoing)studies (Fig. 1.5-2), (iii) descriptionof the approachused by the EIA team for makingthe assessmentfor the particularSEI, and (iv) presentationof tasklresults including recommendations for continuingenvironmental protection action and includinga final section on "Summary and Conclusions"which can be utilizedas to be part of the EIA ExecutiveSummary.

In addition, each task includes information on the monitoring program for the task, to be included in Chapter 7.

4.1-2 Figure 4.1.1-1: EIA Tasks with Potentialsfor AdverseEffects and Benefits and Project ComponentsInvolved (I of 2)

TaskAssignemnt Potentialsfor Potentialfor ProjectComponents Involved Adverse Benefits Effccts ____ Codes (1) (2) (3) (1) (2) (3) A B C D E F G ExecutiveSummarv Chapters - 1. Introduction =_ 2. ProjectDescription 7 3. EnvironmentalSetting 3.1 Introduction - _- 3.2 EnvironmentalStudy Area 3.3 LandUse 3.4 NaturealPhysical - Resources 3.5 NaturalEcological Resources 3.6 Development…S Resources 3.7 Qualitnof LifeValues - - 3.SSummarv and…S Conclusions 4. Environmental Assessmentand EPMs 4.1 Introduction/Delinea- tionof SELs 4.2 LandUse S 4.3 Hydrolog_y 4.3.1 SurfaceWater 4.3.2 Groundiwater - - 4.4 DesignIssues - - - - - = 4.4.1 Introduction 4:4.2Tunnel Stabilitv 4.4-3Equipment N… Erosion 4.5 Resettlement _ N 4.6 PublicHealth - = T - 4.7Ecology _ 4.8 ReservoirElAs - _- - S 4.8.1 Introduction 7 = 4.8.2 Wanjiazhai 4.8.3Fen-l 4.9 Erosionand- S N - Sediment _ N _ _ 4.10Quality of Life . - S Aspects._ __ 4.11Construction S NT S Constraints

4.1-3 Figure 4.1.1-1: EIA Tasks with Potentials for Adverse Effects and Benefits and with Project Components Involved (2 of 2)

TaskAssignemnu Potentialsfor Potentialfor ProjectComponents Involved Adverse Benefits Effccts Codes (1) (2) (3) (1) (2) 3 A B C D E F G

4.12River Basin Water 'a - Transler

4.13River Basin Watla - T - Transfer 4.14GloWI EnvirornentalIssue - - 4.15Summary and Conclusions S.Taivuan Water Use - -J - --

5.1Introduction == … 5.2WaterSupplv S.3Water Pollution _ Control 5.4Water Quality = 6. AdditionalStudies 6.1 Introducion == - 6.2 PublicParticipation 6.3 Compliancewith Environmental -4 4 LawsJRegulations 6.4 Environmental V 1 Economics 6.SRisk Assessment 7. Training…… = = = 8.Emironmental …T _ ManagenentPlan - 9, Summaryand Conclusions Annexes AnnexA: References

AnnexB: TORICIRP …_

AnnexC: TOR/WB -

AnnexD: Meetingwith - VariousAgencies AnnexE: Public_ Participation

Notes: I. Potentials for Benifits/AdverseEffects (1) = Minor, (2) = Intermediate, (3) Major 2. Project Components A = Overall project, B = Transmission(tunnels, aqucducts), C = Reservoirs, D = River Reaches, E = Service area, F = Pumping facilities and intakes G = Connection Workls

4.14 WaniiazhaiWater Transfer Proiect Final Rewort

Section 4.2 Land Use

WaniiazhaiWater Transfer Proiect Final Report

TABLE OF CONTENTS OF SECTION 4.2

TEXT

4.2 LANDUSE 4.2 1 BasicInformation on Land Use in ESA 4.2.2 Land Usesby Project Components 4.2.2.1Direct Changesin Land Use 4.2.2.2Problems from Changes 4.2.3 Summaryand Conclusions

TABLES Table4.2-1 Land Used for Phase I WWTPConstruction

4.2-i

Wanjiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Report

SECTION 4.2 LAND USE

4.2.1 Basic Information on Land Use in ESA

As noted in Section 3.3 of Chapter 3, the land use in the ESA can be classified into plain irrigated land, rain-fed land, dry steppe, slope grassland, woodland, and exposed rocky land. Most of the land is covered with bushes and/or thick-grown bush grass. In the reservoir and residential areas the cultivated crops become dominant. It can be concluded that the pattern of the land use in the ESA has been deeply effected by the natural environment with temperate monsoon continental dry climate, long-term human activities of more than 3,000 years, and current limited agricultural productivity.

4.2.2 Current Situation

4.2.2.1 Direct Changes in Land Use

The direct change in the land use results from the land acquisition by the construction of WWTP. In the areas surrounding the inlets and outlets of the tunnels or along the tunnels, the land is required to heap the waste soils and rocks and construct the worker camps, which will essentially destroy the land vegetation coverage and temporarily change the cultivated land into waste land. On the basis of the project design 747.7 ha of land is required for project construction. About 476.1 ha of this is cultivated land along the GML, SML, and Connection Works, which is heaped with waste rocks and looses its availabilityfor agricultural use. Table 4.2-1 shows the land to be used for AWVTPconstruction.

4.2.2.2 Problems from Changes

The significant problem will be permanent or temporal loss of land availability for agriculture. The inundation of rural farming land needs economical compensation as part of the resettlement plan. And new areas needs to be developed for the Wanjiazhai reservoir affected villagers, which will change the current land use of the host areas e.g., more irrigated land will be developed.

The lands occupied by waste rocks from the tunnel construction looses its fertility and is vulnerable to soil erosion. In order to minimize adverse effects, the places for disposal of tunnel excavation materials should be carefully managed as described in Section 4.11.4. The impacts of Connection Works on land use is described in Section 4.13.

4.2.3 Summary and Condusions

The significant impacts of WWTP on land use for Phase I will be in (a) acquisition of land for the transmissionline facilitieswhich are above ground, including construction camps, and (b) land needed for disposal of tunnel excavation materials, which totally amounts to some 747.7 ha of which 301.7 ha will be used only temporarily. About 476.1 ha of the required land is farmland. However, the reduction of farmland, both

4.2-1 Waniiazhai Water TransfeTProict Final ReDort permanent and temporary,should not have any significantimpacts on farming in the region traversed by the Phase I project becausethis only representsless than 0.1 of I percent of the farmlandin the region(492,200 ha) (Table3.3.1-1).

4.2-2 TABLE 4.2-1: LAND USED FOR WWTP CONSTRUCTION (PHASE I) unit: ha

Project Cultivated Woodland Wasteland Orchard Flood Total Component Land land GML __ Permanent 75.3 13.0 28.0 0.5 4.4 121.2 Temporary 41.6 0.9 0.3 0.5 4.4 47.7 SML _ Permanent 247.1 20.3 41.9 309.3 Temporary 19.4 19.4

CW ______.___ _ Permanent 10.0 5.5 15.5 _ Temporary 82.7 14.9 18.1 15.8 103.1 234.6 Sub-Total Permanent 332.4 33.3 75.4 0.5 4.4 446.0 _ Temporary 143.7 15.8 18.4 16.3 107.5 301.7 Total 476.1 49.1 93.8 16.8 111.9 747.7

4.2 - 3

WaniiazhaiWater Transfer Proiect Final Report

Section 4.3 Hydrology

Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Re=ort

TABLE OF CONTENTS OF SECTION 4.3

TEXT 4.3 HYDROLOGY 4.3.1 General 4.3.2 Surface Water 4.3.3 Flooding Hazards 4.3.3.1 Flooding Hazards Caused Project Component Failures 4.3.3.2 Flooding Hazards Caused by Dam Failure 4.3.3.3 Discharge to Fen River 4.3.3.4 Flooding Caused by Sedimentation 4.3.4 Ground Water 4.3.4.1 Impacts of Tunnel Construction 4.3.4.2 Impacts of Construction Water Usage 4.3.4.3 Effects of Groundwater on Tunnel Construction 4.3.5 Monitoring Program 4.3.5.1 Construction Stage 4.3.5.2 Operation Stage 4.3.6 Summary and Conclusions

FIGURES Figure 4.3.4-1: Tunnel Elevations and Groundwater Levels Along SML TABLES Table 4.3.4-1 :Wells For Construction Water Usage In General Main Line Table 4.3.4-2: Wells For Construction Water Usage In South Main Line

4.3-i

WanjiazhaiWater Transfer Proiect FinalRevort

SECTION 4.3 HfYDROLOGY

4.3.1 General Section 4.3 discusses the environmentai aspects of changes in hydrology in ESA due to WWTP. Sections 3.4.5 and 3.4.7 review the existing hydrology in the ESA. The following considerations are based on the available information provided in Ref. 101, 102, 106, 111, 113, 134, 137, 148, 149, 150, and 151.

The environmental concerns on project hydrology related to the effects caused by the water transmissionsystem along its route, on beneficialuses of both surfacewater and groundwaterresources, both duringthe constructionand operationstages. The effects due to the construction stage are temporary, whereas those during the operation stage are continuing.

The main concernshere are givento the areas along the maintransmission lines (GIV, SME). The impacts of the WWTP project on hydrology for WWTP reservoirs are discussed in Section 4.8, for the Connection Works area are discussed in Section 4.13.

4.3.2 Surface Water The planned WWTP Project, when completed, will divert annually from Wanjiazhai 3 3 Reservoir 640 million m water to Taiyuan Service Area and 560 million m to the Pingshuo and Datong Service Areas when these are connected. However for Phase I, limited to SML, only 350 million m3 will be diverted in 2001 and other 290 millionm 3 in 2004.

By improving the surface. water resources conditions, the diverted water will have significant positive impacts on the surface water hydrology (a) in the service area and (b) in the Fen River reach from the SML outlet to Fen-I Reservoir (the average annual runoff of Fen River upstream the Fen-l Reservoir is 368 nillion m3). Assuming the recommended EPMs are properly followed and implemented during both construction and operation stages, the project is expected to have no significant negative impacts on hydrology in the Project ESA.

4.3.3 Flooding Hazards 4.3.3.1 Flooding Hazards Caused by Proiect Component Faliures The WWTP mainly comprises tunnels, aqueducts, pipes or culverts with tunnels and culverts comprising most of the project.

Flooding hazards are very unlikely to be caused by tunnel failures because the tunnels are deeply in the ground. But some limited flood hazards may be caused by pipe, aqueduct, or culvert failures due to earthquakes, poor operations, and poor construction quality.

4.3-1 WaniiazhaiWater Transfer Proiea FinalReL

When such failure occurs, the monitoringand control system to be establishedalong the project will functionto stop the diversioninmmediately, so the water released out the pipe or aqueducts is limited to only the water volume in the transmission line between two nearest valves-(gates)which are designed to be promptly closed. The volume of any such releasewould be less than 1.0 millionm 3 with discharge rate less than 30 m3 /s. This shouldcause no seriousdamage to the area exceptinundating some surroundingfarmlands.

An adequate monitoringand control system will be establishedalong the main lines which will ensure the flow of diverted water is stopped timely in case of pipe or aqueductfailures. The EMO (Chapter9) will implementwhis monitoring.

4.3.3.2. F1oodin HazardsCaused bv Dam Failures Section4.8 discussesmanagement of flood hazardpotentials which could be caused by dam failuresin Wanjiazhaiand Fen-1 reservoirs.

4.3.3.3 Dischargeto Fen River The only existingstream to which the divertedwater will be discharged is the Fen River reach fromthe outletof SML to Fen-l reservoir(see Figure 1.1.1-1). The water conveyedto the TaiyuanService Area is dischargedfrom the SML outlet into the Fen River and then flows,along natural river course,to Fen-l reservoir.

In Phase I, a flow of 14.1 m3/s in year 2001 and 25.8 m3 /s in year 2004 will be dischargedcontinuously during the 10 monthdiverting period, from October to Julyof next year.

The Fen river has a largedrainage basin of 5,268 kcm2 at Fen-1 Reservoir and a greater natural flow, about 60.7i3/s for maximummonthly average. The peak flood discharge for once in 100 years and once in 2000 years are estimated at 3,600 m3/s and 6,140 m%/s.The impactof the diverte4water on river floodinghazards should be of minor importance.

4.3.3.4 FloodingCaused by Sedimentation

As discussed in Section 4.9, no significant flooding hazard is sexpected from sedimentationof the importedsilt.

4.3.4 Groundwater

4.3.4.1 Impactsof TunnelConstruction (a) SouthMain Line As shown in Figure4.3.4-1, almostall the elevationsof the main line are 50-250 m higher that groundwaterlevel. The constructionof tunnels will have no significant impactson groundwaterin the projectarea.

(b) GeneralMain Lines

4.3-2 WaniiazhaiWater Trnsfer Proiect Final Rport

The G/N Main Lines may be divided into 4 sections namely: Wanjazhai dam to No. 2 Pumping Station, No. 4 Tunnel to No. 3 Aqueduct, No. 10 Tunnel to No. 3 Pumping Station, No.3 Pumping Station to Xiatuzhai.

(b.1) WaniiazhaiDam to No. 2 Pumpinn Station The elevation of the tunnel in this section in 56-329 m higher than the groundwater level. Therefore, the tunnel construction in this section will have no impacts on groundwater in the area around the section.

(b.2) No. 4 Tunnel to No. 3 Aqueduct The elevation of tunnel in this section is 73-326 m higher than groundwater level. Therefore, the tunnel construction will have no impact on groundwater in the area around the section.

(b.3) No. 10 Tunnel to No. 3 Pumpine Station The elevation of tunnel in this section is 2-59 m higher than the groundwater level. The impacts of the tunnel construction on groundwater should be negligible.

(b.4) No. 3 Pumping Station to Xiatuzhai The elevation of tunnel in this section is EL 1288 m and the groundwater level has an elevation of 1214 m. The construction of the tunnel here should have no significant impacts on groundwater.

4.3.4.2 Inmacts of Construction Water Usage The surface water source available in the construction sites along WWTP main lines is very limited for construction water usage. Groundwater has to be used during the construction stage.

A total of 16 wells with a total capacity of 14,280 m'/d (day) have been planned for 12 construction sites for water supply for construction of the General Main Line as shown in Table 4.3.4-1.

A total of 25 wells with a total capacity of 6,550 m3/d have been planned for 24 construction sites for water supply for construction of the South Main Line as shown in Table 4.3.4-2.

A total of 10 wells with a total capacity of roughly 12,000 m3/day have been planned for the construction of the Connection Works. Most of the wells are to be distributed along the banks of the Fen River (the 40.2 km pipelines are to be built along the Fen River Banks).

The construction usage of groundwater will lower the groundwater table to some extent during the construction period. However, the impacts will not be significant because the wells are distributed along the main lines over a total length of 194 km (GML, 44 kmn,SML, 103 kmn,Connection Works, 47 kmn).

4.3-3 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiewt Final Report

The constructionusage of groundwaterwill have negeligibleimpacts on existingusers because of the followingfour reasons:

(a) Most of the constructionsites are in remote mountainousareas with rare or without existingusers.

(b) The selectedwells are locatedfar from existingwells.

(c) The affective radium of each constructionwell has been considered in the selectionof the well location,to avoid conflictswith existingusers.

(d) Dailywater volumefor each well is limitedto levelbelow 1,000 m3/day which are small.

4.3.4.3 Effects of Groundwateron TunnelConstruction As discussedin Section 4.3.4.1, the groundwaterlevel in most areas along the main lines is muchlower than the tunnel elevation. Therefore,the groundwaterwould have no significantimpacts on tunnelconstruction. However, necessary protection measures have been required by designengineer (Ref. 148, 149, 150) to be taken during tunnel construction.

4.3.5 MonitoringProgram

4.3.5.1 ConstructionStace The needs of water and the sources to be utilizedmust be stated and identifiedby the ConstructionContractors (CC) at the time of his proposal.

The Project's EnvironmentalManagement Office (See Chapter9) will routinelycheck the CC's operationsas relatedto effectson hydrologyso that all potentialsfor adverse effects will be suitablycontrolled for the purposesof expeditingconstruction and for avoidingand/or offsettingany conflicts with existingbeneficial water uses.

The followingmonitoring systems should be establishedor improvedin the areas along the WWTPProject:

(a) A hydrologicalmonitoring system to monitor surface water hydrology along WWTPand to predictpotential floods in the area. (b) A groundwatermonitoring system to monitorboth quantityand quality of groundwaterin the constructionareas to ensure they are not significantly affectedby projectconstruction activities. (c) A report and check system, by the ECIs, to see that all hydrological protectionmeasures are followedby constructioncontractors.

4.3.5.2 OperationStue 4.3.5.2.1 YRDPHvdroloaical Monitorin2

4.3-4 WaniiazhaiWater Transfer Proiect FinalReDort

A comprehensive hydrological monitoring system will be establishedby YRDP coveringthe entireWWTP. The systemincludes the following: (a) A monitoringand control center. (b) A numberof monitoringand control stationswith adequateand skilled staff and adequateinstrumentation. (c) A completemonitoring network which should be able to: (i) Promptlydetect any potentialof dam, tunnel,pipe, aqueduct and other projectcomponent failures. (ii) Predict potentialfloods. (iii) Act rapidlyto preventfailures or to minimizethe impactsof failuresor floods.

4.3.5.2.2 Role of EMO

.The EMO's overallmonitoring program (Chapter7) is to includeperiodic monitoring of water qualityalong SMLConnectionWorks, and periodicchecking on perfornance of YRDP's comprehensivehydrology monitoring program.

4.3.6 Summary and Conclusions The WWTP will divert water from WanjiazhaiReservoir to the Taiyuan service area, and this is not expected to significantlyaffect surface water and groundwater hydrologyin the affectedareas fromWanjiazhai Reservoir to Taiyaun.

The potential environmentalhaards due to changesin hydrology include (i) flooding hazard due to failure of tunnels or other transmission facilities, (ii) discharge of diverted flow to the Fen river above Fen-l reservoir (iii) flooding caused by sedimentation, (iv) flooding of Fen-I reservoir (discussed in Section 4.8.4), and (v) impacts of tunnel construction on groundwater resources and impact of groundwater on tunnel construction. All of these are manageable by use of protection measures which are included in the project planning for both construction and operation stages including continuing monitoring. Hence, it is expected that WWTP's effects on hydrology will not result in any significant adverse effects. Infiltration from reservoirs should have a positive effect in alleviating overdrafing of groundwater in ESA.

Tunneling, as proposed for WWTP, is a high specialized business. It is essential that this construction be undertaken by contractors with expertise in this type of work in order to minimize the problems which can be caused by groundwater and thus avoid excessive extra costs.

During the construction period the ECIs (who are to be furnished by the Environmental Management Office-discussed in Chapter 9) should monitor the CC's work to ensure his use of water does not conflict with existing beneficialwater uses, especially of groundwater.

4.3-5 FIGURE4. 3. 4 - I TUNWELELEVATIONS AND GROUNDWATER LEMS ALONGSML Scale: Vertical 1;5.000 Horizontal 1:50,000

1500 t~~~~~~~~~~~~

wuue i A 4 § ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Grounidwater level

oIZGLingdonB Limznbato ainbao 2tujiachuan mWguagouIr Cuivert

Sayiantiang TaizitinS

2WeCulvcTt

Shangyuzhng WYins Dietaisi Shizhuang baimnaya 3* CuIvcrt

HonghcXHe. TABLE 4.3.4-1: WELLS FOR CONSTRUCTION WATER USAGE IN GENERAL MAIN LINE

Well Wells ConstructionSites Locations No. Depth Q to Be Suppliedby Remarks (m) (m3/d) Wells East of I-l 48 800 No. 3 Tunnel inlet Group Wells Wanjiazhai 1-2 48 800 to No. I Sub-tunnel Bridge in Yellow I-3 50 800 Some River flood area I-4 200 450 Completed

Shamaoxigou 11-I 300 Sec. 6-2 to Sec. 7-1 Plan

Shamaodonggou II-2 _ 300 Sec. 7-2 to Sec. 8-1 Plan Xiaodonggou 1-4 251 500 Sub-tunnel08 to Completed Dianwan II-3 250 500 Sub-tunnel09 Constructing Fancheng m-1 75 1500 Sub-tunnel10 Completed Yantousi III-2 203 1832 TunnelNo. 10 to Sub- Completed .______TG 2 Laoyingdong M-3 47 1500 Sub-tunnelTG 3 Completed Nanpingcun m-4 54 1000 Sub-tunnelTG 4 Completed Xiatuzhai m-5 54 3100 Divisionto Longxugou Completed Shibapan X-1 300 Sub-tunnel 02 Plan Sibao X-2 300 Sub-tunnel 03 Plan Zhenjiagou X-3 a 300 Sub-tunnel04 Plan Total 14,280

4.3 - 7 TABLE 4.3.4 - 2: WELLS FOR CONSTRUCTION WATER USAGE IN SOUTH MAIN LUTE

Well Wells ConstructionSites Locations No. Q Depth to Be Suppliedby Remarks 3 ____M__(m/d) ) Wells Xiatuzhai M-5 1200 Divisionto Longxugou Completed Zhiniauan SJ-I 200 Sub-T 0 - I - Xinhuxinyao SJ-2 600 No.2 PumpingStation Yiaozigou SJ-3 200 Sub-T 01 - Baidaogou SJ-4 200 Sub-T 01 Xipinggou SJ4a 250 . 4-2 to 5-1 Heituzui SJ-5 200 Sub-T 02 Suanpangou SJ-6 200 03 Lingdong SJ-7 200 04 Limiuzhai SI-8 200 05 Haiziyan SJ-9 200 06 - Yangfan cun SJ-10 200 07

Zhujiachuan SJ-I 1 200 _ 07-1 _ Muguagou S-12 1250 5-2 to 6-1 Completed Qingyangqu SJ-13 | 200 | | 08 Shuigou Si-14 200 I I 09 Nanzbuangzi SJ-15 200 ___ = 10 Wenling SJ-16 250 6-2 to 7-1 Completed

QingquanLingR S-17 200 _ 11 Z.iiagou SJ-18 200 12 Shijieshang SJ-19 200 13 Zhoujiabao SJ-20 200 14 Bashang SJ-21 200 15 Yuzhuang SJ-22 200 16 Shangyuzhuang SJ-23 200 177 Total 6,550 ______

4.3 - 8 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Report

Section 4.4 SpecialDesign Issues

Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Reoort

TABLE OF CONTENTS OF SECTION 4.4

TEXT 4.4 SPECIALDESIGN ISSUES 4.4.1 Introduction 4.4.2 Tunnel Hazqards 4.4.2.1 Assuranceof ContinuingDelivery of Water 4.4.2.2 OtherIssues 4.4.2.3 Saftyof TunnelWorkers 4.4.3 Silt ErosionHazards 4.4.4 ReservoirIntake Hazards/FrazileIce 4.4.5 Disposalof TunnelExcavation Materials 4.4.6 Silt DepositionProbelms

4.4 -i

WanjiazhaiWater Transfer Project Final Reort

SECTION 4.4 SPECIAL DESIGN ISSUES

4.4.1 Introduction The purpose of Section 4.4. is to check on aspects of design of WWTP facilitiesto ensure that adequate attention has been given in the design of the facilitiesto guard against any possiblefailure of the facilitiesin event of earthquakes or any unusual hazardswhich may be encounteredaffecting stability and functioningof structures and affecting workers health and safety. Project hazards relating to the project dams/reservoirsare discussedin Section4.8.

4.4.2 Tunnel Hazards The concernshere are that (a) the tunnel design take into account the earthquake hazardin the region,(b) provisionbe made in the tunneldesign to enableprompt repair of tunnel failures, (c) the overall project plan will include sufficientstorage in the system'sreservoirs to that the systemcan continueto functionin the event of failureof deliveryof water because of tunnel collapseor any other reason, and (d) the tunnel constructionmethods will includeadequate attention to worker healthand safety.

4.4.2.1 Assuranceof ContinuingDelivery of Water In generalthe overallplan for WWTPwill furnishtwo monthsstorage for each of the three target service areas in order to (i) enable shutdown of delivery from Wanjiazhaifor two months,and (ii) furnishenough storage to overcomethe hazard of tunnel collapse.However, this assumes,for deliveryof the full 640 millionm 3 per year to TaiyuanService Area willnot take placeuntil Haoshuigoureservoir id builtand is operative(Year 2006). Meanwhileonly 350 millionm 3 per year will be divertedto the SML, and for this volume the existingFen 1 reservoir can furnish the neededtwo monthsof storage.

For the purposenoted above a new intaketower will be built on the right bank of Fen I reservoirwith a stop log gate at the intakewhich is higherthan the elevation of the sedimentjust behindthe dam. The lowestoperational level of the gate is EL 1114 m.

4.4.2.2 OtherIssues Basedon the site visits,the followingcomments can be made: (a) The limestonerock mass being excavatedalong the access adits to GML Pump Stationsnumbers I and 2 is of good and excellentquality and as predicted according to preliminarydesign documents.It appearsthat excavationproceeds in a reasonable manner and that the executionof blast is good, as the half barrels of perimeter holes show. The amount of overbreakand , hence, the rock quantitiesto be removed are reducedto a minimum,at least alongthe tunnellength, away fromthe portal area. (b) The reinforcementmeasures (rock boltingwith wire mesh and shotcreting,where appropriate)are being delayedas no rock bolts appear to be installedin the access aditsto both PumpStations I and 2 beyondthe portal. Where bolts are in place (thisis

4.4 - I Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Rswrt

the case of the left adit to the GMLPump Stationn. 2), they appear to be of no help as they are not integrated with the wire mesh and are not provided with end plate or nut. It is therefore obvious that if reinforcementis needed, the delay in the time of installationand the type of bolts used will not prevent the rock mass from loosening and deteriorating. (c) The TBM (tumel boring machine)performance in the GML tunnel n. 8 is excellent, given the monthlyadvance rate averageapproximately equal 1000 m, which is wel on the upper limit of performancein Europe.Based on carefulexamination along the most recently completed tunnel length, it appears that the microfissure in the concrete segments which were of great concen to the Owner during 1994 are not longer present. It is understoodthat the Contractor has improved significantlyits ability to avoid fissuringsegments. (d) A more significantproblem of concern raised for the GML tunnel n. 8 was the potentialleakage, along the joints, in the future operationof the water transfer tunnel. When asked about the measurestaken at this time to make sure that no leakage will ever occur along the tunnel length, the site manager said that grouting behind the segments was being performedsuccessfully as proven by the results of systematic testingthat were and are currentlycarried out. (e) In the Consultant'sopinion, given the importancefor the project to reduce any risk associatedwith water leakagefrom the tunnel,it is advisableto coat the inside of the liningwith a waterproofingproduct. Also, with considerationgiven to other tunnels to be excavated with TBM (as is the case for the SML tunnel n.5), serious attention should be given to the future use of rubber gaskets between the segments, to be appliedalong the entirecircumference of each ring. (f) Based on the observationof the ground conditionsat the downstreamportal of the GML tunneln. 7, the Consultant'sopinion is that the first metres of tunnel shouldbe excavatedby conventionalmethods, proceeding from the portal into the ground so as to reach a stable condition.It is stronglyrecommended that the TBM will not proceed by excavatingthe GL tunneln.8 in loess, from in out. (g) The workingconditions observed at the excavationface in the GML tunneln. 9, on both the upstream and downstreamsides, cannot be consideredto be safe as the head and bench methodbeing used, in conjunctionwith the type of support adopted, is not appropriateand is not safe. This problemwas carefullydescribed and pointed out in detail by previousconsultant's who visitedthe site on August 1994. (h) The techniqueadopted by placingconcrete to form a vault (10-15 cm thick) on the top headingin the GML tunneln. 10 (it is understoodthat this technique was as well appliedwhen excavatingin Q2 and Q3 loess,e.g. GMLtunnel n. 9) is not in agreement with the prescribeddesign by TIDI and furthermoreis highly dangerous.It is clearthat the fresh concreteforming the vault has no initialstrength and is not able to take any load, shouldthis occur as excavationproceeds at the face in soil-likeground. (i) Anotherpoint of concernregarding the head and bench methodused in the project relates to the benchingstage when the excavation of the sidewallstakes place just below the foundationof the concrete vault. In addition,the removing support of the same vault,excavation is beingcarried out in a zone whichis highlystressed and prone to instability,when the confinementoffered by the ground in the bench area is being

4.4 - 2 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Rewort

taken away. A number of examplescould be given by this Consultantwhere this practice was the cause for collapseof tunnels,even when associatedto appropriate stabilizationmeasures implemented on the top heading. (j) With referenceto the excavationand support sequencesadopted in the GvL tunnel n. 10, it must be stated that no attentionwas being paid to the adopted a timelyapplication of a ring of resistancewhen tunneling,independent of the use of a reinforcementor a support. In fact, with the concreteinvert installedmore than 20-25 m behindthe face, the soil surroundwill weak significantly(also considering that the advancerate in the tunnel is reduceddown to a minimumof I m/day) and the tunnelwill be characterizedby a reducedsafety factor. (k) It is essential,when the excavationis to take place below the water table, that appropriateprovisions be take to avoid to encounterany sudden water inflow at the leading (as anticipatedin the preliminarydesign geological reports, this is mainly expectedalong somelengths of the SMLand NML). The need is to perform probings ahead of the face in a systematicmanner in order to be able to use appropriate measures such as grout courtainsin time. The recommendationis therefore to drill long holesahead, in order to be able to adopt groutingprocedures when water inflows are stilllimited. (1) The excavationand support sequencesused in rock, in the SML tunnel n. 7, are similarto those adopted in soft ground such as N2 red clay and Q2, Q3 loess. This is not appropriateor neededwhen excavatingin a class m rock mass, even under a low cover condition. It is thereforeessential the appropriatesupport techniques,such as rock bolting,shotcrete, wire meshand stillrbs, if required,be adopted. It is imperative not to allow a Contractorto use working systemswhich are certainlysuitable to the limited equipmentavailable, but are againstsafety and can give the tunnel a stability conditionwhich is not in accordancewith design. (m) It is important to point out that during the site visits no instrumentationfor monitoringpurposes could be observed,also in the most difficulttunneling conditions such as when excavatingin soil. It must be understood by both YRDP and the Contractor that careful observationsand measurementsof the performanceof the tunnel duringconstruction are an essentialpart of the tunnelingprocess. In additionto maintainingsafe conditionswvithin the tunnelduring its construction,advance notice of developinginstability can be attainedso as to be able to implementin time remedialor stabilizingaction.

4.4.2.3 Safetyof TunnelWorkers Requiring Item 4.4.2.2(g) above, YRDP has since changed the tunnel construction being used, to employ shield-protectedcore boring Mnachines.These do furnish adequateworker safetyprotection...

4.4.3 Silt Erosion Hazards Because of the high turbidityof the YellowRiver, the concern here is whether the pumps and other equipmentwill be eroded by silt and thus not be able to function throughout their design life period. The WWTPback-ground reports note that the

4.4 - 3 WaniiazhaiWater Transfer Proiect FinalReDort

turbiditieswill not exceedlevels of 3,000 to 4,000 ppm and that this does not represent a serious constraintto pumpequipment suppliers.

4.4.4 Reservoir Intake Hazards/Frazile Ice This hazard is whether there will be reservoir intake problems due to entry of ice and/or "frazile". Frazile is a kind of ice mushwhich is rarely encountered in water resource developmentproject planning,hence the design must incorporate special precautionsto guard againstthis hazard. In responseto this problem,YRDP design staff have developeda specialtype of intake design whichinvolves use of a weir with a grillwhich wanns the faile to tun it into harmlessmush which is readilymanaged.

4A.5 Disposalof Tunnel Excavation Materials This is a specialproblem for WWTPbecause of the large volume of tunnel excavation materialsto be disposedof. This issueis discussedin Section4.11.4.

4.4.6 Silt DepositionProbedms

The concern here is whether the large volumes of silt in the imported water, amnountingto 3% of the total volume, might interfere with WWTP operations. The analysisof this problem,given in Section 4.9, shows that the engineering planningdoes includeprovisions for satisfactorymanagement of the problem.

4.4 - 4 WaniiazhaiWater Transfer Project Final Report

Section 4.5 Environmental Review of Resettlement

Wanjiazhai Water Transfer Project Final Renor

SECTION 4.5

ENVIRONMIENTAL REVIEW OF RESETTLEMENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TEXT

4.5 Environmental Review of Resettlement

4.5.1 Introduction 4.5.1.1 Purpose and Scope of Task 4.5.1.2 ReferencesUtilized

4.5.2 GML 4.5.2.1 RS Task 4.5.2.2 Compensation for Lost Property 4.5.2.3 Income in New Situation 4.5.2.4 Compensationfor Loss of Income During Transition 4.5.2.5 Rehabilitationto Prepare for New Jobs 4.5.2.6 Compensationsfor Moving Cost 4.5.2.7 Housing and Housing Amenities 4.5.2.8 Social and CulturalAspects 4.5.2.9 ComplaintsManagement 4.5.2.] 0 Adequacy of Support facilities at New Sites 4.5.2.11 Host Comnmunities 4.5.2.12 Summaryand Conclusions

4.5.3 SML and Connection Works 4.5.3.1 RS Task 4.5.3.2 Compensationfor Lost Property 4.5.3.3 Income in New Situation 4.5.4.4 Compensationfor Loss of Income During Transition 4.5.3.5 Rehabilitationto Prepare for New Jobs 4.5.3.6. Compensationfor Moving 4.5.3.7 Housing and Housing Amenities 4.5.3.8 Social and Cultural Aspects 4.5.3.9 ComplaintsManagement 4.5.3.10 Adequacy of Support Facilitiesat New Site 4.5.3.11 Summaryand Conclusions

4.5.4 RS Impacts by WanjiazhaiDam/ Reservoir 4.5.4.1 RS Task" 4.5.4.2 Compensationfor Lost Property 4.5.4.3 Income at New Site 4.5.4.4 Compensationfor Loss of Income During Transition 4.5.4.5 Rehabilitationto Prepare for New Jobs 4.5.4.6 Compensationfor Moving 4.5.4.7 Housing and Housing Amenities

4.5-i Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Report

4.5.4.8 Social and CulturalAspects 4.5.4.9 ComplaintsManagement 4.5.4.10 Adequacyof SupportFacilities at New Villages 4.5.4.11 Host Communities 4.5.4.12 Summaryand Conclusions

4.5.5 TaiyuanMunicipal Water SupplySystem Improvements 4.5.5.1 RS Program 4.5.5.2 Evaluationof RS Program

4.5.6 SummnaryEvaluation

4.5.7 EMO'sResponsibilities in RS

FIGURES

Figure4.5.1-1 Summaryof EnvironmentalReview of Resettlement Plan

TABLES

Table 4.5.2-1 Distributionof ResettlersInvolved in GML Table 4.5.3-1 RS Destinationsfor SML and ConnectionWorks Table4.5.6-1 MainPhysical Indices of WWwTP Table4.5.6-2 Land CompensationStandards and Criteria Table4.5.6-3 CompensationCriteria for Forest Land Table4.5.6-4 Other CompensationCriteria Table4.5.6-5 ResettlementCompensation Costs Table4.5.6-6 Land CompensationCosts Table4.5.6-7 CompensationCosts for Other Item Table4.5.6-8 SummaryRS Costs of WWT? (1996-2000) Table 4.5.6-9 Costs for Land Rehabilitation Table 4.5.6-10 MonitoringProgram and Costs for RS Programper visit Table 4.5.6-11 Scheduleof Monitoringand Costs Table 4.5.6-12 TrainingProgram for Phase I/RS

4.5-ii WaniiazhaiWater Transfer Proiect Final Report

SECTION 4.5

ENVIRONMENTAL REVIrEW OF RESETTLEMENT

4.5 Environmental Review of Resettlement

4.5.1 Introduction

4.5.1.1 Purpose and Scope of Task

The purpose of Section 4.5 is to review and ensure the environmental soundness of the RS plan presented in the environmental WWTP/RS Report, to ensure that the recommended RS plan will include all attention to applicable environmental parameters including effects on the RS families, on host villages/families, and affected community/regionalinfrastructure services. These key parameters are shown in Figure 4.5.1-1. Also the plan must give needed attention to the timeliness of the various RS process components, so that preparation of the new situation facilities (houses, land, etc.) will ready for use at the scheduled time for moving residences and/or land uses.

The RS program of any water resource project is always a very sensitive environmental issue, even when only the magnitude of the program is small with very few RS families involved. Because WWTP does not include any new reservoir, the RS problem is relatively small for the project components included in Phase I. However, for EIA purposes, the overall ERR must also include Wanjiazhai reservoir, which has a large RS problem, and the Huyan Water Treatment Plant, which involves urban RS problems.

Figure 4.5.1-2 is a drawing for illustrating the overall ERA study. On the basis of the types of RS problems involved, the overall study may be divided into the following components:

(i) WanjiazhaiReservoir: Full-scaleRS. (ii) Small-scale RS including disturbances for some rural housing and land properties, for GML. (iii)Land use only situations in rural areas, not involving loss of housing, including SML and CWs. (iv) Urban land disturbances, for Huyan RS.

The ERR evaluationsgive below utilize this classificationof RS "sectors."

4.5.1.2 References utilized

The ERR is based primarily on review of the WWTP/RS Report of July 1996. Additional references utilization are the folloving:

(I) ResettlementPlan of WWTP (WRDP) (Ref. 175) (2) ResettlementPlan of WanjiazhaiReservoir Areas (TIDI) (Ref. 176)

4.5-1 WaniiazhaiWater Transfer Proiect FinalRevort

(3) ResettlementPlan of WanjiazhaiDamsite (TDI) (Ref 177) (4) ResettlementPlan of Huyan water TreatmentPlant and Jinan Booster (SIDI) (Ref. 178)

4.5.2 GML

4.5.2.1 RS Task

For the GML construction,121.23 ha will be acquiredand 47.64 ha leased. Withinthe property line, there are 81 dwelling caves which have to be removed. This affected populationnow livingin caves who will require news houses at new sites are 54 of 16 householdsdistributed in 6 villagesof PianguanCounty. In addition,31 villageswill be affected as a result of land acquisition, with 188 people requiring production arrangements.Table 4.5.2-1 shows the distributionof resettlers to be involvedin the GML.

4.5.2.2 ComRensationfor Lost Property

Tianjin Survey and Design Institutehas surveyedand recorded the physicalindices of the RS families.The land acquisitioncost estimatehas includedcompensation for the houses (dwellingcaves), house amenities(covered pens for animals,toilets, fences, gateway arches, and storerooms),courtyard trees, and green crops. All these will be adequatelycompensated using current prices.

With RS funds made availablefor ready use, all RS work for the GML had been completedand all relocateeshad movedto their new housesby February1995.

4.5.2.3 Incomein New Situation

Accordingto applicableRS principles,all these 16 familieswill remainin agriculture within their original villages. This will be beneficialfor them to reestablishtheir production and livelihood.Also, the relocatees will be subject to less psychological stress and fewer other problems.

With availabilityof RS costs and preferentialpolicies, RS familiesliving standards will be soon be reestablishedand improvedalong with the increasedcapital construction on farmlandand agriculturalinput.

With production arrangementsmade by means of land redistribution,land terracing, and unused land reclaiming,the 188 people requiring production arrangementswill also maintainand improvetheir productionand livelihoodlevels.

As indicated by recent sample investigations,I5 families whose lands have been acquiredfor GML are all livinga much better life, with per capita incomesincreased from 100-833in 1993to the 2,000-5,000range in 1995, a highestincrease of 59 times, and lowest increaseof 2.3 times.

Periodicmonitoring will be conductedfor the future of RS familiesincome levels. 4.5-2 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Project Final Report

4.5.2.4 Compensation for Loss of Income Durine Transition

Such compensations (loss due to work interruption in new house building period) for those needing new houses are already considered in the house compensation costs. As for those only requiring production re-establishment, such compensations (loss due to low productivity of newly created land or unused land in the early years) are included in the land acquisition costs, which also include such compensations for the 13 small quarries.

4.5.2.5 Rehabilitation to Prepare for New Jobs

The RS involved in the GML is relatively simple, involving only agricultural RS and farmers. So RS resettlement will not represent a difficult task.

The target of RS trairningis resettlers who will have to change their previous farming mode. Such training includes farming technologies, land terracing skills, and ecological protection measures for developing unused land. Resettlers will learn from training how to terrace their slopeland, and how to protect their land by engineering and biological measures. This will result in better quality of terraced or newly improved/ created land, shorter transition period, and lower loss of incomes in such period.

RS training has been already incorporated in the training program which is a part of the RS planning.

4.5.2.6 Compensations for Moving Cost

All the 16 RS families will be back moved to new sites at a very short distance from their old houses. Nevertheless, the RS cost estimate includes compensations for their moving costs, including transportation, loading/unloading, and living subsidies.

4.5.2.7 Housing and Housing Amenities

Out of the 81 dwelling caves to be removed, 77 are stones ones and the other 4 are earth ones, an average of 5 persons for each family. These caves provide poor sunlight and ventilation, being susceptible to high dumpiness and rat hazards.

New housing will be brick caves or brick/concrete houses. Most of them have 3 drawing rooms plus a central room. Also, each house is provided with such amenities as a kitchen, storeroom, and courtyard with covered pen (for animals), fence and toilet. With a building area of 100 m2 , each can house 4 to 5 people. The cost is about 23,000 yuan. The RS planning includes typical housing models sh6wn in schematic drawings and typical layouts of amenities.

Selection of the house models is up to the relocatees themselves. House compensation costs are delivered to each familywhich is responsible for building a new house.

New houses are properly designed to be spacious, well-lighted, and moisture/rain resistant, thus providing good safety and hygiene.

4.5-3 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Report

After RS, the quality of houses housing amenities will be certainly much better as compared with the present conditions. This is also proven by the completed RS for GML.

4.5.2.8 Social and Cultural Aspects

All the resettlers involved in the GME will be "backmoved" within their original villages. Consequently, their customs, cultural background and social relations will not be significantly changed. They will not suffer from psychological stress as a result of changed social or cultural background. They will continue to live with their own communities.

No disabled people are involved in the RS. The RS planning has included adequate consideration to women, the young, and the old people. The backmove RS plan will impose no moving hardship on old people reluctant to move away from people they know, and will make it unnecessary for children to change schools.

4.5.2.9 Complaints Management

Resettlers are entitled to complain for their perceived infringed legal interests. The RS planning has established "RS Complaint/Grievance Channels" to ensure that resettlers will be able to raise their complaints/grievances with: (i) social and cultural, (ii) physical and psychological, and (iii) economic nature, and to receive proper solutions to such.

The Village Administrative Committee is the primary organization responsible for handling complaints for residence who feel their legal rights have not been primarily compensated for. If no reasonable solution to problems can be obtained from the Committee, then the resettlers have the right to complain to local governments, even to higher level governments or Provincial governments. Since the beginning of WWTP, no disputes have been found for both land acquisition compensation and resettlers' arrangement. To date, no one has complained to the WWTP Administration.

4.5.2.10 Adequacy of Support Facilitiesat New Sites

As previously stated, the small RS population involved in the GML is scattered in 6 villages. These will be all backmoved. No new village is consequently planned to be built. As these people will remain within their own villages, they will not cause any impact on the capacity of the existing infrastructures.

The upcoming economic development and quality of life improvement will stimulate the improvement of access roads, telecommunications facilities, medical services, and drinking water supplies.

4.5.2.11 Host Communities

This concerns the following issues: (i) provision of enlarged community facilities needed to support the incoming RS population; (ii) compensation for any lost income

4.5-4 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Project Final Report to the host communities; (iii) cultural conflicts with resettlers; and (iv) complaints by host communities as for the RS families.

Because all of the movements are within the same communities, these issues should not be a problem.

4.5.2.12 Summary and Conclusions

The RS Program for GML is relatively simple. All of the 54 relocatees have already moved to new sites, and RS losses have been completely compensated and the production arrangement for 118 people is underway. Land acquisition can be expected to be completed by the end of 1996. Owing to direct involvement of the resettlers in the building of the WWTP project, significantly higher living standards have been reached in the participating localities in recent two years, with significantly improved local living conditions in aspects of local communications and transportation, telecommunications, lighting, and drinking water.

4.5.3 SML and Connection Works

4.5.3.1 RS Task

SML will require a total of 328.8 ha land, including 309.35 to be acquisitioned and 19.45 ha to be leased, whereas the figures for the Connection Works will be 15.58 ha and 234.72 ha respectively. However, there are no residential structures or people living on these lands. These two project components will affect a total of 43 villages distributed in 18 township of 7 counties, with 934 people requiring production re- establishment as shown in Table 4.5.3-1.

4.5.3.2 Compensation for Lost Property

Land acquisition for these two components will not involve any residential structures, thus not involving any compensation for lost property.

4.5.3.3 Income in New Situation

All production arrangements for the SML will be agriculturally based. Those for the Connection Works will be also mainly agriculturally based, plus some transportation, animal husbandry, and aquaculture.

Agricultural RS will be accomplished by means of land redistribution, land terracing, and unused land reclamation within the original villages, such that the per capita farmland holding will not be reduced, or the productivity will be improved if the land area will be reduced. Higher productivity may be achieved by turning dryland into irrigated fields or vegetable plots, changing irrigated fields into vegetable greenhouses, etc.

The land compensation costs will be applied to increasing agricultural input, launching capital construction on farmland, and improving agricultural basic facilities. These will

4.5-5 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Report ensure that the resettlers who lost land will soon reestablish their production and gain more income.

In addition to agricultural RS, some non-agricultural RS will also be provided, including sheep husbandry in Hekou Village, and transportation service in Luyukou Village. Monitoring of resettlers' income levels is one of the important components of the monitoring program for the overall project. Future income levels of these people will be monitored and evaluated routinely.

4.5.3.4 Compensation for Loss of Income Durine Transition

Such compensations will be provided in the same way as delineated in Section 4.5.2.4.

4.5.3.5 Rehabilitation to Prepare for New Jobs

The resettlers to remain in agriculture will be provided with the same training as discussed in 4.5.2.5. Those going to other sectors will be provided with technical training such that they will be prepared for new jobs. Especially, drivers must be specially trained to be qualified. Any driver without a license will not be permitted to drive any vehicle. This aspect is already included in the training program which is a part of the RS planning.

4.5.3.6 Compensation for Movine

Because the SML and Connection Works will not move any people away from their homes, no compensation for moving will be required.

There is no industry in the land area to be used for the SML.

Within the land area to be used for the Connection Works, there are 7 small coking industries, I prefabricating factory, and I quarry. The planned cost estimates (2.8075 million yuan) for these have already included compensations for moving.

4.5.3.7 Housing and Housine Amenities

Both SML and Connection Works will involve no transfer of people, and thus no house construction.

As future production and livelihood development goes on, the housing and housing amenities of resettlers expected to be improved.

4.5.3.8 Social and cultural Aspects

Both SML and Connection Works will involve no transfer of people, and thus no social or cultural aspects.

4.5.3.9 Complaints Management

Refer to Section 4.5.2.9 of this chapter.

4.5-6 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Report

4.5.3.10 Adequacv of Support Facilities at New Site

Production arrangements for resettlers will not involve any new houses or new villages. So the newcomers will not pose any additional load on the existing infrastructures.

Future economic development and quality of life improvement will bring improvements to the existing community facilities.

4.5.3.1 1 Summarv and Conclusions

There are no residential structures or people living on lands which are acquisitioned, with only 934 people requiring production re-establishment. All production arrangements for the SML will be agriculturally based, and those for the Connection Works will be also mainly agnrculturally based, plus some transportation, animal husbandry, and aquaculture.

Detailed specifications have been given in the RS Plan for SML and CWs for compensation principles and compensation investment for land, trees and small scale township enterprises. All these will be reasonably compensated. A training plan has been prepared for all resettlers which is believed to be sensible and practicable. Stratified surveys have shown that the resettlers in the project zones where WWTP works have started have significantlyincreased their income.

4.5.4 RS Impacts by Wanjiazhai Dam/Reservoir

4.5.4.1 RS Task

4.5.4.1.1 Introduction

In the Wanjiazhai damsite area, a total of 498.8 ha land will be acquired, including 194.4 ha farmnland(39%). The reservoir will inundate 638.6 ha land, including 337.6 ha farmland, accounting for 52.9%.

4.5.4.1.2 Damsite Area RS

On the left bank, 3,964 m2 uninhabited and abandoned houses and dwelling caves in Wanjiazhai Village will be removed from the land to be acquired, but no transfer of people will be involved. On the right bank, 2,473 m2 houses and dwelling caves in Yaozimao and ShidaoqingVillages will be relocated together with 24 residents.

Wanjiazhai Village will lose 79% farmland as a consequence of land acquisition. In 1994, 500 villagers (including248 labor forces) were all transferred to non-agricultural status in 1994. Production arrangements will be required for 164 people from the other villages involved.

4.5-7 Wanjiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Report

The damsite resettlers will be backmoved within their original villages. On the left bank, production arrangements will be land based, plus industrial, animal husbandry and aquaculture, and tertiary industry (service trades). All of the resettlers on the right will remain in agriculture.

4.5 4.1.3 Reservoir Area RS

The reservoir inundation will involve 70 villages and 5 county industries distributed in 10 townships of 3 counties governed by Shanxi and Inner Mongolia, as well as No. 109 national road and No. 701 Yellow River highway bridge.

In the reservoir area, a total of 142,100 m2 houses and dwelling caves will be inundated, including 60,000 m2 (7.9%) in Shanxi and 136,100 m2 (95.8%) in Inner Mongolia.

The population to be directly inundated will be 4,645. In addition, 1,402 people will lose their lands but keep their housing. By the moving year (1998), the total RS population will be 6,482.

These people will be backmoved within the original township or relocated, in group, to adjacent places within the same county, except a few who will be backmoved within their original villages. It is planned to provide 22 new villages.

As a result of inundation, production arrangements will be required for 6,430 people, including 5,085 planned to be resettled in agriculture, 1,210 going to secondary industry (farm) and tertiary industry (trade services), and 135 preferring self employment.

4.5.4.2 Compensation for Lost Property

Tianjin Survey and Design Institute has surveyed and recorded the physical indices of the families to be involved in both damsite and reservoir areas, and has completed breakdown cost estimates for reestablishinghousing and housing amenities on the basis of the current prices with consideration for escalation (7% per year). For cost estimating, the housing is divided into 8 categories, such as brick-concrete, stone- concrete, brick-timber, and brick-timber. Housing amenities include gateway arches, fences, vegetable cellars, toilets, pigsties, sheep pens, chicken houses and others, altogether 12 categories. Such detailed cost estimate will ensure that all properties to be lost will be adequately compensated.

The RS from the damsite area was completed by the .end of 1995, including cost estimates. The resettlers are reported to be satisfied with the compensations they have received.

The resettlers to be affected in the reservoir area will be relocated as the project proceeds. The first moving year will be 1998.

4.5-8 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiecat Final Report

The RS planning will consider any new structures found to be needed during the period from the physical index survey to the moving year. Such will also be properly compensated.

4.5.4.3 Income at New Site

The RS planning will allow the resettlers to maintain and improve their production and livelihood as early as possible.

Agricultural RS will be carried out by means of land redistribution, irrigated land creation, land terracing, and unused land reclamation. After RS, the per capita land holding will be higher as compared with the before RS situation. Land compensations will be applied to improving agricultural facilities for higher land productivity. Training will be provided for farmers to learn how to manage their farmland in a scientific manner- These will allow the resettlers to maintain or improve their income levels in the shortest time. The following is comparison of the projected before versus after RS income levels of the reservoir area resettlers:

Item Per CapitaFarmland (ha) Per Capita Grain(kg) AnnualIncome (vuan)

BeforeRS 0.12 465 1,025 AfterRS 0.14 573 1,347

The economic income analysis of Wanjiazhai resettlers, who were transferred to non- agricultural status in 1995, indicated an annual income per labor force of 3,444 yuan. The per capita income is 1,708 yuan which is 13.4 times as much as the value of 127 yuan in 1990 before the commencement of the project, and 1.4 times as much as the value of 1,200 yuan in 1994. This implies that the RS planning is adequate and feasible.

The reservoir area RS will represent a heavy task which will last a long time period. So RS monitoring will be especially important.

4.5.4.4 Compensation for Loss of Income During Transition

The RS planning has paid adequate consideration to such compensations for various incomes to be lost during the transition period. These are included in the land compensation costs, and compensations for moving and for production interruption.

4.5.4.5 Rehabilitation to Prepare for New Jobs

A detailed RS training program has been formulated as a part of the RS planning. Technical training will allow resettlers to master new technologies and skills required for new jobs and higher incomes.

With large RS populations, detailed RS schemes will greatly vary. So training services will be arranged to fit into this feature, with different training services provided, as necessary. Those to remain in agriculture will be trained in the field of vegetable/flower/edible mushroom planting, and in poultry and animal husbandry, in addition to what is stated in Section 4.5.2.5.

4.5-9 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Report

New RS workers will be trained before employed in secondary industry (farm) and tertiary industry (services), as distinguished from major manufacturing, (first category).

Training costs are included in the RS planning, and all training services will be implemented under the control of RS supervisors.

4.5.4.6 Compensation for Moving

The RS from the reservoir area will have large populations, long distances, and significant moving costs. The RS planning will include adequate compensations for moving.

The RS planning prepared by Tianjin Survey and Design Institute includes the following 4 break-downsof such compensations:

Item TransportCost Lossin Subsidvfor Work Subsidyfor InMoving Moving WorkInterruption Medicine Amount (yuan/person) 300 50 100 20

Based on the above rates, the total of such compensations is estimated at 2.8336 million yuan; which is already incorporated into the RS total cost estimate.

4.5.4.7 Housing and Housing Amenities

The housings in the reservoir area is mainly earth/stone caves and stone-timber houses. After RS, brick-concrete houses with 3 drawing rooms plus a central room will be provided for each family. It is certain that the resettlers' housing and housing amenities will be considerably improved (See Section 4.5.2.7). In particular, new houses will be provided at properly selected sites for the resettlers from the reservoir area. With overall planning made in accordance with the "Principles for Township Planning", such new houses will have proper layouts and be well lighted. Provision of adequate communities facilities and access roads will also improve the living conditions.

4.5.4.8 Social and Cultural Aspects

All those to be moved from the damsite and reservoir areas are involuntary resettlers. Resettlers are often reluctant to leave their homes and are concerned with the customs of and the relations with the host communities. They are afraid they may be pushed aside and humiliated.

To relieve this psychologicalstress, all resettlers will be backmoved within the original townships or moved to adjacent townships but still within the same county. In detail, 22 new villages will be built for the RS in groups, using the following criteria:

(a) Resettlers will be moved in groups, except for a few to be backmoved within the original villages, and will be allowed to live separatel) from the host community people.

4.5-10 Wanjiazhai Water Transfer Project Final Report

(b) RS villages must be incorporated into the host administrative and socioeconomic systems. Arrangement will be made so host township governments will cooperate to ensure successful transition of RS.

(c) The allocations of land for both housing and production purposes of the resettlers will be managed by the local county governments, rather than directly with the host people.

These measures will minimize potential conflicts between the resettlers and the host communities, and possible psychological stress of resettlers by the host exclusivism.

4.5.4.9 Complaints Management

Details are given in Section 4.5.2.9 of this chapter.

4.5.4.10 Adequacy of Support Facilities at New Villages

Better infrastructures, such as access roads, communications facilities, medical and education amenities, water supply systems, and power supply facilities, will be built at new villages. The RS planning has included the capital costs for the provision of such facilities, including:

(a) New land site with leveling at a total cost estimate of 3.0229 million yuan.

(b) Water supply (for drinking and irrigation use) and drainage at a total of 11.234 million yuan, involving the provision of 16 pumping stations, 12 motor wells, and 102 big-collar wells for rural RS sites, plus 4 drinking water supply projects for industrial RS sites. The costs for water will be at a low level because resettlers will be entitled to preferential policies.

(c) Power supply at a total cost of 1.4589 million yuan, which will be used to provide 81.05 km low-voltage user lines, with 10 KV and low- voltage mains considered in special planning.

(d) Provision of 14.19 km roads in villages at a total cost of 1.419 million yuan, with access roads considered in special planning.

(e) Provision of public broadcasting lines at a total cost of 602,200 yuan.

The RS planning is adequate in all these aspects. In addition, primary schools and clinics will be established for densely populated and concentrated villages, for providing easy access to education and medical services. The RS planning includes the improvement of existing schools and clinics, and it is not considered necessary to construct any new facilities.

4.5.4.11 Host Communities

4.5-11 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Project Final Report

All of the aspects relating to both resettlers and host communities, as mentioned in Section 4.5.2.11, have been adequately considered in the RS planning. Regarding items (i) and (ii), the following measures are included in the RS plan:

(a) Provision of special facilities, including establishment and improvement of roads, power facilities, public broadcasting lines, and communication facilities in the reservoir area.

(b) Improvement of schools and medical facilities, including renovation of the existing middle/primaryschools and clinics in the receiving areas.

(c) Construction of irrigation works, involving irrigation and drinking water supply projects (with power supply at preferential price).

Most of the resettlers from the reservoir area will be moved and rehabilitated in groups. As a result, they are not expected to have conflicts of customs and cultures with host communities. Complaints in respect of receiving resettlers, if any, may be raised by the host people through the RS complaints channels.

4.5.4.12 Summary and Conclusions

The WWTP involves arrangements for 24 resettlers from the damsite and 6,482 resettlers from reservoir area. The damsite resettlers will be backmoved within their original villages or to adjacent places within the same county. Some 22 new villages will be built. RS plan includes consideration of new village's public infrastructure and of RS area's public infrastructure, with estimation of funds required. RS has been completed in 1995. Surveys have shown that the resettlers satisfy with compensation and have higher living standards. The residents in the reservoir area will be resettled in 1998 and compensation cost will be estimated according to current price in 1996, considering an annual rate of 7% price rise.

As a result of relocation in groups, the resettlers from the reservoir area are not expected to have conflicts of customs and cultures with host communities. With preferential electricity price provided by WWTP and the preferential policy provided by the State Government and Shanxi Provincial Government, the resettlers are expected to reach higher production and living standards in a rapid manner.

4.5.5 Taiyuan Municipal Water Supply System Improvements

4.5.5.1 RS Proaram

Land will acquired for the Huyan Treatment Plant in the north outskirts of the city and for a new pumping station on North Jianhe Road. Construction of the pumping station will replace the existing brick factory operated by the Jinan Chemical Plant, only involving compensation for land and fixed assets, without any requirement for production arrangements. For the new treatment plant, 29.7 ha land will be acquired from Huyan Village, thus requiring production arrangements for 96 villagers.

4.5-12 WVaniiazhaiWater Transfcr Proiect Final Report

The village is located at the contact area between Taiyuan city proper and outskirts, with few farmland holdings but complicated land uses. Considering the geographic situation, these people will be settled in the following non-agricultural activities:

(a) A total investment of 5.326 million yuan will be used to set up a transportation company for 30 resettlers, who will earn an average income of 6,000-12,000 yuan each year.

(b) A total amount of 5.06 million yuan will be used for the development of Lijiamao orchard, which will provide an annual income of 6,000 yuan for 33 people.

(c) A welfare fund will be established, by depositing 791,200 yuan of the land compensations in banks, to provide 2,000 yuan/year living subsidy for each person, each minor child, who together represent 35% of the total RS population.

Because the affected population is small, this part of RS will have similar impacts as stated in Section 4.5.3. The land compensations have all been reimbursed.

4.5.5.2 Evaluation of RS program

Yuyan Village is located at the immediate outskirts of Taiyuan City, where villagers' agricultural income accounts only for about 3% of their total income, while the remaining 97% is from industry, transportation and other trade activities. So agricultural arrangements are not required for those villagers who are affected by land acquisition. The three measures presented in RS program are considered appropriate and practical, and should satisfy the desires of the resettlers.

Jinan Pumping Station will occupy the land under the jurisdiction of Jinan Chemical Plant, which will not involve production arrangements. After negotiation, enough compensation for land acquisition will have been finished, which is satisfactory for both sides.

4.5.6 Summary Evaluation

Figure 4.5-1 summarizes the ERR evaluation of the WWTP/RS program and Phase LIRS report. Review of Figure 4.5-1 indicates that all of the RS programs have been reasonably well planned, for all four RS components. While there are some gaps in the tabulation, the overall indication is positive. However, YRDP/EMO should more ahead to implement the periodic ERR monitoring recommended above, and also should give attention to the program on monitoring to be done by Wanjiazhai/EMO and by EPB for Huyan (See Tables 4.5.6-10 and 4.5.6-1 1). This will include checking on programs on the RS training program shown in Table 4.5.6-12.

An indication of the comprehensiveness of the RS planning by YRDP/RS Team is given by Tables 4.5.6-1 to 12, which summarize the RS program work for GML, SML, CWs on the following issues:

4.5-13 Wanjiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Report

Table 4.5.6-1 Main Physical Indices of WWTP Table 4.5.6-2 Land CompensationStandards and Criteria Table 4.5.6-3 CompensationCriteria for Forest Land Table 4.5.6-4 Other CompensationCriteria Table 4.5.6-5 ResettlementCompensation Costs Table 4.5.6-6 Land CompensationCosts Table 4.5.6-7 CompensationCosts for Other Item Table4.5.6-8 SummaryRS Costs of WWVTP(1996-2000) Table4.5.6-9 Costs for Land Rehabilitation Table4.5.6-10 MonitoringProgram and Costs for RS Programper visit Table 4.5.6-11 Scheduleof Monitofingand Costs Table 4.5.6-12 TrainingProgramn for Phase I/RS

Similarinformation for Wanjiazhaiand Huyan are given in the full-scaleWWTP/RS report.

4.5.7 EMO's Responsibilities in RS

The EMO for the Phase I project will take the following responsibilities: for checking on the environmental aspect of the RS program WWTP/Phase I components, including (i) review of completed RS planning to ensure that all of the aforesaid issues have been included; (ii) periodic monitoring to ensure that RS progress proceeds as planned; and (iii) based on (ii), to recommend needed improvement.

For Wanjiazhai, it is recommended that the EMO carry out surveillance of the Wanjiazhai's own EMO with respect to RS program. Similarly the WWTP/EMO should carry out surveillance for Taiyuan City's RS program for the Huyan treatment plant and North Jianhe pumping station. It is also recommended that the Expert Panel to be established by YRDP on EIA/RS should give needed attention to the Wanjiazhai and Huyan-North Jianhe RS programs.

4.5-14 FIGURE 4.5.1-1: SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW OF RESETTLEMENT PLAN (I) of (3) RcsctiemcntCornponent GML SMLJCWs Huyan Wanjiazhai Rcvicw Parameters A NA Nos. Rating A NA Nos. Rating A NA Nos. Rating A NA Nos. Rating

I Affcctcdfamilics _I______

1.1Houising moved 81 / - _._ --

_ _1. 1. I No. Familities/pcoplc 16/54 ______1626/6,506 ___

___1. 1.2 From villages No. 6 ____ 71 __ ___1. 1.3 To samen vi IIa ges, No. 6 ____ 3 1 I. .1.4 To ncw villagcs, No. 0 22 _ 1.1.5 Moving date 2/95 1995- _ ._ _ _ _ _ 2000 _ 1.2 Land changcs - __ _ _ -

1.2.1 Land takcn, ha. 169 _ _ 579 ____30 __ 1,137 1.2.2 Land compensation, ha. 169 . _ _ 579 30 _ 1_,137 1.2.3 Familities/people affectcd, No. -/188 _4_ -/934 -/964__ -/70944__ __1.2.4 VillagesafTecctd, No. 3 1 43- 1 73 ___ 1.2.5 Relative productivity of neiv land _ _ S _ _ S - _ s - s

_ 1.3 Income situation, Yuan 7 - / _ - _ j. _ 1.3.1 Farming MB / _MB L_ B / - B (a) Before project 100-833 _ _ _ 285-800 L _ 800 _ _ 100-1,450 2 ___ (b) After project 1,000 ,000__ __ 625-2,000 __ _400 ___617-2000 1.3.2 Industrial jobs 7 - MB / MB MBU _ MB

(a) Before projcct 15-1,500 - _ 700 - 20-300

(b) After projcct _ _1,000-480 00 _ _ 25-48,000 _ L_ 7,000 _ _ 80-48,000 1.3.3 Total 7 MB / _ MB L MB / _ MB ____ (a) Before projcct 100-830 _ _ 300-2,300 ______L L _ 120-1,750 ____ (b) AfMerproject _ - 2 0 000 _ _ 650-50,000 7_ 697-50,000

1.4 Adequacy of new housing arrangements $ _ - - / - - 11.4.1 Compensation for land property _ 2 __ s 1.4.2 Compensation for transition income loss _ _ _ . 2 _ _ _ - - _ s 1.4.3 Compensation for moving costs _ _ 2 _ _ _ - _- _ S 1.4.4 Housing _ _ . _ - _ . - - - - - _ _ FIGURE 4.5.1-1: SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW OF RESETTLEMENT PLAN (2) of (3) Rcsetticnicnt Componcnt _ GML SM JCWs Hu_yan W_aiazhai RevicwPara mctcrs A NA Nos. Rating A NA Nos. Rating A NA Nos. Rating A NA Nos. Rating (a) Area, square kilonictcr _ = 100 B 100 B ()) Cost (yall) / 23, B 232000 B 1.4.5 Housing ainenities V - - - - - (a) Water supply DNA __ _ DNA (b) Excreta management DNA _ DNA (c) Soild waste management DNA _ DNA (d) Drainage DNA _ DNA (c)Accessways = _=_ DNA _ DNA

1.4.6 Support services in new sctting NP - - - - - (a) Roads ___ B (b) Clinics/hospitals B (c) Schools . _ B (d) Watersupply B - - (e)Sewerage - _ B (f) Solidwastc management B (g) Recreation ______B 1.5Training for newjobs / 2 / 2 / 2 V 2

1.5.1 Farming V 2 / - 2 / - 2

1.5.2 Industrial - _ 2 / 2 - 2 1.6 Cultural/socialaspects / 1.6.1 Cultural / - - - _

1.6.2 Disadvanged groups V - 2 V - 2 - _ - V 2 1.7 Complaints management V 2 / 2 / 2 _ 2

2 Host communities - NP - NP - NP - 2 2.1 Impact on community facilities NP =_ = Np 2.1.1 Water supply _ . V - NP 2.1.2 Sewerage . _ / - NP 2.1.3 Solid waste management - NP 2.1.4 Clinics/hospital - NP FIGURE 4.5. 1-1: SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW OF RESETTLEMENT PLAN . ______. ______. ______(3)o f (3) Rescttlnircnt Component. GML SMICWs yHuan Wanjiazhai RevicevParametcrs A NA Nos. Rating A NA Nos. Rating A NA Nos. Rating A NA Nos. Rating 2.1.5 Roads = _ = / NP 2.2 lInpacton family income - - - - _ | = NP 2.3 Impact on culturc / NP | __ |

3 Monitoring and timing (I) and (2) _- __ - -_ 3.1 Monitoring provisions 2 2 _ 2 _ 2 3.2 Timelinessparameter 2 2 2 2

3.2.1 Timcly attention to RS famility __2 _ needs 2 _ 2 _ 2 3.2.2 Timely prcparation of new houses 2 | = 2 _ 2 __ = 2 3.2.3 Timely preparation of new lands 2 2 _ 2 - 2

4 Regional infrastructure needs __ / / _ _ 22___ :r- 5 Publicparticitation 3 3 3 2 6 Overall asscssment of RS plan - V - _ -- _

6.1 Overall evalilation - / 2 V - 2 / 2 / - 2 6.2 Adcqtiacq of figurcs/iilaps | 2 L 2 / _ 2 | - 2 6.3 Attcintion to Chinesc law on RS / 2 V 2 / 2 . 2 6.4 Use of appropriate standards / 2 1 2 / 2 | 2

6.5 Adcquacy of monitofing / - - 2 E 2 E - - 2 E - 2 6.6 Adequacy - of trailling / - 2 / 2

Abbreviations A= Applicable, NA= Not applicabic, LA= Limitcd applicablibility, I= lInstilicicnit,2=0k, 3= Excellent NP= No cffccts/no problem DNA= Data not available L= Lcss thIanexisting, S= About samc, B= Bcticr, MB= Muici better

Notes ott paramctcrs (uing samncnmiibers) Table 4.5.2-1 Distribution of Resettlers Involved in GML

Township Wanjiazhai Huanplonpchi Shuiguan Nanbaozi LaoYing Laoving Total Villa2e Shentonzui Shoufunuan Baicaoping Dahuangeou Yaziping Yantousi Number of 2 2 2 6 1 3 16 Families Population 6 7 5 24 3 9 54

Table 4.5.3-1 RS Destinations for SML and Connection Works

Item Agriculture Transportation Other Total SML 541 541 Connection Works 227 40 126 393 Total 768 40 126 934

4.5-1 8 Table 4.5.6-1 Maiin Physical Indexes of WWTP

coy 13.~~~~l...dtjr*yiiv jbn,I9 VM~IA W.4A IiII. h.*I.w 307.3 3~..in F I.T-. 40bt 9i,Tn %0.T- TM.,p l0o Wo.oh. 1r.73, M9

P'io- Lw, qs4~ 7230 401.391 4199 641 3 .11 0 9194 )IIII 43 7 .74 424 54,740 1 2.033 4 377I (3T1. n.. .. don,.. 5 1103 13J136 2 3It 000.1 l.21g~~43 31I1I69 00on 00m 400 423.11 112.10 13.0 11.00 91,94 181di 73020 4.35400 42400e 34.74400 439 00 1,01300 4 00 7700 00 13 00 347'-

d'3 Lo.W 0--0t 6000 9o99.1- !01 2411 0 0 0 142.1 0 0 0 1446 0 0 99 II) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7

3o34a.I 0 ~ ~~~~1414 0 0 0 a 0 0 0 ISO2 0 0 40 2s 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 34.*. I1,op .4.tom 1.114 4743 1492 33 1 4I14 204" 130 ~ Ll.. db-..im 1314 _____ S,4444 1.31734 474.30 0 04 0.00 0 04 349.20 4 00 000 0 00 1I310 00 14140 2"400 130 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 000 0 00 000 0 0 Pi'.- 3... pi.qi049 124 192. 942 03 23.

%N.W40 10438 19217 0 0 0 94 0 0 0 0 0 0 43 23 0 a 0 0 0 PI1. IA. Pl.. SIR314 2412 94 132

0,0 I~~~~~~~~~~~...b--*., 00 3.,14.007 3~~~490 331 4 0 a 0 241.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 94 133 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 '.0 Oo~~~ I'~~~b-. F.doilkio 2.09110 1.614.30 0.00 0.000 004 60270 000o 00 400o 134.10 0.00 3404 33300LO 413010 0.00 0.00 0 00 00 000 00m0 00 0 00 0 7. b-irii 293.7 0 0 0. 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 s,49,40 2.304230 1.6143 000 4.44 400 4121.0 00 0 00 0,00 Ill410 0 00 303040 27 000 473.00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0000 00 00 000n

I.M..1 ~~4113 0 IsI 0 II73 0 0 0 0 do013 0 723 2313) 0 121 1279 0 0l 0 2 7.

OobO.0oI ~~~~139 0 36007 I940 221n31 0 0 0 2371 343 0 0 2144 2109 0 120 0 0 0 31414 4

3,,34003 30~~~7 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9,4. tA.4.l..,il3,- 112 0 30s 1301 073 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7,0.3I...4bo.~os..q 4910 39 3701 15101 29431 0 0 0 i2131 204 0 0 0392 47021 4 3279 0 0 314 9 0. 0.14,. 101- 0 7.9 313.9 29409 294.13 0 0 a 37.W 22 0 0 2192 47021 4 127i -0 0 314 9I 0 L.W vqi.,lim. 2.03330 2.031059 I30 3410o 0 73 104101 0030 130 4 00 21394 21 11 23700! j21700 09300 3.740 490 3.039001 4 00 77 00 0 00 13.00170 UA w3pdOiski0fn 32003 3302l 1303a 3103 29431 12i fi 2 24231 224 303 2.1 2092 4702 0 4 2791 0 el 3341 0 0,,04o001 ~~4.127305 2.13110 130 90 29007 1.02311 332.30 I 10 24010 430 34 293 1.1100 7J93 00 1 40 .30 ,0.0 40 70 0 20 40 Tablc 4.5.6-2 Farmlandcom cnsationstandards and criteria Dry LOW M_ Sla LAW2endd LOW V_egabk L1W Wa Land rivtn _ Lund b- dlat Lad Celu S_e_r -y Cnua.i Cu..a Cm'y ?VN. CR QuW*y PVAm. CR Qcu.0 PVhu CR Qwsdny ?Vhm CA QanoRy PVAhwCR Qawoiny PVA.wCR Q.ak PVnA CR Quautiy PVA, CR Q,.VWy PVhAr CX Qsaowy %,din. Cky0wid Yuan Yar YTom Yan Yun YuT Ya"r YUa YU Yarn Yr Yr Yrnn Yaunn M Tu. Yurn Yua on piap Lan A4epqalifit 340 4U3 I33 I) 4*3 94 330 403 370 154.5 2-l.5 541 2940 3 13009 234? 6a2 371U t B.,"SW 43 3 "0 1I 3 403 ____ _=_ S33 3 1414 134.5 1.3 232 2940 3 3320 154 7 6-0.5 464 -a,.W LOWdAqlsairn 341 4.3 23U7 171 4.3 1177 _-I5 1= 567__ . aWd8wn.4q 341 3 1023 171 3 313 = - _ - _ _ - _ _ S.nda Lun AuqulisM = 174 4-3 13183 L. ££ani 343 3 1044

£Ji,0. LandAt9.Ma.i 342 4.3 2394 £71 da3 it"0 171.3 21.5. 423 3J Sn. ______LmalllanogTLW l 342 2 1024 71 3 313 O ps. LaulA.qiaOi. 339 4-3 £3M )5 4-3 945 134.3 2_.3 341 LundD.o..2 240 3 7 M33 3 40£ Piwh Lad AcquiA.. 348 4.3 2424 174 4-3 £320 140 2-1.2 S7_ L.aDo Bn 34U loa04 174 3 Ut1 Crnailnn LundAcquI3i32ua 640 4.3 4430 320 a 24 200o 43 3000 4004 4.3 330 320 3 £940 wokskc Ln s 40 3 0930 320 3 00 o0003II o4 40003 3o2000 32 2 £940 2=0 6 16

7u.~~~ - ..-- -/-sL ------Table 4.5.6-3 Compensation Criteria For Forest Land

Constructio County Category Forest Land eedling Fores Shrub Forest] Section City Comp.Criteria Comp.Criteria Comp.Criteria GTL Pianguan Landaquisition 24000 709 709

Land Borrowing 300 300 Shengchi Land squisition 24000 LAndBorrowing shuozhou Land squisition 24000 LAndBoffowing Ningwu Landaquisition 24000 757 STL LandBorrowing Pianguan Land aquisition

land Borrowing

Pinglu Landsquisition Land Borrowing Connection Landaqtuisition Works LandBorrowing 12000 Table 4.5.6-4 Other Compensation Criteria

No. Category Unit GTL STL Conn.Work 1 Trees _ Big Trees Y/tree 26 26 20 Small Trees Y/tree 7 7 7.3 2 Apple Trees _ _ Trees with Frui Y/tree 490 600 Trees without F Y/tree 65 50 3 Low Group Trees Y/group 7 4 Houscs& Adhensives ._. Earth Caves y/m2 91 Stone Caves Y/m2 130 2 Brick Houses Y/m ____ _ 300 y/2 Shehen ForoGr&othen Y/m 200 Movable Houses Y/per 200 Well Chamber Y/room 1000 Toilets Y/per 300 Walls Y/m3 100 2 5 Anti-leakWaterTank Y/m _ _ _ 200 6 Tombs Y/per 300 7 Quarries Y/per 5000 5000 8 Highway 104 Y/km 180 4 9 Transformers 10 Y/set _ 29. 10 Power Poles Y/pole _ _ 1000 11 Relocation Loss Y/prso 150 150 0 0 000 0600 0 _0 I'll o 0100 000 10 _0 0000II I0 0 t is IL0L all it el300(L 00L 0t011 000o3o oi O 0 000 a0 11 0000 0l0f00 0ila 0It Os0 0000 -J *0wil 0 00I I 00 00 0 we 00 a a OCLt 0 00.00*^ 10 N00 000 0 00 0 01 0_ 60 f 6 g>0 i o.C..d _ P 00 III i0t00( 0 9 to06 00000 I I0 00 0011o00 00 , 00410Ls 1 0I00 00 000 0I0L Ill00 (t0 640t 00f 600 I F 0060 000 00001 0t0t 0_ -a_ 00000 0 0 O0 0(0i 00 11P 0000 00'0 0031it 000 11000e60_It _0 003 -_ L 16 Ssass S111 ti6 L s1ss1 Iis W,4 *I tg C6zt&O go9L 1tgts of1e its n fI itl n "'O 04 0- .1 i " I 011 II SC1 ff *I -1 -Ja . 0010 00000 000 000I 000 O a0 0006s 0003 0000C p N0000 i 00 Osu as 1lf Iu GOPit Is to I NMI ta pi IN 000 000ItJ ~ PLG Elit t 14_l "1 no as I i I1 wil Is" t Io{!l si L i o .. _

UuC806 4 Ot Clwl et Ot It T I1 it 48 t4ol is t 0*l or oft L40f atb Ott '4FU "1969 &*t1 t§ Iti§t1 I I II, 1 NL unl GIIossil 6 Ltllt s flat nsoff lG a tt inS lot t wl Usl U(lz of ptis lbLi b wP- itIall rsI"g ;I !,!I SUE'ItsLI Is"" If It It ls tl C )'L It itte Si 49u I = to M t 0llict 7 S'Lft 7esli Ptv 'LI"*111 ICs If(s Xsl 1sssll _ u, P 1-; 4@O b LAO bs _0-31 LA0-4-_ && A- C6@P LAoi)@@ 4p_. %I> !R C@ 1- ! C41- 4 C*ID 4 I -i - ! OI)PV D wt44U- j)|) 4 4 r- -"Ve - Dp ! gw1-!i I -- " r li_- _ _ _ .. '° Nullouuoa_ t~~~silm W-. . rVl) 1 _$^ (a3lapl9661) 1°0) uoijusuatituo.31unuallp@sw2 Sg9 's- altlBlL Tablc 4.5.6-6 Land Compensation cost of WW

-- - 2o~~~~~~~~~~t.m.o E07I."902. 6..dw 1i I Va.t L.4 .0.4 InRAId .7. .4i1 0141.16.Low1d91 OAo.7 Tol.

r.q c 0 4 4. C04.o Q0.44 Coo 0.. Qo.J4F e.g 00.1. Qoo047 C I. 013.4 qo004l e.g 04.. Q.woiy C.g 040. Q.,.odY Co 041i. 4. C.g 09Ai0 q5.41yj Co." 0.oi Qo.00y CoO C.ol Y.. 4 leyo.. Y.. - 40V... Y.YYoo. - Y, Vo - 0*o - Iyo, Y,... - Io'Y.. Y.. IV*4Y... o.- - W3Y,. T..(o o IWVOO WOYo G.iWL u.yo LA eil 727.b0 13170 043.00, 40S3.39~769 000 ee ago s,e4oo o jo 24.4 741.00 4199 1 727 Is "9 1.30 I9" 1237.00 001 0.74 124 73 ,A "007 30.0 04.24 400.40 342.00 473 __ 0000 0 a 900 16100so 400 to0 25.0 S.2" 0.12 1092000, I 00 0.74 464000 700 0.23 31705 240446 IA 71740 337.01 443.30 17.91 00e 000 00 0030O 2440 419.9I 22.72 130o 297 400 0.74 224.3 La 711.02 41.24 lillO 4.71 0."0 *.0 @00 tO la0030 3.20 0.32 2.00 3.70 0 0.22 30.34 ML *.Wm LA 2007 742i.3 377.14 3l97.00 24230 29.39 000 0.001 002700 342.30 0.04 ____ 00 2314.30- 2.I3 1023 4004o 4 23 0.40 0.00 .00"0 0.00 0.04 .2 booboo LA 0.00 3131004 343.40 3t.00P. 900*D." 0 00 39.9 La 10" O." O."9 04 0.00 a 00 0~~~~~~~~ 0 00 ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.000 94 t*.bA 2104 324.0 I09 3393.00 474.30 34.77 4.00 I I ______14.2 ___ 4.40 330.03 Lb 1026 Inso 11.30 O'" 0 Of G~~~~~~~~ 40 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~."0013.30 ?.w... tA 0m 0240 43.0 002.00 692.70 01.20. O."340.00_ 00.20 2.2O 0400 00.9 so? 21.3#G." 1.7p fall, 0 00 O~~~~~~~ 0 00 ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.002.79 9i*06 LA 2434 I3.00 39.93 H2s100 330.40 42.31 O.40 . 3o70.40 243.30 33.94 0.00 99.44

044.2.2LA ~~~~~~2092.39400.13 2434.30 3019.03 0.40 9."0 .00l 0 0.00 .00 00 0.00 0 00 0.40 0.000 9.09 421,70, 14.33 too 0 00 0.00 0.40 72291 La1 297 9400 .0 00 .0 90 4 04 .0 00 .0 04 .0 40 0 0.00 a040 0.00 0 00 0 00 0.40 29.74 4440 3 860 6i 6~.90.00 fit 0.0 .0 0.00 0.40 0.00 0."4000 I4 22Me 477.00 93.74 964.00 S.00 037 3000.00 3.20 3.34 .0.0 4.00 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00.00 000 0 00 03.40 LFIA 0.00 00Of 0.00 00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 6040.00 73.30 7.03 fit 0 00 0 00 0 00 0.40 7R7 Io,.A 4430 040 90 0004 3.14, 1.26 240100.40613624., $103.1 140000 -0.731 0.0 4.00 0.00 3S430. Lb 3920 3300I 303 94000 ___ _ .00 0040.40 33100 307.07 3200.001 3306 309.721 0.40 0.400 0.00 0.06493.40 23771.3 39.03 34020 I.IA 0.00 0.00 40.00 0 00 4.40 0.010___ 04 .00 304000 2040 22.94f _____ 0.40 2294 @oi.:6 LA 4400 700i 340 4 00 0.00 O'" to.00 000 9.00 3.40 laI 2920 000 94000 .04 __ O___.000 0000400a 040 00 a La A 3920 0.00 940.01 000 C."0 0.00 f.it 0,00 0.40 O 1.09.t.A LA 3320 707 0a0co 9.00 3.40) 6.24 13340 333.04 0.77 000l 0.00 a440 0.00, . 0.00 0.40 0." 0. 00 00 0 00 0.00 040 300.40 3.13 403.04 94.02 S.00 037 370.30 33303 27120 309.12 004 0.00 4.0 00co 0 00 0.00 0.001 00 0 .40 a000 0" 2640000 237310 39013 437.90 lIJA on. 000 0o 00f _ O"040 OHel0D "00 0.001 0.00 0.40 0.00 9.40 00 00 0 0 00 10,79 200231 ~~~~LA 30.1230 430371 3013749 227.70 0.0 1.30J 1...!. 0.I.303.041...... I...03...... 0014 470 24 6lie4 di 9t24 630 297 407 230

LIlA ~~~~00 ~~00.00 00 000 0 0 000J0 000...... "pI .2020 309 ol 00 0 4 00 00 00 4 0 00 00 07 -- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~4177.83204.39 2133300 732.00!" 37300 1 mm 772.74,, 294034 io?, j 132.30 303432 33710 72420 30 29.4 eR R 0cR oo Reeoc S ccr~. 4

f~~ __p~ ~S ______~~~I :__35 _ _ __ j__i i __;,- __ _ , _ _ ~~S _ * S SS SS > S S o o S _ S _ S o 2 _ S f ; n _~~3

P~~~~~~

_~_ ~~~l_ld ______S n

______f3 Tnhlc 4.5.6-8 Sunimary Cost of VWTP (1996-2001)

_ C.I IbS =1900 1997 = 19 = _90 Tul N. 1n 8sn cw st*4 sn I2 Cw SubT sn cw IO3.b-T CW On m Cw TelW I Iw.d.~yrooJ6 3111.69 482001 44200 112464 12112 22.92 144257 9.71 0.71 50.38 424.2 5122.21 415.72 2024.22 _ Tin*. T.sosCa . 0.22 1.17' It. I30 023 2523 21.49 21.74 22.76 114.7 1.93 61.99 539.73 _ II-$a Csq.11" 22.34 93.34 090 4.00 32.15 0.00 52.24 39.2) 4 lD nomo.wdC. 3.37 18.95 I2I9 207i.9 333 2li.77 291.137 07.9) 2107.93 l33 351.13 964.69 954. _ F.eor,ewf 59.92 49.72 497.2 7.2 723 0.00 46.35 44.9 0.09 1e.12 _.n,4w mc.4 2.12 =3. 15.34 3192. 4307 9 34.14 .1 36.55 .2 4O44 15.34 02.43 167.4 6 Re,,&.SinedwCooy. 4.00e 0ee .00 0.1 0.00i e.ee 0.3 7941s*w6o. c 9fneeo9as. 3673 2.75 500.57 r04.37 e.99 5429 522 9Fow.1mVc.n o. 804.34 2934.s 11529 134 4.92 403 4.50 0.99 222.92 329.42 _o9 I_ S4dal 347.13 74830 1 0IM4 134.49 1430.9 41425 39704 5." 435.29 417.34 44.93 7.I5I 12409 29S3.54 499.5 Oher 29.23 494.2 31.41 1124.12 5IaIhjobwooC.Wg(oi'9) I___ - 120.27 2 rsaeodqCoons2 9) 1123 3502 50.35 10013 3 iwosaiI Co31f ofn ___ - 7.22 _3241 20.23 40. 4 P...eZ eoO j%-i 0_ =6 97 420 30.51 20.93 3IhW.ele-W.k eoo(I% or 95 40.09 ,cu nlr. Odlt .. ."%0 _ =... 4 CO fo MO0n,ooe* =515.33 7 TdWed.Tri.Cou _ 17.1 * Blie COni90c0 2_0.4 _ Te1 742551 1299.43 211.35 2522.l2 Noh,.:Cost for 5MOmoritoring nchides VW12,IiWT uiWIZ, nd Ova duotion r. from 19997t0 200 And D7 ing *o.s , bued on needs_ Table 4.5.6-9 Cost fol- Land RehiibilitationU Unite eta0 yuan

sw |F~~~armanr abyan riverbank 14rc2 05 0 g_- 0:: 4 ytetliat~~~a ae ane Table 4.5.6-10 Monitoring Program and Costs for RS Program Per Monitoring Visit (1996 price)

Monitoring Item No. of Duration person-day Unit Daily cost Cost Comronent | Staff (days) (Yuan!person/day) (Yuan) WWTP Investigation 10 15 150 230 34500 Preparing repor 10 10 100 230 23000 Printing&Reporti ng 30000 Subtotal 87500 HWTP Investigation 3 5 15 230 3450 Preparing repor 3 5 15 230 3450 Printing&Reporting 30000 Subtotal _ . 36900 WJZ Investigation 15 20 300 230 69000 Reservoir Preparing repor 10 10 100 230 23000 & Damsite Printing&Reporting 30000 Subtotal i 122000 Total i i - ---- _ 246400 Table 4.5.6-11 RS Monitoring Programit and Costs (with 7% inflation) Unit: yuan Coatfor one tne ImpiamentationSta4e. Momitoring twice a year RehebeibtatonStage., Momtorng a tuneper year Tota in 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Subtotal 2002 2003 2004 2005 200 Su tota 1 4 WWTP 87500U18 250200358 214383 22938 2444 176261331 140506 150341.9 1085.18 1f72125.74 75515183977-.9 ., FWTP 36900 786 8359253 63401.07 67839.145j72587.8851 318458.39 77257T24R k!j wz --- 1-2 618 27.935 298910 3183 3422 14 18 19 96 18.722. .. 2399912.47 1052897.6 2554300.6 %lo lotel M 246400tas s6n 29sTabl -1,395665637includnge45ZdYi.35 459i0 e4s4706g.a0o 3U3.4and reo515e849.7|| 4 ..Note:Monitozring tasks Xshown in 1Table4.5.6 -1 0, including field investigation andrepo rt preparabon Table 4.5.6-12 Tranining Program for Phase I/RS

number of trainee Number Unit daily co Total cost of days y/person (1000 yuan) Resettlemen Seminar 1 26 15 300 117000 Staff Seminar 2 26 15 300 117000 on______Inspection 20 20 500 200000 Oversee 5 10 1120 56000 Inspection Ticket 5 20000 100000 Resettlers Seminae 1 60 10 200 120000 Seminar 2 60 10 200 120000 Contingency 41500 Total 871500 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Report

Section 4.6 Public Health

Wanjiazhai WaterTransfer Project Final Report

TABLE OF CONTENTSOF SECTION 4.6

TEXT 4.6 PUBLIC HEALTH 4.6.1 Introduction 4.6.2 General Disease Statistics in Study Area 4.6.2.1 Study area and subjects Evaluated 4.6.2.2 Results and Analysis 4.6.3 Public Health Hazards from WWTP 4.6.3.1 Enteric Disease Hazards 4.6.3.2 Insect Vector Disease Hazards 4.6.3.3 Concerns of AES 4.6.3.4 Statistics for Key Diseases Affected by WWTP 4.6.4 Recommended WWTP Action Program 4.6.4.1 Enteric Diseases 4.6.4.2Insect Vector Diseases 4.6.4.3Summarized Action Program 4.6.4.4 Role of AES

FIGUTRES Figure 4.6.4-1: SummarizedPublic Health Action Program for W;WTP/PhaseI

TABLES

Table 4.6.2-1 Total Populations and Sex Percentages Table 4.6.2-2 Mortality Rates by Sub-Areas Table 4.6.2-3 Expected Average Life Span (years) Table 4.6.2-4 Incidence of CommunicableDiseases (1/100,000) Table 4.6.2-5 Incidence of Endemic Dieases (%) Table 4.6.2-6 Statistical Data on Mortality by Type of Disease Table 4.6.2-7 Cancer Mortality (1/100,000) Table 4.6.2-8 Adjusted Mortalities for Various Diseases (1/100,000) Table 4.6.3-1: Pertinent Enteric Infectious Diseases Morbidity Rates in ESA Region Table 4.6.3-2: Pertinent Insect-Vector Infectious Diseases Morbidity Rates in ESA Region

4.6-i

WanjiazhaiWater Transfer Project FinalReport

SECTION 4.6 PUBLIC HEALTH

4.6 PUBLIC HEALTH

4.6.1 Introduction

Water resource development projects generally pose significant public health disease transmission hazards, for both enteric diseases and insect vector diseases. The EIA for the Xiaolangdi project (Ref 203), which is nearby and in this same general region of China, is valuable as a guideline for assessing the potential hazards for WWTP.

The early EIA studies for WWTP did not include significant attention to the public health issue, hence the EIA team initiated its work by reviewing the Xiaolangdi experience, and by consulting with the Provincial Anti-Epidemic Station (AES) with an initial meeting on 9 October 1995 (See notes in Annex D). The EIA team found the AES, although not familiar with the Xiaolangdi work, to be knowledgeable on the disease hazards to be posed by WWTP and very interested in using their capabilities for assisting in environmental management of WWTP. At the request of the EIA Team, the AES prepared a report on "Enteric and Insect Vector Diseases Control in WWTP Area" in December 1995.

The present write-up is based on the information furnished by AES as well as the Xiaolangdi experience.

It should be noted that many of the disease hazards associated with water resource development projects stem from construction of dams/reservoirs, and the WWTP Phase I Project does not include any dams/reservoirs, excepting use of the Wanjiazhai reservoir (under construction by MWR) as the water source and use of the existing Fen-I reservoir for water control purposes.

4.6.2 General Disease Statistics in Study Area

4.6.2.1 Study Area and Subjects Evaluated

An investigation on public health was conducted by CIRP in May 1996 and the data furnished by AES are summarized.

The study area for investigation of public health covers Pianguan, Shenchi, Ningwu and Jingle of Xinzhou Prefecture, and Loufan and Gujiao Counties of Taiyuan City.

The investigation involves populations, death rates, common diseases, endemic diseases, communicable diseases, causes of death, cancers, and expected lifespan.

4.6.2.2 Results and Analysis

(a) Population, death and expected lifespan

4.6- 1 WanjiazhaiWater Transfer Project FinalReport

(a. l) Populationsin the study areas are as shown in Table 4.6.2-1 which shows that the sex percentage(ratio of males to females)here (112-126) is higher than the nation's averageof 106.

(a.2) Statistic data included in Table 4.6.2-2 indicate that the death rates in rural areas are higherthan they are in urban areas.

(a.3) The expected average lifespan is an overall index to reflect public health in differentareas. As shown in Table 4.6.2-3, the expected lifespanof femalesis generallythree years longer than that of males, approximatingthe provincial average,with varyinggrowth rates as comparedto 1981.

(b) CommonDiseases

The common diseases in the study area are mainly circulation system diseases, respiratory system diseases, digestive system diseases, communicablediseases, TB, cancer, and urinary systemdiseases. Also, seasonablediseases are very common, for example, enteritis, dysentery,and other enteric diseases prevail in the summer, and tracheitis,bronchitis, and other respiratorydiseases in the winter.

Communicablediseases in the study area mainlyinclude hepatitis, bacillary dysentery, bovillae,bronchocephalitis, and encephalitisas listedin Table4.6.2-4.

As shown in Table4.6.2-4, the incidenceof hepatitisand dysenteryis generallyhigher, especiallyin Taiyuan,Loufan and Gujiao.This may relate to the fact that urban areas are denselypopulated and people here move aroundmore often.

(d) EndemicDiseases

In the study area, 4 endemicdiseases are found (Table 4.6.2-5). The former two are caused by the deficiencyof iodine,while the latter two diseasesin XinzhouPrefecture relate to high contentsof fluorine in drinkingwater, and also to air pollutionby coal smoke.

(e) MortalityData

As illustrated in Table 4.6.2-6, the causes of death ranklingfrom first to sixth are similar,but rates and ranks vary fromplace to place.

(f) Rates of Death Causedby Cancer

The rates and adjustedrates of death causedby cancer are describedin Table 4.6.2-7, while Table 4.62.-8 includes the adjusted rates by disease. The adjusted rates in Taiyuan are higher than those in Xinzhou Prefecture, approximatingthe provincial averages. Table 4.6.2-8 shows that the adjusted rates consideredin terms of diseases are lower in Xinzhou Prefecture,and lower than those in Taiyuan City and Shanxi Province.

4.6- 2 WanjiazhaiWater Transfer Project FinalReport

4.6.3 Public Health Hazards from WWTP

4.6.3.1 Enteric Disease Hazards

(a) Construction Workers

This is the hazard of epidemic of enteric diseases, such as typhoid and dysentery, which likely will occur if proper precautions are not taken during the construction stage including (i) medical examination of all construction workers (to screen out "carriers") and continuing medical checking of the workers, and (ii) provision of adequate sanitation facilities including safe drinking water (so this always has a positive chlorine residual), sanitary excreta management, and sanitary management of solid wastes, plus continuing monitoring to ensure continuing safe/sanitary conditions.

AES is well aware of this hazard, especially because of very serious typhoid epidemics which occurred during construction of Fen-l reservoir in 1958 (over 1,000 cases) and of Wenyu reservoir in 1960 (700 cases).

(b) Resettlement Villages

The need here is to ensure that resettlement homes are furnished with safe drinking water (chlorine residual in tap water) and sanitary excreta management, and that the method selected for solid waste management is sanitary. This is part of the job of resettlement planning.

4.6.3.2 Insect Vector Disease Hazards

For Xiaolangdi these includes malaria, encephalitis, and rat-carried haemorragic fever (HF). The AES experience indicates that malaria has not been a problem in Shanxi province but both encephalitis and HF are significant.

(a) Encephalitis

The control program should comprise two measures: (i) periodic spraying of construction zone buildings with insecticide (for mosquito control for both encephalitis and malaria), and (ii) periodic larval surveys in the vicinity of WWTP reservoirs to detect presence of mosquito species for encephalitis and malaria, say every six months.

(b) Haemorragic Fever

This was first detected in Shanxi province in 1981 and an epidemic occurred in 1984- 85 (1,000 cases), and since there have been 100 to 200 cases per year. The control program for new reservoirs for WWTP should include: (i) killing of rats in areas to be inundated, and (ii) monitoring of rat densities in the construction zone buildings, with killings of rats as needed, and (iii) monitoring of rat densities in villages/homes around the reservoir areas, before, during and after construction, in order to establish the existing level of rat densities and any increase due to the project, and when increases occur, to use control measures to reduce the densities to the "normal" levels. Only Item (ii) applies to WWTP/Phase I.

4.6- 3 WanjiazhaiWater Transfer Project Final Repon

4.6.3.3 Concernsof AES

As noted in the memo of the 9 October meeting with AES, AES has made three submittalsto various agencies,including YRDP and the Provincial Government, on AES' concernsabout. WWTP with suggested disease control measures (Refs. 133.1, 133.2, 133.3). Also as previously noted, AES prepared an updated report in December1995, on its recommendationsto be consideredby WWTP.

4.6.3.4 Statisticsfor Key DiseasesAffected by WWTP

As noted above, the specifictypes of diseaseswhich can be expected to be affectedby WWTPare the entericand insect-vectordiseases. Summarized data for these, obtained from AES' December1995 report, are givenin Tables 4.6.3-1 and 2.

Reviewof these data indicatesthe following:

(i) Mortalityrates for hepetatis are quite low comparedto rates in other nearby provinces.However, Shanxi typhoid morbility rates are about the same as nationalrates and rates for nearbyprovinces.

(ii) Encephalitis,malaria, and haemorragicrates in ShanxiProvince are quite low compredto nationalrates and also considerablylower than in nearby provinces. Probablythis is becauseShanxi Province is relativelydry.

(iii)WithinShanxi Province, both enteric and insect vector disease rates are higher in the southem part (comparedto the north) because of warmer and less arid conditions.

4.6.4 Recommended Action Program

4.6.4.1 EntericDiseases

The WWVTPconstruction program should include provisions for protection against outbreaks of enteric diseases such as typhoid and dysentery, by (i) provision of adequate water supply and sanitation facilities for construction workers and (ii) medicalexamination (initial and periodic)for constructionworkers. Also the housing buildingsfor constructionworkers shouldbe periodicallysprayed with insecticidesfor mosquito control. These measureswhich are the same as now being employedfor Xiaolangdi,are describedin Section4.11.

4.6.4.2 InsectVector Diseases

WhilePhase I Project will not finaniceany dams/reservoirsnor any irrigation facilities, hence Phase I will not affect these diseases. For any future reservoirsto be built, the constructionoperations for these reservoirs should include the EPMs for preventing outbreaklsof haemorragicfever and malaria and encephalitis. It is recommendedthat the Phase I Project shouldinclude close check on incidenceof these three diseases in the overallWWTP region and if any significantincreases occur in any of these, then

4.6- 4 WanjiazhaiWater Transfer Project Final Report special control measures should be implemented including routine monitoring of pertinent mosquito control, rat control as indicated.

During Phase I it will be necessary to monitor rat densities in the construction zones, which may tend to increase due to the food available there, and if significant increases occur, rat killing measures should be carried out to prevent increases in haemorragic fever due to the project.

4.6.4.3 Summarized Action Program

The summarized action program is shown in Figure 4.6.4-1

4.6.4.4 Role of AES

YRDP should make optimal use of AES participation in the recommended action program.

4.6- 5 t'J-~~~ 'TI

* 0 CA >~~~~~~~~~C

l a0 (/ o CD0

c~CA

Health screenings of construction workers

Periodic health checks of e construction workers

Periodic insecticide spraying of construction zone buildings

Monitoring of rat densities in construction zones with rat killing if indicated

-e Periodic review of disease statistics

Periodic monitoring of pertinent mosquito larvae and alerting authorities on mosquito control needs

Monitoring of water use and waste management in resettlement homes/villages, plus improvements as indicated by monitoring Table 4.6.2-1 Total Populations and Sex Percentages

Area Total Population (1~Persons) Percentage (%) Se%

Total Male Female Male | Female (Female=100)

Xinzhou 267.8 142.3 125.5 53.13 46.87 113.34

Pianguan 9.6 5.1 4.5 52.96 47.04 112.60

Shenchi 9.1 4.9 4.2 54.07 45.03 117.75

Ningwu 13.7 7.5 6.2 54.9 45.08 121.82

Taivuan 271.1 143.2 127.9 52.84 47.16 112.06

Loufan 9.1 4.9 4.2 53.46 46.54 114.88

Gujiao 17.3 9.7 7.6 55 81 44.19 126.28

Table 4.6.2-2 Mortality Rates by Sub-Areas (1/100,000)

Area Total Male Female

Xinzhou Prefecture 781.34 831.51 724.48

Pianguan 1052.92 1131.50 964.39 Shenchi 853.44 909.42 787.52

Ningwu 721.46 805.77 618.76

Jingle 665.49 698.89 624.49 Taivuan 475.18 519.00 426.08 Loufan 667.84 724.08 528.52

Gujiao 498.20 492.97 504.80

4.6-7 Table 4.6.2-3 Expected Average Lifespan (years)

1990 1981 Growth Area Rate

Average Male Female Average Male Female Xinzhou 69.68 68.45 71.19 65.65 65.73 65.55 6.14 Pianguan 63.67 62.58 65.37 56.93 59.59 53.01 11.84 Shenchi 66.29 64.98 68.08 65.19 64.78 65.94 1.69 Ningwu 69.00 67.27 71.36 66.44 65.76 67.22 3.85 jingle 68.78 69.66 68.64 64.04 63.32 64.97 7.40 Taiyuan 72.93 71.79 74.28 69.52 68.50 71.37 4.91 Loufan 70.18 68.62 72.18 63.67 62.16 65.62 10.22 Gujiao 70.40 70.15 10.73 - - County Level 68.71 67.23 70.35 67.10 66.03 68.32 2.40 Shanxd 69.46 67.93 71.15 67.63 66.56 63.88 2.71 Province

Table 4.6.2-4 Incidence of CommunicableDiseases (1/100,000)

Area Hepatitis Dysentery Bovillae Bronchocephalitis Encephalitis Xinzhou 31.39 23.72 1.61 0.77 0.99 Pianguan 42.65 33.29 18.72 - Shenchi 16.53 11.02 3.3 9.92 Ningwu 29.93 27.01 0.73 - 1.46 Jingle 13.45 7.78 - - 2.14 Taiyuan 89.85 98.09 6.29 0.61 0.76 Loufan 84.85 69.42 1.10 Gujiao 83.22 50.28 16.18 5.78 1.73

4.6-8 Table 4.6.2-5 Incidence of Endemic Diseases (%/6)

Area Endemic Endemic Skeletal Dental Goiter Cretinism Fluorine Fluorine Xinzhou Prefecture 0.81 0.02 2.29 43.86 Taiyuan City 0.83 0.02 0.58 60.33

Table 4.6.2-6 Statistical Data on Mortality by Type of Disease

Xinzhou Prefecture Taiyuan City Disease Rile Constitution Rank Rate Constitution Rank (11100,000) (%/6) (1/100,000) (%/)

Cancer 75.83 9.04 3 81.46 15.64 2

TB 26.49 3.16 10 15.95 3.06 9

Communicable Disease 42.10 5.00 7 19.14 3.68 s

Body lnjury & Poisonig 61.12 7.28 6 45.99 8.83 5

Arterioscerotic Heart Disesse 29.57 3.52 s 27.95 5.37 7

Cardiovascular Disease 187.72 22.36 1 1 118.98 22.85 1

Cerebrovascular Disease 27.04 8.67 4 71.52 13.74 3

Respiratory System Disease 144.44 17.21 2 5385 10.34 4

Digestive Systn Disease 67.60 8.05 s 31.81 2.07 6

UrinarySystemDisease 20.43 2.43 11 10.76 207 10

Others 27.22 3.24 9 631 121 11

4.6-9 Table 4.6.2-7 Cancer Mortalitv (1/100,000)

Area Total Male Female Rate Adjusted Rate Adjusted Rate Adjusted Xinzhou 75.85 52.63 80.55 55.45 70.30 49.37 Taiyuan 81.46 85.61 91.36 94.20 69.83 75.70 Shanxi 106.39 85.99 117.48 94.10 94.25 77.18

Table 4.6.2-8 Adjusted Mortalities for Various Diseases (1/100,000)

XinSl Prefecure Taivuan City Shanxi Province Disae

Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female

Canr ofstomach 11.45 15.6 6.75 15.39 21.31 8.75 79.61 25.92 12.84

Cancer of liver 5.04 6.05 3.S9 8.33 10.57 5.83 7.59 9.74 5.27

Canw of lung 4.78 6.53 2.79 12.37 17.05 7.12 5.65 7.86 3.25

Intestinal caneca 3.30 3.37 3.32 4.74 4.60 4.90 4.16 4.42 3.87

Cancerofesophagus 9.9S 14.11 5.30 17.99 23.29 12.04 27.02 34.13 19.31

Nasopharyel darina 0.96 1.12 0.77 1.77 1.34 0.97 I.0 1.30 0.84

Breastcancer 1.14 0.05 2.38 1.16 0.03 3.49 1.36 0.05 2.78

Cervical CAciNMa 17.03 - 17.03 20.26 . 20.26 20.47 - 20.47

Leukaamia 2.41 2.25 2.59 2.90 3.0i 2.78 2.65 2.71 2.58

Others 5.56 6.37 4.65 1.138 13.00 9.56 6.98 7.98 5.90

Total 52.60 55.45 49.37 85.48 94.20 | 75.70 85.96 94.10 77.13 - . _ -I - - . - -. -

4.6- 10 TABLE 4.6.3-1: PERTINENT ENTERIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES MORBIDITY RATES IN ESA REGION (1/100,000)

IIEPATITIS DYSENTERY TYPIIOID FEVER Taiywan Xinzhou Taiywan Xinzlhou Taiyuan Xi nzhlou 1980 73.02 31.91 747.83 424.90 5.31 5.59 1981 123.67 83.74 918.67 834.08 5.77 30.26 1982 137.19 66.92 891.74 292.04 10.81 14.00 1983 80.41 34.60 793.20 244.35 3.02 9.16 1984 52.46 22.24 681.77 224.31 6.31 6.52 1985 66.07 20.26 778.31 241.81 1.79 7.16 1986 138.44 39.95 613.81 213.84 2.17 3.55 1987 97.89 29.64 373.76 122.06 0.90 2.58 1988 50.23 17.22 302.10 64.19 0.73 7.54 1989 46.75 12.33 203.12 40.14 0.75 5.90 1990 28.56 12.25 134.25 23.18 0.63 2.05 1991 46.61 63.64 152.02 40.84 0.15 2.81 1992 45.00 41.74 146.74 37.61 0.54 1.46 1993 32.06 23.64 97.46 23.57 0.75 1.23 1994 23.64 15.98 171.99 35.00 0.32 1.01 TABLE 4.6.3-2: PERTINENT INSECT-VECTOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES MORBIDITY RATES IN ESA REGION (1/100,000)

llemorragic fever Enccp alitis B Malaria Taiyuan Xinzhou Taiyuan Xinzhou Taiyuan Xinzhou 1980 1.66 0.37 0.62 1981 . 1.58 0.61 1.21 1982 0.27 0.94 0.86 1983 25.02 0.04 0.49 0.31 1984 13.93 0.96 0.28 0.22 1985 6.95 0.55 0.12 0.30 1986 10.45 0.29 0.2 1987 3.76 0.25 0.04 1988 0.89 0.2 0.04 0.08 1989 0.51 0.24 0.19 0.04 1990 0.52 0.07 0.15 0.07 1991 0.15 0.07 1992 0.18 0.04 0.25 0.22 0.11 1993 0.11 0.07 0.15 0.33 1994 0.07 0.04 0.07 0.72 0.18 0.04 Wanliazhai Water Transfer Project Final Report

Section 4.7 Ecology

Waniiazhai Water Transfer Project Final Report

TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR SECTION 4.7

TEXT

4.7 ECOLOGY 4.7.1 Introduction 4.7.2 Natural Forests 4.7.3 Vegetation 4.7.4 Wildlife 4.7.4.1 Terrestrial Animals 4.7.4.2 Birds 4.7.5 Aquatic Ecology 4.7.5.1 Aquatic Plants 4.7.5.2 Aquatic Animals 4.7.6 Surnmaryand Conclusions

FIGURES

Figure 4.7.6-1: Summary of ULWWTPImpacts on Ecology in ESA

4.7 -i

Waniiazhai WvaterTransfcr Project Final Report

SECTION 4.7 ECOLOGY

4.7.1 Introduction

The purpose of Section 4.7 is to ascertain xvhether WNTP involves hazards to the ESA ecology (biological resources) and if so to delineate the needed EPMs.

Pertinent background information is given in References 101, 102, 108, 109, 120, 127, 130 and 135, which is primarily related to the GMIL,NMNL, SML, Connection Works and the four reservoirs. The information is considered to be sufficient for EIA purposes. The detailed ecological background in ESA is described in Section 3.5.

The impacts of the construction of the TWO individual reservoirs on ecology are separately discussed in Section 4.8.

4.7.2 Natural Forests

As noted in Section 3.5, the areas the 'WW'TPpasses are mainly mountainous and hilly areas and are already "humanized". There is little natural forest existing in the ESA. No significant impacts on natural forests is expected due to the construction and operation of the project.

4.7.3 Vegetation

Because the unfavorable climate (Section 3.4.2) , landform (Section 3.4.9), and soils (Section 3.4.4), the vegetation coverage rate in the ESA is quite low with an average rate of about 60 percent. The flora composition in the ESA consists mainly of temperate semi-dry steppes, firewood and bush, secondary xerophyte coniferous forest, and cultivated crops. The land occupied by the project is mostly covered with brush and crops.

The vegetation coverage in the four reservoir areas and the areas of transmission lines above ground will be mostly inundated or destroyed, which will change the local flora composition. However it is believed that this change of the eco-svsiem is limited to the local area and will not produce significant impacts on the flora cornposition and distribution in the region.

As noted in Section 4.14 and Section 4.2, during construction some 747.7 ha land will be occupied by construction operations. Of this about 301.7 ha will be occupied temporarily. This will have impacts on the vegetation coverage in the area. Resurfacing and revegetation measures have been designed and required for denuded and refilled areas to reduce and offset the impacts.

4.7- 1 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Revort

4.7.4 Wildlife

4.7.4.1 Terrestrial Animals

The WVWTPwill have some direct and indirect impacts on the wildlife environment. Construction of the reservoirs will of course eliminate the inundated areas as terrestrial wildlife habitat, and similarly the above-ground facilities of the transmission lines will result in some habitat loss. However, this loss of habitat is not expected to create significant impacts on the terrestrial animals because the wild animals will still have ample habitat areas and most of the rare animals such as Felis pardus and Aquila chrysctos live in remote steep mountains or gullies. This habitat will not be significantly affected by the construction and operation of the project.

The disturbance and interruption of the animal habitat environment caused by construction workers and construction operations will force some animals to move out during the construction stage, especially in the section of the SML along Luliang Mountain. Many resource animals like Phasianus colcicus and Lepus capensis, which are now plentiful, will be affected in quantity and species during the construction stage. It is required that non-production hunting be prevented and controlled during the construction stage and that all denuded and refilled areas be revegetated at completion of destruction. The resulting net effect on animal habitat should be of minor significance.

4.7.4.2 Birds

At present, as discussed in Section 3.5, there are more than 99 species of birds in the areas along transmission lines. The dominant species are Passer morntanus, Pica pica and E. cioides. Construction of reservoirs will of course alter the aquatic ecology as discussed in Section 4.8. New water bodies and swamp habitats will be favorable for waterfowls Podiceps cristatus, A poecilorhyncha, Anas acuta and other wading birds will come into this district, which will make the bird composition more complicated. The bird composition will be dominated by waterfowl instead of songbirds which are currently the dominant birds in the area. However it is expected that this change will be confined to the areas surrounding the reservoirs and will not produce significant effects on the local regional bird composition and distribution due to the limited scale of the reservoirs to be built.'

4.7.5 Aquatic Ecology

4.7.5.1 Aquatic Plants

It is expected that the new aquatic plants like Potamr'ogeton polygonifolius and helophyte, such as Alisma Plantago community, will be introduced by the imported water into Fen-1 reservoir and other in the GML/SML system. These can be expected to continue to exist in these reservoirs, which will diversify aquatic plant composition. Introduction of the Wanjiazhai species into the Fen River similarlywill lead to increase in species diversity. In general the impact of WWTP on Fen River and Fen-l Reservoir aquatic ecology should be a significant improvement because there is little valuable aquatic ecology there now because of river pollution. The WWTP expected

4.7 - 2 Waniiazhai WVatcrTransfcr Proiect Final RCport to enforce meaningful pollution control measures wvhich should lead to re- establishment of a meaningfulaquatic ecology in the river reach within the ESA.

4.7.5.2 Aquatic Animals

The fishery in the ESA is only a very small part of the local economy. The densities of the fish species, such as Crucian carps and Loach are small. Fish can be found only in parts of the river reaches during flood seasons. The water diversion therefore is not expected to produce any significant impacts on the local fishery. However, the EMO's monitoring program should include some periodic checking in changes in fish species and quantities due to the project following introduction of the new water. As noted in Section 4.7.5.1, the WWTP should markedly reduce pollution discharges to the Fen River reach within ESA, and the resulting new habitat could lead to establishment of a meaningful fishery in this reach of the river.

4.7.6 Summary and Conclusions

The WWTP/Phase I will convey water to the Taivuan Service Area by passing throuah the following areas in sequence, (i) mountainous zone, where the facilities are underground, (ii) the Fen river, over a reach of some 81.2 km, (iii) the Connection Project region, for delivery of water from Fen-l reservoir to the Taiyuan Service Area.

Effects on ecology in the mountainous zone will be negligible because the system facilities are essentially underground.

There will be an impact on the Fen River reach utilized for conveyance, both for flora and fauna. Because the overall WVXTTPwill include rigid control of pollution discharges to the river, and because WWTP will add clean fresh water which will increase the river flow volume, the river water quality should be significantly improved and this should significantly improve habitats for both flora and fauna. The introduction of different species from Wanjiazhai reservoir could also be helpful in improving species diversity.

Introduction of the imported fresh water and new species to Fen-l reservoir, and to other reservoirs in the system, plus pollution control measures, improve reservoir water quality and hence improve habitats for both flora and fauna. The introduction of new species from Wanjiazhai could be helpful including improvement in species diversity.

The natural ecology in both the Connection Works area of Taiyuan Service Area have been essentially displaced by existing development.

Figure 4.7.6-1 summarizes the anticipated project affects on the ESA ecology.

4.7 - 3 FIGURE 4.7.6-1 SUMMARY OF WWTP IMPACTS ON ECOLOGY IN ESA

Area Traversed Existing Values in ESA Adverse Impacts of WWTP

Ecological Resources

I-~~~ I-. 4) 4> 4)

0 .

F-orest/Wildlifehabitat 3 N N N N N N N N N Aquatic ecology N I_ I

Flora N I I N N N (2) (2) N N

Fauna N I I N N N (1) (1) N N

Note: N : Negligible, I = Minor, 2 = Moderate, 3 = Major Values in prenthesis represent positive impacts Wanjiazhai Water Transfer Project Final Report

Section 4.8 Reservoir ETAs

Waniiazhai Water Transfcr Project Final Report

TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR SECTION 4.8

TEXT

4 8 Reservoir EIAs 4.8.1 Introduction 4.8.2 Approach Used by EIA Team

4.8.3 Wanjiazhai Reservoir 4.8.3.1 Introduction 4.8.3.2 Project Description 4.8.3.3 Environmental Setting 4.8.3.4 Impact Assessment 4.8.3.5 Summary and Conclusions 4.8.4 Fen-l Reservoir 4.8.4.1 Introduction 4.8.4.2 Project Description 4.8.4.3 Environmental Setting 4.8.4.4 Impact Assessment 4.8.4.5 Summary and Conclusions

FIGURES

Figure 4.8.3-1 Location Map for Wanjiazhai Reservoir Figure 4.8.3-2 Plan Layout for Wanjiazhai Reservoir Figure 4.8.3-3 Summary EIA for Wanjiazhai Reservoir Figure 4.8.4-1 Location Map for Fen-l Reservoir Figure 4.8.4-2 Plan Layout for Fen-l Reservoir Figure 4.8.4-3 Plan Layout for Intake Structure for Fen- I Reservoir Figure 4.8.4-4 Water Quality Monitoring Sites for Fen-l Reservoir

TABLES

Table 4.8.2-1 Data Available for EIA for Wanjiazhai Reservoir Table 4.8.2-2 Data Available for EIA for Fen-l Reservoir Table 4.8.3-1 Main Features and Design Criteria for Wanjiazhai Dam/Reservoir Project Table 4.8.3-2 Cost Estimates for Environment Protection Table 4.8.4-1 Main Design Criteria for Fen-IReservoir Intake Structure Table 4.8 4-2 Monthly Mean Flow Volumes for Fen-l Reservoir Table 4.8.4-3 Water Levels for Fen-l Reservoir Table 4.8.4-4 Sediment Inflow for Fen-] Reservoir Table 4.8.4-5 Monitoring Data for Fen-l Reservoir Table 4.8.4-6 Fen-l Reservoir Water Quality Evaluation Results

4 8-i

WanjiazhaiWater Transfer Proiect FinalReport

SECTION 4.8

RESERVOIR ELAs

4.8.1 Introduction

4.8.1.1 Earlier Reservoir EIAs

Earlier EIAs for WWTP have discussed the environemntal impacts by Wanjiazhai, Daliang, Zhaojiaxiaocun, and Haoshuigou reservoirs, and details on this can be found in relevant EIAs (see Ref 130, 101, 102). Considering that the present EIA covers only WWTP Phase I, Section 4.8 is limited to discussion of Wanjiazhai reservoir as the source of WWTP water and Fen-I reservoir which is utilized as part of the water convey scheme. Fen-l reservoir is an old reservoir which has been operating for nearly 35 years, and possible environmental effects due to the changed operation pattem will be evaluated on the basis of the present environmental description. However, the other reservoirs mentioned above, namely Daliang, Zhaojiaxiaocun, and Haoshuigou reservoirs, are not included in this pesent EIA.

4.8.1.2 Purposes of Section 4.8

The purposes of Section 4.8 are essentially: (i) to review the studies done by various Chinese institutions on EIAs for the two project reservoirs (Wanjiazhai and Fen-1), to check these for EIA adequacy for all SEIs involved in reservoir projects excepting the issue of resettlement (handled in Section 4.5), (ii) to identify gaps in these EIAs, (iii) arranging for additional work needed to fill gaps, and (iv) to derive conclusions on the overall environmental soundness for each project.

4.8.2 Approach Used by EIA Team

The approach to Task 4.8 is based on preparation, for each of the two reservoirs, of a matrix which shows the information available in the background references (Annex A) as related to each item of interest to be included in a typical reservoir EIA.

Table 4.8.2-1 shows the data available for EIA for Wahjiazhai reservoir

Table 4.8.2-2 shows the data available for EIA for Fen-l reservoir.

4.8.3 Wanjiazhai Reservoir

4.8.3.1 Introduction

Wanjiazhai Reservoir is the water source of WWTP, which is presently being constructed by the Ministry of Water Resources (MWR). Since it is not a component of WWA'TP,main attention, from EIA point of view, is given to the dam stability, water availability,and water quality, which would have significant impacts on WWTP. Other EIA issues are discussed briefly based on the data available (Ref. 125, 130, 147).

4.8- I Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Report

In its "Preliminary Review Comments on the Feasibility study Report on Wanjiazhai Water Project on Yellow River, 1984", MWR indicated that the main purposes of Wanjiazhai Water Project were power generation and water supply.

The power station of the project will be part of North China Electric Power Network which is seriously short of power. The network has to switch off some circuits to limit the electricity consumption in peak times. The Wanjiazhai Power Station with an installed capacity of 1,080 MW will provide needed peak regulation capacity.

The industrial and agricultural production and construction in Shanxi Province as well as Junggar of Inner Mongolia is seriously restricted by lack of water resources. Wanjiazhai Reservoir, when completed in 1993, would supply 1,400 million m3 water to the two provinces of which 200 million m3 is for Junggar of Inner Mongolia and 640 for Taiyuan service area and 560 for the Pinshuo and Datong service areas of Shanxi Province. 4.8.3.2 Project Description (a) Location and Components

The Wanjiazhai Water Project is situated in the valley of Yellow River northstem stream section between the Toketo and Longkou. The dam site is at 390 34'N and 111 26'E near Wanjiazhai Village, Pianguan County, Shanxi Province. Figure 4.8.3-1 shows the location of the project.

The project consists mainly of a concrete gravity dam, water release structures, a power station and its intake structures, and water intake structures for WWTP, all as shown in Figure 4.8.3-2.

(b) Desizn Criteria

The main features and design criteria of the project are listed in Table 4.8.3-1. 4.8.3.3 Environmental Setting (a) Environmental Study Area

The ESA for Wanjiazhai Reservoir is described in Section 3.2.2 (a) and is shown in Figure 3.2.2-1.

(b) Land Use

The land in the reservoir area is mostly covered with loess and is mainly used as farmland. The crops are mainly millet and broom corn millet. Because of extensive farming and serious soil erosion, the-land is infertile and has low output (30-40 kig/mu).

(c.l) Climate The reservoir area is in the arid and semiarid hilly land of the loess plateau wvith continental climate in the temperate zone. The annual average temperature is about

4.8 - 2 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Report

7°C while maximum 38.1°C and minimum - 31.0°C, with great temperature difference between day and night. The winter is dry, windy, and dusty as well as severely cold with freezing period of S months. The observed maximum annual average wind speed is 12.5 m/s, while the recorded maximum wind speed reached 20 m/s. The average annual precipitation is 300-500 mm while the annual evaporation is nearly 2,000 mm. Refer to Section 3.3.4 for the climate of Pianguan County.

(c.2) Topooraphy The landform of the two banks of the reservoir area is characterized with denudational loess ridge and gullies, developed flow erosion, deep valleys, and fractured surfaces with elevation about 1000 m.

The river bed of the section from Toketo to Longkou is deep with a gradient of 1/800. The landforrn is typical U-shaped valley landform with valley width of 300-500 m and steep cliffs on the two banks 100-200 m above the river bed.

(c.3) Geology The rock in both banks of the dam site is dolomite, limestone, shale, marl of lower Ordovician and upper Cambrian, and the rock at the dam foundation is limestone, shale, and marl of the mid-Cambrian. The basic earthquake intensity in the area is 6. There is a distribution of Zhang-Xia Group formation under the dam foundation below the river bed. The fourth and second layers are interbeds of limestone marl and shale.

(c.4) Soils/Erosion The soils in the reservoir area are mainly infertile and loosen loess. Because of sparse vegetation, concentrated severe storms in July-September and fractured surface, the erosion in the area is serious with erosion area of over 40%. Surface erosion 1-2 cmiyearand valley erosion 15-17 cm/year.

(c.5) Surface Water Hvdrolov

(c.5.1) Hvdrological Stations A hydrological station was established at Wanjiazhai in June 1954, but abandoned in September 1961. The data of Hekouzhen Hydrological Station, about 120 km upstream Wanjaizhai, were used for hydrological analysis of the dam site. There are three comparatively large tributaries, Yangjiachuan, Honghe, and Dahei rivers with catchment areas of 1,002, 5,533, and 17, 673 kM2 , respectively, between Hekouzhen and Wanjiazhai, and a tributary, Pianguan River with a catchment area of 2,089 kmn,10 km downstream from the dam site. No hydrological station is located on the Yangjiachuan River. The stations are listed below.

River Station Catchment, km2 Data Series Remarks Yellow Hekouzhen 752,443 1952-Now Upstream Dahei Sanliang 17,673 1952-1966 Tributary 1977-Now Honghe Fangniugou 5,533 1954-1977 Tributary Yellow Wanjiazhai 752,443 1957-1961

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Pianguan Pianguran 2,089 1956-Now Downstream Yellow Yimen 1964-1975 Downstream Yellow Furu 1973-Now Downstream

(c.5.2) Runoff at Dam Site The runoff at the dam site is divided into two parts: flow from Hekouzhen and flow from intermediate catchment between Hekouzhen and Wanjiazhai. The latter amounts to very small portion, only about 2% of the total.

From data series of 35 years (1952-1986) of Hekouzhen, the observed average annual runoff at Hekouzhen is 24.8 billion m3 , with the maximum of 43.6 billion m3 (year 1967) and the minimum of 1.24 billion m3 (year 1969). Most of the runoff concentrates in July-October, being 58.5% of the annual total.

The runoff of Hekouzhen under natural condition (no influences of upstream water uses upstream) was calculated and data series was extended to May 1919 by the Yellow River Water Conservancy Commission. The results are applied in the hydrological calculation in the preliminary design by TIDI. The average annual runoff at Hekouzhen under natural condition is 32.5 billion m3 (july 1919- June 1986), and the maximum is 54.2 billion m3 (hydrological year 1967-1968) and minimum is 16.1 billion m3 (hydrological year 1928-1929).

The runoff from intermediate catchment between Hekouzhen and Wanjiazhai was calculated according to the observed modulus of runoff in Fangniugou hydrological station. The average discharge is 11.2m3/s (1955-1986), equivalent to annual runoff of 0.35 billion m3 .

(c.5.3) Desien Flood at Waniiazhai Floods both from Hekouzhen and from the intermediate catchment between Hekouzhen and Wanjiazhai result from rainfall. Pearson type III distribution curve was applied for flood calculation. The results are listed below.

Item Mean Cv Cs/Cv_ Exceedance Probabilitv (0) 0.01 0.1 1 5 20 Max.discharge(m.3/s) 3,900 0.58 3 21,200 16,500 11,700 8.350 5.380 Flood Iday 2.55 0.41 3 .93 .76 .59 .46 .33 Volume 3-d 7.32 0.41 3 2.68 2.19 1.68 1.31 .95 109m3 5-d 11.8 0.42 3 4.43 3.61 2.76 2.14 1.55 15-d 32.1 0.46 2.5 12.6 10.2 7.83 6.00 4.30

Note: Cv = Coefficient of variation. Cs = Coefficient of slowness.

For storage routing, 1/1,000 year flood was used for design and 1/10,000 year flood was used for check.

(c.6) Surface Water Oualitv Refer to Chapter 5, Section 5.4.

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(c.7) Groundwater The groundwater in the area may be divided into three types: alluvial pore water, fissure water, and Karst water.

(c.7.1) The alluvial pore water is mainly distributed in the flat area of larnawan (upstream), Hekozhen Town and Hequ country (downstream). Aquifers, mainly silt or silty gravel, are generally 2-3 m below the surface. In addition to the water supply of rainfall, the Yellow River may also supply to or be supplied by the groundwater.

(c.7.2) The fissure water is mainly distributed in the area north of the Honghekou and is supplied mainly by rainfall. The water drains to Yellow River or Valleys in form of springs.

(c.7.3) The Karst water is the main groundwater in the reservoir area and is in the aquifers of Cambrian strata and Carbonate rock of Ordovician system. The Karst water is usually deeply buried and is mainly supplied by rainfall and drains to the Yellow River in the form of springs. The relatively large spring groups in the area include the Xiaganghang and Liujiapan of the left bank with discharge rates of 1.157 m3/s, 1.85 m3/s respectively and the Yushuwan on the right bank with discharge rate of 0.062 m3/s. The groundwater level in the large area of the right bank is usually 10-90 m below the normal water level in Wanjiazhai Reservoir, which is the main reason for the reservoir infiltration on the right bank.

(c.8) Groundwater Quality The chemical water type of the Karst water, which is the dominant groundwater, in the reservoir area and the groundwater in dam site area, is basically of the same type as Yellow River water with low degree of mineralization with bicarbornate alkalinity. This type of water is of good quality and may be used for practically all purposes.

(d) Natural Ecological Resources

(d. 1) Forests and Vegetation There is very little natural forest in ESA for Wanjiazhai Reservoir. S. Bungeana was originally the typical local vegetation. Because of the wind erosion, its development is restrained. Thymus mongolicus has developed and formed a secondary commnunityin the area. Thymus mongolicus may fix aeolian silt around it and form dune vegetation. In addition, Glycyrriza uralensis, stellera chamejarme, and Ephedra egnisetina also from secondary vegetation. The crops in the area are mainly millet and broom corn millet.

(d.2) Terrestrial Wildlife Only a few species of wildlife are found in the area. The dry-tolerant rats are commonly seen. Lark and swan may be found in around springs.

(d.3) Aquatic Ecoloey

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Due to the high flow rate and silt contents, riverine aquatic habitats are generally poor, and aquatic communities are relatively marginal. Only few algae plants are found in the area.

Fish species and quantities are very limited. According to the investigation conducted by Inner Mongolia Institute of Aquatic Production, the fish species in the area include Grassosrp, Crucian, silvercarp, trout, cyprinidea, carp, etc. Because of lack of fishery resources, there are no fishermen depending on fishery.

(e) Development Wanjiazhai Reservoir is in a rural, less developed area. The development resources in the area are discussed in Section 4.5, "Resettlement".

(f) Quality of Life Resources

(f. 1) Socio-Economics: Wanjiazhai reservoir area is located in Pianguan Qingshui, and Zhunger counties. All are poor counties, among the poorest in China. With poor industrial and agricultural development, living standards are very low and the local economics depends on state subsidies.

As a result of natural restraints, crops are mainly side and oil crops, with a unit yield less than 1,500 kg/ha.

However, there are rich mineral resources here, mainly coal, carclazyte, and limestone. These are not yet fully developed and utilized. At present, industry is mainly dependent on small-size processing operations, for coal mining, ceramics, and cement. These represent relatively low output values.

(f.2) Public Health Information obtained from Inner Mongolia and Shanxi Provincial Anti-epidemic Station shows that the Wanjiazhai reservoir area is historically a plague and brucelliasis-striken. Major endemic diseases are endemic goiter and fluorosis. Communicable diseases are mainly bovillae, bronchocephalitis, scarlatina, flu, encephalitis B, dysentery, hepatitis, and typhoid. Of these, flu has the highest morbidity, and then dysentery and hepatitis. Over the past several decades the local governments have made many efforts for improving public health, so that plague has been essentially phased out, with brcucelliasis put under effective control.

(f.3) ArcheoloRicalRelics There are no significant archeological relics in the area.

(f 4) Cultural Values There are no known special cultural values in the area.

(f.5) Recreation: The Wanjiazhai Reservoir is build in the mountainous rural area, There are no significant recreation areas in the region.

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4.8.3.4 Impact Assessment

(a) Natural Physical Resources

(a. 1) Surface Water Ouantity Wanjiazhai Reservoir will significantly increase the available surface water quantity in the area and will supply 200 million m3 water to Junggar of Inner Mongolia and 1,200 million m3 water to Shanxi Province annually.

(a.2) Flooding Hazard 3 The reservoir has a flood storage capacity if 302 million m . When a 10,000 year peak discharge of 21,000 m3/s is encountered, the reservoir may regulate the peak discharge and reduce the flood to 8,221 m3/s with water level in the reservoir not exceeding EL 980 m. This will bring relief from the flood threat to the downstream area.

The dam is of concrete gravity type which is safe and reliable. The risk of flooding hazard due to dam failure is virtually impossible.

(a.3) Surface Water Quality Construction of Wanjiazhai reservoir is not expected to result in any significant adverse effects on downstream water quality.

(a.4) Groundwater The groundwater level in the left bank is higher than the normal reservoir water level. The reservoir would have no impacts on the groundwater in the left bank.

The groundwater level in a large area of right bank is 10-90 m below the normal reservoir water level. According to the preliminary design report prepared by TIDI, an annual average infiltration discharge of 7.0 m3/s the reservoir to the ground of the right bank is expected, which is relatively a small amount and will have no effect on the reservoir benefits. The infiltrated water will not affect the excavation of the Junggar coals mine because most of the coal layers are above the normal reservoir water level and are much higher than the groundwater level below the coal mine. By contrast, the infiltrated water will improve the water supply to the mine for coal. production.

(a.5) Erosion/Sedimentation The elevation of farmland around the reservoir area is 986-1,000 m, which is much higher than the maximum reservoir water level 980 m. The reservoir will have no swamp and erosion impacts on the soil and farmland around the reservoir.

The Yellow River is the most silt-laden river in the world. The design average annual sediment load of Wanjiazhai is estimated by the Yellow River Water Conservancy Commission to by 149 million t with design average silt content of 6.6 kg/m3 (Ref 125).

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The main concern on Wanjiazhai Reservoir sedimentation is to control the sedimentation not to extend into the upstream area which is a flat plain river course. A detailed study was carried out by TDI (Ref 130) in which a total of 14 operational alternative models were calculated and compared with the following parameters selected as reservoir desilting operational parameters:

Normal water level El 980 m Desilting period August-September Desilting discharge: 5,000 rm./s

The results indicate that with the above operational conditions, it is ensured that the sedimentation will not extend into the upstream area and the electricity generation of the power station will not be affected.

The downstream two waterpower stations at Longkou, and Tianqiao, have the same desilting operation approaches and periods; therefore Wanjiazhai Reservoir will have no impacts on the desilting in these two stations.

A hydrological and sedimentation monitoring station is planned to be set up at the end upstream area. The sedimentation in the area will be continually monitored. In case of any significant sedimentation in the area, the reservoir desilting discharge will be increased to desilt the sedimentation out the reservoir.

(a.6) Seismic/StructuralStabilitv Wanjiazhai Reservoir is in a relatively stable structural area in which faults are not developed and no serious earthquake is recorded.

Two strong earthquakes rated 8.5 and 7.0 were recorded in Haiyuan, Ningxia (Province) in 1920 and Linggiu, Shanxi Province in 1926, which had an effect intensity rating of 6.0 for the reservoir area. An earthquak-e rating of 6.1 was recorded in Lingar County. Inner Mongolia in 1976 whch had an intensity rating of 5.0 for the reservoir area.

According to the earthquake intensity classification in China, basic earthquake intensity at the Wanjiazhai dam site is rated at 6.0 (See Figure 3.4.8-1) (Ref 148). The concrete gravity dam and other structures have been designed to stand earthquakes with intensity rated 7 (Ref. 125).

A structural stability analysis has been made by TIDI and the main conclusions are as follows: (i) The dam is safe and reliable. Dam failure due to earthquake and flood is virtuallyimpossible. (ii) The dam site has no developed faults and has no geological conditions to induce earthquakes (Ref. 130).

(a.7) Landslides Wanjiazhai Reservoir is a gully type reservoir. The strata of reservoir banks are mainly Carbonate rock of Cambrian and Ordovician systems with no large

4.8 - 8 Wanjiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Repon

structural surface inclined to the river course. The two bank slopes are steep and stable and will have no landslides endangering the project.

(a.8) Ice Jams The Yellow River course in Inner Mongolia is in the most northern part of the river basin. In the area, the freezing period may be as long as 5 months. During the time of winter freezing and spring thawing, ice may flow into Wanjiazhai Reservoir.

A total amount of about 50 million m3 ice is estimated to flow to the reservoir in the winter freezing period and about 60 million m3in spring thawing period with maximum ice thickness of 0.5 m, maximum ice surface of 3 m2, and maximum ice discharge of 25 m 3 /s (Ref. 125). The ice flow, if not controlled, may form ice jams which may cause backwater and ice flood disasters.

The following measures have been planned to control the ice-run (Ref. 130): (i) The reservoir water level is lowered to below El 975 m in the period of winter freezing to have 5 m safety height for possible ice jams (recorded highest backwater height caused by ice jam is 3.2 m). (ii) The reservoir water level is lowered to El 970 m at the beginning of spring thawing to accelerate the break and thawing of reservoir surface ice. Thus the reservoir will have 240 million m3 storage capacity (between El 970-El 980 m) and 10 m safety height for possible ice jams (Recorded highest backwater height caused by ice jam is 5.5 m at the end of Tiangiao Reservoir and 6-7m at upstream of Wuda Railway Bridge).

The storage of the ice flow in Wanjiazhai Reservoir will improve the ice-rune control situation at the Tianqiao Reservoir.

(b) Natural Biological Resources

(b. 1) Forests and Wildlife

As descussed in Section 4.8.3.3 (d.l), and 4.8.3.3 (d.2), there is very little natural forest with mongolicus as dorminantand very few species of wildlife (commonly rats) in the ESA for Wanjiazhai reservoir. No significant impacts on forests and wildlife are expected due to the construction of the reservoir project.

(b.2) Aquatic Ecology Due to the high flow rate and high silt content, the aquatic plants and animals in the area are very limited.

The reservoir project should have no significant adverse effects on aquatic ecology in the area. The project will provide a large area of stored water which favours grow.th and propagation of algae plants as well as fish species, including carp. Hence, considerable improvement in aquatic ecologV is expected after the reservoir is completed.

4.8 - 9 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiew Final Renort

The impacts of Wanjiazhai water project on economic development in the reservoir area are discussed in Section 4.5 on Resettlement.

(d) Quality of Life Resources

(d. 1) Socio-Economics

Construction of Wanjiazhai reservoir is expected to have a major impact on improving local socio-economics because of the major improvements it will bring in transportation (water, road), availability of electric power, and flood control, all of which will certainly favor local commercial and industrial development.

(d.2) Public Health

Creation of Wanjiazhai reservoir will pose significant hazards for increases in some communicable disease which are water oriented including (i) malaria and encephilitis, which are transmitted by mosquitoes, and (ii) haemonaghic fever, which is transmitted by rats. The situation for Wanjiazhai will be very similar to that for the Xiaolangdi dam/reservoir project now under construction, farther down on the Yellow River main stem. Accordingly a number of EPMs are to be implemented by the EMO to be established by MWR's Wanjiazhai Reservoir Management. These include the following:

(i) Haemonaghic Fever: Continuing observation of disease rates in construction camp areas and in homes/buildings around reservoir during construction stage with rat control measures implemented as needed.

(ii) Mosguito-Bome Diseases: (a) Insecticide spraying of construction camp buildings, and (b) continuing observation of incidence of these diseases, with control measures implemented where indicated, during both construction and operations stages.

(iii) Sanitation Related Diseases: Fumishing of safe water supply and adequate sanitation facilities for construction camps and for all resettlement housing.

(d.3) Cultural Values There are no known special cultural values in the area which would be affected by the project.

(d.4) Archeological Values There is no significant archeological relics in the area.

(e) Construction Stage Constraints

See Section 4.1 1.

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(f) Reservoir Clearing

The laws of China require that new reservoir areas must be cleared to prevent subsequent contamination of the reservoir water when it is filled. A total clearing cost of 0.505 rmillionYuan (Ref 148) is predicted and included in project budget. The reservoir clearing includes the following aspects:

(f. ) Houses, buildings, structures and secondary buildings below normal water level should be dismantled completely. Recoveries and floating materials should be removed out of reservoir.

(f.2) Underground structuies including wells, cellars, mine pits, shafts should be filled or sealed with gravel and concrete to prevent seepage.

(f 3) All toilets, folds, rubbish, wastes should be cleared and removed, and the ground 0.5 m below their leveling layer should be excavated and removed. Then the area should be sterilized by lime spreading with an amount of 0.5 kg/mt.

(f.4) The tombs buried in past 15 years should be removed by their owners. Each tomb should be sterilized with 0.5 kg bleaching powder.

(f.5) All the trees in the reservoir area should be cut from the ground surface and removed.

(g) Environment Monitoring

A detailed environmental monitoring program has been developed by TII (Ref 147) which includes water quality, silt, ice, air, wastes, etc. This describes monitoring stations, parameters, frequencies, facilities, and costs.

(h) Environment ManagzementPlan

A special environment management agency (EMO) is proposed and planned to implement and supervise the EPMs during both construction and operation stages. A total of 1.497 million yuan is estimated for environment management as listed in Table 4.8.3.4-1

4.8.3.5 Summary and Conclusions

As shown by Figure 4.8.3-3, the Wanjiazhai project studies indicate that the project should not cause any significant problems of environmental degradation, provided it is designed and operated as planned, including incorporation of the EPMs specified in the EIA and including provisions for resettlement.

A potential significant adverse effect on WWTP is the silt content of the diverted water (about 3.5%) in possibly causing siltation/flooding problems in the Fen river system, but the WVWNTPproject plan incorporates adequate controls (see Section 4.9). The project will result in large-scale positive benefits including flood control and power production and availabilityof water for export to the WWTP target areas.

4.8 - 11 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final ReDort

Export of Wanjiazhai water for WWTP will have some effects in decrease total water availability in the Lower Yellow River Basin, but these effects are minor and the export allowance is provided for in the overall governmental plan for allocation of the Yellow River water resource (see Section 4.12).

4.8.4 Fen-I Reservoir

4.8.4.1 Introduction

The existing Fen-l reservoir was completed in 1961 mainly for flood control, water supply, power generation. Under the Phase I program it will have an additional function, namely to provide regulation of the imported water. Wanjiazhai reservoir will not provide water supply in the August-September sediment flushing period, and in this period Fen-I reservoir will take its place to provide 57 million m3 water for Taiyuan. During the remaining months of the year, the reservoir inflow will be the upper Fen River flow plus some I million m3 Yellow River water per day. The daily inflow volume will be increased by I million m3 while this amount is to be discharged every day through the intake tower to be built. The existing power station will be also expanded. When Phase I is completed, Fen-l reservoir will provide more water and power, but its flood control function will not be adversely affected.

As noted in Section 4.8.2.2, Figure 4.8.2-2 shows the information available from previous reports relating to preparation of the Fen-l reservoir EIA. Additional was obtained by the EIA teamnto fill gaps.

4.8.4.2 Proiect DescwDtion

4.8.4.2.1 Existing Reservoir

(a) Project Location

The project location is shown in Figure 4.8.4-1

(b) Project Components

Figure 4.8.4-2 shows the project components.

The present project components include a dam, spillway, discharge tunnels, power house, and flood/sediment tunnels. Involving a total quantity of works of 6.36 million m3. The project costs a total of 64.5 million yuan, inundating a total land area of 23,400 mu, with 10,501 people resettled.

(b.l) Dam

The dam is of a submerged loess-fill type, with original design height of 60 m, total storage capacity of 700 million m3, and corresponding water level of 1,129.2 m. In 1978, the dam was consolidated and raised to a height of 61.4 m, providing a total storage capacity of 700 million m3 and

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corresponding water level of 1,129.8 m. The dam foundation comprises granite gneiss amphibolite gneiss bedrock, with a crest width of 6.0 m and bottom width 485.25 m.

(b.2) Spillway

The spillway is arranged on the right bedrock surface, with a length of 345 m and width 24 m. The weir is an open service-section overflow weir, controlled by two 7 x 12 m built-in radial gates. The weir crest elevation is 1,122 m, providing a maximum discharge of 978 m3/s. The overflow channel is lined with reinforced concrete.

(b.3) Discharge Tunnel

This tunnel (f4 m) is arranged on the right bank, with steel radial gate installed at the outlet, applying a flip trajectory bucket, and providing a maximum discharge flow of 142 m3/s.

(b.4) Power Station

The power station is an after-dam seasonal station located at the cone-type mouth in the right floodland. It was completed and put into commission in November 1986, with a total installed capacity of 13 MW (2 x 6.5 MW). The design discharge for power generation is 29.5 m3/s.

(b.5) Flood/Sediment Tunnel

This tunnel (48.0 m) is located on the right side of the spillway, having a total length of 1,231 m. The design maximum discharge is 785 m3/s. The inlet bottom is at El 1,086.7 m and the outlet at El 1,072.5 m a 7 x 8.668 m steel radial gate is installed.

(c. I) Flood Control

As originally planned, the design flood control standard was the 100-year flood, with 1,000-year check flood. Subsequent expansion and consolidation have increased the design standard to the 300-year flood, with the check flood remaining unchanged, as required by the ever- increasing flood flow, sedimentation, and dam aging, with the flood-season limitingwater level lowered from 1,126 m to 1,122 m.

(c.2) Water Supply

Due to the inflowvdeficit and the increasing downstream water demand over the past 3 decades, the reservoir has been operating in the mode of "storing clear water and discharging muddy water" under the condition of ensured

4.8- 13 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Project Final Revort

flood control safety. A total amount of 8.833 billion m3 water has been supplied for the downstream areas, amounting to 316 million mi3/year.

(c.3) Operation

The recorded maximum water level is at 1,126.64 m (March 6, 1979), representing a storage capacity of 363.7 million m;. The maximum yearly quantity of retained water is 493 million m3 (1967), whereas the minimum is 76.6 million m3 (1987). The maximum and minimum yearly inflow volumes are respectively 1,250 million m3 (1967) and 136 million m3 (1987). The maximum yearly sedimentation volumes are respectively 49.9 million m3 (1967) and 940,000 m3 (1987), with maximum sediment inflow of 60.7 million m3 (1967) and minimum of ,1.646 million m3 (1987). By the end of 1989, a total amount of 330.11 million mi3 sediment had deposited in the reservoir, taking up 45.66% of the total storage capacity, with 48.1 million m3 remaining effective capacity. The actual net capacity is now less than 390 million m3. In front of the dam, siltation has raised the ground level to 1,103 m, which is 13.6 m higher than the bottom of the discharge tunnel outlet.

(d) Instrumentation and Forecasting

Instrumentation of the overall project includes 142 items, for measurement of deformation, stress, seepage, flow pattern, etc. Reservoir observation items are 7, including sedimentation, water quality, and water level. Observation of the catchment area involves 10 subjects, such as precipitation, flow volume, and sediment content. Reservoir forecasting covers also 10 items, including flood control and irrigation.

(e) Benefits

The reservoir has produced huge benefits in flood control, water supply, power generation and diversified economy. Since its establishment, the dam has successfully operated through 6 major floods with a peak flow larger than 1,500 m3/s, and 5 floods with 5-day flood flow over I million m3 , thus effectively ensuring the safety of populations and properties in Taiyuan and downstream areas. The total flood control benefit totals 2,242 million yuan. Over the past 30 years, the total inflow was 10.775 billion m3 , of which 9.998 billion m3 was discharged (including 841 million m3 lost to the sea). In the extremely dry year of 1986, the total inflow was 143 million m3 , but the reservoir provided the downstream areas with a total amount of 269 million m3, i.e. 185% of the inflow. Full use of the reservoir regulations has played an important part in the local industrial and agricultural development. Since 1986, the power station has generated hundreds of millionsof k-whpower. The dam has retained approximately 400 million mi3 sediment, which contributes to relaxing sedimentation risks on Sanmenxia reservoir and lower reaches of the Yellow River. In addition, tens of thousands of kg fresh fish has been provided.

4.S - 14 WaniiazhaiWater Transfer Project Final Report

4 8.4.2.2 Modification to Fen-I Reservori for WWTPlPhase I

Fen-I reservoir will provide water regulation during Phase I WWTP. In order to meet this requirement, an intake structure will be built close to the dam. In addition, the existing power station will be expanded to have a larger installed capacity, which will mak-ebetter use of the water resources

(a) Intake Structure (a. 1) General Layout

The intake structure is located between the existing intake towers to the 04 and 08 m tunnels, with a ground level of 1,118 m and bedrock surface level of 1,110 m. The tower is arranged 29 m above the rock surface. The 3 design flow is 20.5 m /s. Behind the gate is a press tunnel with an inner diameter of 2.5 m. The rear part of the tunnel passes through the rock mass below the spillway baseplate and that above the smaller tunnel, with the outlet governed by an electric valve. The tunnel is 446.8 m long, connecting to the 02.5 m power penstock.

The layout for the intake structure is shown in Figure 4.8.4-3, whereas the main parameters is shown in Table 4.8.4-1.

(a.2) Arrangement of Intake Structure

• Intake Tower

The intake tower is of a semi-shaft and semi-tower type, with a tower height of 29 m and shaft depth of 10 m. As required by the layered flow velocity, the inlet is divided into three orifices, each having a width of 4 m and height of 21 m. The bottom of the tower is set at El 1,110 m in line with the topography and geology at the tower site, and also the reservoir operating level. The lowest operating level is at 1,114 m. The service platform is set at El 1,131.5 m, and the hoist chamber roof at El 1,139 m.

In front of the tower are 2 trashracks which will alternately stand by in debris removal and maintenance operations. In the tower, there is a stoplog slot, with the minimum water depth at the top limited at 3 m. The shaft is provided with a service plate gate slot The gate size is 4 x 4 m, with gate opening dimensions of 3.5 x 3.5 m. The service platform and the hoist chamber are located above the intake tower. The hoist chamber is equipped with trashrack, stoplog and gate hoists

* Service Bridge

An access bridge is provided between the service platform for the intake tower and the road on the right bank;of the reservoir. The bridge is 105 m long and 2 m wide, with the deck at El 446.8 m It is divided into 3 bavs, with a maximum pier height of 21.5 m.

4.8- 15 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Rewort

* Discharge Tunnel (or I# Tunnel)

This is a press tunnel, having an inner diameter of 2.5 m, design flow of 3 20.5 m /s, length of 446.8 m, inlet elevation of 1,100 m, and outlet elevation of 1,068.6 m. With surrounding rocks of granite gneiss, the tunnel is lined with 40 cm thick reinforced concrete.

* Power Station

At the outlet of I # tunnel, a new generating unit with an installed capacity of 10 MW is provided to expand the existing power station of Fen-1 reservoir.

* Bypass Pipeline

To ensure that water supply for Taiyuan will not be interrupted as a result of emergency maintenance of the Fen-I power station, a bypass penstock is provided on the left side of the power station, with an inner diameter of 2.5 m and length of 259 m. For the purpose of energy dissipation, a 4-stage orifice energy dissipater is provided along the penstock. As roughly calculated, this dissipater may curtail the head by 19.4 m when the reservoir level is at 1,129 m, with the remaining head relieved in the downstream plunge pool.

The plunge pool includes two parts, one is a sloping diffuser, and the other is a rectangular flap-bottom trough, with a total length of 38 m. The former part is 12 m long and 2.5-5.4 m wide, whereas the latter part is 26 m long and 5.4 m wide. At the end of the pool is a buffer sill with a height of 2.1 m and length of 5 m. Water flows from the buffer sill into the head of the press forebay to the discharge pipe.

* Press Forebay at the Head of Discharge Pipe

This forebay respectively links the tailrace channel of the power station and the plunge pool of the bypass penstock. It comprises a diffusion, a rectangular, and a contraction component, with a total length of 46 m. The first component is 12 m long, with a bottom slope of 1:6, and width of 17.4 to 36.6 m; the second is 10.8 m long and 36.6 m wide; and the last is 16 m long, with a width ranging from 36.6 m to 10.8 m.

On the right side of the forebay, there is a sluice gate and an overflow weir. The bay has a built-in trashrack which includes 8 dividers, each of which has net width of 3.5 m, pier height of 5.9 m, and water depth 4.4 m. And each is provided with 3.9 x 4.7 (width x height) front and rear grids for altemate use, with a mesh size of IO x 10 mm, and twine diameter of I mm. The through-gird head loss is 0.2 m. Debris removing and hoisting facilities are installed above the trashrack. A plat service gate is furnished at the terminal of the press forebay, i.e. the intakle to the discharge pipe. The

4.8- 16 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Report

design minimum water level of the forebay is at El 1,072 m, with bottom level at El 1,067.6 m, and water depth of 4.4 m.

(b) Power Station

A 10 MW,rnew generating unit will be provided to enlarge the installed capacity of the existing power station. Assuming a yearly utilization of 3 7,026 hours, design head of Sl m, and design discharge of 20.5 m , this new unit will generate 70.26 GWH power each year. The new unit will be located on the left side of the existing power house, in parallel to the old unit. The old and new units will be of coaxiality, equidistance, and equal installation elevation (1,069.6 m). The assembly bay should be extended to the left side. The new and old tailbays will be separated with a dividing wall, and connected with a gate, which will provide stand-by water supply in the event of emergency maintenance of the generating units. Culverts will be used, downstream of the tailbays, to deliver water to the press forebay of the discharge pipe. In the expansion process, the existing 12 m long assembly bay and the upstream auxiliary power house will be removed until the foundation. A new power house with a length of 24 m (including assembly bay) and an auxiliary power house (still comprising 3 floors) will be constructed at the same levels, namely, generating unit floor at El 1,07634 m, turbine floor at El 1,071.64 m, and tailrace floor at El 1,06593 m. The structures of both new and old power houses are similar, with a brick-concrete part above the generating unit floor, and reinforced concrete part below, with the 02.5 m bypass penstock (at central elevation of 1,660.65 m) passing beneath the assembly bay. In the event of any emergency stoppage in the power house, the bypass pipe will deliver water to the intake tower, by skipping the power house, so as to ensure normal water supply for Taiyuan.

4.8.4.3 Environmental Settinz

(a) Catchment Area

Fen-l reservoir is located in the upper Fen River basin, 122 km downstream of the river source (Leiming Temple spring, Ningwu County) and 98 km upstream of Taiyuan. The catchment area above the reservoir is 5,268 kM2, respectively governed by Ningwu, Jingle, Lanxian, and Loufan Counties. This area has a river density of 0.35 km/kim2, gully density of 5-8 km/kM2, long-term erosion modulus of 5,000 tons/km2, runoff modulus of 79,200 M3/km2, and silt discharge modulus of 87.3 tons/km2. The maximum2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ reservoir area is 32 kmi, with back-water reaching upstream a maximum distance of 18.3 km. The catchment area above the reservoir is illustrated in Figure 3.4.9-3.

(b) Climate/Hydrology/Sedimentation

The catchment area above Fen-1 reservoir is of a temperate continental climate, dry and wvindy,especially in the spring, with a long-term yearly mean precipitation of 469.6 mm, 48% of vhich is generally concentrated in the July-

4.8- 17 WanjiazhaiWater Transfer Project FinalReport

August period. The long-term average evaporation is 1,779 mm. The recorded maximum and the minimum temperatures are respectively 36.4°C and -30.5°C, and the maximum wind velocity is 25 m/s. The design average inflow is 452 million m3, but in fact 368 million m3, 60% of which occurs in the flood season. The monthly mean flow volumes in the 29-year series from 1961 to 1989 are given in Table 4.8.4-2. Table 4.8.4-3 describes the water levels in the 30-year series from 1960 to 1989. The freezing period lasts 70 to 100 days, with an ice thickness of 40-80 cm The long-term annual average sediment inflow is 21 million tons, 96% of which comes in the wet season. The maximum average of sectional sediment content is 605.5 kg/m3 in Fen River (at Jingle hydrometric station, July 19, 1951) and 840 kg/m3 in Lanhe River (at Sharigjingyou hydrometric station, June 18, 1963). Details on sedimentation are given in Table 4.8.4-4

General descriptions of the ESA for Fen-l reservoir are discussed in Section 3.4 of Chapter 3.

(d) Fen-l Reservoir Water Quality

For the purpose of regular monitoring, Taiyuan Environmental Monitoring Station has arranged 4 monitoring sites in the reservoir area, namely, 1,, site immnediatelyclose to the darn, 4# at the upstream end, 3# at the Jian River mouth, and 2# at the reservoir center (see Figure 4.8.4-4). Monitoring items include pH, total hardness, COD, BOD, oil, and others, all together 20 items.

This EIA has utilized the monitoring data of June-August 1993 provided by the Station. Also, two sample monitorings were conducted in April 1996. The monitoring and evaluation results are respectively described in Table 4.8.4-5 and Table 4.8.4-6.

(e) Socio-Economics

General description of the socio-economic setting is given in Section 3.6 and 3.7 of Chapter 3.

Fen-l reservori is located within Loufan County, which has a total population of 84,000 people distributed in a total land area of 1,290 km2 govemed by 12 townships, with a population density of 65.8 persons/km2 .

The county economy is based on agriculture, with a total farmland area of 44,600 ha. Grain crops are sweet potato, naked oats, bean, prosomillet and others, while cash crops include sun flower, rape, and flax.

Dahurian larch predominates above El 1,300 m, while ulmus pumila, Robinia pseudoacacia and Ailanthus altissima predominate in hilly land areas. In gullies, poplar is the predominant species. Chestnut and other fruit

4.8- iS Wanjiazhai Water Transfer Project Final Report

trees are found in the vicinity of settlements. In this region, poultry and animal husbandry is supported by sericulture and apiculture.

There are rich mineral sources here, including iron, coal, construction materials and rare metals.

The local industry is undeveloped, without any large industrial enterprise except Jiantieshan Iron Mine. There are only some small coal mines, iron works and construction materials producers.

The county seat and larger villages are located in the Jian River valley with a width of some 200 to 500 m, stretching from southwest to northeast. All the 5 villages involved in Dujiaoqu Township are poor areas, with only 3 factories, producing an annual gross output value of 191,000 yuan. The economy is agriculturally characterized, with a total cropped area of 456 ha. Because of the poor farming facilities and the less fertile land, the gross output value of agriculture is only 682,000 yuan.

4.8.4.4 Environmental Impact Assessment

(a) Hydrology

According to the statistical data of the 29-year series from 1961 to 1989, the annual average inflow of the Fen River is 11.834 m3/s (See Table 4.8.4- 2). Excluding August and September, the average volume of the remaining 10 months is 8.24 m3/s. When the imported water is available upon the completion of Phase I WWTP, the inflow volume will be increased by approximately 11.7 m3/s (1.4 times more) except for August and September. The monthly average flow will be increased up to 4 times. The imported inflow will not stay in Fen-l reservoir, thus not using the effective storage capacity. In fact, it will flow, through the reservoir, to the intakle structure. However, the water flow will be increased so much as to cause changes to the reservoir regime, thus resulting in a higher flow velocity and a larger water surface area. Such changes, however, will be almost within those before water importation. Mloreover, the monthly flow will fluctuate to a lesser extent, thus keeping the reservoir hydrology relatively stable. No significantadverse impacts on hydrology will be posed on Fen-l reservoir.

(b) Sediment

The annual inflow of Fen-1 reservoir will be increased by 350 million m3 water imported from the Yellow River. With a sediment content of 1.3 kg/rnm,this amount of imnportedwater will carry 455,000 tons of sediment to the reservoir each year, representing only 4% of the long-term sediment inflow before water importation (see Table 4.8.3.2-6). Generally, this part of sediment accompanying the imported water will be only a small portion of the reservoir sediment inflow, so the reservoir sedimentation will not be significantly affected.

4.8- 19 Wanjiazhai Water TransferProiect Final Report

The water quality of Fen-l reservoir outflow is predicted as discussed in Section 5.5 of Chapter 5.

(d) Ecology

Fen-I is an old reservoir having operated for more than 30 years. A well established ecology has been formed in the reservoir area. Phase I WWTP includes the construction of an intake structure in front of the dam and expansion of the existing power station, with a limited size of works. Although the terrestrial fauna and flora in the vicinity will be somewhat disturbed or destroyed, such impacts will be limited and will only be encountered in the construction stage. No impacts are expected to be caused to the aquatic ecology in the construction stage. During the operation stage, the imported water will bring some exotic aquatic species to the reservoir, resulting in a shift in the reservoir eco-balance, but this should have no significant impact on the overall areal aquatic ecology.

(e) Flood Control

As shown in Table 4.8.4-3, the maximum and the minimum average monthly water levels of Fen-I reservoir are respectively 1,110.25 m (in July) and 1,116.89 m (in December), with NPL at 1,129 m. The bottom of the intake tower is at El 1,I 10 m, with a minimum operating level of 1, 114 m (see Figure 4.8.4-3). The water surface of the intake tower is designed to be within the current reservoir operation level, thus the reservoir level will not be raised because of water .taking requirements. The water supply regulating function will not affect the existing flood control functions of the reservoir.

4.8.4.5 Summary and Conclusions

The construction stage for altering Fen-l reservoir is not expected to result in any significant adverse effects on the existing environmental resources in the vicinity.

Use of Fen-l reservoir for WWTP regulation, following construction, will bring about minor changes in reservoir hydrology, but without adverse effects, and the existing flood protection function of the reservoir should not be impaired. The sediment load into the reservoir will be small compared to that from local runoff, hence no adverse effects are expected. The imported water inflow will.. result in some shift in the reservoir aquatic ecology balance, but this should not result in any adverse effects on the reservoir fishery nor on the regibnal aquatic ecology.

4.8 - 20 IEID

-'I>

)AIF

35 Ciapital of China t', Ca wn f / Capital of province :' ' PowerStation o Co2Lty later TowDvillage Resenoir

HLydrologic Station RaterW Ocality lonitoring Station

4.8-21 E r:EGIUF?E 4.8.3 - 2

F A1:AN LZAYIIJT FORF WAlP1q I1 A~Z HA~I FUES EF:X I F?

1S1-Xtj,~~~~~~ F".~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I7

-l ; , _ /osiI 4£ I.:--S~I ---.- ii

=:k<'_i_:Lx 's4aa - I Intakes of WVTP EaLS~~~~~~i 5;' C?Inf tD \\N WS-S?JIH~~~~N"oilg M 1C

fowerStation - | DivertionTunnels of Wi"Tp

NtA~L/~ t~.1ai1race 1.

o ~~~~~~~1 /7/~~~~~~~~-~_43z

Yellow RiVer '

4.8-22 Figure 4.8.3-3: SunmmaryEIA for Wanjizzhai Reservoir (I of 2)

EIA Issues Potentialfor Adequancyof Net Environmental (EIA Report Environmental EPMs Effect Chapter/Section) Damage If Not Controlled Al A2 A3 A4 B. I B.2 B.3 C1 C2 C3 C4 4. Assessment of SEIs 4.1 Natural Physical Resourpes 4.1.1 Surface Water - - x OK - - - - x Hydrology 4.1.1.1 Flooding Hazard - - x - OK - - - - x 4.1.2 Surface Water - x - - OK OK OK x Quality 4.1.3 Groundwater - x - - OK OK x

4.1.4 Erosion/Soils/Land - - - x OK OK OK x - - _ Slides I _ 4.1.5 Seismic/Structural - - - x OK _ _ x - _ _ Stability 4.2 Natural Biological _ _ Resources

4.2.1 Forests and Wild x OK - - x - _ Life _ 4.2.2 Aquatic Ecology x OK x -

4.3 Econornic x OK - - - - x - Development - 4.3.1 Land Use - x - OK -- x- - 4.3.2 Settlements 4.3.3 Industry - x - OK -- -- 4.3.4 Infrastructure - x - OK _ _ x - - _ 4.3.5 Agriculture - x - OK _ x _ - 4.3.6 Fisheries xOK

4.3.7 Innundaation - _ - x OK x . Losses 4.4 Qualityof Life Resources 4.4.1 Socia- x O OK OK OK Economics/Resettlement

4.4.2 Public Health _ _ x - OK OK OK -_ _ _ 4.4.3 Cultural Values x - OK - x

4.4.4 Archeological x - OK - x - _ Values I

4.8-23 Figure 4.8.3-3: SummaryEIA for Wanjizzhai Reservoir (2 of 2)

4.5 ConstructionStage - x OK x - - Constraints _ 4.6 ReservoirClearing - x - OK - - x _- - 5. Environemntal - - - x OK - - x - - - Monitoring _ I I _ - 5.1 ConstructionStage - - - X - OK x 5.2 OperationStage - - x - OK x _ _ - 6. AdditionalStudies_ 6.1 PublicParticipation - _ x OK OK OK x _ _ _ 6.2 EnvironmentalLaws x OK OK OK x _ _ 6.3 Environmental _ _ _ x OK - _ x - Econornics 6.4 Risk Assessment - _ x OK _ x _ _

7. Environemntal _ _ - x OK OK OK _ x - Management Plan

Note: A.1= None A.2=Minor A.3=Intermediate A.4=Major B. I=Planning B.2=Construction B.3=Operations C. I=Adequate,with no significatadverse effects C.2=Adequatewith no significatadverse effects and significantpositive effects C.3=Adequatewith considerable environemnntal impovement C.4=Significatadverse effects: I=Minor, 2=Intermediate, 3=Major

4.8-24 f$oj Legend Sale

Tunnel 0 j0 20 30 40 km

Reservoir ( *$ Ningwr

StndvArea === I

/ I;d no | \ / ; t S,^ Dengni~~~~~~aj;Riverr /Xin9(ang River w 3

{ ; V C < > + t ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~XinzhrJu

, ftosa~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a g y v F~~~enblResersfir

Taiyuan

FIGURE 4.8.4-1 Location of Fen-l Reservoir

4. - 25 CZ

4.8-26 FIGIJRE 4.8.4-3 Plan Layout of Fcn-I Reservoir Intake Structures

CK.

tL ilxiIilng 08 m tunnel Intake alignment profile

llydro power station OrficTairace Orlicoenergy diysipatinp

4.1-2, X X~~~~~~~~-',

/A 6 -ItXj')

IN~~~~~~

g3 . 4.8.4 - 4 r 2x>47g27g) 1l613tzen-.r 7-Xi

FIGURE4.8.4-4Distribution of Fen Reservoir Water NVlonitoringPoints

4.8-28 TABLE 4.8.2-1 DATA AVAILABLE FOR EIA FOR WANJIAZHAI RESERVOIR

ELATASKS Data in Ref. 130 Ade- Data in Ref. 147 Ade- (EIA Report Chapter/Section) quacy Chapter/Section quacy Chapter/Section 2. ProjectDescription 5 D 2.1 Base Map 5 D 2.2 DesignCriteria 5 D 3. Environmental Setting 2,5 C 3.1 Environmental Study Area 1.4 B 3.2 Land Use 2.1 B 3.3 Natural PhysicalResources 2.1 C 2 C 3.4 Natural BiologicalResources 2.1 B 2 B 3.5 Economic Development 2.1 B 3.6 Qualityof Life Resources A 4. Assessment of SEIs 4.1 Natural Physical Resources 4.1.1 SurfaceWaterHydrology 3.2 B 2 C 4.1.1.1 FloodingHazard 3.4, 3.10 C 2 D 4.1.2 Surface Water Qualit 3.2 C 4.1.3 Ground Water A 2 B 4.1.4 Erosion/Soil/landslides 2.1,2.2 B 3 C 4.1.5 Seismic/StructuralStabiliny 3.8, 3.10 B 4 C 4.2 Natural BiologicalResources A 10 B 4.2.1 Forestsand WildLife _ A 10 B 4.2.2 Aquatic Ecology A 10 4.3 Economic Development A 4.3.1 Land Use 3.5 B 9 B 4.3.2 Settlements 9 B 4.3.3 Industrv 9 B 4.3.4 Infrastructure 9 B 4.3.5 Agriculture 3.5 B 9 C 4.3.6 Fisheries 3.9 B 4 C 4.3.7 InnundationLosses 3.5 B 9 C 4.4 Qualitvof Life Resources 4.4.1 Social- 3.5 B Economics/Resettlement 4.42 Public Health 2.3, 3.11 B 4.4.3 Cultural Values 9 B 4.4.4 Archeological Values 4.5 ConstructionStage Constraints A 8,10 C 4.6 ReservoirClearing 3.5 B 9 D 5. En-ironmentalMonitoring Ch.4 B 5.1 Construction Stage 5.2 Operation Stage _ 6. Additional Studies 6.1 Public Participation A 6.2 Environmental Laws A 6.3 Environmental Economics . A 6.4 Risk Assessment A 2 B 7. Environmental Management plan A

Notes:A= Littleor no data, B= Somedata. C= Considerabledata, D=Adequatcdata.

4.8-29 Table 4 8.2-2 Available EIA Data on Fen-l Reservoir

EIA Task (EIA Main Report Chapter/Section) Ref. 157 Section (EIA) Adequacy 4.8.3.2 Fen-l Reservoir 4.8.3.2.2 Phvsical Environmental Description 3.3 C 4.8.3.2.3 Socio-environmentalDescription 3.5, 3.6 B 4.8.3.2.4 Fen-] ReservoirWater Qualitv 3.3, 5.2 NA 4 8.3.2.5 EnvironmentalSetting 2.2 A 4.8.3.2.6 Fen-l ComponentsInvolved in WWTPPhase 1 2.2 A 4.8.3.2.7 Emironmental Impact Assessment (a) Hydrology 4.2 A (b) Sedimentation 4.2 A (c) Water Quality 4.2 A (d) Ecology 4.2 A (e) Flood Control 4.2 A

NOTE: A=none or little B=some C=considerable D=adequate NA=not applicable

Available EIA Data on Fen-l Reservoir

EIA Task (EIA Main ReportChapter/Section) Ref. 120 Section (EIA) Adequacy 4.8.3.2 Fen-l Reservoir 4.8.3.2.2 PhvsicalEnvironmental Description 1 2 B 4.8.3.2.3 Sociao-environmentalDescription 10.2.2 B 4.8.3.2.4 Fen-l ReservoirWater Qualitv 10.3.2 A 4.8.3.2.5 Emironmental Setting 4.3.1 B 4.8.3.2.6 Fen-l ComponentsInvolved in WWTPPhase I 5.3:1 C 4.8.3.2.7 Emironmental Impact Assessment (a) Hvdrology 2.4.2 A (b) Sedimentation 2.6.1 B (c) Water Quality 10.3.1 A (d) Ecology 10.3.3 A (e) Flood Control 2.5.3 b

NOTE: A=none or little B=some C=considerable D=adequate NA=not applicable

4 8-30 TABLE 4.8.3 - 1 MAIN FEATURES AND DESIGN CRITERIA FOR WANJIAZHAI DAM/RESERVOIR PROJECT

No. Item Unit Ouantitv

I Total storage capacity 106m3 896 2 CatchmentArea krnm 394,813 3 3 Average Annual runoff 109 m 19.2 4 Average discharge m3/s 621.0 5 Design peak flow (p0.1% ) m'/s 16500 6 Checkpeakflow(p=0.01%) m3/s 21200 7 Average silt content kg/mr3 6.6 8 Averageannual silt load million T 149 9 Maximumwater level m 980 10 Normal water level m 977 11 Design flood waterlevel m 975 12 Maximumwater levelduring desiltingperiod m 957 13 Minimumwater level during desiltingperiod m 952 14 Area at maximumwater level km2 28.11 15 Length of backwater km 72.34 16 Dam crest elevation m 982.0 17 Dam crest length m 443.0 18 Dam height m 90.0 19 Rated capacityof power station MW 1,080 20 Soil excavation km3 164.0 21 Rock excavation kmn3 1,140.0 22 Concreteand reinforcedconcrete km3 1,846.0 23 Constructionperiod Year 6.5

4.8-31 TABLE 4.8.3-2 Cost Estimates for Environment Protection for Wanjiazhai Dam Project

Item Content Quantity Cost (104 yuan)

Water Quality Monitoring Facilities 1 set 50 Station Sewage Treatment WCB-10 1 9.6 .______WCB-15 1 14.4 Hospital Sewage Treatment SYW-5 I set 5.3 Sewage Treatment Device Afforesting and Resurfacing Afforesting 6.7 Mu 38.3 Planting Trees 9600 9.6 Resurfacing 5 Construction Wastewater 10 Treatment Construction Environment Water Quality 3.0 Monitoring Dust 2.0 Noise 2.5 Total 149.7

4.8-32 Table 4.8.4-1 Main Parameters of thc Intake Structure

Item Unit Quantitv Remarks Intake Bottom El m 1110 Design Min Water 1,evel m 1114 Intake Design Max- Water Level mE 1129= Tower Design Discharge m31s 20.5 Intake Size m 3x4x21 number of bays x width x height Tower Height m 29 Shaft Depth m 10 Intake Bottom El m 1100 I# Outlet Bottom El m 1068.5 ;- Tunnel Inner Diameter of Tunnel m 2.5 Length of Tunnel m 446.8 Lengthof Penstock m 50 Inner Diameterof Penstock m 2.5-2.0 Power DesignTotal Head m 51 House Installed Capacith MW 10 Annual PowerGeneration MWH 70.26 Annual Utilization Hours h 7026 Length m 225 Tailrace Section (widthx height) m 3x2 Outlet BottomEl m 1068.9 Design Level m 1072 Length of DiffusionSection m 12 17.4-36.6 m wide Forebay Lengthof RectangularSection m 18 36.6 m wide Length of ContractionSection m 16 36.6-10.7 m wide Total Length m 56 Trashrack No. 8 3.5 x 5.9 m for each Length m 258 Inner Diameter m 2.5 4-stage orifice dissipation, Outlet BottomEl m 1068.9 spacedat 10 m Bypass Inlet BottomEl m 1070.9 Pipeline Outlet El m 1068.9 Plunge DiffusionSection Length m 12 2.5-5.4 m wide Pool Rectangular Section Length m 26 Total Length m 38

4.8-33 Table 4.84-2 Montlily Inilow Volumes of Fen-I Reservoir in 29-year Series (1961-1989)

Item 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Annual Mean 3.090 4.026 9.588 7.911 5.538 6.978 19.744 35.751 20.664 13.676 7.642 4.026 11.634 Max. 6.361 8.011 17.410 13.994 15.382 20.081 63.000 239.821 127.096 50.130 20.594 8.338 39.692 Ycar 1965 1979 1968 1964 1985 1977 1988 1967 1967 1973 1967 1967 Min. 1.245 1.370 3.985 3.887 1,629 1.814 2.588 3.393 2.503 2.667 2.326 1.519 3.767 Year 1985 1988 1988 1973 1973 1972 1972 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1

Table 4.8.4-3 Typical Water Levels of Fen-l Rescrvoir in 30-year Series (1960-1989)

Item 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Average Scrics 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Mean 1116,35 1116.82 1115.92 1113.32 1112.64 1110.82 1110.52 1112.21 1114.25 1115.73 1116.59 1116.89 1114.33 Max. 1112.75 1126.19 1125.98 1124.57 1123.21 1119.35 1120.68 1112.85 1125.42 1126.40 1125.68 1125.27 1123.43 Year 1979 1979 1979 1979 1979 1979 1979 1988 1988 1988 1988 1967 Min. 1101.35 1096.24 1094.12 1092.71 1094.98 1094.68 1092.66 1095.25 1097.32 1098.22 1100.19 1092.18 1096.78 Year 1966 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1965 1965 1959 _ 1 Table 4.8.4-4 Sediment Inflow for Fen-l Reservoir

Year Jingle Shangjingvou Total Year Jingle Shangjingyou Total

(104 t) (104 t) (104 t) (104 t) (104 t) (104 t)

1959 1600 1010 2610 1975 380 60.7 440.7 1960 360 158 518 1976 419 257 676 1961 274 389 663 1987 1400 675 2075 1962 780 460 1240 1978 1401 743 2144 1963 331 321 652 1979 549 734 1283 1964 305 377 682 1980 256 112 368 1965 406 515 458 1981 375 928 1303 1966 1340 465 1805 1982 559 771 1330 1967 3620 2450 6070 1983 302 162 464 1968 604 196 800 1984 89.7 112 201.7 1969 1130 393 1523 1985 794 17.3 811.3 1970 923 249 1172 1986 315 36.7 351.7 1971 469 338 807 1987 100 64.6 164.6 1972 125 28.5 152.5 1988 1018 869 1887 1973 1100 867 1967 1989 167 38.6 205.6 1974 621 141 762 1990 N.A.

The annual average volume in the 31 -year series is 11.414 million tons.

4.8-35 Table 4.8.4-5 Monitoring Data from Fen-l Reservoir

l# Sitc 2# Site 3# Sitc 4# Sitc llciim Analysis Rcsult Analysis Rcsult Analysis Rcsult Analysis Result 523/95 8/23/95 4142l96 4t13/96 5/23/95 /23/95 4112/96 4113/96 5123195 3123/95 4/l2V96 4n13/96 523/95 8/23195 4/12/96 4/13/96 1lardlne, 40000 136036 20400 218.6 35035 46046 226.0 206.4 36036 42042 206.2 2624 300.30 470.47 216.7 2042 Pll a.a5 770 .829 134 169 S 1 8 821 *24 3.7 791 3 17 3.53 879 795 ,16 8 14 SS 28 2 73 51 29 2 5 4 13 5 10 I 1 5 4 3 4 DO 9.77 6.55 309 10.4 9.54 306 10.2 11.3 9.33 7.64 330 107 983 7.49 33.0 10 9 nOD, 0 7S 4 59 - 078 4.62 0.73 4 95 0.71 4.74 COI) (Mn) 2 59 3 29 <5 <5 2 56 3.03 <5 <5 230 3313 <5 <5 2.63 2.10 <05 c<5 CN 0002 0 002 <0.002 <0002 0 002 0.002 <0.002 <0 002 0 002 0 002 <0 002 <0.002 0015 0 002 <0c002 <0 002 Cu 0 001 0.040 <0 00075 <0.0075 0.003 0.035 <0.0075 <0.0075 0.004 0 045 <0 075 <0 0075 0 001 0.045 <0,0075 <0.0075 As 0 004 O.O0B <00 CO01

Standard 1#Site 2# Sitc 3#Site 4# Sitc licm (mg/l,) StandardIndicator StandardIndicator StandardIndicator StandardIndicator ______(not S/23/93 V23/93 pM) 4122/96 4/13/16 5/23/93 S/23/93 4/1226 4/13/96 5/23/93 33MM 4/12/96 4/13/96 53h3793 F/23/93 412/96 VI 3/96 pHl 6.5-8.5 1.23 0.47 0.86 0.76 1.13 0.74 0.81 0.83 1.13 0.65 0.78 1.02 1.15 0.63 0.77 0.76 DO 25.0 0.51 0.76 0.46 0.48 0.52 0.62 0.49 0.44 0.54 0.65 0.45 0.47 0.51 0.67 0.45 0 46 BOD S4.0 0.19 1.14 - s - 0.20 1.15 - - 0.20 1.24 - - 0.19 1.18 - - COD (Mn) S6.0 0,43 0.55 <0.83 <0.83 0.39 0.50 <0.83 <0.83 0.47 0.52 <0.83 <0.83 0.45 0.47 <0.83 <0.83 CN' 50.05 0.04 0.04 <0.04 <0.04 0.04 0.04 <0.04 <0.04 0.26 0.04 <0.04 <0.04 0.30 0.04 <0.04 <0.04 Cu S 0 0 001 0 003 <0 0075 <0 0075 0 003 0 035 <0Q073 <0 0013 0 004 0 045 <00075 <0 0073 0 001 0 045 <0 0075 <0 0075 As co005 0.08 0.16 <0.2 <0.2 0.08 0.08 <0.2 <0.2 0.08 0.08 <0.2 <0.2 0.08 0.16 <0.2 <0.2 Hg 50.001 0.25 0.25 <0.2 <0.2 0.25 0.25 <0.2 <0.2 0.25 0.25 <0.2 <0.2 0.25 0.25 <0.2 <0.2 6 + C, S0.05 0.16 0.08 <0.08 <0.08 0.14 0.18 <0.08 <0.08 1.0 0.1 <0.08 <0.08 0.2 0.2 <0.08 <0.08 Pb 50.05 0.02 0.42 - - 0.02 0.038 - - 0.32 0.02 - - 0.02 0.5 - - 0' FF S1.0 1.12 0.29 0.31 0.30 1.12 0.28 0.38 0.34 1.12 0.23 0.38 0.29 1.12 0.23 0.37 0 32 Oil 50.05 1.0 0.5 8.0 4.0 1.2 0 1.0 1.0 5.9 0 1.0 1.0 8.8 0.0 1.0 1.0 P S0.05 0.7 0.22 - - 0.78 0.24 - - 0.78 0.24 - 0.52 0.24 - Volatile S0.002 0.5 1.0 1.0 <1.0 0.5 0.5

Note: All the figures higher than 1 exceed the standards, involving BOD5, oil and F. Wanjiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Report

Section 4.9 Erosion and Sedimentation

IWanjiazhaiWater Transfer Project Final Report

TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR SECTION 4. 9

TEXT

4.9 EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION 4.9.1 Introduction 4.9.2 Construction Impacts on Soil Erosion 4.9.2.1 Tunnels and Aqueducts 4.9.2.2 Buried Pipes 4.9.2.3 Tunnel Disposals 4.9.2.4 Denuded Areas 4.9.3 Erosion in Reservoir Watersheds 4.9.4 Sedimentation 4.9.4.1 Silt Content in Diverted Water 4.9.4.2 Sedimentation along Fen River Course 4.9.4.3 Sedimentation in Fen-I Reservoir 4.9.4.4 Sedimentation in Huyan Water Treatment Plant 4.9.5 Summary and Conclusions

TABLES

Table 4.9.4-1 : Monthly Average Silt Content of Diverted Water Table 4.9.4-2: Sedimentation and Desilting in SML Reservoirs

4.9 - i

WVaniiazhaiWater Transfer Proiect FinalReport

SECTION 4.9

EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION

4.9.1 Introduction

The background information on erosion and sedimentation in the ESA is given in Section 3.4 4.

The purpose of Section 4.9 is to check that WWTP design engineers have duly considered the issues of erosion and sedimentation.

The following assessments are based on references 101, 102, 108, 109, 120, 126, 130, 136, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151 and 152.

The GML and SML pass through the area with gullies and eroded loess plateau. The fragmented topography, poor vegetation coverage, and heavy seasonal rainfall result in the severe soil erosion in this area, being one of the severest erosion areas in the middle Yellow River basin.

Most of the Connection Works are to be built along the Fen River course which is the loess plateau zone with severe soil erosion.

4.9.2 Construction Impacts on Soil Erosion

4.9.2.1 Tunnels and Aqueducts

The GML, SMILand Connection Works go through the area by means of tunnels and, aqueducts, which will not significantly alter the land vegetation. Therefore, GML, SML and Connection Works constructions should not result in significant soil erosion problems.

4.9.2.2 Buried Pipes

Buried pipes are used in some of the SML and Connection Works. During construction, a channel will firstly be dug out. The excavated rock and earth will be temporarily stocked in the area along the channel, which may cause dispersion of the waste earth during rains. As discussed in Section 4.11, dikes and other measures must be provided by CC to prevent dispersion.

4.9.2.3 Tunnel Disposals

Disposal of the tunnel excavation materials is discussed in Section 4 11 Dikes and other measures are designed and planned to be built or taken for the disposal to prevent erosion prior to permanent disposal. The EMO should check and ensure these measures are followed by CCs during tunnel excavation

4.9.2.4 Denuded Areas

4.9- I Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Report

Construction of all WWTP components including aqueducts, roads, etc. will involve cut-fill resulting in denuding of surface vegetation and placing of fill material in fill areas. To avoid runoff of silt during rains, the CCs are required to built temporary dikes during construction and later revegetate and resurface the denuded areas (Refer to Section 4.11).

4.9.3 Erosion in Reservoir Watersheds

This subject is discussed in the reservoir EIAs included in Section 4.8.

4.9.4 Sedimentation

4.9.4.1 Silt Content in Diverted Water

The Yellow River has the largest silt content of major rivers in the world. Observed maximum silt content at Wanjiazhai is 37.6 kg/m3 and the average design silt content is 6.6 kgmn3.

The operation method of "Store the clear water and release the turbid" is to be adopted in Wanjiazhai Reservoir after its completion. The "store period" starts on Oct. I each year and ends on July 31 next year and the "release period" starts on August I and ends on Sept. 30 each year.

The WWTP will divert water from Wanjiazhai Reservoir only in the "store period" during which the water is much clearer with less silt content due to the function of the reservoir. According to the results of a study conducted by TIDI in 1992, the diverted water has an average silt content of 1.3 kg/m3 (Ref 148, 149). Table 4.9.4 - I shows the monthly average silt content of diverted water.

In WWTP Phase I, 350 million m3 water from year 2001 and 640 million m3 water from year 2004 will be diverted annually along the GML, SML, Fen River course to Fen-I Reservoir and then along the Connection Works to Taiyuan Service area.

Therefore, a total amount of 0.35 million m3 silt from year 2001 and 0.64 million m3 from year 2004 will be diverted with the water annually from Wanjiazhai Reservoir to the Fen River course, and then to Fen- I Reservoir.

The impacts of the project on sedimentation along the transmission lines are discussed below.

4.9.4.2 Sedimentation along Fen River Course

The Fen River is also a very silty riiverwith an average silt content of 39.4 kg/m3 and an average annual runoff of 368 million m3 .

The annual volume of water diverted from Wanjiazhai reservoir (350 million m3 at 2001 increasing to 640 million m3 by 2004) will be about the same in 2001 as the average flow in the Fen River, 368 million m3/y. However, the silt content in the Yellow River water will be only about 3.3% (1.3 kg/39.4 kg) of the silt content in the

4.9 - 2 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Report

Fen River. Therefore, the effect of the Yellow River silt on the existing Fen River silt content will be to decrease the sediment concentration in the Fen River Hence the Yellow River inflow will drecrease, not increase, siltation problems in the river.

4.9.4.3 Sedimentation in Fen-I Reservoir

Fen- I Reservoir was completed in 1961 and Fen-2 Reservoir (which is not included in WWTP and now is under construction) is to be completed in 1998. In phase I, the two reservoirs are planned to be operated cooperatively to deal with the sedimentation in Fen-l Reservoir. Table 4.9.4-2 shows the calculated results for desilting in the two reservoirs (with the assumption that future Haoshuigou Reservoir will be put into operation in year 2005). It is seen from Table 4.9.4-2 that the diverted silt represents a small part of the total silt in Fen-l Reservoir basin, 2.8 percent, and therefore its impacts on sedimentation in Fen-I Reservoir is considered negligible.

4.9.4.4 Sedimentation in Huyan Water Treatment Plant

As noted in Chapter 2 and Section 4.13 and as shown in Fig. 1.1.3 -1, the Connection Works, which comprise mainly tunnels and pipes, will divert the upper layer water in Fen-I Reservoir directly to the Huyan Water Treatment Plant. Because the diverted water will stay in the Fen-l Reservoir for an average period of 5 month, the upper layer water in Fen-I Reservoir has negligible silt content. No significant sedimentation is expected in the Connection Works as well as in the water treatment plant. However, the planned Huyan Water Treatment Plant will include a preliminarysetting tank which will manage any silt in the incoming flow.

4.9.5 Summary and Conclusions

Assuming that the contracts for the CCs include provisions as noted in Section 4.9.2, and assuming proper use of environmental construction inspectors (Chapter 9), construction of WWTP should not cause any significant erosion problems The EMO should continually check the construction operations through environment construction inspectors, and ensure that all erosion prevention measures are followed by CCs during the project construction.

The sedimentation due to the silt content in the diverted water has been duly considered by the design engineers and arrangements for effectively managing this silt have been included in project design and plan. Because the diverted silt represents only a small amount of the total silt reaching the Fen River course and Fen-l Reservoir, around 3 percent, no significant impacts are expected on sedimentation in the areas along SML.

4.9 - 3 TABLE 4.9.4-1 : MONTHLY AVERAGE SLT CONTENT OF DIVERTED WATER

UNIT: kg/m3 \ ~~OPERATION PERIOD 1 - 10 11 -20 21 - 30

MONTHH 10 4.48 4.654 4.696 1.49 1.539 1.555 12 0.111 0.120 0.121 1 0.073 0.240 0.078 2 0.043 0.045 0.051 3 0.225 0.232 0.226 4 0.109 0.130 0.127 5 0.561 0.562 0.575 6 1.438 0.844 0.954 7 4.529 4.814 4.962 Yearly Average 1.3 1.3 1.33

Note: Water is not diverted in August and September. Data source: Ref. 148-149. Preliminary Design Report on GML and SML TIDI 1993

4.9 - 4 TABLE 4.9.4-2: SEDIMENTATION AND DESILTING IN SML RESERVOIRS 4 3 Unit: 10 m e E Iont :: i0-sh0iR 0 Enoalot _ ::. Sedimentsdimntindof.mqn liAd ot Localea nun.: : indERed.. : t S dImntett. nFluoItafe uili !aeW Ed0: Tl tnotDposflol oe DeeeeposdmtIiw ) u t fed Storage

______Re,ver'oir t.evei Serllntt I en-I0 I-leitignu6:Feit-2 Pen1- P. n-2 llnoshulgoi p| n-l Fen-2I lraoshisin Wad Active Fkod Dead Acive l1ond RcN Years Load or Reservoir Resenol. Rearnoir Reseroir Retservoir Rn-Resrvoilr Reservoir :estrvola Reiervoir Storap Siorige Control Sltorge St(orge Control Storage sMr,: r:: r :E:r:i ______g 1995- 4834 6 4544 1994 1909 641 1998 ______1999. 238 8456 4373 16 31 11873 3007 4550 3949 3374 1836 861 3 10

1 2006 - 170 6042 3775 570 27 41 30 16309 5228 51S 5055 6826 4428 2499 2177 552 518

2011- 540 12085 8914 1140 38 71 30 23927 7787 1694 5063 11910 6954 2499 4505 783 1694

1999- 238 4834 4408 16.4 28 11816 3193 4493 4451 2872 1929 806 458 2005 ______2006. 170 8456 3805 570 27.5 38 30 16236 5541 518 5063 7552 3621 2499 2394 648 518 2010 ______2011 . 540 12085 9159 1140 40 68 30 23584 8463 1694 5063 12793 5728 2499 5 112 852 1694 2020 .

Notes: I-ISG= Haoshuigou, Reserv. = reservoir HSG and Fen-2 reservoirs not inicuded in Phase I

.JI

Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Report

Section 4.10 Quality of Life

Wanjiazhai Water Transfer project Final Rewort

TABLE OF CONTENTS OF SECTION 4.10

TEXT

4.10 QUALITY OF LIFE

4.10.1 Introduction 4.10.2 People Affected by WWTP Transmission System 4.10.3 Taiyuan Service area 4.10.3.1 Per Capita Income Increase 4.10.3.2 Per Capita Water Use 4.10.3.3 Urban Greening and Recreation 4.10.3.4 Other Environmental Quality Indices 4.10.4 Other Quality of Life Issues

FIGURE

Figure 4.10-1 Quality of Life Resources Affected by WWTP

4.10 -i

Wanjiazhai Water Transfer project Final Repo7t

SECTION 4.1 0 QUALITn OF LIFT

4.10 QUALITY OF LIFE

4.10.1 Introduction

As noted in Section 3.7 of Chapter 3, Shanxi province, including the ESA, is amongst the poorest in China in terms of per capita income, and in terms of practically all other indicators of quality of life including facilities for domestic water supply, health clinics, schools, etc. which depend upon per capita income levels. Moreover, the situation is much worse in the rural agnrculturalvillages than in urban/industrial zones. The single most important problem which impedes better development, and which even threatens maintenance of the existing industry and jobs, is lack of water, and WWTP's essential purpose is to furnish additional water to alleviate the shortage in the urban/industrial target zones.

The purpose of Section 4.10 is to assess the impact of WWTP on the existing quality of life in the EIA.

4.10.2 People Affected by WWTP Transmission System

Table 4.10-1, compiled from 1995 data assembled by a World Bank Mission (Ref 139), indicates the magnitudes of losses for various quality of life resources for the WWTP delivery system.

The Mission report stipulates policies to be applied to WWTP as follows:

(a) The final RS(Resettlement) plan should include a recheck and updating of all of the affected population and physical losses. (b) The final RS plan should include a detailed household analysis. (c) The land and house compensation standards formulated in 1992 by the Provincial Government for YRDP should be updated to current values, and used as the basis for estimating RS costs. (d) Special attention should be given in the detailed RS planning and implementation to guarantee the improvement of vulnerable groups, namely women and oldsters.

The detailed RS planning completed in July 1994 incorporates all of these provisions, including safety net provisions and other provisions as noted in Section 4.5 on "Environmental Review of Resettlement". Hence the quality of life of all resettler families should certainly be no less than-without the project and in most cases should be significantly improved, including better housing and, for those who will be able to shift to industrial employment, considerably greater incomes. In addition, the new RS villages will all have a minimum level of infrastructure to meet acceptable minimum quality of life needs, including water supply, clinics, and schools. The Environmental Monitoring Program specified in Chapter 7 includes provisions for periodic checking

4.10 -1 Waniiazhai Water Transfer proiect Final Report of the actual performance of the RS plan, which will serve to check the monitoring data from the RS monitoring program.

4.10.3 Taiyuan Service area

4.10.3.1 Per Capita Income Increase

Water supply for industrial and agricultural use will be greatly improved when the imported water is available to Taiyuan. The per capita gross output values in different target years, including both industrial and agricultural values, are expected to be increased as shown as follows:

Target Year 2001 2010 2020 Total Population 240.8 268.6 296.7 Gross Output Value (I 04 uan) 319.56 520.11 969.89 Per Capita(10 4 yuan) 1.327 1.936 2.595

Based on the projected growth, it is expected that the incomes will be significantly increased.

4.10.3.2 Per Capita Water Use

With the imported water available to Taiyuan, the per capita water quota is predicted to be 200 I/d in 2001, 230 lId in 2010, and 250 U/din 2020. This will completely alter the water use situation and will be crucial to quality of life improvement. More than 70% of families will have their own bath rooms and people will be able to bathe twice a week on the average.

4.10.3.3 Urban Greenin2 and Recreation

The imported water will resolve the problem of inadequate water supply for urban greening and recreational purposes. As presented by the municipal construction planning agency, Dongshan and Xishan scenic spots will be-linked with various parks and gardens by 2001 to provide a beautiful landscape, by mak-ingfull use of Fen River and 8 tributaries. Also, it is planned to utilize an inflatable dam to dam off Fen River, providing a strip park on water. On the each bank of the river, a series of scenic spots will be formed, such as Yinmahe, Xihaizi, and Nanhaizi. At that time, the afforestation coverage rate in the urban area will reach 37.12%, with 5.4 m2 greenland per capita. Also, approximately 20 small parks and gardens will be provided.

4.10.3.4 Other Environmental Oualitv Indices

When additional water supply is available, the greenland area in the city proper and in the vicinity will be enlarged to a great extent, subsequently improving the local air, water, and acoustic environmental quality. This will represent a solid base for making

4.10 -2 Waniiazhai Water Transfer proiect Final Report

Taiyuan a modern industrial city with pleasing landscape and fresh air. The local environment will be steadily improved to be more and more favorable.

4.10.4 Other Qualitv of Life Issues

Most quality of life issues relate closely to family income levels, as discussed above. The exceptions include provisions for protection of precious historical monuments and relics in the ESA which would be subject to being damaged by WWTP. This is not believed to be a problem for WVWTP,but in any case the Environmental Management Office (Chapter 9) will have responsibility for identifying any inadequacies in the overall quality of life program and for recommending and pursuing needed correction measures.

4.10 -3 TABLE 4. 10-]: QUALITY OF LIFE RESOURCES AFFECTED BY WWTP

l~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -

Affeded counties/ isticts (no.) 3 1 4 4 12 .Affectedvilges (no.) 73 31 27 16 2 149 Affected populadion (no.) 6,559 25,133 78,285 19,657 129,634 Populaion losing land andhouses 4,645 242 541 393 96 5,917 Population losing land 1,914 l388 541 393 96 3,132 Enteprie emloyees 203 203 Lnd Lo (ha) I TotW I,137 169 329 3,754 32 5,421 Cuhivated (includes temporary use) 431.9 117 266.4 93 32 940.3 Forests S8 13.9 20.3 14.9 137 Orchards 32.1 1 15.7 48.8

Wage 558 29.3 1 41.8 23.6 _ _652.7 Olher 27.7 8.8 103.1 339.61 Tenporary use 48 19 234.7 301.7 House Iosa (rn2) 142,128 2592 NA NA 144,720 ree losses (no.) 358,789 7,029 8,230 374,048 Enterpriseslost(no.) 418 13 9 440 Roadlost(kmn) 213 0.45 _ 213.45 Power lines lost (k1m) 144 144 onunication lines 38 38 lost (kmn)

4.10 - 4 Wanjiazhai WaterTransfer Project Final Report

Section 4.11 Construction Operation Constraints

XWaniiazhaiWater Transfer Proiect Final Report

TABLE OF CONTENTS OF SECTION 4.11

TEXT

4.11 CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS CONSTRAINTS 4.11.1 Introduction 4.11.2 Constraints for Construction Contractor 4.11.3 Environmental Construction Inspector 4.11.4 Disposal of Tunnel Excavation Materials 4.11.4.1 Basic Principles of Disposal :11.4.2 General Main Line Disposal 11.4.3 South Main Line Disposal 4. 11.5 irmmaryand Conclusion,

FIGURRESANTT *BLES Figure 4 l: Environmental Con: .actionConstraints Figure 4 ;: EPMs for Disposal . Excavation Materials from Tunnel Construction Figure 4. -2: Tunnel Excavation aterials Disposal Site for Yantousi

Figure 4 .3: T,-r.nel Ex=..vation 'liaterialsDisposal Site for Majiashan Figure 4 -4: Tunnel Excavation . laterials Disposal Site for Shuiguanhe Figure 4 -5: Tunnel Excavation "laterials Disposal Site for Quanhe

Figure 4 -6: Tunnel Excavation laterials Disposal Site for Wenling Table 4 1: Summary of Plan Disposal of GMLTunnel Excavation Materials

Wanjiazhai Water Transfer Project Final Report

SECTION 4.11

CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS CONSTRAIUNTS

4.11.1 Introduction

The purpose of Section 4.11 is to describe the EPMs (Environmental Protection Measures) which must be carried out to ensure that the operations of the Construction Contractor (CC) will include: (i) due attention to preventing unnecessary adverseeffects on environment which can be avoided by proper use of these EPMs, and (ii) use of offsetting measures to overcome any unavoidable significant adverse effects.

The necessary EPMs applicable to construction stage include the following:

(a) Compilation of contracts to be observed by the CC during construction stage.

(b) Incorporation into the CC's contract of the various construction stage EPMs so that the CC is aware of these requirements and will allow budgets for these in his contract proposal.

(c) Provision of an Environmental Construction Inspector (ECI) who will work together with the Engineering Supervisor of Construction, who will routinely observe the CC's work to ensure that the CC is observing the specified EPMs.

Items (a), (b), (c) are to be carried out by the Environmental Management Office described in Chapter 9.

4.11.2 Constraints for Construction Contractor

Figure 4.11.2-1 is a summary of the general constraints to be observed by the CC. This should be elaborated upon by the YRDP engineering staff who are familiar with construction operations in the ESA.

As noted above, the EMO (to be established pursuant to WB Load Agreement) is to work with the Project Civil Engineers responsible for preparing the CC's contract, so that all needed EPMs will be included in the Contract. A useful reference example for this purpose is that CC's contract for the Xiaolangdi project (Ref 206.1).

4.11.3 Environmental Construction Inspector (ECI)

The experiences at Xiaolangdi and elsewhere have shown that, even if the CC's contract does include the needed EPMs, the CC can be expected to comply with these only if continuing inspection of his work his made by the ECI (one or more for each project component as needed). The experience at Xiaolangdi (now under construction) has shown that his supervision is especially important for ensuring: (i) adequate control of dust, (ii) safety water supply for construction works and for resettler villages, (iii) adequate excreta management for resettlement villages.

4.11 - I Waniiazhai Water Transfcr Proiect Final Report

Like the Engineering Supervisor of Construction the ECI is to keep a daily log book and make weekly reports to the EMO, and any additional reports which may be needed in event of emergency to report any non-compliance so that the EMO can take appropriate correction measures.

One of the products of the Xiaolangdi work is a manual on the environmental laws of China to be observed during construction/implementation stage by individuals involved in the project. This should be put into use by the EMO for the WWTP (Ref. 206.2).

4.11.4 Disposal of Tunnel Excavation Materials

4.11.4.1 Basic Principles of Disposal

A special problem for WWTP is disposal of the large amount of materials excavated from boring of the tunnels. Concems deserving attention include farmland occupation, river course blockage, soil and water loss, vegetation destruction, and landscape problems. Figure 4.11.4-1 is a listing of general environmental constraints to be observed. Additional constraints are the followings:

(a) Such disposal will minimizethe conflicts with the present land uses by using as little farrnland as possible. When it is to cover some farmland, re-cultivation will be considered, for restoring covered farmland after completion of construction.

(b) Intakes and outlets of tunnels are mostly located at slopes or gullies on both banks of river courses and valleys. Spoil soil and rock materials will be stockpiled, both temporarily and permanently, so as not to cause river course blockage and create flooding hazards.

(c) Dyke and slope protection works will be provided, at stockpile areas and tunnel outlets, to prevent loss of materials washed away by water.

(d) No spoil materials will be placed where there is existing good vegetation and pleasing landscape.

(e) Detailed engineering schemes have been or will be developed for placing spoil soil and rock materials, and environmental monitoring during construction will be carried out, as appropriate, to prohibit any improper placing.

(f) In case of culverts embedded in cultivated areas, mature topsoils will be properly preserved, in addition to proper disposal of surplus soils, and replaced to reduce loss of soil fertility.

4.11.4.2 General Main Line Disposal

Excavation of the tunnels, culverts and other works involved in the WWTP will produce a total quantity of 8.7075 million m3 spoil materials, covering the full length of

4.11 - 2 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Report

200 km along the alignments. These materials are tentatively planned to be placed at 45-50 spoil areas located at hills, valleys and gullies. Such spoil areas for the excavation materials resulting from the ongoing GML segments are summarized in Table 4.11.4-1 1. To ensure that disposal will be carried out as previously stated, and that different disposal plans will be selected in line with different topographical features, some typical plans are presented as follows for reference.

(a) Yantousi Plan

As shown in Figure 4.11.4-2, a diversion dam with a length of about 120 m will be built between the earth bench at El 1,258 m and the mountain slop at El. 1,263 m, to divert the river water eastward and then southward into the original river channel. In this way, a large area of flood land will be vacant west of the earth bench where the road is at El 1,240 m and the river bed is at El 1,218 m, leaving a level difference of some 22 m, with an average difference of 15 m. The vacant river course will be about 400 x 100 m, which will receive 400,000 m3 spoil excavation materials assuming a stockpile height of 10 m. This will satisfy the GML construction requirements.

Assuming this place is used as stockpile area in actual construction, detailed schemes will be envisaged in line with the requirements noted above, with adequate consideration to dredging of the changed river course and provision of condition for future topsoiling.

(b) Majiashan Plan

A drainage culvert will be arranged northward at El 1,250 m in the river valley southeast of Majiashan, with culvert dimensions satisfying a flood discharge of 30 m3/s. The distance between the two mountains above the culvert will be about 50 m. Assuming a stockpile height of 15 m above the culvert, with the distance will be increased to about 110 m. The provision of some 100 m culvert will meet the GML construction requirements. But the leading-edge angle is required to be not more than 3O.

The recommended plan is illustrated in Figure 4.11.4-3.

This plan needs a rockfill dam with a length of 700 m. The purpose of this dam is to prevent stockpile collapsing or sliding which will cause river course blockage (there is no severe river water erosion as judged from the river course features). The stockpile area will be about 68,000 m2 which meet the project GML construction requirements assuming a height of 8 m.

Spoil materials will be placed here from north to south, with attention to future topsoiling and recultivation. This stockpile area is illustrated in Figure 4.11.4-4. Excavation materials resulting from the primary and secondary pumping stations may be placed in the manner as previously described in Majiashan plan.

4.11.4.3 South Main Line Disposal

4.11 - 3 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Repon

(a) Guanhe Stockpile Area

Two stockpile areas will be identified in Guanhe River valley where the outlets of #1 tunnel, primary pumping station, and #2 tunnel are located. There is little vegetation and flood flow in the gully located in back of Xiatuzhai north of Guanhe River. Earth and rock materials from #1 tunnel boring may be placed here along the inner side of the gully, with slope protection works completed upon the construction of the project. This area will approximately hold 112,700 m3 earth and rock materials. Details are given in Figure 4.11.4-5.

There is a large floodland area at the primary pumping station south of the Guanhe River, convenient for the disposal of spoil materials. Mucking materials from #2 tunnel outlet may be placed, as appropriate, along the south hillside. This part of the materials, with a volume about 20,751 m3,will cover a total land area of approximately 1,500 m2. The stockpile height may be set at 1-2 m. A dyke of I m height will be built.

(b) Longxugou Stockpile Area

Spoil soils from #2 and #3 tunnel outlets will be placed at the narrow Longxugou gully. In order to avoid possible flood obstruction, it is recommended to provide a f2 m embedded culvert at the bottom of the gully, for spoil materials to be placed above. The capacity of this area will be about 605 m3 .

All the outlets of #3 tunnel, primary station, and #4 tuanel are located in Xinhuxinyao gully. Excavation materials from #3 tunnel outlet, located in a loess hill, will be placed and levelled in the downstream floodland area, covering about 0.7 ha cultivated land which will be recultivated upon completion of the project. Such materials stemming from the outlet of #4 tunnel may be placed on both sides of the secondary pumping station, with a dyke of 40-60 m height built along the river course. The stockpile height will be 1.5 - 2 m. At the bottom of the gully, there is about 5,000 m2 floodland which will hold large quantities of earth and rock materials.

(d) Muguagou Stockpile Area

The excavation materials from #5 and #6 tunnel outlets may be placed on the north side of Muguagou gully, which has a gentle slope west of the Mijiachuan River up to the gully. When stockpiling activities are completed, slope protection works at an angle of 50° will be built along the gully, with a height reaching from the gully bottom up to the stockpile top. This area will receive approximately 349,774 m3 materials.

(e) Wenling Stockpile Area

The stockpile area for #6 tunnel outlet is located in the gully north of Wenling Village. Because the outlet is adjacent to this village, all materials must be moved to the gully rather than arranged in the uphill direction. Otherwise, they will displace the farmland and ruin the landscape here. Figure 4.11.4-6 illustrates the details.

4.11 - 4 Wanjiazhai Water Transfcr Project Final Report

Materials from the embedded culvert at #6 tunnel will be placed in the depression nearby, and levelled for future recultivation.

The intake of #7 Tunnel is immediately close to the gully south of the Shen-Shuo railway under construction. This gully, wide and deep, is a good place for receiving spoil materials. However, slope protection works must be provided to avoid water and soil loss.

In addition, the materials from access tunnels to all tunnels will be placed, as appropriate, in the vicinity of the outlets. In the case of large quantities, slope protection works will be provided to prevent water and soil loss.

4.11.5 Summary and Conclusions

Historically CC's have often caused unnecessary environmental damage, sometimes serious, simply because it is the nature of the CC, and of the Engineering Supervision of Construction, to focus on expediting building of the projects' physical components, with relatively low-priority attention to EPMs. However, experience has shown that it is quite feasible/affordable for the CC to observe and comply with the EPMs specified in EIA, provided these are included in the TOR for the CC's construction contract and provided an ECI is made available to observe the CC's operations and to require compliance.

A special environmental problem for WWTP/Phase I construction is disposal of tunnel excavation materials so as not to cause environmental damage including use of lands better used for farming, creation of flooding hazards, hazards of runoff of these materials to cause pollution/damage, and dispoiling of environmental scenery. For these reasons the WWTP/Phase I planning includes provision of detailed schemes so that disposal will be accomplished in a manner which is environmentally sound, as presented in Section 4.11.4.

The Expert Panel on Environment and Resettlement for the Xiaolangdi project has been observing and evaluating actual environmental effects for the Xiaolangdi construction stage for more than a year, with a report produced by the Panel every six months. It is recommended that the YRDP Engineering staff for WWTP obtain and study these reports, beginning with the report of September 1995 (Ref 211. 1).

4.11 - 5

FIGURE 4.11.2-1 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRUCTION CONSTRAl[NTS

1. OPERATIONS BE' CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTOR

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINTS DURING CONSTRUCTION STAGE

1.1 Silt erosion runoff control (dikes, resurfacing) 1.2 Road dust control (wetting, paving) 1.3 Blasting and quarrying hazards 1.4 Construction workers medical examination 1.5 Construction camps 1.5.1 Amenities (housing, safe and adequate water supply, sewerage management, drainage, solid waste management, clinics, recreation) 1.5.2 Insecticide spraying of building 1.6 Noise control for construction equipment 1.7 Air pollution emissions control 1.7.1 Equipment 1.7.2 Burning of naturals (avoid production of obnoxious and toxic fumes) 1.8 Hazardous materials management 1.9 Occupational health and safety 1.10 Reservoir area clearing (sanitary aspects)(Phase II only) 1.11 Cultural adjustments among workers 1.12 Protection of trees in construction area (removal of trees only as necessary) I .13 Resurfacing of all exposed areas and surfacing of all fill areas (vegetation or paving) to protect against erosion. Selection of fill areas is to give due consideration to protection of environmental aesthetics.

2. MANAGEMENT OF CC'S OPERATIONS

2.1 Provisions by EMO of Environmental Construction Inspectors (including preparation of routine reports to EMO) 2.2 Response by EMO to ensure prompt corrections by CC

Notes (a) All of the constraints noted in Item I above are to comply wvithNational and Provincial laws and regulations applicable to construction. (b) The experience of the EMO for the Xiaolangdi project (now under construction) furnishes valuable guidelines for both Items I and 2 above.

4.11 - 6 FIGURE 4.11.4-1 EPMs FOR DISPOSAL OF EXCAVATION MATERIALS FROM TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION (From Ref 1 3) 1 Earth Materials Disposal 1.1 In narrow gullies, culverts big enough for flood discharge should be embedded in gully beds prior to earth material dumping on the gullies. 1.2 In wide gullies, earth material may be dumped along banks but obstructions to flood discharge should be avoided. 1.3 On flood plain land, the top layer of the land should be firstly removed temporarily. When disposal material has been piled to a thickness of 1-2 m, the removed top layer is returned to top layer position. 1.4 Earth materials disposal should be planned to minimize interference with existing land uses including farming. 1.5 The temporary earth material from excavation of embedded culverts should be piled near the construction site and piled back on the culverts after the culverts are completed. 2. Disposal Yard Protection 2.1 A dike should be built around the excavated material when a dumping yard is located near a gully where stream erosion may occur. 2.2 Stone dikes should be built around the dumping yard when it is located in a flood plain area.

4.11 - 7 70(

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4.11 - 12 TABLE 4.11.4-1

SUMMARY OF.PLANS FOR DISPOSAL OF GML TUNNEL EXCANVATIONMATERIALS (PNPROGRESS)

No. Disposal Volume Location Way of Protection Works Land Afforestation 3 (mi3) Dumping (m ) Used (ha) l 1-3# Tunnel 57,000 Daqinggou Along Pitching 400 1.3 Grass, Bush Hill 2 Primary Pumping Station _ 2.1 Switchyard 276,000 Dayigou Along Pitching, 900 4.0 Grass Hill Topsoiling 2.2 Access Tunnel 50,000 YellowRiver Along Pitching, 410 1.7 Grass Bank River Topsoiling . - 2.3 _ Vent Tunnel 40,000 Daginggou In Vailev Culvert 50 1.3 Grass. Bush 3 Secondary 540,000 Dayigou Along Pitching 1,300 6.7 FarmlWaste Pumping Station Hill _ Land 4 6-8# Tunnel 1,230,0 Dianwan Along Pitching, 1,300 40 FarmniWaste/ 00 River Topsoiling Flood Land 5 9-10# Tunnel 185,000 Dongxiaogou Along None 2.7 Grass Intake Hill 6 10# Tunnel 169,000 Majiashangou In Valley Culvert, 500 8.0 Bush, Grass Middle_ Section Topsoiling 7 10# Tunnel 133,000 Yantousi Along Pitching, 1,800 4.0 Farm/Flood Outlet River Topsoiling Land 8 11# Tunnel Dahewangou In Valley Pitching, 500 3.3 Farnland Intake 220,000 Topsoiling 9 11# Tunnel 195,000 Baliquangou Along Pitching 400 3.3 Grass Middle Section Hill _ _ 10 1 # Tunnel 134,000 Yazipingcun In Valley Culvert 380 6.7 Grass Lower Section I _

4.11 - 13 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Project Final Report

Section 4.12 Interbasin Water Transfer Feasibility

Wanjiazhai Water Transfer Project Final Repon

TABLE OF CONTENIrS OF SECTION 4.12

TEXT 4. 12 INTERBASrN WATER TRANSFER FEASEBILITY 4.12.1 Introduction 4.12.2 Evaluations with World Bank Model 4.12.3 Summary and Conclusions

4.12-

WaniiazhaiWater Transfer Proiect Final Report

SECTION 4.12 INTERBASIN WATER TRANSFER FEASIBTLITYZ

4.12.1 Introduction

At maturity, the NNWWtTPwill divert 1.2 billion m3 annually from the Yellow River at Wanjaizhai reservoir (under construction). This volume represents over 2% of the mean annual flow of the entire river, and about 5% of dry year flows. There are substantial demands for water from downstream users, a need for large volumes of water to flush sediment from the lower reach, and a need to keep steady flows at the mouth to preserve estuarial environrnent including fish population. At issue, then, is the adequacy of Yellow River flows at Wanjiazhai to support the diversions without incurring unacceptable downstream environmental and economic costs.

First, it should be pointed out that the WWTP has been an approved component of the Yellow River Basin Plan for the past two decades. That Plan, updated several times, seeks to ensure that the planned uses of Yellow River water will be kept to levels that permit water demand-supply balance in all but the driest years, and that any environmental degradation involved in development be mitigated through protection measures.

4.12.2 Evaluations with World Bank Model

Nevertheless, these issues were further investigated with the Basin Level Planning Model (BLM) constructed for the World Bankl's Investment Planning Study of the Yellow River Basin. That model simulates 56 years of hydrological input under a variety of future planning scenarios, including the WWTP. The model investigated the following issues with the following conclusions:

(a) Sediment Flushing YRCC sediment specialists have estimated that 20-24 billion m3 are required on average to flush sediment from the lower reach and prevent further aggradation of the river bed. The BLM demonstrated that with the WWTP diversions, avert ue flows at the estuary will still be in the acceptable range.

(b) Estuarial Stability In recent years, the Yellow River has run dry at the mouth several times, with harmful effects on the estuarial ecology and the fish population. The BLM demonstrated that the frequency of running dry will not increase because of WWTP, given that its diversions will be made from the Wanjaizhai reservoir constructed for the purpose of storing water during periods of high flow.

(c) Lower Basin Water Balance The BLM did show that the WWTP will result in less water available to irrigators in the downstream provinces Henan and Shandong. However, each province in the Basin is allocated a certain share (WWTP diversions are part of the allocation for Shanxi's share): If Henan and Shandong are unable to obtain their shares, it will not be due to

4.12- I Waniiazhai Water Transfcr Proiect Final Report the WWTP, but to the fact that some users upstream of Wanjaizhai extract more than their shares. This problem is well known to YRCC authorities who are carefully monitoring all diversions from the Yellow. The BLM also showed that the opportunity cost of the \WWTP diversions are a fraction of the economic value of water to the project, and that the rate of return remains acceptable when these costs are included.

Some additional information relating to the Lower Basin Water Balance, prepared by the World Bankl WVWTPMission's Economist, is given as follows:

(a) Local irrigation schemes throughout the YRB have led to the current and increasing water shortages. In 1995, an estimated 86% of diversions went to irrigation, against 14% for M$I including extra-basin transfers to Qingdao and Beijing. In the upper reach, the provinces of Ningxia and Inner Mongolia have pursued irrigation schemes without regard to respecting their allocations (much to YRCC's frustration) and without regard to the economics of these schemes which involve considerable (subsidized) pumping In the lower reaches, a good proportion of diversions for irrigation is an unsanctioned (and highly dangerous) development on the floodplain (evem between the main dikes). Throughout the YRB, irrigation has been artificially promoted by a water pricing policy which ignores the opportunity cost of water. Farmers pay nothing or a fraction of one yuan. From the WWTP work, we now know that the willingness-to-pay of urban households is about 3 yuan and rising, and that of industies at least 10 yuan.

(b) WWTP diversions have long been a part of the officially-sanctioned YRB Plan, which includes strict limits by province on diversions. Combined, thos limits total 37 bcm which, allowing for returns, permits about 22 bcm for flushing sediment and estuarial integrity. In contrast, the YR Basin Level Model estimates that total diviersins in 1995 were over 41 with less 20 available for flusing. shanxi's share of the total allocation is 4 bmc, which will continue to be respected even under the full operation of the WWTP.

(c) Shanxi irrigators are being increasingly squeezed as their supplies are transferred (voluntarily or otherwise) to meet local M&I demands. If any meaningful water rights exist in the YRB, these Shanxi irrigators should have preference over those mentioned in (a) above. Without the WWTP, projection show a continuing and severe decline in irrigation throughout Shanxi as it becomes more urban and industrialized. In the areas to be served by the WWTP, the projected growth in urban household and municipal water demands will lead to virtual cessation in both irrigation (except that using recycled waste water) and industrial and mining activity. The observed secular decline in surface water flows in these areas combinedwith rapidly falling groundwater tables ensure this outcome.

(d) Shanxi has a long-standing right to WWTP water, and the economic returns from it are probably the highest in YRB, with the possible exception of diversions to Qingdao and Beijing. The opportunity costs of these diversions, based on lost hydro- power from Sanmenxia and Xiaolangdi plus loss of irrigation in the lower reach, are estimated to be 0.4 yuanlm3. In today's prices, this is about 0.7, still a fraction of the returns WWTP will generate.

4.12-2 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Project Final Report

(e) It can be concluded that water shortages in the YRB will not be solved by foregoing the WWVTP,but through rigorous and forceful water management and pricing. The covenants associated with Xiaolangdi are a step in this direction, and the water pricing agreements to be negotiated with WWTP will comprise another positive step.

Additonal details on the issue of availability of Y'RB water for transfer to the WWTP service areas is given in Annex G of the present report.

4.12.3 Summary and Conclusions

WWTP has been an approved component of the Government's overall Yellow River Basin Plan for the past two decades. This will divert about 2% of the mean annual river flow and about 5 percent of dry year flows, but the Wanjaizhai storage is from periods of higher river flow, and this should not pose hardships on downstream water users. This issue was further investigated by the World Bank's evaluation of the Xiaolangdi project using the Bank's Basin Level Planning Model. These studies confirned that the WWTP will not create problems for the downstream users assuming that all "shareholders" of the river do not extract more than their allocated share.

4.12 - 3

Waniiazhai Water Transfer Project Final Rewrt

Section 4.13 Connection Works

Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Report

TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR SECTION 4.13

TEXT

4.13 CONNECTION WORKS 4.13.1 Introduction 4.13.2 Project Description 4.13.2.1 Location and Components 4.13.2.2 Design Criteria 4.13.2.3 Project Alternatives 4.13.3 Environmental Setting 4.13.3.1 EnvironmentalStudy Area (ESA) 4.13.3.2 Land Use 4.13.3.3 Natural Physical Resources 4.13.3.4 Natural Biological Resources 4.13.3.5 Development Resources 4.13.3.6 Quality of Life Resources 4.13.4 Impact Assessment 4.13.4.1 Water Quality 4.13.4.2 Land Requisition 4.13.4.3 ErosionlSedimentation 4.13.4.4 Resettlement 4.13.4.5 Hydrology 4.13.4.6 Public Health 4.13.4.7 Ecology 4.13.5 Summary and Conclusions

FIGUIRES

Figure 4.13.2-1: Connection Works of South Main Line Figure 4.13.2-2: Altemative 2 Conduit in Lower Reaches (Recommended Altematives) Figure 4.13.2-3: Altemative I Full Conduit Figure 4.13.2-4: Altemative 3 ImperviousBlanket Treatment Figure 4.13.2-5: Alternative 4 Natural Water Course to Fen-2 Figure 4.13.3 -1: Regional Geology Figure 4.13.3-2: Regional Hydrogeology Figure 4.13.3-3: Fen River Profile for Connection Project Figure 4.13.3-4: Leakage Zones Figure 4.13.3-5: Fen River Drainage Basin

TABLES

Table 4.13.2-1 Main Design Parameters Table 4.13.2-2 Comparisons of Four Alternatives Table 4.13.3-1 Land Use in Connection Works Passing Townships Table 4.13.3-2 Climatic Features of Connection Project Passing Areas Table 4.13.3-3 Farmland in Project Affected Villages

4.13 - i

Waniiazhai WaterTransfer Proiect Final Report

SECTION 4.13 CONNECTION WORKS

4.13.1 Introduction

The overall VWWTPPhase I project will complete the GML, SML, and the Connection Works to permit water to be delivered to the Taiyuan Service Area.

The Connection Works refers to the project component which will convey water from Toumaying, the outlet of Tunnel No.7 of SML, to Huyan Water Treatment Plant of Taiyuan City.

The purpose of Section 4.13 is to review the studies done by various institutions on the Connection Works and to check these for EIA adequacy for all SEIs involved in the project.

The following assessments are based on References 120, 153, and 157.

4.13.2 Project Description

4.13.2.1 Location and Components

As shown in Figure 4.13.2-1, the Connection Works connects the outlet of SML to the Taiyuan Service Area. It starts from Toumaying, Ningwu County, passes Ningwu, Jingle, Loufan counties and Gujiao city to the north suburb of Taiyuan City with a total length of 184 km.

The current concept of the Connection Works, as described in Section 2.3.4 and as shown in figure 4.13-2, includes (i) 81.2 km natural Fen river course from Toumaying, the outlet of SML Tunnel No.7, to the existing Fen-I reservoir, (ii) 40.2 km underground pipelines and 16.8 km tunnel from Fen-l reservoir to Huyan Water Treatment Plant in the north suburb of Taiyuan City.

4.13.2.2 Design Criteria

The design criteria for the Connection Works are listed in Table 4.13.2-1.

4.13.2.3 Project Alternatives

Four project alternatives were studied and a prefeasibilitystudy report made by SIDI in Sept. 1995 ( Ref. 120). Alternative 2 (Figure 4.13.2-2) has been recommended as the current project concept. The other alternatives are briefly discussed below, beginning with the Alternative 4 which was the originallyadopted scheme by YRDP.

(a) Alternative 4 (natural water course)

This alternative (refer to Figure 4.13.2-5) makes use of the natural river course, initially two (Fen-l and Fen-2) and ultimately three (with the addition of Haoshuigou)

4.13 - I WanjiazhaiWater Transfer Project FinalReport regulating reservoirs, and a set of twin tunnels to convey water from Fen-2 reservoir (which is under construction by Shanxi Province on Fen River 80 km downstream from Fen-l Reservoir and which is not a part of WTP) to the water treatment plant at Huyan. This alternative was the original scheme envisaged by YRDP and is considered the base case here for the comparison of the other alternatives.

Alternative 4 was considered not acceptable because of the serious water leak-ageand pollution problems in the section from Fen- I reservoir to Fen-2 reservoir.

(b) Altemative I (full conduit)

Alternative I examines the use of a conduit over the full length of the Connection Works from the Haoshuigou reservoir to the water treatment plant at Huyan, bypassing both Fen-l and Fen-2 reservoirs, as shown in Figure 4.13.2-3.

Because of high costs and construction difficulties,this alternative currently was not selected.

Alternative 3 (refer to Figure 4.13.2-4) makes use of the natural river course, as in the case of Alternative 4, but an impervious liner is applied to the leakage zones in the section from Fen-l reservoir to Fen-2 reservoir. Haoshuigou regulating reservoir and the delivery of the water from Fen-2 to the treatment plant at Huyan are all similar to Alternative 4.

High costs and impacts on groundwater in Taiyuan Service Area, especially on the Jinci and Lancun springs, are the main reasons for the altemative being not selected.

Table 4.13.2-2 shows the major comparison of the four altematives.

4.13.3 Environmental Setting

4.13.3.1 Environmental Study Area (ESA)

The ESA for the Connection Works is described in Section 3.2.2 and is shown in Figure 3.2.2-5.

4.13.3.2 Land Use

The engineering works to be constructed for the Connection Works mainly passes Loufan county and Gujiao city. The land use of the townships in the project passing area is listed in Table 4.13.3-1.

4.13.3.3 Natural PhysicalResources

(a) Climate

4.13 - 2 WaniiazhaiWater Transfer Proje; FinalReport

The climate in the project area is characterized by ex-tremesof temperature and rainfall. The winter months experience cold temperatures, with extreme lows of -25.50C, and very little precipitation. The ra:ifall is concentrated in the surmmermonths when the temperatures can reach 35.7- 3' 4°C. Rainfall across the area does not appear to vary substantially being in the range o. 460480 mm annually. The maximum frosted earth depth is in a range of 77-137 cm Table 4.13.3-2 shows the climatic features of the ESA.

(b) Topography

The Connection Works is located in the upstream of the Fen river basin. On the left bank of the Fen river lies the Yunzhong mountain and on the right bank of the Fen river lies the Luya mountain with several tributaries joining the Fen river along its course, which first goes from north to southwest (Fen-I reservoir) and then mostly to the east (Figure 4.13.2-2). The highest elevation in the region is in Ma'an mountain (El 2448m) which lies at the northwest, and "he lowest elevation is at the Fen river valley near the Huyan Village (location of Huyan Water Treatment Plant), which lies at the east with an elevation of 800 m.

The slope through the upper reaches of the river, between the outlet of the Haoshuigou reservoir and Fen-I reservoir is 0.4%. The slope below the Fen-l reservoir decreases to approximately 0.3%.

The Connection Works crosses four major tectonic regimes as it passes from the headwaters of the Fen River down to the city of Taiyuan (Refer to Figure 4. 13.3-1):

(cl) The Ningjing Subsidence Block is comprised of gently folded Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic and Jurassic sedimentary rocks within the Ningiing Syncline, the core of which is under the Fen River. The most abundant rock types are sandstones, mudstones, and shales. There are also some Ordovician and Cambrian limestones (often karstic), dolomites and marls, near Fen-1 Reservoir and at the headwaters of the Fen River.

(c2) The Luliang Uplift Block is comprised of Archeozoic metamorphic rocks, mainly gneiss and schist.

(c3) The Wutai Uplift Block is comprised of mainly flat lying or gently folded Carnbrian, Ordovician, Carboniferous, and Permian sedimentary rocks. Cambrian and Ordovician limestones (often karstic), dolomites and marls generally outcrop at river level along most of the Fen River within this block. An exception is an areai near Gujiao where Carboniferous and Permian sandstones, shales, mudstones, and coal beds are found.

(c4) The Jinzhong Subsidence Basin is comprised of 380 m of alluvial deposits, underlain by a series of horst (up-thrown block) and graben (downthrown block) bedrock structures.

4.13 - 3 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Project Final Report

(d) Hydrogeology

(d 1) Groundwater Regimes

The Connection Works is dorninated hydrogeologically by three major groundwater regimes (Refer to Figures 4.13.3-2 and 4.13.3-3):

(d 1. 1) Ground Water Area 1: Jingle and Fen I Reaches

This area is typified by high groundwater tables within the sandstone, mudstone, shale and occasional limestone sequences of the Ningjing Syncline and within the gneissic rocks in the Luliang Block. There are many springs in this reach with abundant good quality karstic water from the limestones and good quality, low yield water from the sandstones. A brief description of the various groundwater classificationis listed below.

Class IType Comments Fissured sedimentary rock water Good quality; low yield (0.2 - 0.5 lls) sources. Typical of Ningjing Synclineformations II Metamorphic and intrusive Good quality; low yield sources. fissured rock aquifer water Typical of formations near Fen I Reservoir Im Karstic aquifer water Good quality; high yield in areas of eroded carbonate fissures & piped karst caves of discharge areas. IV Combined karstic and fissured Often of poorer quality and variable yield V Alluvial deposit aquifer River bed and valley terrace aquifers, low yield above Lancun and high yield in Taiyuan alluvial aquifers

(dl .2) Groundwater Area 2 : Karstic Spring Catchment Areas in the Gujiao and Fen 2 Reaches

This area is dominated by major karstic aquifers of the Jinci Springs and Lancun Springs Catchment Areas.

For the most part the karstic groundwater table in the Jinci Springs Catchment Area is in order of 50-100lin below the Fen River. Leakage from Fen River infiltrates downwards directly through the karstic limestones (or through other overlying, faulted and fractured rock) to the karstic aquifer. Once the water reaches the aquifer it flows in a southerly, then southeasterly direction to discharge at Jinci Springs. Here the water comes to the surface near the piedmont faults bounding the Jingzhong Subsidence Basin.

4.13 - 4 Waniiazhai WaterTransfer Project Final Report

Within the Jinci Spring Catchment Area perched water tables occurs in the alluvial deposits of the Fen River; or in the sedimentary rock units exposed above river level, often discharging in small springs and adding minor inflows to the Fen.

The western portion of the Lancun Springs Catchment Area is located in the Fen 2 Reach (Refer to Figures 4.13.3-2 and 4.13.3-3). As shown on Figure 4.13.3-3, the portion of the Fen River located in the upstrearn 5 or so kilometers of the future Fen-2 Reservoir is above the karstic groundwater table and leakage from the Fen River occurs. Downstream of this area the groundwater table is higher than the river level and several small springs can be found.

The divide between the two springs catchment areas is near the upstream end of the future Fen-2 reservoir. At present the location of this divide shifts either to the east or west depending on the relative hydrologic conditions between each aquifer.

In the past, abundant water from the two catchment flowed from the surface springs at both Lancun and Jinci. By 1987, exploitation of the springs and other alluvial aquifers (Groundwater Regime 3, described next) caused the spring flows to decrease and in the case of Lancun to cease altogether.

The Lancun Water Source Station currently extracts 300,000 t/day of water (70% of Taiyuan's daily requirements) from 15 wells drilled into the karstic aquifer, just to the west of the piedmont faults. This continues to draw down the karstic aquifer levels by approximately 2 m/yr. At present the groundwater table around the wells is approximately 26 m below the ground level. The Station is in the process of retrofitting their pumps, which currently have a maximum lifting capacity of 30 m, to allow extraction from greater depths, to provide longer term pumping capability.

The Jinci Springs area is protected for historic reasons by government regulations which reportedly restrict well drilling in the area. There are, however, a considerable number of existing factory wells just to the east of the springs area in the alluvial deposits.

(dl .3) Groundwater Area 3: Taiyuan's AlluvialAquifers The thick alluvial aquifers (up to 380 m deep) within the Jinzhong Subsidence Basin have been a major source of Taiyuan's domestic water for several decades. The aquifers are fed from infiltration of precipitation, leakage from perched river flows and by inflows from the karstic aquifers and springs.

To the north of Taiyuan, water is exploited from the alluvial aquifers for domestic purposes by a series of deep wells. Groundwater tables are currently at a depth of about 50 - 70 m. South of Taiyuan, additional wells have been drilled by the aforementioned factories for their own domestic and industrial purposes.

4.13 - 5 Wanjiazhai Water Transfer Project Final Report

(d2) Leakage

Leakage along the Fen River is quite significant, occurring in the following three areas (Refer to Figures 4.13.3-3 and 4.131.3-4):

(d2. 1) Leakage Zone I (Loujiaqu to Longweitou, 10 km)

Leakage occurs into the karstic limestones. Leakage quantities are increased due to the open nature of the Loujiaqu Fault Zone and accompanying shatter belt. The river flows through a relatively narrow, steep walled, winding canyon with few valley side terraces, and approximately 20-25 m of sand-gravel-cobble river bed deposits.

(d2.2) Leakage Zone 2 (Gujiao to Zhaishang, 5 km)

Leakage occurs through the lower permeability sandstones and shales into the underlying limestones, due to fractures associated with the Gujiao Faults and shattered zones. The river bed is quite broad in this stretch and the river deposits are similarto the previous zone.

(d2.3) Leakage Zone 3 (Zhaishang to Zhitou, 25 km)

Leakage occurs directly into the karstic limestone through fractures associated with the Xiaota Fault Zone. The river flows through a 100-150 m wide, steep walled, winding canyon with few valley side terraces, and approximately 25 m of sand-gravel-cobbleriver bed deposits.

At present the leakage sector is shown to end at Zhitou, because the groundwater table currently comes to the surface in this area (Refer to Figure 4.13.3-4) and the base of the karstic beds rises above the valley floor. Once the Fen-2 dam is constructed, and the reservoir is impounded, the downstream extent of the leakage area may extend all the way to the dam, as the head in the reservoir will force the water into karstic beds on the valley sides as they become inundated. The majority of the limestone beds in this area are, however, formations in which karstic features are not well developed.

(e) Soil/Erosion

The main soil types in the project area are mountain brown soil, brown soil and meadow soil. The ingredient of these soils mainly are limestone, sandy shale, loess, and alluvial deposit.

Erosion in the project area is serious. The Fen river basin area between Fen- I reservoir and Fen-2 reservoir is about 2,348 km2 of which 80% has been eroded. The worst case is in the project passing area of Gujiao City. Because of the high intensity and large scale industrial development in recent years, large areas of natural vegetation have been destroyed and the erosion has become worse and worse. By the end of

4.13 - 6 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Reporl

1994, the eroded area increased by 365.5 km2 which is 32% of the total eroded area (1143 kMn2) before the development.

The Sedimentation along the project area is discussed in Section 4.9.

(f) Surface Water Hydrology

The Fen River rises in the Luya mountain of Guancen Mountain of Shanxi province and runs generally south through a synclinal valley, then turns east to run through an incised valley to exiting from the mountains, just north of Taiyuan. The upper reaches of the catchment have mountain ridges which approach 2500 m elevation and the river descends to exit near Taiyuan at an elevation of approximately 800 m. The Fen River drainage basin is outlined in Figure 4.13.3-5.

The annual runoff of the Fen River as well as its tributaries has been measured for over 40 years by a number of gauging stations. The mean annual runoff at the Fen-I reservoir is 368 M m3 (5,268 kM2)

Floods in the project area of the Connection Works are mainly formed by storms which happen usually in July and August each year with characters of short duration and limited range resulting in localized flooding.

The flood data for Fen-l Reservoir is listed below:

FLOOD DATA FOR FEN-1 RESERVOIR

Item Design Flood Frequencies (%) 0.01 0.1 1 10 Peak (m3/s) 11,800 8,320 5,010 2,020 Volume for 24 hours (106 m3) 329 234 143 60 Volume for 3 days(106nm;) 511 367 227 98.1

4.13.3.4 Natural Biological Resources

4.13.3.4.1 Forest and Other Vegetation

According to the vegetation zoning in Shanxi (Ref 163), the ESA along the Connection Works belongs to the north subregion of the warm temperate deciduous and broad-leaved forest zone. The vegetation mainly consists of Dendranthenrna, Rosaceae, Leguminosae, Gramineae, Ranunculaceae, and Cruciferae, with a coverage rate of approximately 35%. Out of these, herbosa and bush are predominant. The forests are simple in types and small in distributions, with scattered forests of Poinus tabulaeformis, Platycladus orientalis, Q. liaotungensis, Robinia pseudoacacia, and river-bank poplar and willow, providing a forest coverage rate of some 6%. The vegetation and plant resources are described as follows.

(a) Main Types of Vegetation

4.13 - 7 WVaniiazhaiWater Transfer Proiect Final Report

Reference 163 gives details on the main types of vegetation in the ESA for connection wroks, and the discussion here is limited to listing of the main vegetation types which are described. These include the following: (a. 1) Coniferous Forest, (a.2) Deciduous Broad-leaved Forest * Q. liaotungensis * Robinia Pseudoacacia * River-bank Salicaceae (a.3) Deciduous Broad-leaved Bush Formations * Form Ostryopsis Davididana * Form Vitex Chinensis * Form Rosa Xanthina * Form Vitex Chinensis + Ziziphus Jujuba Var. Spinosa + Rosa Xanthina * Form Rosa Xanthina + Spiraea Trilobata (a.4) Shrub Prairie * Form Vitex Chinensis + Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa + Bothrichioa Ischaemum Sp. * Form Vitex Chinensis+ L. Bicolor + Bothrichioa Ischaemum Sp. * ?? + Artemisia + Bothrichioa Ischaemum Sp. (a.5) Prairie * Bothrichioa Ischaemum Sp. * ArtemisiaSp. * Artemisia + Buthrichioa Ischaemum Sp. * Floodland Weeds Sp. (a.6) Others Other species are mainly cash forests and crops.

(b) Plant Resources

According to the available statistical data, there are 220 plant species included in 67 families. The species often found include 60 medicine herbs, 18 starch and sugar- yielding plants, 20 oil plants, 23 feed plants, 22 fibre plants, 46 ornamental flowers, and 60 landscape plants. However, basicallythere are no rare and endangered species in the project area.

4.13.3.4.2 Terrestrial Wildlife

The overall ESA along Connection Works falls within Taiyuan area of the Loess Plateau subfauna, North China fauna, Palearctic realm, as defined in the zoogeographic zoning in China. Within Shanxi Province, it belongs to the south temperate coniferous and broad-leaved zoogeographic zone in the middle and east parts of Shanxi. There are 111 species of terrestrial vertebrate wildlife, including 5 amphibians, 7 reptiles, 77 birds, and 22 mammals. The floodland on the Fen River banks is the major habitat of water birds. Also, other birdies and beasts are often found. The predominant species are passermontanus saturatus + M. alba + black-bone coast tringa, with common species of Alectoris graeca, Galerida cristata, Hirundo rustica, H. daurica, M. eitreol, M. cinerea, M. alba, Pica pica, Saxicola torquata, Paradoxornis webbianus, Fringilla

4.13 - 8 WaniiazhaiWater Transfer Project Final Reort montingilla, Carduelis sinica, E.cioides, E. pusilla, Alcealo atthis bengalensis, and Anas poecilorhynoha.

The rare animal species under protection include (i) national first-protection species of Aquila chrysactos, and Ciconia nigra, (ii) national second-protection species of Falco peregrinus, Cirsus cyaneus, Falco vespertinus, Asio flammeus, and Bubo bubo, and (iii) provincial protection species of Halcyon piteta, Charadrius dubius, and Ardea cinerea.

4.13.3.4.3 Aquatic Ecolonv

(a) Plankton

(a. 1) Phytoplankton

Algae is the major phytoplankton in the rivers and reservoirs in the ESA along the Connection Works, including cyanophyta, chlorophyta, chrysophyta, pyrrophyta, euglenophyta, cryptophyta, xanthophyta, and bacillariophyta. Common species are Cylotella, Nitzschia, Achnanthes, Melosira, Navicula, Chlorella, Chlamydomonas, and Oscillatoria, Anabaena, etc. Bacillariophyta is the predominant algae in the existing Fen-I reservoir and river courses, including such species as S. acus Kutz, Cymbella sinica Skvortov, A. minutissima Kutz, N. palea W. Smith, N. frustulum Grun, Surirella ovata Kutz, and G. parvulum Kutz.

(a.2) Zooplankton

The zooplankton mainly comprises of Protozoa, rotifera, cladocera and copepoda, with predominant species of difflupia, zoothamnium, filinia longiseta, polyarthra trigla, asplanchna priodonta, B. calyciflorus, diaphanosoma brachyurum, D. hydlina, B. coregoni Baird, thermocyclops monlicus, and harpacticidae.

(b) Zoobenthos

The zoobenthos involves many species of coelenterata,-platyhelminths,pseudoco- elomates, annelina, mollusca, and arthropoda, out of which the predominant are fubifesc Sp., limnodrilus sp., whitmania sp., hemicl epsis sp., radix sp., bellamya aeruginosa, B. purificata, gyraulus sp., apus sinensis, gammarus sp., and palaemonetes sinensis sollaud.

In the ESA along the Connection Works, there are few species (mainly crucian carp, gudgeon, and loach) and small populations of fish except for silver carp, variegated carp, grass carp, carp, and crucian carp raised in the Fen-l reservoir. During the flood season or the discharging operation period of the reservoir, some of the reservoir fish may swim downstream, thus increasing the species and populations in the downstream liver course.

4.13 - 9 WaniiazhaiWater Transfer Proiect FinalReport

4. 13.3.5 DevelopmentResources

4.13.3.5.1 Industrv

Dujiaoqu Township is a poor area located in Loufan County, downstream of the existingFen-I reservoir. Industry here is less developed,only three villages,namely, Dujiaoqu, Luojiaqu and Longweitou, have small village enterprises, with an annual gross output value of industryof 191,000yuan.

Gujiao is located in the west part of TaiyuanCity. It has rich mineralresources and relativelyadvanced industrial activities. Coal miningand cokingindustries are the most important sources of income. In the ESA, two villages within Suoyu Township produce a yearly industrialand agriculturaloutput value of 180 millionyuan, including 97%/Ocontributed by industry.The three villagesgoverned by ZhenchengdiTownship produce a yearly industrialand agricultural output value of 95.0942 million yuan, which includes 85.9377 millionyuan (90%) industrial contributions.Industries and transportation services are the major income sources of FengpinglingVillage in JijiazhuangTownship, while all the 3 villages in Hekou Township and Yongshuqu Villagein GujiaoTownship mainly depend on exportationof labor forces.

4.13.3.5.2 Ag_culture

The farmers of 5 villagesin Dujiaoqu Townshipmainly live on farming, with a total cropped area of 432 ha. With poor farmlandand out-of-date farning facilities,the annual gross outputvalue of agricultureis only 682,000yuan.

GujiaoCity governsa total cultivatedland area of 154,000ha, including16,200 ha for agriculturaluse. More than 95% of the availablefarmland is distributedin mountainous and hillyareas, and devotedto the grown of coarse cereal crops. Table4.13.3-3 shows the farmlandareas distributedin the 10 villagesof Gujiao and also DujiaoquVillage involvedin the ConnectionWorks.

4.13.3.5.3 Infrastructure

There are roads availableto all of the 15 villagesinvolved in the ESA. Taiyuan-Jingle road, a Grade 2 highwaysfrom Fen-I reservoir to Hekou Township, is being built, whichwill representmore convenientcommunications for DujiaoquTownship.

There are Tai-Lan railwayand Tai-Nmg highwayconnecting Gujiao to the outside. The railwaycapacity is 8 milliontons/year. On the highway,the actual trafficvolume is as high as 8,000 vehicles/day(but the limitonly is 2,000 vehicles/day).Plus the inferior surfaceconditions, there is severe congestion.This situation is inadequateto meet the economic development.The on-goingTai-Jing highwaywill relax the transportation pressure in Gujiao, and will improvethe communicationsin the overall Connection Works.

The residentsin the ESA sufferfrom the shortageof water. In DujiaoquTownship, the drinkingwater sourcemainly depends upon the importedwater deliveredthrough the

4.13 - 10 Wanjiazhai WaterTransfer Proiect Final Report pipeline from Fen-1 reservoir to CTujiao,and some groundwater. The water demand in Gujiao will reach 61.22 million m;/year by 2000, but the availability will be only 27.8 million m', representing a large gap. However, the aforesaid pipeline will provide a daily flow of 100,000 m3, plus the water supply from other water retention works and some groundwater, a total amount of 63.5 million m3 water will be available by 2000. Although a balance will be achieved, water supply will be still tight. At present, groundwater is the major source of drinking water in the 10 villages governed by Gujiao, only a few of them have tap water.

All of the 15 villages have power supply, telecommunications, and public address facilities. Each township has its own post and telecommunications office. And all villages have TV program receiving facilities.

4.13.3.6 Oualitv of Life Resources

4.13.3.6.1 Socio-economics

Within the ESA, the 5 villages in Loufan County have a total population of 3,586 who are still in property. The economic development is very slow and the overall living standard is at a low level as a result of less resources availability, out-of-date farming practice and poor personal quality.

Gujiao has more mineral resources. Also, many enterprises and agencies, institution organizations are located here. These have greatly promoted the economic development. The 10 villages in the ESA, with a total population of 12,026, all have advanced industry and higher quality of life (refer to Table 3.7.2-2 for the income levels in 1994).

4.13.3.6.2 Education and Recreation

Loufan is a poor county where education level is on the lower side. At present, there is only one middle school in Dujiaoqu Township. All villages have their own primary schools, but teachers are inadequate. With poor facilities, cultural and recreational activities are monotonous, and watching TV is almost the only thing that the villagers can do. However, the Fen-l Reservoir Management Bureau, located in the vicinity, has better cultural and educational amenities, which somewhat make up for the inadequacy of cultural and recreational facilities in this region, and contributes to improving the local farners' quality and education level.

All of the 10 villages involved in Gujiao have their own primary schools. There is one middle school at the township. However, teachers are inadequate both in quantity and quality. Watching TV is also the main recreational activity. Gujiao City, mainly depending on mining activities, has faster economic development. At present, there are altogether 349 schools, including 18 middle schools, 315 primary schools, and 15 schools for the education of adults, with a total student population of 22,646, and a total teaching and administrative staff of 2,206. In addition, there are 88 schools of various types in the mining sector, with better teacher resources. In the city, 99.3% of the school-age children are at school. This rate is 100% in the urban areas and 99% in the rural areas of the city. People here enjoy colorful cultural and recreational activities

4.13 - 11 Wanjiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Report in theaters, ballrooms,public cultural activities(for example, yangko, lantern show), public address, TV and other activities(antiques, bookshops, etc.). Gujiao City has promoted the culturaland recreationaldevelopment in the surroundingareas.

4.13.3.6.3 CulturalRelics

There are 3 archeologicalsites in Gujiao, namely YinfenghuangyanStone-age Site, ShiqianfengStone-age Site, and LijiazhuangStone-age site. All these are important archeologicalsites of Taiyuan.Temples in Gujiao are in large number, but most of them are torn and tattered, representinglittle value for visitors. These sites are not covered in this ELAbecause the project (all pipes and tunnels) will not cause impact on them.

4.13.3.6.4 PublicHealth

Public health and medicalcare amenitiesare relativelypoor in Dujiaoqu Township. There is a hospital but its facilitiesare limitedand medical staff are not so qualified. The endemicdiseases are endemicgoiter and dental fluorine, which, however, have very low morbidities.

Likely, public health and medical service are poor in all of the 10 villages nearby. These villages,however, are close to Gujiao City which attaches adequate importance to the managementof public healthand diseasecontrol, thus indirectlyimproving the hygienicconditions in the vicinity.According to the informationon disease situationin 1994, the communicablediseases in Gujiaoare hepatitis,dysentery, bovillae, scarlatina, brochocephalitis,encephalitis B, malaria,and gonorrhea, with a general morbidityof 347.93/100,000,including 86.54% contributedby enteric diseases. In Zhenchengdi, Jijiazhuang,and GujiaoTownship, the morbidityis higher. The predominantendemic diseasein Gujiaois cretinism,but it is now almostunder control.

4.13.4 Impact Assessment

As discussedin Section4.13.2, the ConnectionWorks comprises81.2 km natural river course, 40.2 km undergroundpipelines, and 16.8 km tunnel. The environmentimpacts of WWTP on 81.2 km natural Fen river course and existing Fen-1 Reservoir are discussed in Section 4.8.4. The following SEIs are identified for the rest of the ConnectionWorks:

* Waterquality * Land acquisition * Resettlement * Erosion/sedimentation * Hydrology * Public health * Ecology

4.13.4.1 Water Ouality: See Section 5.4

4.13 - 12 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Project Final Report

4.13.4.2 Land Requisition

A total of 250.3 ha land is planned to be requisitioned for the construction and operation of the Connection Works of which 15.6 ha will be permanently occupied by the project and 234.7 ha will be required during the construction period. The land acquisition is listed below

Land Type Permanent Temporary Total Farmland 10.0 68.5 78.5 Unused Farmland or Residential Land 0.05 14.2 14.25 Forest 14.9 14.9 Nursery . 15.8 15.8 Wasteland 5.55 18.2 23.75 State Owned Flood Land _103.1 103.1 Total 15.6 234.7 250.3

From the data listed above it is seen that most of the land (94%) to be requisitioned will be occupied temporarily, of which over a half are state owned floodland or wasteland. The construction and operation of the project would not produce significant impacts on the land use of the ESA.

The impacts of available land reduction and compensation are discussed in Section 4.5.

4.13.4.3 Erosion/Sedimentation

It is also seen from the land requisition shown in Section 4.13.4.2 that most of the land to be requisitioned is for the use for dumping sites and project construction. The major environmental concern is the reduction of vegetation and the potential erosion during both construction and operation stages. Similar revegetation and resurfacing measures should be taken and strict construction operation constraints should be followed by construction contractors as discussed in Section 4.11, and their activities should be monitored by the EMO to be established as discussed in Section 6.5.3..

With proper construction operation constraints followed by construction contractors, the impacts of the project on erosion will be limited and will not worsen the serious erosion situations caused by the rapid industrial development (see Section 4.13.3.3).

The impacts of the project on sedimentation are discussed in Section 4.9.

4.13.4.4 Resettlement: See Section 4.5

4.13.4.5 Hvdrolozv

The Connection Works may be hydrologicallydivided into two reaches

v Reach I from Toumaying to Fen-l reservoir; * Reach 2 from Fen-l reservoir to Huyan Water Treatment Plant.

4.13 - 13 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Report

The impacts of the diverted water on the hydrology in the natural river course of Reach I are discussed in Section 4.8.4. (EIA for Fen-l reservoir).

The project will have no significant impacts on both surface water and groundwater hydrology in Reach 2 because the project in this reach comprises either underground pipes or tunnels.

One potential flooding hazard may be caused by pipeline failure in Reach 3, especially in the area of Gujiao City. Monitoring and protection measures are to be provided as discussed in Section 4.3 (hydrology).

4.13.4.6 Public Health

During the project construction period, a total of 4,800 workers at average and 6,860 at peak will be employed on the project. A potential hazard is the breakout of epidemic diseases among the workers and the local people near the construction sites. Measures described in Section 4.6 are to be taken and followed to prevent it from happen.

4.13.4.7 Eco-Environmental Impact

The eco-environmental impacts to be posed by the Connection Works will exist mainly in the construction period.

4.13.4.7.1 Impacts on Terrestrial Plants

The natural vegetation in the ESA for Connection Works is almost all bush and prairie, except for some artificial forests, crops and orchards, at the full length of 59.4 km. Excavation of tunnels and disposal of excavation materials will destroy some of the vegetation, including such species as poplar, willow, elm, Sophora japonica, Hippohae rahamnoides, Ostryopsis davididana, Rosa xanthina, L. bicolor, Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa, Portulaca oleracea, trigonella ruthenica, Taraxacum mongoliurn, Thymus mongolicus, and Plantago asiatica. All these, however, are common species widely distributed in the ESA. Since only a small part of them will be sacraficed, the project will not result in any extinction of species or variation of vegetation types. Provided restoration measures are taken as stated in Section 4.11, the destroyed part of vegetation will be recovered after the completion of the project.

4.13.4.7.2 Impacts on Terrestrial Wildlife

During the construction stage, the terrestrial wildlife will be subject to significant noise impacts to be caused by blasting operations, and by construction equipment such as vehicles, mixers, and excavators. Such noise will disturb the wildlife, including Aves, (Motacilla, A. spinotletta, Alcedo atthis, Tringaocropus, and Anititae), amphibia (bufonid, frog), reptilia (snake, Gekko japonicus, lacertid). Also, this disturbance will be extended to involve the birds (Ardea cinerea, Falco, Alectoris graeca, Upupa epops, Pica pica, and Emberiza) and mammals (Canis lupus, Vulpes rulpes, Mustila sibrica, Felis bengalensis, Lepus capensis, and Tamias sibiricus) inhabiting in the adjacent mountains. Such impacts will last for a period of 1-5 years. In addition, the excavation of tunnels, disposal of spoil materials and mobilization of construction workers will

4.13- 14 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Report

occupy some of the existing habitats, thus causing some loss of wildlife and increasing the density in the adjacent region. This will affect the ecological balance to some extent in limited time. After the completion of the project, however, new balance will be achieved.

Some rare animals, for instance, Cricus cyancus, Aquila chrysactos, Ciconia nigra, Ardea cinerea, Halcyon piteta, and Asio otus, will be disturbed, but their habitats will not be destroyed because most of them are live in high mountain areas or on cliffs far from the transmission lines..

All the above mentioned impacts on the terrestrial wildlife will be only limited to the construction period, and will disappear upon completion of the project.

.4.13.4.7.3 Impacts on Aquatic Ecolont

A small amount of waste water will be discharged into the local river courses during the construction stage. Also, the construction of reverted syphons and cofferdams will bring about some effects on the aquatic ecology of the Fen River. This may further reduce the present small species and quantities of cyanophyta and chlorophyta in limited water areas, and enlarge the species and quantities of pollution-resistant N. palea W. Smith, and S. acus Kutz variants. The impacts on zoobenthos and fish will be reduction of populations, but the affected species will be common ones distributed in limited areas. Generally, such impacts will not be significant, and will be subsequently offset upon completion of the project.

4.13.5 Summary and Conclusions

The Connection Works is a key component of the overall WWTP which will convey the diverted water from the outlet of the SML to Taiyuan Service Area. The Connection Works, to be completed in Phase I, makes use of natural river course of Fen river system up to Fen-I reservoir and of underground pipes and tunnels from Fen- 1 reservoir to the Huyan Water Treatment Plant of Taiyuan City. Studies on the project show that no significant adverse impacts on forests/wildlife, on cultural values, or on aquatic ecology are expected. The main potential for negative effects are land requisition and erosion during the construction period. Hence, revegetation, resurfacing and construction disposal control measures have been designed and are included in the plan. These measures must be followed by construction contractors and be monitored by EMO of YRDP during the project construction as specified in Section 4.1 1.

4.13 - 15 CONNECTION WORKS OF SOUTH MAIN LINE SHANXIYELLOW RIVER DIVERSIONPROJECT

DATONG Po

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4.13-16 CONNECTiONPROJECT OF SOUTHMAIN UNE SHANXaYELLOW RPVERDIVERSION PROJECT

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4.13-17 CONNECTIONPROJECT OF SOUTHMAIN UNE SHAMzUYELLOW RIVER DERSON PROJECT

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4.13-20 CONNECTIONPROJECT OF SOUTHMAIN UNE SHANXI YELLOW RIVER DIVERSION PROJECT

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4.13 - 21 CONNECTION PROJECT OF SOUTH MAIN UNE SHANXI YELLOW RIVER DIVERSION PROJECT

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EL. im) EL. m) FEN 1 REACH GUJIAO REACH FEN 2 REACH

FIGURE 4.13.3-3 FEN RIVER PROFILE FOR CONNECTION PROJEC1 CONNECTION PROJECT OF SOUTH MAIN LINE SHANXIYELLOW RIVER DIVERSION PROJECT

LEAKAGEZONE i: I LOUJIACOVULONGWEITO 10.3KM OF ORDOVICIAN L =EAKAGEZONE3: CAMBRIANDOLOMITES, MARLS & ZHAISHANG ZHIT0U KARSTICLIMESTONES *25KM OF KARSTIC -N-STECTONICBELT OF FAULTS ORDOVICIANLIMESTONE AND \ FEN I I ANDFOLDS MARL RESERVOIR MAJORLEAKAGE THROUGH \ MAJORLEAKAGE THROUGH KARSTKAS

LOUJIAU-U ZHIT0SJ

LONGWEITOU N DRY

42 %3\ GUJ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~HISAN X TAIYUAN t'i~~~~~~~I

r I~~~~~~GROUNDWATER _ ' l LEAKAGEZONE 2: DIIDE GUJIO - ZHA1SHANG 5 KM OF FRACTUREDAND FAULTED | | a CARBONIFEROUSSANDSTONE AND SHALE OVERLYINGKARSTIC ORDOVICIAN LIMESTONE MAJORLEAKAGE THROUGH FAULTED JINGCI ROCK SPRINGS /0 0 SCALE (KM) 10

LEGEND

KARSTICAQUIFER RIVERBEDLEAKAGE FLOWDIRECTION SECTIONS FIGURE4.13.3-4 LEAKAGE ZONES CONNECTIONPROJECT OF SOUTH MAIN LINE SHANXIYELLOW RIVER DIVERSION PROJECT

NINGWU

- I , /

I SNINGHUABU

,LJ SHUIAR HULANN

/~~~~~x XlH PN ri \ER LE

N COUNTY

/ / < RaVERER g FEN RIVERN

/ SHANGJIN 4N~~~~~~=A SThEAFLOUFONAEESERVOIRR\ =~~~~~~~L UFON LIUUN\

- w z / > ~~~~~~~~~~~RIVERN LANCUN STATION-/ \TAIYUAN

\~~~~~~~~~~~~GJA 7/N NUA NSHi

I / v Z y ~~~~~~~ZHAISHANG_\

\ | 2 1 / 1 sv~~~~~~~DACHUAN I \

- HDROMET STATION t

STREAIA FLOVVUEASUREMENT- STATION

[FIGURE4.13.35 FEN RNIER DRAINAGEBASIN

4.13-25 Table 4.13.2-1 Main Design Parameters of the Connection Works

No. Item Unit Qty 1 DesignWater Flow m3/s 10.5 x 2 2 AnnualWater Discharge 1o6m3 640 3 Land Area for PermanentUse ha 15.58 4 Land Area for TemporalUse ha 234.72 5 Total Lengthof Works km 57.0 6 Lengthof Pipeline km 40.2 7 Lengthof Tunnel km 16.8 8 PowerStation No. 1- 9 Total InstalledCapacity MW 10 10 ConstructionPeriod Year 5 (3+2)

11 StaticCost |1 6 yuan 1,499

Note: 'Expaned installedcapacity of Fen-1reservoir power station.

4.13-26 TABLE 4.13.2-2 COMPARISONS OF FOUR ALTERNATIES

Item Altcrnative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Alternative 4

Capital 2.753 billion 1.258billion yuan for 1.351billion vuan for 245 million yuan for Investment yuan for connectionproject; 9 anti-seepageworks; waste water connection million yuan for 245 million yuan for treatment; 349 project; 14 ecnironmentprotection; waste water treatment; million yuan for million yuan for total 1.267billion yuan. 349 million yuan for intake in Fen-2 enviromnent intake in Fen-2 reservoir;total 594 protection;total reservoir;total 1.945 million yuan. 2.767 billion billionyuan. yuan. Water Loss in No loss. Only evaporationupstream 32 million m3 of Transmission of Fen-l reservoir. loss for diverted Line water vearly. Water Quality Requiredwater Upstreamof Fen-I Downstreamof Fen-l Sameas quality in reservoir, little pollution; reservoir,serious Alternative 3. Taiyuan service downstreamof Fen-l pollution,but area reservoir,required water improviedby guaranteed. qualityto be maintainedby wastewatertreatment; rigid pollutioncontrol requiredwater quality measures,to guarantee in Taiyuan servicearea deliveryof required vater not feasible. quality in Taiyuanservice ______~~~~~~area. Impact on No adverse No adverseimpacts. No advantage in the Advantagein Ecological impacts. recoveryof recoveryof the Environment groundwatertable in groundwatertable Taiyuan servicearea. in Taiyuan service

______area. Construction Stage1, 3 years Stage 1, 3 years 3 years. 3 years. Period Stage n, 2 years Stage II, 2 years Total. 5 years. Total. 5 vears.

4.13-27 TABLE4.13.3-1 LANDUSE IN IN TOWNSHEPAREAS TRAVERSED BY CONNECTIONWORKS

Unit: ha Township Farm Forest Grass Orchard Water Unused Residential Road Total .______area & industrial I Dujiaoqu 3,254 2583 730 24 2,661 7,600 190 35 17,077 Zhenchengdi 1,426 1,047 0 75 72 1,987 312 47 4,966 Suoyu 1,017 83 2 81 109 2,646 285 17 4,240 Ujiao 1,893 413 9 183 282 5,342 722 44 8,888

Hekou 607 93 31 168 106 2,179 249 20 3,453 Jijiazhuang 1,859 3,649 580 149 237 6,152 714 33 13,373 =atoushui 468 1,029 0 549 37 3,104 108 33 5,328 Wangfeng 1,008 4,965 0 286 316 3,005 207 83 9,870 Chaicun 1,698 919 0 604 435 374 633 193 4,856 Total 13,230 14,781 1,352 2119 4225 32,389 3,420 505 72,051 % of total 18.24 20.5 1.9 2.9 5.9 45.0 4.7 0.7 100

4.13-28 TABLE 4.13.3-2 CLIMATIC FEATURES OF CONNECTION WORKS PASSING AREAS

Item Ningwu Jingle Lanxian Taiyuan

Rainfall M1eanannual rainfall (mm) 468.1 477.0 504.9 459.5 Mean annual rainfall days 90.3 87.7 88.3 79.9 Temperature Mean monthly max. temp. 6.2 6.7 6.8 9.5 Mean monthly min. temp. 25.2 27.4 27.7 29.5 Mean monthly min. temp. -14.0 -16.5 -16.8 -13.0 Ultimate max. temp. 34.8 35.7 36.4 39.4 Ultimate min. temp. -27.2 -29.2 -30.5 -25.5 Wind Velocity Mean annual velocity(m/s) 3.1 2.1 2.2 2.5 Max. velocity (m/s) 25.0 16.0 21.0 25.0 7 and 8 grade wind days 41.2 23.4 26.6 34.2 Max. depth of frozen earth (cm) 137.0 137.0 124.0 77.0 Frost-free period (days) 164.5 146.4 149.9 170.7 Statistical years 1958- 1962- 1957- 1951- 1980 1980 1980 1980

4.13-29

Waniiazhai Water Transfer Project Final Report

Section 4.14 GlobalEnvironmental Issues

Waniiazhai Watcr Transfer Proiect Final Reporn

TABLE OF CONTENTS OF SECTION 4.14

TEXT 4.14 GLOBALEN\ TrRONTNENTALISSUES

4.14 - i

Wanjiazhai Water Transfer Project Final Report

SECTION 4.14 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISStTES

The primary environmental concerns, from the global point of view, are: (i) earth warming, (ii) ozone layer increase, and (iii) biological diversity degradation.

Because the VWWTPcomponents which are above ground are in areas which are already "humanized", with little significant remaining natural ecological resources, the project expected to have any significant effects on the biodiversity situation in the ESA region. However, the monitoring program to be managed by EMO will include an annual survey of the status of ecology in ESA including forests, swamps, and wildlife.

The project does not involve use or production of substances to be discharged to atmosphere which will contribute to ozone layer depletion.

The project will require expenditure of a considerable amount of electrical energy for enabling pumping of the imported water into the service areas, but this total amount is insignificant in terms of China's production of earth warming gases from burning of coal. Hence, the project should have no significant impact on China's total contribution to earth warming.

4.14- 1

WVaniiazhaiWater Transfer Proiect Final Repori

Section 4.15 Suimnary and Conclusions

Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Report

TABLE OF CONTENTS OF SECTION 4.15

TEXT 4.15 SUn4ARY AND CONCLUSIONS 4.1] I Summary Presentation 4.15.2 How Environmental Protection Will Be Assured 4.15.3 Optimal Use of Imported Water 4.15.4 Conclusions

FIGURES Figure 4.15-1: Summary of Effects of WWTP on SEIs

4.15-i

Waniiazhai Water Transfcr Proiect Final Report

SECTION 4.15 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

4.15.1 Summarn Presentation

Figure 4.15-] has been prepared to summarize the entire EIA process as applied to WWTP/Phase 1. This includes the results of the above discussions of Sections 4.1 to 4.14 and also of Chapter 5.

4.15.2 How Environmental Protection Will Be Assured

Figure 4.15-1 shows that, while the project does pose a number of significant environmental hazards, each of these hazards has been duly controlled in the overall project plan by means of (i) modifying the planning of the project's physical components so that each component incorporates appropriate EPMs, (ii) ensuring that the construction tender documents incorporates the EPMs to be observed by the Construction Contractor (CC), (iii) monitoring of the CC's operations during the construction stage by the Environmental Construction Inspectors (ECIs) furnished by EMO, including modifications in the project plan found to be needed by the monitoring, (iv) monitoring by the EMO of start-up testing of project components, (v) continuing periodic monitoring of all project components during the operations stage (20 years), including modifications in the project plan to be made when indicated to be needed and identified and justified by the monitoring, including planning and carrying out of any special studies indicated by the monitoring to be needed, and including identification, planning and arranging for implementation by YRDP of any environmental enhancement measures which can be readily incorporated into the project, and (vi) implementingthe recommended special training program (Chapter 7).

In order to ensure that the EPMs noted above will be positively carried out, it is essential that YRDP establish an effective EMO as soon as possible, not later than the time of WB Loan Agreement, to be an integral part of the YRDP management system (Chapter 8).

4.15.3 Optimal Use of Imported Water

The environmental constraints noted above apply (i) not only to the physical components of the overall project, namely the GML, the SML, and the Connection Works, all under direct YRDP control, but (ii) also to ensuring optimal use of the imported water as discussed in Chapter 5. The latter will involve a variety of measures to be carried out by various Shanxi Provincial and Local Agencies. Based on consultation with these agencies, it is recommended that a new agency be established to achieve this coordination, and suggestions are given for an appropriate agency including organization and functions.

4.15.4 Management of Significant Environmental Issues

Assuming that the provisions of Section 4.15.2 are carried out, then, as shown in Figure 4.15-1, the environmental benefits to accure from WU'TP will be very great,

4.15- I Wanjiazhai WaterTransfcr Proiect Final Report and this wvillbe achieved with only some minor and acceptable environmental losses, with respect to surface water hydrology, there will be some small loss in the level of flood protection on furnished by Fen-l reservoir, but this will be minor because siltation in Fen-l reservoir has largely decreased the reservoir storage available for flood control.

4.15 - 2 FIGURE 4.15-1

SUMMARY OF EFFECTS OF WWTP/PHASE I ON SEIs

Significant Environmental Potential Potential Nct Positive Control Measures Issue for Adverse for Benefits Effect with Effects (a) (a) Feasible Controls (a) (b)

< 4 _

Land Use | ()1 |v| | SurfaceWater Hydrology l v I |' I , Tv f . v !'t5 Surface Water Qualitz _ I 0 IT [ \ v _ 1 i N. j vv 1 V 7I 1 '- X GroundivaterHydrologv N' v N, A' N v | | |,v| GroundwvateTrQualitv vi 1 iv___v_vPV~~~~~~~- v v -, v Tunnel Stabilitv I I I N? |' | _'' =' _ _ ,j v} EquipmentErosion |IN v I vvl v l , l Water Suppl), _ _ - N v v Vv iv Domestic/Commrercial N, _, N' N. v v Industry v | l_ iv VI llv I I 1 - + N' v Agricultural VL IV II 3 I ' = = v I !NI Pollution Control N' v v'VI_ |, N' N,r}t|v!vjvI+ vI V V Resettlement VI N' I v v I v y |X1N ErosionL/Sedimentation vt v I v N' v v ,l!$!j ! ! | Ecology V v N '!I -!II1 Reservoirs l tll v v |v v |v |vIv Wanliaizhai 1 I IIIv IIIv II I I T I I Fen-I X vl L IIL 1 1IV I I Public Health IV l | v |||v|v V N. |5 ConnectionWorks + 1 v v v vN'vlN

Social-Economics - |||V V| V | |V ConstructionConstraints I : N]|, N' | v | v IN,i! Basin Water Transfer V I' IV VI |s I I v|||v|||| ||v | GlobalEnvironrnental Issues v v!0 IVI I v | | |

Overall Project I i vI I4a| VI , I v "r !i\ I V I v! I N, Vj

NOTE-S: (a) I = Not Significant, 2 = M%inor,3 =Intermediate, 4 = Major (b) Items in parcnthesis (v) indicate adverse effects; othersvise cffects are positive

VWTC= WVaterPollution Control, Env. = Environment, O&M = Operation & Maintenance

4.15 - 3

Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Report

CHAPTER 5 WATER MANAGEMENT AMN WATER POLLUTION CONTROL

Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Reporl

TABLE OF CONTENTS OF CHAPTER 5

TEXT

> '\WATER SUPPLY AND POLLUTION CONTROL

5.1 Introduction 5.2 Water Supply 5.2.1 Present Situation 5.2.1.1 Water Supply System (drawings and schematic) 5.2.2 Plans for Future 5.2.2.1 Future Water Demand Forecast 5.2.2.2 Future Water Balance With and Without the WWTP Project 5.2.2.3 System Improvements with WWTP 5.2.3 Environrental Monitoring 5.2.4 Costs/Benefits of WWTP 5.2.5 Summary and Conclusions

5.3 Water Pollution Control 5.3.1 Introduction 5.3.2 Existing Situation 5.3.2.1 Taiyuan Sewerage System 5.3.2.2 Recycling and reuse 5.3.2.3 Solid Wastes Impact on Water Quality 5.3.2.4 Institutional Control and Permit System 5.3.2.5 Financing/Pricing 5.3.3 Plans for Future 5.3.3.1 Wastewater Flow Forecast 5.3.3.2 Wastewater Forecast for the Drainage Areas 5.3.3.3 Proposed Improvements on Sewer Collection System (drawings) 5.3.3.4 Proposed Treatment Plant Improvements (including use of ponds along river) (drawings) 5.3.3.5 Recycling and Reuse 5.3.3.6 Future Dispersion Policy 5.3.3.7 Solid Wastes Impact on Water Quality 5.3.3.8 Cost and Financing Including Revolving Fund Loan 5.3.3.9 Environmental Monitoring (for performance and compliance) 5.3.3.10 Environmental Training 5.3.3.11 Institutional Control 5.3.3.12 Permit System 5.3.4 Summary and Conclusions

5- i WaniiazhaiWater Transfer Proiect Final Report 5.4 Water Quality 5.4.1 Water Quality Parameters and Standards 5.4.1.1 National Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water 5.4.1.2 National Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standards 5.4.1.3 Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent Discharge Standards 5.4.2 Surface Water (drawings) 5.4.2.1 Current Situation 5.4.2.2 Impact of WWTP on Water Quality 5.4.2.3 Recommendations 5.4.3 Groundwater (drawings) 5.4.3.1 Current Situation 5.4.3.2 Impact of WWTP on Groundwater Quality 5.4.3.3 Recommendations 5.4.4 Environmental Monitoring 5.4.5 Summary and Conclusions

5.5 Integrated Management Water Supply and Pollution Control (drawings) 5.5.1 Target 5.5.2 Current Situation 5.5.2.1 Water Resources and Water Use Management 5.5.2.2 Wastewater Management 5.5.3 Integrated Management for Water Supply and Pollution Control 5.5.3.1 Using Existing Agencies 5.5.3.2 Proposed New Agency 5.5.4 Environmental Monitoring 5.5.4.1 Water Supply/QualityMonitoring 5.5.4.2 Water Pollution Control Monitoring 5.5.5 Permit System/Enforcement 5.5.6 Environmental Training 5.5.7 Instituional Strengthening of Taiyuan EPB 5.5.8 Summary and Conclusions

5.6 Environmental Management Achievements Achievements in Taiyuan City 5.6.1 Water Supply 5.6.1.1 Water Conservation Program of Water Conservation Office 5.6.1.2 In-Plant Water Recycling and Wastewater Reuse 5.6.2 Water Pollution Control 5.6.2.1 Wastewater Treatment Facilities 5.6.2.2 Reduction of Toxic Chemicals (includingheavy metals) 5.6.3 Institutional Control (including policies and regulations, and including monitoring and enforcement) 5.6.4 Summary

-5- ii Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Report

FIGURES

Figure 5.1-1 Taiyuan Service Area Figure 5.2.1-1 . Taivuan Water Supply System Figure 5.2.1-2 Water Supply Areas Figure 5.2.]-3 Location of Major Industries Figure 5.2.2-1 Schematic of Huyan Water Treatment Plant in Taiyuan Figure 5.2.2-2 Proposed Water Distribution System Figure 5.3.2-1 Process Schematic of Taiyuan City Wastewater System Figure 5.3.2-2 Taiyuan Drainage Areas Figure 5.3.2-3 Location of Existing Wastewater Treatment Plants Figure 5.3.2-4 Schematic of Beijiao MunicipalWastewater Treatment Plant Figure 5.3.2-5 Schematic of Yangjia Bao Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Figure 5.3.2-6 Schematic of Yingjia Bao Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Figure 5.3.2-7 Schematic of Zhao Zhuang Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant Figure 5.3.2-8 Schematic of Nan Yan Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant Figure 5.3.3-1 Flow Diagram for Forecasting Municipal Wastewater Flow Figure 5.4.2-1 Fen River Water Quality Monitoring Points Figure 5.5.1-1 Schematic Drawing Optimal Water Use and Reuse to WWTP Figure 5.5.1-2 Taiyuan Municipal Water Supply & Sewage Management System Figure 5.5.2-1 Organization of Taiyuan Water Supply Company (Present) Figure 5.5.2-2 Existing Water & wastewater Management Structure in Taiyuan Figure 5.5.2-3 Organization & Functions of Taiyuan Municipal Management Bureau Figure 5.5.2-4 Organization & Functions of Taiyuan Drainage Division Figure 5.5.3-1 Water Supply & Sewage Management System with WWTP Figure 5.5.3-2 Proposed Integrated Water and Wastewater Management Structure for Taiyuan Figure 5.5.3-3 Proposal Future Municipal Water Supply System in Taiyuan with WWTP Figure 5.5.3-4 Organization & Functions of Taiyuan Sewage Management Co. With WWTP Figure 5.6.1-1 In Plant Water Recycling in Taiyuan Figure 5.6.1-2 Treated Wastewater Recycling in Taiyuan Figure 5.6.4-1 Organization of Taiyuan City Environmental Protection Bureau

TABLES

Table 5.2.1-1 Water Sources for Taiyuan 1991-1993 Table 5.2.1-2 Water Uses for Taiyuan (1991-1993) Table 5.2.1-3 Water Consumption for Major Industries in Taivuan (1991-1993) Table 5.2.1-4 Water Balance for Taiyuan, 1993 Table 5.2.2-1 Forecast of National Economic Development Indices for Taiyuan Table 5.2.2-2 MunicipalWater Use and Demand for Taiyuan Table 5.2.2-3 Water Consumption by Different Industries for Taiyuan in 1991 Table 5.2.2-4 Water Consumption by Different Industries for Taiyuan in 1992 5- iii WaniiazhaiWater Transfer Proiect FinalReport Table 5.2.2-5 Water Consumption by Different Industries for Taiyuan in 1993 Table 5.2.2-6 Industrial Water Demand Forecast for Taiyuan Table 5.2.2-7 Agricultural Water Demand Forecast for Taiyuan Table 5.2.2-8 Total Water Demand Forecast for Taiyuan Table 5.2.2-9 Water Use/Demand Forecast Table 5.2.2-10 Water Supply Demand and Balance for City of Taiyuan Table 5.2.2-11 Capital Cost Estimates of Proposed Taiyuan Water Supply System Table 5.3.2-1 Current Taiyuan City Zoning for the Sewerage System Table 5.3.2-2 Wastewater Discharge from 17 Industries in Taiyuan (Ref 107) Table 5.3.2-3 Sewage Treatment Plants inn Taiyuan Table 5.3.3-1 Wastewater Flow Forecasts for Taiyuan Table 5.3.3-2 Industrial Water Use and Wastewater Generation Rates for Taiyuan City Table 5.3.3-3 Wastewater Generation Rates for Miscellaneous Industrial Sectors for Taiyuan Table 5.3.3-4 Water Use/Demand and Wastewater Forecast Table 5.3.3-5 Wastewater Forecast for Taiyuan Table 5.3.3-6 Summary of Wastewater Forecast for Taiyuan (2002-2020) Table 5.3.3-7 Wastewater Treatment Planning Table 5.3.3-8 Summary of Wastewater Treatment Planning for Taiyuan (2000- 2020) Table 5.3.3-9 Cost Estimates for Wastewater Treatment Table 5.4. 1-1 Five Water Quality Classifications For Surface Waters Table 5.4.1-2 China State Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water Classification Maximum Concentration Table 5.4.1-3 Classification of Wastewater Effluents Table 5.4.1-4 Effluent Discharge Standards for Wastewater Treatment Plants According to Plant Classification Table 5.4.1-5 Discharge Standards for Wastewater Treatment Plants Table 5.4.2-1 Water Quality Monitoring Results for the Yellow River at Wanjiazhai Table 5.4.2-2 Water Quality Monitoring Results for the Fen River at inlet of Fen Reservoir Table 5.4.2-3 Water Quality of the Tributaries of Fen River in Taiyuan Table 5.4.2-4 Taiyuan City Industrial Wastewater Analytical Data Table 5.4.2-5 Water Monitoring Results for the Fen River in Taiyuan in 1995-High Flow Period Table 5.4.2-6 Water Monitoring Results for the Fen River in Taiyuan in 1995- Medium Flow Period Table 5.4.2-7 Water Monitoring Results for the Fen River in Taiyuan in 1995-Low Flow Period Table 5.4.2-8 Water Quality Summary Results for the Fen River in Taiyuan (1995) Table 5.4.2-0 Project Water Quality of Huyan Water Treatment Plant Table 5.4.2 Fen River Water Quality Forecast Tab 5.4.2- Pollution Load Projection and Impact on Fen River

5- iv Wanjiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Report

CHAPTER 5

WN'ATERSUPPLY AND POLLUTION CONTROL

5.1 INTRODUCTION

The goals of the WWTP are (a) to bring new water to the Taiyuan service area to relieve the water shortage and meet future projected requirements, and (b) to ensure optimal use of this expensive imported water including recycling and water pollution control. Chapter 5 is related mainly to Item (b). The project plan is to divert Yellow River water in two phases: phase one would have involved delivery of 365 million m3/y or I million m3/d, of water to Taiyuan at beginning of year 2001 and phase two, the delivery of the remaining 275 m3/y or 0.76 million m'/d of water, would start in 2004. Figure 5.1-1 shows the Taiyuan service area. In order to achieve this objective, it will be important to assess current water demand and supply, forecast future water demand and evaluate the quantity and quality of potential new supplies. The water must be treated and distributed for industrial, urban and other uses. Therefore, increasing the water supply will require additional or new treatment facilities as well as improved and widened distribution systems.

The key environmental issue for the project is the potential water pollution implications arising from the transfer of additional, clean water from the Yellow River to Taiyuan where a significant portion of it will become wastewater. Unless the wastewater is reused, it will be discharged to the Fen River. Therefore, it is also important to assess current wastewater treatment and disposal practice, forecast future wastewater quality and quantity, evaluate potential environmental impacts of additional wastewater discharges on river water quality and the measures required to mitigate the impacts.

The cost of the new water will be very high. To ensure optimal use of the total freshwater supply in Taiyuan, including both imported and local resources, the target should include:

(a) Efficient water supply system with minimum wastage. (b) Maximum feasible reuse (for both people and industry). (c) Maintain acceptable water quality in Fen River (within city, downstream). (d) Municipal sewerage system (collection, treatment, disposal) as needed for (b) (c). (e) Industrial waste managementas needed for (b) (c). (f) Attention to solid waste managementas needed for (c). (g) Minimize any water use for agriculture, including reuse, where such water is needed for higher priority uses.

This chapter includes 5 main sections: Water Supply, Water Pollution Control, Water Quality, Integrated Management for Water Supply and Pollution Control, and Achievements of EnvironmentalManagement in Taiyuan City.

Drawings are included here showing the organization of key Taiyuan City agencies involved in the chapter 5 evaluation. These include (i) Figure 5.5.1-2, showing the overall

5-1 WaniiazhaiWater Transfer Proiect FinalReport

city government; (ii) Figure 5.5.2-1, showing the Taiyuan Water Supply Company, together with information on staffing.

5.2 WATER SUPPLY

5.2.1 Present Situation

5.2.1.1 Water Supply System

The water supply system in Taiyuan includes water resources, transmission, treatment, distribution and uses, and is illustrated in a schematic diagram in Figure 5.2.1-1 and discussed in the following sections.

5.2.1.1.1 Water Resources

Taiyuan City comprises 3 urban districts (Nancheng, Beicheng and Hexi), three counties (Quingxu, Yangku and Loufan), north and south outskirts and one city (Gujiao), with a total area of about 7,000 km2 and a total population of 2.21 million in 1993. The city is located in the semi-arid area where the average annual rainfall for Taiyuan from 1956 through 1993 is about 470 mm, with the highest rainfall at 718 mm and the lowest, 226 mm.

Both surface water from Fen River and tributaries and groundwater are used within the City. The water sources data for the year 1991 to 1993 are shown in Table 5.2.1-1. Groundwater accounts for about 65 to 69 % of the total water resource, and is used primarily for domestic including irrigation of green belts and industrial uses. Surface water from Fen River is used for agricultural/farm irrigation uses although some is used for low grade industrial applications such as cooling. Wastewater is also being recycled for reuse mainly for agricultural irrigation, not city irrigation, purposes and is accounted for the remaining 14 % of the total water supply, as shown from Table 5.2.1-1.

5.2.1.1.2 Water Transmission

The Taiyuan City is served by the following three delivery systems:

(a) Taiyuan Water Supply Company

The company provides water to some 1.45 million people in the urban areas covering 100 km2. It operates 9 water distribution/treatment plants providing 410,000 cm/d. They include three (3) major water works; Lancun, Xizhang, Zaogou, and six (6) other smaller water works with numbers 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 10. There are a total of 87 wells, 5 pumping stations and 608 km of delivery and distribution pipes (diameter larger than 100 mm) located throughout the city.

(b) Municipal Water Resources Management Commission

The commission provides water to the suburban districts and the counties as well as providing surface water to the power and steel industries and for agriculture. It

5-2 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Project Final Report provides about 90,000 crn/d of water from Fen-l reservoir to serve mainly industrial facilities including Taiyuan Iron and Steel Plants, Taiyuan Power Plant No. I and Taivuan Chemical Plant.

Many industrial plants operate their own well systems to provide water for their own use. The total amount is estimated at 234,000 cm/d. Major sources include Taiyuan Iron and Steel (19 wells), Jingan Chemical Plant (15 wells), Shanxi Mining Bureau System (18 wells), and Chemical Industrial Zone (86 wells).

The total water supply capacity excluding water for agricultural irrigation uses is about 734,000 cm/d or 437 mcm/year for 1995.

5.2.1. 1.3 Water Treatment

Taiyuan Water Supply Company treats groundwater using disinfection (chlorination) at the well head and at fonvarding stations. No other treatment is used for groundwater.

Surface water are primarily used for low grade industrial purposes such as cooling, and receive no treatment other than settling out of suspended solids. Many industries pretreat surface water for their own use, but details of treatment are not available for the present study.

5.2.1.1.4 Water Distribution System

Taiyuan Water Supply Company provides water to three principal areas in the city: West, Northeast and Southeast. The west area is fed from Xizhang works, whereas the east area is fed from the Lancun and Zaogou works. The water distribution system is between 10 to 30 years old. The service areas covered by the water distribution system are shown in Figure 5.2.1-2. Large industrial companies such as Steel Mill and Chemical Plants have their own distribution systems.

The water distribution system is reported to have a 6 to 7 % water leakage rate based on readings taken at city meters. The number does not include losses in distribution networks downstream of the meters. This low percentage leakage rate could be the result of low pressures within the system due to the shortage of water.

5.2.1.1.5 Water Uses

Water supplies are for industrial, domestic/municipalwhich includes irrigation of city parks, and agricultural irrigation uses. Estimated water uses for Taiyuan from 1991 to 1993 are shown in Table 5.2.1-2. Industrial use accounted for about 54 % of the total water use in 1993. Based on the population data of 2.21 million people, per capita supply for domestic and municipal uses in 1993 can be calculated to be about 124 I/d. This number is low as compared to the national average of about 174 lId in China (105).

5-3 WaniiazhaiWater Transfer Proiect FinalReport

Taiyuan is primarily an industrial city. The major industries are coal mining, power generation, steel, machinery and chemicals. Most of the industry is concentrated in the main urban area of the city, with about 15 % in the northern outskirts and in the Gujiao city. The location of the major industries including Taiyuan Steel Company, No. 2 Power Station, Paper Mill, Xi Yu Coal Mine, Gas Company, Main Chemical Factories, Pharmaceutical Factory, No. I Power Station and Fertilizer Factory, is shown in Figure 5.2.1-3. Most of the manufacturing facilities are located along the west of the city center. Estimated water uses for the major industries in Taiyuan for 1991 to 1993 are shown in Table 5.2.1-3. Fourteen industries accounts for 85 % of the total industrial use of 274 mcmily.

5.2.1.1.6 Water Balance

Based on the water supply and use information in 1993, the water balance has been developed for Taiyuan and is shown in Table 5.2.14.

The cities are over pumping (i.e. mining) groundwater in an effort to meet demand and are creating serious subsidence problems throughout the area as documented at a number of locations (106,111.2). Over pumping was estimated by the Municipal Water Resources Commission to be 960,000 cm/d compared to a safe yield of 73 5,000 cm/d. Over abstraction has resulted in groundwater levels declining in some areas by 2 to 3 m per year, natural springs drying up, many wells drying up or having to be deepened. Abstraction depths are over 200 m in the south of the city, but less to the north (around 120 m). The losses appear to be substantial, but the cost estimate of the losses is beyond the scope of EIA. It is crucial to stop over pumping when the new water becomes available.

5.2.1.1.7 Pricing and Cost Recovery

Tayuan Water Supply Company charges RMB 0.7/m3 for domestic users and RMB l1 /m3 for industrial users. Presumably, these charges are based on recovering the cost of investment and operation. Both industrial and domestic users are metered as bulk supplies, with residents in an apartment block. There are about 300,000 domestic meters.

5.2.1.1.8 Management System/Organization

Water supply in the Taiyuan city is primarily in the hands of Tayuan Water Supply Company and Municipal Water Resources Management Commission. Municipal Water Resources Management Commission is responsible for groundwater supplies which are not serviced by the Taiyuan Water Supply Company. With the advent of new water, Taiyuan Water Supply Company will be responisiblefor transporting, treating, and distributing the new water.-

5.2.1.1.9 Efficiency of Usage

The water supply system of the Taiyuan Water Supply Company appeared to be well- maintained, and the limited water supply reasonably allocated (811). However, the inadequate water supply in the past has led to the industrial, domestic and agricultural

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users competing among each other for the groundwater supply. A more rational approach to management of groundwater and surface water supply will be essential when the new water becomes available.

The Water Supply Company will likely face many challenges in the future. When the new water is here, the high pressures in the distribution system could cause bursts and increased leakage, so that a comprehensive leakldetection and prevention program will have to be developed. The company should start developing the program as soon as possible. In addition, the company has no experience in operating the new water treatment plant. Therefore, technical assistance and training for the staff in the management of the water supply system may be necessary.

5.2.2 Plans for Future

5.2.2.1 Future Water Demand Forecast

Several studies have been conducted over the last few years to estimate present water demand/supply and forecast water demand for the years 2002, 2010, and 2020 for the Taiyuan city (102, 106, 107, 111.2, 112, 201). The study by the Tianjin Survey and Design Institute (111.2) in May of 1995 presents the most complete assessment of water supply and demand for Taiyuan City. Water supply data for the study were based on estimates of available surface water, availablegroundwater, and sewage reuse for agricultural irrigation. The water consumption data were developed on the basis of industrial, urban and agricultural uses in 1993. The industrial water use estimate relied upon the results of a survey of industries in Taiyuan. According to the report, the metallurgy, power, coal, chemical and machinery industries account for 85 % of the total industrial water use in Taiyuan city. The urban water use projections were based on a population forecast and evaluations of other water demands. Overall, the approach appears comprehensive and inclusive. The water demand forecasted in this section will be compared to the results from the Tianjin Survey and Design Institute.

Water demand forecast can be developed by forecasting the municipal demand and the industrial and agricultural demands. Municipal demand forecast is normally based on the projections in population while industrial and agricultufral demand forecast is usually based on the industrial and agricultural growth. Table 5.2.2-1 shows the key economic indicators including population and industrial and agricultural outputs for Taiyuan for years 1993, 2002, 2010 and 2020 (111.2). These data were used to forecast the demand.

5.2.2.1.1 Municipal Water Demand Forecast:

Municipal water demand generally includes domestic use anrd public irrigation to maintain city parks and gardens. Fore'casting of domestic water demand is based on population projections and per capita consumption rates. Table 5.2.2-2 illustrates a forecast of domestic water use for the City of Taiyuan. The population projections for the forecast are based on Table 5.2.2-1 and the per capita consumption rates on estimates by the China Institute for Radiation Protection (CIRP) (107). The public irrigation water demand forecast was developed primarily on an estimate of the projected expansion of the city green area.

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5.2.2.1.2 Industrial Water Demand Forecast

The report by CIRP documents industrial output and water use in Taiyuan for the period 1991-1993 according to industry (107). The industrial output and industrial categories include metallurgy, electric power, coal, chemical, machinery, building materials, forestry, food, textile, sawing, tanning, paper making,stationary and other miscellaneousoperations. Based on the industrial output and water use data, the output per unit water use for each industry can be calculatedand are shownin Table 5.2.2-3 through 5.2.2-5 for year 1991 to 1993.It is apparentthat there was littleor no growth in water use for manyindustrial groups between 1991 and 1993. Growth was limitedby a shortage of water.

The ratios shown in Table 5.2.2-5 can be used to forecast the future water use since they are relativelyconstant. To forecast the water demand, the industrieshave been segregated into 5 major groups: metallurgy, electric power, coal, chemical and miscellaneous. Table 5.2.2-6 shows the industrialwater demand forecast for the 5 major industrialgroups in Taiyuan.

5.2.2.1.3 AgriculturalWater Demand Forecast

Water demand for agriculturaluses was also estimated using the output projections shown previously in Table 5.2.2-1. This does not include irrigation use for city parks or gardens, which is under domestic/municipaldemand. The forecasted agricultural water demand is shown in Table 5.2.2-7.

5.2.2.1.4 Total Water Demand Forecast

Table 5.2.2-8 summarizesthe water demand forecasts for municipal,industrial and agricultural sectors. A spreadsheet has been developedwhich predicts municipal, industrial and agricultural water demand from population and industrial and agriculturalgrowth projections,and the printout of the spreadsheetis attached here as Table 5.2.2-9.

5.2.2.2 Future Water Balancewith and without the WWTPProject

Based on the information developed in the above sections, water demand, supply and balance for the years 2002, 2010, and 2020 for the city of Taiyuan have been developed. The results are shown in Tables 5.2.2-10. The table also shows the potential impact of WWTP on water demand and supply by including water balance forecasts with and without the WWTP project.

Several observations and conclusions can be drawn from the data in Table 5.2.2-10:

(a) The forecasts of water demand for the year 2002 and beyond for Taiyuan city are based on reasonably expected industrial and urban growth (111.2). Without the WWTP project, a shortage of over 200 mcm is projected beyond the year 2002. This projection implies that, unless alternate sources of water can be developed,

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lower living standards will result due to increases in population and depletion of groundwater.

(b) According to the projections, the additional new water from WWTP should be sufficient to meet water demand through 2010. By optimizing water recycling and wastewater reuse, the water supply should be able to meet the demand for Taiyuan beyond 2020. Thus, water recycling, including use of treated water for agricultural or secondary purposes, and application of wastewater for agricultural irrigation should be encouraged to reduce the need for new supplies.

(c) The WWTP project will bring new water to the Fen-l reservoir. This new water will have to be treated before it is distributed for final uses. The transport, treatment and distribution of the new water from the Fen-] reservoir to the end users will require additional investments. Even though treatment and distribution are the responsibilities of the Taiyuan city, it is a goal of the WWTP project to provide quality water to service the end users. Thus, additional costs associated with treatment and distribution should be an integral part of the total WWTP project, and should be properly financed.

(d) Increased urban and industrial activities will also result in increased wastewater discharge back to the rivers. In order to maintain water quality in the rivers, the discharges will have to be strictly controlled. Therefore, significant investments in wastewater treatment will be essential to restore and maintain acceptable levels of water quality in the Fen River. Wastewater treatment will also make reuse of effluents possible and thus contribute to reducing demand for new water. Based on the goal for the project, the cost for wastewater treatment should also be a part of the overall WWTP project. Details of wastewater treatment are discussed in Section 5.3, Water Pollution Control, of this Chapier.

5.2.2.3 System Improvements with WWTP

The water from the WWTP project would add about 1.76 million cubic meter (mcm) a day to the Fen River to service the city of Taiyuan. The existing Fen-1 reservoir will contain and regulate the water to meet the Taiyuan city water demand. The new water will require treatment before it can be used for intended industrial and urban uses. The city will also have to provide additional intake and transport lines, and expanded distribution networks for the new water.

In 1995, the Taiyuan Water Supply Company prepared a two-phase plan to transport, treat, and distribute an additional total of 1.76 million cubic meters (mcm) per day or 640 mcm/yr of new water from the Fen-l reservoir in two stages (154). Stage one would have involved delivery of I mcm/d of water, and Stage two, the delivery of the remaining 0.76 mcmld of water. The water will be transported from Fen- I reservoir to the treatment plant located at the Huyan village in the north suburbs of Taiyuan city.

5.2.2.3.1 Huyan Treatment Plant

In Fen-l reservoir the imported water will mix with local water. The quality of water to go from the reservoir via the Cws will be an excellent raw water supply for

5-7 WaniiazhaiWater Transfer Proiect FinalReport municipallindustrial use, but the water will have to be treated to remove turbidity including bacteria and viruses. This will be deal by the Huyan treatment plant.

The Huyan treatment plant for Stage I will have a capacity of 365 mcm/yr. The proposed treatment process is conventional rapid sand filter plant and will include a pre-settling tank, a flocculation tank, rapid sand filters, a backwash tank, and a final treated water holding tank where disinfectants are added. Figure 5.2.2-1 shows the schematic of the Huyan water treatment plant. The treated water will then be pumped to the new distribution network.

5.2.2.3.2 Distribution System Expansion

The Taiyuan Water Supply Company proposes to replace most of its trunk main system because of undersizingand age as part of infrastructure development associated with the new water from WWTP. The new system would also reduce water leakage. Approximately 300 km of the pipes will be replaced. In addition, two new pumping stations and associated new pipework are proposed with capacities of 50,000 cm/d and 100,000 cm/d each to provide additional water to the east and west areas of the city. The proposed new distribution system is shown in Figure 5.2.2-2.

5.2.2.3.3 Pricing, Cost Recovery and Financing

The Taiyuan Water Supply Company has prepared a cost estimate for transmitting the new water from Fen-1 reservoir to the new Huyan treatment plant, for treating the water in the new treatment plant, and for distributing it to customers through an expanded distribution network (154). The system is designed to treat 365 mcm a year (57%) in the Stage 1, and treat the remaining 275 mcm/yr in Stage 2. The cost breakdown for the proposed water treatment plant and distribution system to serve Taiyuan city is shown in Table 5.2.2-11.

The company proposes to raise the funding through domestic and international funds primary from Japanese and Korean banks. The company plans to recover the cost through pricing and pay back the loan by Year 2027. Detailed financial analysis can be found elsewhere (146).

Pricing of the surface water as well as existing groundwater should consider factors including cost recovery for paying back the loan, and operating and maintaining the water supply system, and other related expenses. However, the pricing system should also consider pricing to encourage water conservation, water reuse for industrial purposes, and discourage wastage, use, and overpumping of groundwater, especially on industries having their own wells.

5.2.3 Water Quality Monitoring

Currently, Taiyuan has 10 surface water monitoring stations along the Fen River from Fen-I Reservoir to Xiao Dian, and 6 stations are located in Taiyuan. River water samples are collected three times a year during May, August and October. Water samples are analyzed for 37 constituents including COD, BOD, DO, heavy metals and toxic organics.

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The City Environmental Protection Bureau has developed a plan to add additional 6 monitoring stations in the same stretch of Fen River to cover more areas where heavy municipal and industrial wastewater discharge. In addition, sampling frequency is to be increased from 3 to 6 times a year, and the analyses done on 65 parameters including radionucleolides and PCB.

The plan developed by City EPB may not be sufficient to address all aspects of water supply and quality monitoring. The plan for water supply monitoring will be modified as needed include the following: (a) Water amounts used for residences, commercial buildings, public buildings, industries, and agriculture. (b) Adequacy of water supply for (a) (present and future). (c) Quality of supply for (a) including quarterly sampling and analyses and series of stations (estimated total of about 100) using parameters indicating adequacy for drinking purposes. These include turbidity, total dissolved solids, coliforms, pH and alkalinity, major cations and major anions, iron and manganese, and color. (d) Adequacy of quality for (a). (e) Recommendation for needed improvements (technical and institutional).

The water quality monitoring will comprise the following activities: (a) This includes (i) quarterly sampling of quality of imported water at series of stations along the GML, SML, and Connection Works (total of about 20 stations), (ii) analysis as shown in (c) above, plus eutrophication parameters (nitrogen and phosphorus form) and gross toxicity; (iii) evaluation of these data to determine any evidences of unacceptable quality degradation; and (iv) explanation of these; and (v) recommendations for needed improvements, and (vi) annual evaluation of adequacy of monitoring program with recommendations for needed improvements. (b) Quarterly sampling of quality of existing surface waters, using a series of stations (total of about 20); analysis of these for Class III parameters; evaluation of data to determine any conditions of unacceptability with recommendations for improvements in controlling pollution discharges. Also annual sampling of bottom sediments in streams (selected few stations) with analyses for detecting accumulation of toxic substances. Annual review and improvements of monitoring program. (c) Annual sampling of quality of groundwaters which are utilized for water supply, including parameters for drinking water purposes, using series of stations (say 20 total); evaluation of data to detect evidences of unacceptability with recommendations for needed improvements, and annual review and improvement; in monitoring program.

5.2.4 Costs/Benefits of WWTP

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Evaluation of the costs/benefits of the WWTP project must include consideration of environmental, social, and economic factors. Environmental factors may include both positive and negative impacts on water quality, hydrology, forests, wildlife and fisheries. The social factors relate to the quality of life and living standards and conditions. For example, the project may affect public health, recreation, and the level of environmental pollution. The economic factors are associated with community and industrial development. The major benefits anticipated for this project are primarily social and economic (i.e. improvement of living standards, and urban and industrial development for the target areas).

The current shortage of water has already created serious economic stress in the region. The estimates of the losses attributable to water shortages for the Taiyuan city for 1993 alone are over RMB 2.24 billion (146).

The above estimates do not include indirect costs associated with deterioration of the quality of life and living standards that result from the water shortage. For example, when compared to the rest of the country, the average water use per capita is among the lowest iri the nation. In some cases, wastewater has been used directly for agriculture and has created a public health problem due to the accumulation of metals in produce. Ground subsidence as a result of over pumping groundwater is also a serious problem throughout the area.

The forecast for the water balance for the next 25 years also shows that, without the WWTP project, the three areas will experience little or no growth in urban and industrial activity due to a shortage of water. The possible impact of limited urban and industrial growth on the region will include a declining quality of life, an increase in environmental pollution, and underuse of land, energy and metal resources in the area.

The city has virtually no alternatives to the Yellow River for obtaining additional water to support growth and to improve the quality of life. Other potential water sources such as Yangtse River and other rivers and lakes are much further away and more costly to develop than the Yellow River. In addition, the cities are already recycling 85 to 88 % of the water and, consequently, additional recycling can only have limited effect.

The investment for the WWWTPproject is estimated at a total of about RMB 12.6 billion needed for the first phase that includes GTL, STL the connection work to link the Fen-I Reservoir to the water treatment plant, and the treatment and distribution network in Taiyuan. Even if the investment were made today, the return on investment considering just the loss in revenues resulting from having too little water, looks very favorable. Overall, the potential social and economic impacts of the WWTP project on the region are very positive. The WWTP project may have some negative environmental impacts on water quality -and the ecology; some resettlement may also be necessary. Nevertheless, these potential impacts should be manageable and mitigation measures are being proposed, as presented and discussed elsewhere in this report. In summary, it appears that the econoniic benefits will outweigh the costs of the WWTP project.

5.2.5 Summary and Conclusions

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(a) The water demand, supply, and balance for Taiyuan indicate that water is currently in short supply (overdraft of 89 million cubic meters of groundwater in 1993). The forecasts of water demand, supply and balance with and without the WWTP project for the years 2002, 2010, and 2020 are shown in Table 5.2.2-10. The forecasts indicate an increasingly serious shortage of water unless the WWTP project is implemented. This projected shortage is expected to drastically impact the quality of life, worsen living conditions and limit urban and industrial growth in the area. With the WWTP project, the areas will have adequate water supplies to meet demand until the year 2020 and beyond, provided that water recycling and wastewater reuse are practiced.

(b) The WWTP project will bring new water to the city to augment the existing water supply. The new water will have to be treated before distribution for final uses and this treatment and additional distribution facilities will require additional investment. Costs for treatment and distribution, therefore, should be a part of the WWTP and properly financed. Cost estimates to cover the additional water treatment and distribution for Taiyuan are in the RMB 2.34 billion range.

(c) The costs/benefits of the WWTP project appear to be very positive based on economic, and socialUenvironmentalconsiderations. Social conditions, which include the quality of life and encompass public health, recreation, and pollution, should generally improve with the project. The economic factors, which are the primary driving force for the W'WTP project, appear to be very favorable. For example, the loss of revenues which can be attributed to the shortage of water is estimated at over RMB 2.24 billion for Taiyuan for 1993 alone, while the investment required for the \WWTP is about RMB 12.6 billion over the next 10 years. (d) The increased urban and industrial activities that will result from the provision of new water will also result in increased wastewater discharge back to the rivers. In order to maintain the quality of the river water supply, the discharges will have to be strictly controlled. Consequently, an investment in wastewater treatment will be essential to restore and maintain an acceptable level of water quality in the Fen River. Wastewater treatment will also make possible the reuse of treated effluents and conserve new water.

5.3 WATER POLLUTION CONTROL

5.3.1 Introduction

The availability of additional water will generate new and increased industrial and urban wastewater discharges that will contain a variety of pollutants. Treatment of these wastewaters will be essential to reduce the pollution load to the river system in order to maintain water quality in the river, and to minimize the overall impact to the environment. If river water quality deteriorates, a higher and more costly level of treatment will be necessary; if the deterioration is significant, the cost may become prohibitive. Therefore, wastewater management is essential to minimize the potential

5-1 1 WaniiazhaiWater Transfer Proiect FinalRepor impact. Wastewater management will also promote the reuse of treated effluent. Water recycling and wastewater reuse should be encouraged and optimized to reduce new water requirements.

The following sections will assess current wastewater treatment and disposal practices, forecast. future wastewater quantity, and discuss future treatment and disposal requirements for Taiyuan. The implementation of a strategy to ensure that wastewaters will not be discharged to the river without control is also described.

5.3.2 Existing Situation

5.3.2.1 Taiyuan Sewerage System

Taiyuan discharges its treated, partially treated or untreated municipal and industrial wastewater into the Fen River, into the irrigation channels running parallel to the river, or into Fen River tributaries. Most industries discharge their wastewater into the municipal wastewater system, while some large industrial plants own and operate their own treatment plants. Portions of treated and untreated wastewater are recycled for irrigation and limited industrial reuse. A process schematic illustrating the wastewater system for Taiyuan is shown in Figure 5.3.2-1.

5.3.2.1.1 City Zoning for Sewerage

Currently Taiyuan has fifteen (15) defined sewerage drainage areas, an increase from eight (107) last year in preparation for additional wastewater from the diversion. Figure 5.3.2-2 shows the IS drainage areas in Taiyuan. Table 5.3.2-1 shows the name, the service area covered and the wastewater flow for these 15 drainage areas. Most areas have separate stormwater and sanitary sewers, but the older, downtown area has a combined system. The major drainage areas are:

* Shang Lan, a small area (2.5 km2) to the north of the main city mainly serving the paper mnilland associated housing;

* Bel Jiao, in the north east of the city with a service area of 23 km2, which serves the Jing Yang and Xin Yang chemical works and associated populations;

* The steel mill industrial and housing area (26 km2) in the north east of the city;

* Yang Jia Bao, the main downtown area (34 kM2) on the east bank;

* Nan Jiao, the largely industrial area (23 kIM2) in the south east of the city;

• Hexi Xi North, the west bank of the city, northern area (21 kM2);

* Hexi Xi Central, the west bank of the city, central area (10 kM2);

* Nan Yan, the area (20 kin2) in the south west of the city, mainly serving the Taiyuan Chemical Company's factories and the No. 2 Power Plant.

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5.3.2.1.2 Wastewater Sources

Wastewater discharges in the main urban area of Taiyuan were estimated in 1993 to be around 220 mcm, or 600,000 cm/d (107), of which around half was of industria] origin. The wastewater volume .s about 237 mcm, or 650,000 cmld for 1995. The breakdown of the wastewater sources in 1995 are:

Wastewater Source Flow, cm/d

Domestic 200,000 Municipal 100,000 Industrial 300,000

Total 650,000

Most of this wastewater is discharged to the Fen River, either through sewers or open ditches and tributaries. Only about 125,000 cmld of wastewater or 19% is currently being treated prior to discharge. Seventeen major enterprises contribute about 83% of the industrial volume, the largest being the steel mill, the fertilizer plant, the two power stations, the chemicals plant and the paper mill (Table 5.3.2-2).

Table 5.3.2-1 shows the wastewater flows by drainage areas. Yang Jin Bao drainage area, which serves the downtown area, generates 36% of the total wastewater volume alone.

5.3.2.1.3 Sewer Collecting System

Current sewer collecting system totals 255 miles within 9 different drainage systems, and is incomplete in many areas. In some cases, e.g. the Yao Jia Bao area, sewer lines are limiting the wastewater treatment capacity because wastewater can not be collected and delivered to the treatment plant.

5.3.2.1.4 Treatment Facilities

There are three municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), all on the east side of the river: Bei Jiao in the north, Yang Jia Bao serving the central downtown area, and Ying Jia Bao in the south. In addition, there are two plants serving industries and their surrounding areas: Zhao Zhuang, serving Taiyuan Iron and Steel Company on the east side of the river, and Nan Yan serving the chemical complex on the west side. The location of the existing treatment plants is shown in Figure 5.3.2-3. Key data are summarized in Table 5.3.2-3.

(a) Bei Jiao

The treatment plant at Bei Jiao is a modern activated sludge plant. The process schematic is shown in Figure 5.3.2-4. Although there are four sludge digesters, these are not in use and the sludge is passed to drying beds where it is removed by farmers for fertilizer. Untreated sewage is also taken by farmers in the irrigation season for

5-13 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Project Final ReRnor direct application to fields. At other times, treated effluent is used by the steel mills for cooling water (1.4 mcm in 1994). The drainage area contains mainly chemical plants which have some pretreatment capability.

(b) Yang Jia Bao

This is the largest treatment plant in Taiyuan with a design capacity of 166,400m;/d serving the central city area, which is almost totally developed. The process schematic of this secondary treatment facility is shown in Figure 5.3.2-5. It is well maintained and constructed, but due to limited sewer connections, the actual flow is only around 60,000 m3/d. Sludge is currently dried on beds and this too is reported to be a limitation on throughput of the plant. Plans for new sludge processing facilities have been prepared, and it is understood that funds for building these have been allocated for 1997. Part of the effluent is used by local farmers for irrigation.

The third municipal treatment plant receives flows of 15,000m3/d which are 80% industrial. Although it was designed to be a secondary treatment plant, only primary is built and operational. Figure 5.3.2-6 shows the process schematic for the plant. The design flow is 29,000m3/d; some capacity is unused because sewer connections have not been made and there are no funds for their construction.

(d) Zhao Zhang

Zhao Zhang serves the Taiyuan Iron and Steel Company area and is operated and maintained by the Company. The plant employs chemical coagulation and dissolved air flotation for treatment, and the process schematic is shown in Figure 5.3.2-7. The capacity of the works is 80,000m3/d and the works is reported to operate at full capacity. A further 20,000m3/d from smaller industries in the drainage areas passes directly to the river.

(e) Nan Yan

Nan Yan is operated by the Taiyuan Municipal Chemical Company which owns most of the 21 facilities served by the treatment plant. It is an activated sludge plant with an original design capacity of I 00,000m3/d, now assessed to be 60,000m3/d because of process limitations. The process schematic is shown in Figure 5.3.2-8. It currently treats 20,000m3/d, because several of the factories which are meant to discharge to it are unable to achieve effluent standards, and thus discharge direct to the river instead. The wastewater has a high COD, low BOD, and negligible heavy metals.

Overall, the operation and maintenance-of these treatment plants are not at their best, many plants are not meeting discharge standards due to lack of adequate monitoring and enforcement.

5.3.2.2 Recycling and reuse

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Untreated municipal wastewater as well as treated wastewater from three municipal wastewater treatment plants is being used for irrigation use. However, untreated wastewater is generally preferred by the farmer since it is usually free while a few would usually be charged for using service treatment plant effluent.

The effluent from the Zhao Zhang industrial wastewater treatment plant is completely recycled and used by the Taiyuan Iron and Steel Company.

5.3.2.3 Solid Wastes Impact on Water Quality

Existing municipal and some industrial solid wastes are currently disposed in uncontrolled areas along the bank of Fen River and its tributaries. With this practice, the potential for river contamination by landfill leachates and surface runoff is very high. In addition, presumablythere are no sanitary landfillswhich have liners and caps in Taiyuan. Some industrial wastes are toxic/hazardous, and uncontrolled disposal may pose serious short and/or long term health and environmental exposure risks.

5.3.2.4 Institutional Control and Permit System

The operation and maintenance of WVWTPsis carried out by the Drainage Management Section of the Urban Engineering Management Bureau, while the maintenance of sewers is the responsibility of the Municipal Engineering Management Section of the Bureau, which also has responsibilityfor roads, bridges, streetlights, etc. The latter organization has area based managementunits, with separate roads and sewer crews in each.

All wastewater treatment plants and most sewers are designed by the Taiyuan Municipal Engineering Design Institute (TMEDI). However, this institute only takes schemes to the detailed drawings stage: completion of tender documents and all subsequent stages of implementationare dealt with by an investment institute under the Planning Commission. Public rest rooms and the disposal of nightsoil are managed by the Sanitation Bureau, and the Environmental Protection Bureau is responsible for monitoring discharges to the environment and for collecting discharge or surcharge fees based by volume and concentration,and fines.

5.3.2.5 Financing/Pricing

The fees for sewerage services are as follows:

Service Fee, RMB/cm

Government Institutions 0.1 Industry 0.12 Domestic Connections no charge

These fees are collected by the Water Conservation Office and an additional charge of RMB 0.05/cm is collected by the City EnvironmentalProtection Bureau. In addition,

5-15 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Report when the effluent standards to the sewer are not met from industrial facilities, a fine is collected by TEPB. The charges range from RMB 0.2/cm to 0.4/cm.

5.3.3 Plans for Future

As pointed out in this Chapter earlier, the key environmental issue for the project is the potential water pollution implications arising from the transfer of additional, clean water from the Yellow River to Taiyuan where a significant portion of it will become wastewater. This wastewater should not be discharged to the Fen River without suitable treatment. It is imperative to forecast the future wastewater volume and develop protective measures such as treatment and reuse of wastewater to manage the impacts to the River system.

5.3.3.1 Wastewater Flow Forecast

To estimate the potential wastewater flows from various sources or sectors, a water balance is needed that considers various factors affecting the flow. A flow diagram for estimating the wastewater is shown in Figure 5.3.3-1. As can been seen from the diagram, the total wastewater flow forecast requires separate forecasts for the municipal, agricultural and industrial sectors as well as irrigation and system losses associated with domestic use. The following sections discuss the wastewater forecasts for Taiyuan City.

5.3.3.1.1 Municipal Wastewater Forecast:

Municipal wastewater forecast is generally based on the municipal water demand forecast. Forecasting of domestic water demand is based on population projections and per capita consumption rates, and has been developed and discussed in Section 5.2.2.1 in this Chapter.

All water that is used for municipal purposes does not become wastewater. For example, irrigation water usually does not contribute to wastewater flow because it does not reach the sewer system. In addition, water is lost from the municipal distribution system due to leakage from transmission lines and household taps, and by spillage onto the ground and watering of lawns/gardens. These losses typically account for 20 % of the municipaUdomesticwater use. Wastewater flow forecasts for years 2002, 2010, and 2020 for Taiyuan are shown in Table 5.3.3-1. These forecasts were calculated by subtracting the irrigation and system use losses from the total demand and multiplyingthe domestic use by 0.8.

5.3.3.1.2 Industrial Wastewater Forecast

Industrial water demand forecasts have been developed in Section 5.2.2.1 of this Chapter, and the data can be used to forecast the wastewater volume. The proportion of water use that becomes wastewater is different for each industry. The percentages of water usage that is discharged as wastewater for each of the five industrial groups in Taiyuan have been estimated from data developed previously for Taiyuan (201), and are shown in Tables 5.3.3-2 and 5.3.3-3. Based on these wastewater generation percentages, industrial wastewater projections were developed for each industrial

5-16 Wanjiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Revoo group for the years 2002, 2010, and 2020. The results are also presented in Table 5.3.3-1.

5.3.3.1.3 Agricultural Wastewater Forecast

From the wastewater treatment and pollution control point of view, all water allocated to the agricultural sector can be treated as a total loss to Taiyuan since any water return is to the river downstream of Taiyuan.

5.3.3.1.4 Total Wastewater Forecast

The total wastewater forecasts for Taiyuan for years 2002, 2010, and 2020 are shown in Table 5.3.3-1. A spreadsheet showing the calculations from water demand forecast to wastewater flow predictions is attached here as Table 5.3.3-4.

5.3.3.2 Wastewater Forecast for Drainage Areas

The Taiyuan City is now divided into 15 sewerage drainage areas in anticipation of WWTP. Based on the current and forecasted population and industry development, wastewater forecast for each drainage area has been developed by Taiyuan Municipal Engineering Design Institute (TMEDI) in June 15, 1996 and is shown in Table 5.3.3-5 (162). The numbers in Table 5.3.3-5 are essentially the same as the ones in Table 5.3.3-4, which were estimated from data developed by Tianjin Survey and Design Institute. Wastewater forecasts by the drainage areas are shown in Table 5.3.3-6.

5.3.3.3 Proposed Improvements on Sewer Collection System

Wastewater treatment involves collection and discharge in addition to the actual treatment process. The sewer system is essential to ensure that wastewater is collected for treatment and not discharged directly to the environment. The cost of a sewer system is usually high because it is typicallyunderground.

Based on the plan developed by TEMPI, the following sewer lines has been planned to be built and added to the existing sewer collection system for the three target years:

Year 1993 2002 2010 2020

Additional SewerLine, km 255* 167 294 196

Total 255 422 716 912

* Existing

The sewer expansion plan was developed based on the treatment requirement projections over these three target years.

5.3.3.4 Proposed Treatment Plant Improvements

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One of the major goals of the WWTP project is to restore and protect water quality in the river. Achievement of the goal may.require treatment to a level suitable for reuse such as recycling and groundwater recharge as well as for direct discharge of wastewater generated. However, because of the large investment required, treatment of all wastewater will not be possible for some period of time. To minimizeimpacts on the river during this interim period, a comprehensive phased program should be developed and implemented to optimize wastewater treatment and promote water reuse.

Treatment facilities for combined municipal and industrial wastewater generally can be categorized as primary, secondary, or tertiary. A primary treatment plant usually only includes preliminary treatment such as screening and grit removal, and primary settling in tanks to remove suspended solids and flotables. A secondary treatment plant adds a biological treatment process to remove suspended organic matter in the wastewater. Usually, secondary treatment is sufficient to meet most river discharge standards. However, for certain receiving water bodies which can only accept a very high quality water or for some types of industrial water reuse, tertiary treatment processes, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, or trace toxic organic removal, may be required in order to meet discharge standards.

Stabilization ponds is a cost effective way of treating wastewater where land is available, which could reduce the cost of treatment for Taiyuan. These ponds could be built inside tributaries and along the banks of Fen River to treat wastewater before entering the River. For example, there are 6 tributaries which receive about 420,000 cm/d of municipal wastewater which could be used as stabilization ponds. However, only the far end of tributaries would receive adequate treatment (i.e. have enough retention time). Therefore, stabilization ponds along the Fen river are also required to ensure adequate treatment of tributary wastewater. A minimum detention time of about 25 days is usually required to provide adequate treatment.

The drawbacks of using stabilization ponds inside the tributaries and along the Fen River, instead of treatment plants, include (i) during storms the high river bed could wipe out the stabilization ponds, and (ii) the treatment efficiency is not as high as conventional secondary treatment because of algal growth in the ponds. In addition, a future plan to build an inflatable dam to dam up Fen river in the city would cover up the areas proposed for the ponds. As a result, TMEDI considers pond treatment as transitional and temporary, and will be phased out by year 2020 and at that time, all wastewater would be treated by the treatment plants.

Based on the wastewater flow forecasts, TMEDI (162) has proposed to add wastewater treatment capacities according to the wastewater flow prediction. Table 5.3.3-7 summarizes the plan for increasing the treatment plant capacity for each target year. Details of the proposed plan for each drainage area are shown in Table 5.3.3-8. The plan basically assumes a phased approach to build collection and treatment capacities and all wastewater in Taiyuan would be collected and treated by 2020. During the interim periods in 2002 and 2010, stabilization ponds would be used to provide additional treatment of wastewater to achieve 100 % treatment capacity during these two target years. Pond treatment would account for 40 % of the treatment in

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2002 and 26 % in 2010, and would be phased out completely as new sewers and treatment plants are built in 2020. The plan is summarized in the following table:

Year 1995 2002 2010 2020

Wastewater Flow, 65 114 156 207 10**4 crn/d Treatment, % of Total Primary 0 7 32 51 Secondary 19 51 42 42 Tertiary 0 0 0 7 Stab. Pond 0 38 26 0

Total Wastewater 19 96 100 100 Treated, %

* Adapted from Table 5.3.3-6

The wastewater generated by a treatment facility may be reused for agricultural or farm irrigation, city irrigation for green belts, and industrial production such as cooling, provided that it meets water reuse standards. Crop contamination by heavy metals following agricultural irrigation with untreated wastewater has been reported in a number of areas. For irrigation, primary treatment may be sufficient to meet reuse standards for certain types of crops (but not trees), but for city irrigation or industrial use, secondary treatment followed by disinfection may be necessary. In the plan presented by TMEDI, the degree of treatment would depend on the final use of the treated water. For example, in 2020, 51 % of wastewater would be treated by primary treatment for irrigation and limited industrial reuse, 41 % by secondary treatment for industrial recycling and 8 % by tertiary treatment for certain special industrial uses.

5.3.3.5 Recycling and Reuse

Wastewater can be reused for industrial production, irrigation, groundwater recharging, and other purposes, provided that it is treated to meet applicable standards. For land irrigation, primary treatment may be sufficient to meet the standards, but for agricultural or industrial use and for direct discharge into the river, secondary treatment may be necessary. Therefore, even limited wastewAatertreatment such as primary treatment could generate effluents which reduce impact on the river and alleviate the current water shortage problem. Revenues from sale of the treated effluent could contribute to the development of wastewater treatment capacity. A comprehensive program will have to be developed to address recycling and reuse issues to ensure optimal use of water.

5.3.3.6 Future Dispersion Policy

Tayuan city is planning to disperse industry away from the city to the north and southeast into "industrial parks", so that industrial pretreatment plants can be set up to pretreat wastewater before they are discharged into river. From the wvaste

5-19 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Project Final Report management point of view, this practice would simplify wastewater management significantly and ensure proper collection and treatment. In addition, the cost of wastewater treatment would be less since the treatment plant would be treating a highly concentrated waste stream. However, moving existing industries from downtown to industrial parks may be costly.

5.3.3.7 Solid Wastes Impact on Water Quality

The WWTP project will result in the generation of additional municipal and industrial solid wastes which will impact the environment if not properly managed. It is imperative that sanitary landfillswhich have liners and caps to contain the wastes and leachate, will be available to receive these wastes. Disposal in uncontrolled solid waste dumps will eventually result in surface runoff and leaching of pollutants and contamination of Fen River as well as groundwater resources. Some hazardous sludge may require treatment, such as chemical stabilization or incineration, to reduce toxicity prior to final land disposal.

5.3.3.8 Cost and Financing Including Revolving Fund Loan

Based on the plan developed by TMEDI as shown in Table 5.3.3-8, the costs for building the collection and treatment systems have been estimated and are shown in Table 5.3.3-9 for each target year. The total investment for treating all wastewater by 2020 for the city of Taiyuan is estimated at RMB 2.8 billion.

Considering the size of the investment, a cost recovery approach should be developed as part of the overall water and wastewater management plan to address the short term and long term needs for treatment and reuse and protect river water quality. The treatment costs could be borne by the wastewater generators under a "generator pays" concept. In addition, a revolving fund loan for cleaner technology should be set up to develop new and more efficient wastewater treatment technologies for more cost effective applications in the future.

Two of the most cost-effective ways for wastewater management are pollution prevention and development of sustainable, cleaner technologies to reduce waste and improve efficiency. City EPB has proposed a plan to approach pollution prevention and develop clean technology. The Bureau has proposed to support financially 2 to 3 major wastewater generators including Taiyuan Iron and Steel and Taiyuan Chemical Company to develop pollution prevention programs and develop or import cleaner technologies using a low interest revolving fund loan. The money will be paid back to the lending agency after the programs has been developed say after 2 to 3 years, and will be loaned to other facilities or industries. The proposed budget is about RMB 8 million.

5.3.3.9 Environmental Monitoring

Environmental monitoring is carried out by the Monitoring Division of Taiyuan City EPB. The Division has about 90 people including 60 engineers, and over 450

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monitonng devices and analytical equipment. The equipment includes AA, GC, Infrared Spectroscopy and Fluorescent Spectroscopy.

Environmental monitoring for wastewater discharge concentrates in the City of Taiyuan. Monitoring of wastewater flow and concentrations is done on 39 industrial facilities once a month. Monitoring parameters vary with the types of industries. Basically, industries are required to monitor their own wastewater or effluent and report routinely to City EPB for permit compliance. City EPB performs water quality monitoring for Fen River and its tributaries, inspects treatment plant operations and conducts random sampling of effluents periodically. However, it is our understanding that monitoring by City EPB is inadequate and poor, and analytical equipment is scarce making effective control difficult.

City EPB has a plan to increase monitoring for more industrial facilities, and to implement continuous monitoring stations at major industrial facilities including Taiyuan Iron and Steel, Taiyuan Fertilizer Plant, Taiyuan Pulp and Paper Plant, and Taiyuan Chemical Plant. The plan may still be inadequate since it does not cover all industrial plants. It only cover major industries. A comprehensive plan will have to be developed for the city.

A comprehensive waste management and water pollution control monitoring program to be developed by the proposed integrated water use agency (Taiyuan Water Enterprise Holding Company), will include the following components:

(a) Review of existing wastewater treatment facilities for both communities and industries operating under the Permit System. This includes evaluation of their adequacy for furnishing pollution control and recommendations for needed improvements. (b) Review of existing solid waste management facilities (to be included in the Permit System) for both communities and industries; evaluation of their adequacy for pollution control and recommendation for needed improvements. (d) Review of agricultural practices in ESA related to water pollution with recommendations for improvement including use of Fen River water for irrigation and associated provisions for protection against health hazards. (e) Review of all uses of treated sewage effluents as supplemental water supply, for compliance with meeting water quality standards for these uses

5.3.3.10 Environmental Training

Environmental training on water pollution control should at least include the following areas:

(a) Optimal use of water including balancing groundwater, surface water and treated water for best industrial, municipal and agricultural applications.

(b) Municipal and industrial wastewater treatment management and technologies for controlled discharges and for water reuse.

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(d) Environmental monitoring on water quality and effluent discharge

(e) Permit systems and enforcement to protect river quality and environment

(f) New, efficient and cleaner technologies for pollution prevention and waste minimization

5.3.3.11 Institutional Control

An effective way to control discharges to a river system is by the establishment of a regulatory and implementation agency that would develop and implement a discharge permit system similar to the one currently in place in the US. This agency would perform functions which are currently being conducted by various governmental agencies including Provincial and City Environmental Protection Bureaus (PBS) and Provincial Water Conservancy Bureaus (WCB), Taiyuan Urban Construction Committee (TUCC), and the Yellow River Diversion Project office (YRDP). Each of these agencies is currently concemed with water use and distribution, waste management and water pollution control to promote optimal use of water in only a part of the service area. Details of the proposed agency is discussed in Section 5.5.3 of this Chapter.

As discussed previously, potential environmental impacts can be diminished by water recycling and wastewater reuse because these practices can significantly reduce fresh water usage, and leverage the use of new water to meet future demand. One way to encourage water recycling and treated effluent reuse is by pricing such that water use will reflect return on investment. For example, industries generally generate high retums on investment, and, thus, can afford a higher water price. If the price of water is high, but not high enough to be cost prohibitive or non-competitive, then water will be preferentially used by industrial plants. This pricing policy must encourage recycling, especially by industry, and the use of lower cost treated effluent for low return operations such as irrigation. Regulations would limit the use of wastewater or treated effluent for only certain applications since uses such as domestic uses require water of high quality for health and other reasons.

5.3.3.12 Permit System for Wastewater Discharges

Currently, Taiyuan EPB has issued wastewater discharge permits to 36 major industries for discharge into the treatment plants and for direct discharge into Fen river. These 36 industries account for 85% of the total industrial flow. As discussed in Environmental Monitoring, industries' are required to monitor their own wastewater or effluent and report routinely to City EPB for permit compliance. City EPB performs water quality monitoring for Fen River and its tributaries, inspects treatment plant operations and conducts random sampling of effluents periodically. However, it is our understanding that monitoring by City EPB is inadequate and poor, and analytical equipment is scarce making effective control difficult.

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City has a plan is to issue permits to over 100 plants, install continuous monitoring system at major wastewater dischargers, and purchase new analytical equipment for their lab, in anticipation of the WWTP project. The target of permitting 100 plants is to cover over 95 % of the industries which are still inadequate in controlling wastewater discharges. In addition, effective monitoring and enforcement are the keys to the success of the permiitprogram, and a detailed enforcement plan such as fines and penalties has yet to be developed.

The proposed Permit System will involve the following elements:

(a) Establishment of appropriate design criteria including (i) discharge criteria based on national minimum standards and local environmental requirements, (ii) for industries, requirements for in-plant water reuse and use of clean technologies, and (iii) requirements for periodic monitoring to be carried out by the discharger.

(b) Submitted by the discharging agency of its plan for meeting Item (a), for review and approval by the Permit Agency.

(c) Issuance of permits to enable industrial facilities and municipaltreatment plants to discharge their wastewater upon meeting the regulations specified in (a) (b).

(d) Review of periodic monitoring results submitted say by the dischargers, plus periodic checking by the Permit Agency of the adequacy of the monitoring.

(e) Where the discharger is not meeting requirements, application of enforcement proceedings, including both legal actions and physical actions as appropriate.

The monitoring program will include periodic review of the adequacy of the management of the permit system elements as noted above, and preparation of appropriate recommendations for needed improvements.

5.3.4 Summary and Conclusions

(a) The WWTP project will generate wastewater that will have to be managed, along with existing wastewaters, so that environmental pollution impacts are properly controlled and managed. The increased wastewater volumes that will result from new water have been forecasted for the years 2002, 2010, and 2020 3 for Taiyuan (1 14 104 m /d for 2002, 156 for 2010, and 207 for 2020). Since the volumes of new wastewater will be very high, wastewater recycling and wastewater treatment will be necessary to reduce the impact on water quality in the river. The potential wastewater volumes which may be recycled for agricultural/farm irrigation and industrial uses have been estimated.

Assuming that primary treatment is required for agricultural reuse, secondary treatment is required for discharge and for agricultural and industrial reuse, Taiyuan MEDI has developed a plan to increase wastewater treatment capabilitiesto almost 100 % for the target years. The plan is summarized in the following:

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Year 1995 2002 2010 2020

Wastewater Flow, 65 114 156 207 cm/d Treatment, % of Total Primary 0 7 32 5 1 Secondary 19 51 42 42 Tertiary 0 0 0 7 Stab. Pond 0 38 26 0

Total Wastewater 19 96 100 100 Treated, %

* Adapted from Table 5.3.3-6

The plan calls for the use of stabilization ponds in the tributaries of Fen River and along the banks of Fen River to provide additional polishing during 2002 and 2010 when wastewater collection and treatment plants are being built. The target is to phase out stabilization ponds and have sufficient collection systems and treatment plants by 2020. The cost estimates for treating wastewater generated until the year 2020 for Taiyuan have been developed. The preliminary estimated treatment costs for the period until 2020 are about RMB 2.8 billion. These investments will be necessary in order to achieve the goal of the WWTP project. Because of the size of the investment, the approach is to use stabilization ponds as interim treatment while building the treatment capacity in a phased approach over the next 25 years to optimize the investment and still protect river quality.

(c) To ensure that industries and municipalitieswill treat their wastewater prior to discharge, an area-wide regulatoryfimplementation agency will be established to perform the functions currently being accomplished by several governmental agencies with the following functions:

(c l) Regulating water use to ensure optimal overall use of the limited water supply, with priority to substitute use of treated effluent by industries in place of using freshwater, and the use of treated effluents for other reuse purposes including agricultural irrigation and groundwater recharging, so that freshwater supplies are used for high quality use purposes including community water supply, to be achieved by establishing an appropriate pricing structure and by monitoring/enforcement.

(c2) Establishing appropriate standards for wastewater treatment and for reuse of treated wastewater as water supply.

(c3) Establishing a permit system which requires all industries which produce significantwastes (liquid and solid) to buildloperate their own treatment systems as needed to protect environment, for discharge both

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to municipalsewers or directly to environment,and to conduct their own monitoring program with periodic reports to the "Integrated Agency".

(c4) Establishing/maintainingan environmentalmonitoring program for exercisingsurveillance on (c2), and on all other waste treatment facilities,including sewage treatment plants and solid waste disposal sites, and for ambientwater qualitymonitoring, as needed for achieving a comprehensivearea widemonitoring program.

(d) The water pollutionmanagement system of TaiyuanCity, as discussedabove, is indicatedto be consistentwith WB policiesgiven in Reference306, "Water Supply,Sanitation, and EnvironmentalSustainability, the FinancingChallege".

5.4 WATER QUALITY

5.4.1 Water Quality Parameters and Standards

The People's Republic of China (PRC) has established a number of water quality standards aimed at protecting water resources. These include the National Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water, National Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standards, and Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent Discharge Standards (201). Compliance with these standards will place constraints on implementation of the WWTP, but will also minimizepotential environmental impacts.

5.4.1.1 National EnvironmentalQuality Standards for Surface Water

To protect public health and welfare and to enhance the quality of water, the PRC established the National Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water in June 1988 (201). In establishing these standards, consideration was given to the beneficial uses and value of streams for public water supplies, propagation of fish and wildlife, and recreation, as well as agricultural, industrial, and other legitimate uses. Five classes were defined for surface waters as indicated in the attached Table 5.4.1 -1. The standards for each class are summarized in Table 5.4.1-2.

According to the classificationsin Table 5.4.1-1, surface water quality for water supply purposes has to meet at least Class III standards; these standards are similar to those in the USA. Thus, the quality of the new water from the diversion will have to achieve Class III standards.

5.4.1.2 National Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standards

To protect environmental quality including water quality, the PRC also established Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standards in June 1988. These standards were based on maximum permissible limits for primary and secondary pollutants for three classes of effluents. The classes established for these effluents are presented in Table 5.4.1-3, and the standards for each class are summarizedin Table 5.4.1-4.

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As stated in Table 5.4.1-3, no new wastewatereffluent is permitted to be discharged into Class I and II waters and wastewaterdischarges into Class HI waters must meet the appropriate standards listed in Table 5.4.1-4. This requirementwill apply to the increasedwastewater dischargesthat will resultfrom WWTP.

5.4.1.3 WastewaterTreatment Plant EffluentDischarge Standards

The National Bureau of EnvironmentalProtection (NEPA) has established effluent discharge standards for municipalwastewater treatment plants. These standards for each class are summarizedin Table5.4.1-5.

5.4.2 Surface Water

The goal of the WWTP project is to deliver new water of sufficient quality for distributionand final use. Major concernswith respect to the EnvironmentalImpact Assessment(EIA) for the WWTPproject are whetherthe qualityof the new water will change during its passage from Wanjiazhaireservoir to Taiyuan, and whether new water qualitywill be suitableto meet municipaland industrialneeds.

Changes in water quality may not only occur as a result of transport through the conveyancesystem to be built by the WWTP, but also due to increasedwastewater dischargesalong some of the river segmentsof the routes. The additionalnew water suppliedto the urban and industrialareas will result in a markedincrease in the volume of wastewaterproduced and this wastewatermay eitherbe dischargedback to the river or reused for various purposes. Treated effluent recycling can reduce the environmentalimpact on the river throughreduced discharge. Wastewater treatment will reduce the pollutant load to the environmentby removingcontaminants from the wastewater before its discharge.

5.4.2.1 CurrentSituation

The WWTP will divert water from the YellowRiver to the Taiyuancity. The water to be diverted to Taiyuanwill pass through a tunnel system to the Fen River before it reaches the existingFen I reservoir. The Fen I reservoirwill be the source for the treatment plant that will serve Taiyuan city. Therefore, concerns about possible deteriorationof water qualityfor domesticand industrialuses are focusedprimarily on the YellowRiver at and upstreamof the Wanjiazhaireservoir, the Fen River upstream of Fen I reservoir, and the Fen I reservoir. However, the major concerns are the deteriorationof water qualityin Fen river in Taiyuanwhere most wastewater will be dischargeddue to increasedurban and industrialactivities.

5.4.2.1.1 Water QualityUpstream of Fen I Reservoir

The most recent studies of river water qualitywere carried out and reported by the Chinese RadiationProtection Research Institute in 1994 (101,102,107). These three reports represent a valuable"data bank"for the present studiesand also containuseful suggestionsconcerning potential protective measures.

(a) YellowRiver at Wanjiazhai

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Water quality in the Yellow River has been monitored at Wanjiazhai and the results are reported in the Environmental Impact Statement for the South Main Line (102). Table 5.4.2-1 summarizes the analytical results for the study. In general, the quality is adequate for water supply except for the four following constituents which exceed the Class III Surface Water Standards (Table 5.4.1-2); soluble iron, total manganese, COD and ammonia.

Analyses were not conducted for about ten Class m parameters, including copper, zinc, nitrite, phosphate, selenium, oil and grease, and total bacteria. Consequently, compliance with respect to these parameters cannot be evaluated. In particular, there were no coliform analyses even though this parameter is considered one of the key criteria for water quality assessment. The presence of high coliform counts typically indicates discharge of untreated sewage of human/animal origin. Therefore, more data are needed to evaluate water quality in the river fully and to assess whether there are potential long term and/or short term health threats for users. However, the periodic sampling and analysis results for the above 10 indicates conducted by Taiyuan Water Supply Company indicates that this water will be an excellent raw water supply for Taiyuan.

(b) Fen River and the Fen I Reservoir

A long-term water quality monitoring program has been conducted in the Fen River and its tributaries upstream of the Fen I reservoir (102). Analytical results for water at the inlet to the Fen I reservoir, as well as Class III Surface Water Quality Standards, are shown in Table 5.4.2-2; water quality at the inlet is similar to that in the Yellow River. For most parameters, the standards are met but, similar to the Yellow River, COD, ammonia, iron and manganese show exceedances, indicating that the water will have to be treated to meet drinking water standards. Taiyuan city will transport water from the Fen I reservoir to a new water treatment plant and then distribute the treated water for final use. Use of the conventional rapid sand filtration process together with effluent chlorination should meet this need.

An assessment of potential pollution sources upstream of the Fen I reservoir indicates that there are industrial and agricultural discharges to the Fen River, although the impact of these activities is not severely affecting river water quality. This may change if new water becomes available and the volume of wastewater discharge increases.

5.4.2.1.2 Water Quality in Fen River in Taiyuan

Fen River in Taiyuan starts at Shang Lan and leaves Taiyuan at Xiao Dian, with a total length of about 35 km. Figure 5.4.2-1 illustrates the Fen River in Taiyuan.

They are 17 tributaries which are used for municipal and industrial wastewater discharge. Table 5.4.2-3 shows the water quality of 14 tributaries of Fen River in the Taiyuan area. Many tributaries show very high concentrations of metals and organics. The analytical data for wastewater from five major industrial sectors in Taiyuan are shown in Table 5.4.2-4.

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The data provided by City EPB (June 1996) on Fen River water qualityshow that Fen River deteriorates as it passes through the urban area. Table 5.4.2-5 through 5.4.2-7 show the water qualityresults at the 5 monitoringstations along Fen River for the low, mediumand high flow periods in 1995, respectively. The location of the monitoring stations are also shown in Figure 5.4.2-1. The results of the key parameters are summarizedin Table 5.4.2-8.

The water qualityresults show significantdeterioration of river water qualityprimarily due to inadequatetreatment and uncontrolleddischarge of wastes. This is especially serious during the low flow period, where COD increasedfrom 33 mg/I at the Shang Lan area to over 156 mg/l at Xiao Dian, an almost 5 fold increase. The increased urban and industrial activities resulting from the new water supply will increase wastewater dischargesand further deterioratethe river quality,if the dischargeis not controlled. To restore and maintainriver water quality,new treatmentfacilities for the wastes generated from the use of new water will be required prior to discharge. In addition, secondaryreuse of water, such as applicationof domesticwastewater for agriculturalor landscapeirrigation, should be practiced to optimizewater usage and this will minimizeenvironmental impacts on the river.

5.4.2.2 Impactof WWTPon WaterQuality

A complete assessmentof water qualityto the point of use must not only includethe source; the WanjiazhaiReservoir, the Fen River and its tributaries,and the delivery systen; tunnels, aqueducts, culverts, siphons and flumes,but the Fen I reservoir and the water treatment and distributionsystems in the city. Assessmentshould also be done on the Fen River in Taiyuanwhere the major impactfrom increasedwastewater dischargewould occur. The potentialimpact of each of these componentsis discussed in the followingsections.

5.4.2.2.1 Impact of DeliverySystem

(a) WanjiazhaiReservoir:

The Wanjiazhaireservoir will impoundwater from the Yellow River and flood low land above the dam. The potentialimpact of a reservoiron water qualitymay include the following:

(i) Temporary water pollution associated with construction activities and waste disposalduring dam construction. Care must be taken to minimizethe impact.

(ii) Oxygendepletion in the water due to the decompositionof organicmatter, such as trees on the flooded land, that may result in fish kills. Also decompositionof organics may cause nutrient enrichment and the production of undesirable compoundssuch as hydrogensulfide, methane and carbondioxide. Some of these gases may contribute to turbine corrosion and some are greenhouse gases. Nutrientenrichment will also stimulatethe growth of aquaticweeds, such as water lettuce and water hyacinth, which can clog water intakes and increase water treatment costs. Monitoringof the water quality in the reservoircan provide an indicationof the extent of these problems.

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(iii)The availability of water from the reservoir may result in locally increased wastewater discharge and agricultural runoff back to the reservoir. Monitoring and regulatory enforcement can limit the effects of these uncontrolled discharges to maintain the water quality.

(iv)A reservoir acts as a sediment trap in a river. The diverted water from the Wanjiazhai reservoir will have less sediment than the river, but levels are still expected to be fairly high (in the I to 3 g/l range). As a result of the dam, there will be less total sediment in the downstream segments of the Yellow River, but the sediment in the diverted water may eventually impact components of the water conveyance system such as the Fen River.

In addition to the possible water quality concerns sumnmarizedabove, uncontrolled industrial and urban discharges upstream of the Wanjiazhai may also deteriorate future water quality in the Yellow River and the reservoir.

(b) Transmission System Including Tunnels and Other Conveyance Components

Since the tunnels and other conveyance components, such as inverted siphons, culverts, and flumes, will all be enclosed, the potential for contamination is low. Surface runoff will not have access to the system. The possibility of contamination through infiltration is also low because most tunnels will be under pressure due to the pumping systems, and will be above the water table except along a short segment of the SML. Furthermore, there will be no industrial discharges to the system. However, there is a potential for decomposition of organic matter and the development of anaerobic conditions which may result in hydrogen sulfide production. Chlorination either at the intake or during periodic sediment flushing in the tunnel system should alleviate or eliminategas and odor problems.

The potential impact of this reservoir on water quality should be minor, as compared the Wanjiazhai reservoir because it is a much smaller regulating reservoir and has a shorter detention time.

(d) Fen River System Upstream of Fen I Reservoir and the Fen I Reservoir

As discussed previously, existing water quality in the Fen River (Table 5.4.2-2) is similar to that in the Yellow River. The water quality appears acceptable except for a few parameters which exceed the Surface Water Quality Standards. These exceedances will require water treatment in order to meet the quality standards for final industrial and community water uses. Taiyuan city will transport water from the Fen I reservoir to the new Huyan water treatment plant and then distribute the treated water for final use. Use of the conventional rapid sand filtration process together with effluent chlorination should meet this need.

The objective of the project is to deliver water to the Taiyuan area. However, water in Fen River will be available for local domestic, industrial and agricultural uses unless

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access is restricted and regulationsare establishedand enforced to prevent the use of river water. If access to the river is not controlled,the availabilityof new water may result in increasedindustrial, urban and agriculturalactivitier and subsequentincreases in wastewater dischargesto the river. In addition, less water will be available for Taiyuan.

5.4.2.2.2 PredictedWater Qualityat HuyanWater TreatmentPlant

The mineralquality of water enteringthe Fen River at the end of the SML would be essentiallythe same as that at the intakeat Wanjiazhai.This appearsto be a reasonable assumptionsince the tunnels and the rest of the conveyancesystem will be enclosed. The impact of reservoirson water qualityis also expectedto be minor and manageable. Therefore,the concentrationsof water quality parameters in the Fen River after the discharge point of SML and through the rest of the Fen River system should reflect volumeweighted averagesof concentrationsin the YellowRiver and Fen River. Table 5.4.2-9 illustrates the water quality for the raw water prior to the Huyan water treatmentplant.

The quality is adequate for water supplyexcept for the four following constituents whichexceed the Classm SurfaceWater Standards(Table 5.4.1-2);iron, manganese, COD and ammonia. However, iron and manganesehave been determined to be associatedwith suspendedsolids (SS) in the water, and the conventionalrapid sand filter treatment should remove these two metals easily, as discussed in Section 5.2 Water Supply. COD and ammoniaif it becomes necessary may require additional advancedtreatement processes.

5.4.2.2.3 Impactof WWTPon Fen Riverin TaiyuanCity and Downstream

The increasedurban and industrialactivities resulting from the new water supply will increase wastewater discharges. To maintain river water quality, new treatment facilitiesfor the wastes generatedfrom the use of new water will be required prior to discharge. The Taiyuan MunicipalEngineering and Design Institute (TMEDI) has developeda comprehensivewastewater collection and treatment plan for 2002, 2010 and 2020 to achievetreatment of 100 % of all wastewater generatedfrom the city by 2020. Treatmentwill involveprimary, secondary, and some tertiary as well as using stabilizationponds in the tributariesand along the banks of Fen River for wastewater treatment. Details of the plan are discussedin Section 5.3.3 of this Chapter.

5.4.2.2.4 FutureWater Qualityat Fen River in Taiyuanand Downstream

The existingwater qualityin Fen River in Taiyuanhas been discussed and shown in Table 5.4.2-7. The following conditions, which show the flow rates and the concentrationsat differentflow conditionsat Shang Lan where the river enters the Taiyuancity, are used to predict futurewater qualityfor 2002, 2010 and 2020.

Flow Period FlowRate, cms COD, mgA BOD, mg/Il

High 4.04 20 10 Medium 2.99 30 15

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Low 0.5 40 20

* From Table 5.4.2-7

The plan developed by TMiEDI to treat all wastewater generated in Taiyuan when the new water is available has been discussed in Section 5.3.2 of this Chapter, and is shown in Table 5.3.2-6.

The following effluent concentrations from various treatment of municipal wastewater in Taiyuan will be used to predict the impact of wastewater discharge on water quality in Fen River:

Treatment Effluent Concentration, mg/I COD BOD

Untreated 300 100 Primary 90 70 Secondary 30 20 Tertiary 20 10 Pond* 50 30 _ ~~ ~ ~ ------_ ------Stabilizationponds along the side of Fen River

Assuming that the wastewater generated will undergo various treatment levels as planned, the expected resultant water quality in the Fen River (voiume weighted averages) in years 2002, 2010 and 2020 is shown in Table 5.4.2-10. The spreadsheet showing the calculations is attached here as Table 5.4.2-11. Based on the calculations, the concentration of COD in the Fen River is expected to remain below 50 mg/I if all wastewater is treated to meet appropriate standards. The projected water quality in Fen River in Taiyuan will be much better than the water quality in Fen River today.

5.4.2.3 Recommendations

The following protective measures have been identified, as necessary, to minimize possible impacts on surface water quality as a result of the WWTP project:

I. The imported water supply will be expensive because of high pumping and transmission costs. Therefore, its use should be limited to meeting critical urban and industrial growth needs and preferably those that minimize the potential for pollution. The city should develop a pricing system to encourage use of new water for productive and relatively clean industrial processes. Note that the pricing system, to be effective, must cover both local as well as imported sources.

II. The wastewater generated from increased industrial and urban activities should be recycled/reused to the extent feasible. This approach can be promoted by enforcing requirementsto treat water before discharge and by pricing.

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III. A permit system shouldbe establishedand managedby the appropriate local control agency as discussed in Section 5.5. This agency will set discharge standardsfor urban and industrialwastewaters to limit pollutant loading to the river. Each significantpollution source (urban, industrial, and agricultural) shouldhave to obtain a permitwhich delineates the requirementsto be met by the pollutionsource beforedischarge of waste effluent. This permitwill specify the effluentstandards to be met, plant requirementsfor minimizingwater use (includingrecycling) and waste minimization,and monitoringto be performed routinelyand to be reported by the pollutionsource. The control agency will performthe followingfunctions:

A. Establish appropriate water quality standards, both emission and ambient,using the NationalStandards as a guideline,but incorporating localrequirements.

B. Enforce compliancewith the discharge program by establishing a separate enforcement branch to prosecute violators, based on informationon non-compliancefurnished by the monitoring program. The penaltiesfor noncompliancecould be fines or jail terms for very serious and repeatoffenses.

C. Effectivelymonitor the performancefor each pollutionsource.

D. Establisha river monitoringprogram for key parameters. The program should include measurementof key parametersin the water column, once a month at several locations along the river (e.g., temperature, suspended solids,turbidity, DO, pH alkalinity,total dissolved solids, COD, BOD, coliformsand majorcations and major anions). Also, river bottom samples should be analyzed annually, to reduce possible accumulationof toxics includingheavy metals and synthetic organic compounds.

The permit programmay showthat it maynot be feasiblefor some smallindustries to continue in operation. Consequently,some small industriesmay have to relocate to other areas or into industrialestates where a common treatment system can serve a group of plants,in order to remaincompetitive.

5.4.3 Groundwater

5.4.3.1 Current Situation

Groundwatermay present problemswith respect to designof the WWTP tunnels, but these problemsare generallynot related to water quality issues. The only possible groundwaterconcern related to qualityis the potential for infiltrationof poor quality water into the tunnels and for infiltrationof slimeorganisms. Groundwaterquality is alreadya serious problemdue to continuingover-exploitation of groundwater to meet the domestic, industrial and irrigation needs, and contamination by industrial wastewaters.

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Some tunnels systems in other countries have experienced serious problems due to slime growth which greatly reduces water quality. Should the problem occur, it can be controlled by suitable chlorination.

5.4.3.2 Impact of WWTP on Groundwater Quality

The WWTP will mark-edlyincrease the supply of surface water in Taiyuan and hence might be expected to decrease dependence on use of groundwater. This may not occur, however, because the imported water will be more costly than groundwater. In this situation, continuing over-use of groundwater will likely be encouraged unless pricing or other controls are established. Hence it will be necessary to establish such control so that the overall freshwater resource will be optimally used (as discussed in Section 5.3).

5.4.3.3 Recommendations

The WWTP must impose strict controls on use of groundwater so that it will cost as much or more than new water, and thus discontinue use of groundwater and enable the groundwater basin to recover. Also, the WWTP monitoring program for water quality could include both surface water and groundwater in the service areas, in order to monitor groundwater use as well as changes in water quality.

5.4.4 Environmental Monitoring

This program is to begin with establishment of the EMO. It will comprise the following activities as described below. The numbers of sampling stations indicated are considered to be the minimum needed to establisha reliable data base.

(a) Quarterly sampling of imported water at a series of stations along the GML, SML, and Connection Works (total of about 20 stations); analysis for the parameters shown in 5.4.2-2 above, plus eutrophication parameters (nitrogen and phosphorus form) and gross toxicity; evaluation of the data to identify unacceptable quality degradation, and, if identified, presentation of recommendations for modification; and, annual evaluation of the adequacy of the monitoring program with recommendations for needed improvements.

(b) Quarterly sampling of existing surface waters in ESA at a series of stations (total of about 20); analysis for Class III parameters; evaluation of data to identify unacceptable degradation and, if identified, presentation of recommendations for modification; annual sampling of bottom sediments in streams (at a few selected stations) with analyses to detect accumulation of toxic substances; and annual review and presentation of recommendations for improvements to the monitoring program.

(c) Annual sampling of groundwater at some of the stations (20) in ESA; including parameters for drinking water purposes; evaluation of data to identifyunacceptable degradation, and if identified, presentation of recommendations for modification;

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and, annual review and presentationof recommendationsfor improvement to the monitoringprogram.

5.4.5 Summary and Conclusions

(a) The impact of the plannedWWTP water conveyancesystem on the quality of the imported water should not be significantfor all salient water quality parameters because the systemwill comprise mostly tunnels and culverts that will be enclosed. However, the receivingFen River is an open stream and will be vulnerable to contamination.

(b) The quality of the raw water deliveredto Taiyuanand other service areas will correspondto ClassIII in the NationalGoverment's classificationsystem. Based on the availabledata on YellowRiver water qualityat Wanjiazhaiand elsewherein the Yellow River system, it appears that the imported water delivered to the service areas will be suitablefor a raw water supply for all intended uses, with treatment needed to meet drinking water standards. Conventionalrapid sand filtrationwith effluentchlorination should meet this need.

(c) The WWTP project is not expectedto adverselyaffect groundwaterquality in the ESA except duringthe constructionstages when use of groundwater by the CC must be strictlycontrolled.

(d) The major potentialimpact on water qualityis expected to be increasedindustrial and urban wastewaterdischarges generated by the availabilityof new water. The city of Taiyuanwill have to provide wastewater collectionand treatment for all new and existingsources, in order to maintainwater quality in the river. If the treatmentplan developedby TaiyuanMEDI is implemented,it is expectedthat the water quality in Fen River will not be adversely impacted by wastewater discharges. The predictedCOD concentrationin the Fen River would be much lower than the current conditionat XMaoDian, as shown in Table 5;4.2-10. In addition,Taiyuan should maximize water recyclingand the reuse of wastewater in order to conservewater as well as to minimizepotential adverse impacts on the Fen River.

(e) Protective measures will be implementedto alleviate potential impacts on the quality of surface water and groundwater. One needed measure is to price the water in a way that will encouragewater recyclingand wastewater treatment. A complementarymeasure will be implementationof a permit system similar to that used in the USA to require industriesand municipalitiesto treat wastewater to meet standards prior to discharge. A permit system involves establishing appropriatedischarge standards, monitoring the qualityof discharge effluents,and enforcing the regulationsthrough a penalty system for violators. River water toxicity will be controlled,primarily by the use of the permit system, so that existingtoxicity discharges from industrieswill cease. The pricing, implementation of a permit systemand other functionscould be best performed by an area-wide water control agency.

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(f) The control agency will have responsibilityfor continuingevaluation of the water supply/usesituation in the Taiyuanservice area, as the basis for developingthe optimalplan for water use and reuseand river water pollutioncontrol. In this plan, groundwateruse will be minimizedso that over-pumpingwill be stopped and so the groundwaterlevels can be recovered,including use of groundwaterrecharging. The plan will place high priorityon use of treated wastewatereffluents for industry and irrigationand thus conservefreshwater for communityuse includingdrinking.

(g) Overall, water treatment,water recycling,water reuse and wastewatertreatment must be an integral part of the overall WWTP project. If any one of these componentsis neglected,it couldaffect the ultimatewater qualityof the river and, compromisethe goal of the WWTPproject.

5.5 INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT FOR WATER SUPPLY AND POLLUTION CONTROL

5.5.1 Target

As presented earlier in the Introduction of this Chapter, the target for water use and pollution control when the new water becomes available is to ensure optimal use of the total freshwater supply in Taiyuan, including both imported and local resources. The target should include:

(a) Efficient water supply system with minimumwastage. (b) Maximum feasible reuse (for both people and industry). (c) Maintain acceptable water quality in Fen River (within city, downstream). (d) Municipal sewage system (collection, treatment, disposal) as needed for (b) (c). (e) Industrial waste management as needed for (b) (c). (f) Attention to solid waste management as needed for (c). (g) Minimize any water use for agriculture, includingreuse, where such water is needed for higher priority uses.

Figure 5.5.1-1 shows the conceptual approach for optimal use and reuse of water for Taiyuan.

The existing management structure for planning, operations, investment, fee collection and financing of water supply and pollution control is fragmented, and it may not be feasible using existing institutions, to provide the organization framework to achieve the target for optimal use. Ideally, the provision of water supply, sewerage services, and water reuse should be integrated within a single entity, which would have full responsibility for the delivery, treatment and distribution of water, for collection, treatment and disposal of sewage and sewage sludge within the urban area including river water pollution control, and for managing use of treated effluents for additional water supply. The formation of such an entity could be considered as a Water Management Holding Company, which would become financiallyautonomous through the collection of user charges for water uses and wastewater collection, treatment and disposal.

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Figure 5.5.1-2 Shows the existing Taiyuan Municipal Water Supply and sewage management system.

5.5.2 Current Situation

5.5.2.1 Water Resourcesand Water Use Management

Groundwater and surface water are two major sources of water in Taiyuan. Groundwateris used primarilyfor domesticand industrialuses, while surfacewater is used for irrigation and some industrialuses. A numberof agenciesat provincialand city levels are involved in the supply and use of both water resources, and the managementsystems are discussedin the following:

Groundwater resource is managed by the Taiyuan Municipal Water Resources ManagementCommittee (MWRMC) in the Taiyuancity. However, Taiyuan Water Supply Company (TWSC) manages the operation,treatment and distributionof the groundwaterto most of the servicearea in the TaiyuanCity. Figure5.5.2-1 shows the institutional structure and staffing of the company. Taiyuan Municipal Water Resources ManagementCommittee also provideswater to the suburbandistricts and the counties as well as providingsurface water to the power and steel industries,and for agriculture.

Managementof surface water resource in the Taiyuanarea belongsto the Shangxi ProvincialWater ConservancyBureau (WCB),which is also in charge of the surface water resource for the Shangxiprovince. The Bureau has two agenciesin charge of surface water management; the Water Management Office (WMO) and the Agricultural Water Use Office (AWUO). The Water ManagementOffice deals primarilywith surfacewater for industrialuses, andworks with the AgriculturalWater Use Office to allocate water for use in irrigation.Management of Fen River water is under the Fen ReservoirManagement Authority (FRMA), which is within the Water ManagementOffice of the WCB. However,water qualitymonitoring and management are the responsibilitiesof the City EnvironmentalProtection Bureau (EPB) in the Taiyuan area, or the ProvincialEPB, if outside of the Taiyuanservice area. Figure 5.5.2-1 illustrates the organizationsinvolved in water resources and water supply management.

5.5.2.2 WastewaterManagement

The operation and managementof municipalwastewater treatmentsystems is carried out by the Urban EngineeringManagement Bureau (UEMB) of the Taiyuan City. Figure 5.5.2-3 shows the organizationand functionof the UEMB and Figure 5.5.24 shows the organizationand funcctionaof TaiyuanDrainage Division. The planningand design of all treatment plants and most-sewers are by TaiyuanMunicipal Engineering and Design Institute (TMEDI) which works for the MunicipalEngineering Planning Bureau (MEPB). However, the effluentmonitoring for discharginginto Fen river is the responsibilityof City EPB, who also has the responsibilityfor monitoringmost industrial wastewater operations for permit compliance. Recycled water becomes water resource, and is managed by the Water ConservationOffice (WCO) of the

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Taiyuan City, which also has the responsibilitiesof setting and enforcingregulations for water conservationin Taiyuan.

Most offices includingTWSC, UEMB, MEPB, City EPB, and WCO report to the TaiyuanUrban ConstructionCommittee (UCC), who and MWRMCboth report to the mayor's office in the city govemment. The provincialWCB and EPB report to the ProvincialWater Resourcesand Use Committeewhich regulatesand directs all water supply and pollution control issues in the Shangxi province, and is headed by the Governor. The organizationsand their functionsrelating to wastewater management of these officesare also shownin Figure5.5.2- 1.

The existing managementstructure for water resources, use, and reuse, as well as wastewatertreatment, discharge, monitoring and recyclingfor the city involvesat least 11 agencies in the provincialand city levels, and is very complex. The ability and effectivenessof managingwater and wastewater for optimal use will be in question when the new water becomes available. There is a definite need to simplifythe organizationsinvolved and streamlinethe managementstructure and process, so that the Taiyuan city can effectivelymanage its existingand new water for optimal use, includingmanaging its wastewaterfor optimalreuse and minimalimpact on the river quality.

5.5.3 Integrated Management For Water Supply and Pollution Control

5.3.3.1 Using Existing Agencies

The existing management organization structure described previously could be improved to provide the management of water and wastewater when WWTP is completed. In this scenario, the Yellow River Diversion Project (YRDP) office would sell new water to the city and the city would work with provincial agencies such as WCB and EPB to manage the water resources, transmission, treatment and distribution for final use. The city would also work with Provincial EPB to manage wastewater treatment and discharge, and to monitor and maintain water quality in Fen River. The major drawback is the separation of management on water supply and pollution control, both are essential elements for achieving optimal use. In addition, water recyclingand reuse would be in the hands of Water ConservationOffice whose main function is water conservation and who has very little capability nor power in managing water for optimal use.

5.3.3.2 Proposed New Agency

A more effective way to ensure optimal use and to protect the Fen river system is by the establishment of an area-wide regulatory and implementation company that would develop and implement water supply and pollution control systems. This area-wide company would perform functions which are currently being conducted by various govemmental agencies including provincial and city Environmental Protection Bureaus (EPB) and Water Conservancy Bureaus (WCB), the Taiyuan Urban Construction Committee (UCC) and the Yellow River Diversion Project office (YRDP), and have profit and loss responsibilities. Each of these agencies is currently concemed with

5-37 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final ReDon water use and distribution,waste managementand water pollutioncontrol to promote optimaluse of water in only a part of the servicearea.

YRDPis currentlystudying the concept of an integrated systemunder the management of a single agency. Based on the discussionswith the YRDP, the initial conceptual plan is to form the Tayuan Water Enterprise Holding Company (TWEHC), which would integrate existingcity and provincialwater and wastewatermanagement offices and agencies into- a new centralized organization with area-wide coverage. This company would manage all water supply and pollution control related issues, and would have its own profits and losses. The holding company would consist of 5 individual subsidiary companies each has its own charter. These five subsidiary companiesare shown in Figure 5.5.3-1, and their functionsrelating to water supply and wastewatermanagement are shownin Figure5.5.3-2. The functionsof each of the five companiesare brieflydescribed in the following:

(a) YellowRiver Water ManagementCompany (YRWMC)

.This companywould be the current YRDP in operatingand maintainingthe GTL, ' STL and the connection work to ensure delivery of Yellow River water with sufficient quality to Taiyuan. The company would sell the new water to the TaiyuanWater SupplyCompany and to pay off the loan for the WWTP project from the receipt.

(b) Fen River Water ManagementCompany (FRWMC)

This company would combine the functions of the current Water Management Office including the Fen Reservoir Authority, and the AgriculturalWater Use Officeof the ProvincialWater ConservancyBureau. The companywould have the responsibilitiesof managingthe surface water resource in Fen River for industrial and agriculturaluses, and operatingFen Reservoir to regulate water supply for Taiyuan. The companywould charge its sister company,the YellowRiver Water ManagementCompany for using the Fen River upstream of Fen 1 Reservoir and the Reservoirto deliverYellow River water to Taiyuan. FRWMCwould also have the responsibilitiesof maintainingthe water qualityin Fen River and would charge a fee for any wastewater or treated effluententering the Fen River system. Use of Fen River water for industrial and agricultural use is also under FRWMC's managemnent,and users would pay for the water used.

This companywould essentiallybe the existingTaiyuan Water SupplyCompany which providesgroundwater as well as future new water from Fen I Reservoirto the urban and industrialusers. The'companywould buy YellowRiver water from its sister companyYRWMC, and buy groundwater from another sister company TGRMC. It then sells the water to the end users after treatment. The company would own and operatethe treatmentplants and the distributionsystem.

Figure 5.5.3-3 showsthe structure and staffingof the TWSC.

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(d) Taiyuan Groundwater Resources Management Company (TGRMC)

This company would perform the same functions as the existing Taiyuan Municipal Water Resources Management Committee in managing groundwater supply for the industries and other agencies which use their own wells. However, the company would regulate and manage all other groundwater resources in the Taiyuan area. Basically, the company would sell groundwater to its customers, which include the individual industrial and municipal facilities, and the Taiyuan Water Supply Company, for using groundwater as water supply.

(e) Taiyuan Wastewater Management Company

The functions of this company would be to plan and manage all wastewater collection, treatment, and discharge from municipal and industrial sources, and also manage wastewater recycling and reuse. The company would include parts of existing UEMB and MEPB agencies in Taiyuan which are involved in wastewater planning, management, and operation, and also City and Provincial EPBs which deal with water pollution control. It would operate the collection and treatment systems and charge the industrial facilities or municipalities for the wastewater entering the sewerage system. It would also have the responsibilities for water or treated effluent for reuse, taking over the function of Water Conservation Office. The company would pay surcharges to its sister company FRWMC for discharging its treated effluent into the Fen River.

Figure 5.5.3-4 shows the structure and staffing of the company.

The Chairman of the Board of the Directors for the holding company should be appointed by the Governor or Senior Officers in the China Government.

5.5.4 Environmental Monitoring

5.5.4.1 Water Supply/Quality Monitoring

Currently, Taiyuan has 10 surface water monitoring stations along the Fen River from Fen 1 Reservoir to Xiao Dian in the south of the Taiyuan city, and 6 of the stations are located inside the city area. River water samples are collected three times a year during May, August and October. Water samples are analyzed for 37 constituents including COD, BOD, DO, heavy metals and toxic organics.

The City Environmental Protection Bureau has developed a plan to add additional 6 monitoring stations in the same stretch of Fen River to cover more areas where heavy municipal and industrial wastewater discharge. In addition, sampling frequency is to be increased from 3 to 6 times a year, and the analyses be increased to 65 parameters including radionuclealides and PCB.

The plan developed by City EPB may not be sufficient to address water supply and quality monitoring. The water supply monitoring will be checked and modified as needed to include the following:

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(a) Water amounts used for residences,commercial buildings, public buildings, industries,and agriculture. (b) Adequacyof water supplyfor (a) (presentand future). (c) Qualityof supplyfor (a) includingquarterly sampling and analysesand series of stations (estimatedtotal of about 100) using parameters indicating adequacy for drinking purposes. These include turbidity, total dissolved solids, coliforms, pH and alkalinity,major cations and major anions, iron and manganese,and color. (d) Adequacyof qualityfor (a). (e) Recommendationfor neededimprovements (technical and institutional).

The water qualitymonitoring wlll comprise the followingactivities: (a) This will include(i) quarterlysampling of qualityof importedwater at series of stations along the GML, SML, and ConnectionWorks (total of about 20 stations), (ii) analysisas shownin (c) above, plus eutrophicationparameters (nitrogenand phosphorus forn) and grosstoxicity; (iii) evaluationof these data to determine any evidencesof unacceptablequality degradation; and (iv) explanationof these; and (v) recommendationsfor needed improvements,and (vi) annual evaluation of adequacy of monitoring program with recommendationsfor neededimnprovements. (b) Quarterly samplingof qualityof existing surface waters, using a series of stations (total of about 20); analysis of these for Class m parameters; evaluation of data to determine any conditions of unacceptability with recommendationsfor improvementsin controllingpollution discharges. Also annual samplingof bottom sedimentsin streams (selected few stations) with analysesfor detectingaccumulation of toxic substances. Annual review and improvementsof monitoringprogram. (c) Annual samplingof quality of groundwaterswhich are utilized for water supply, including parametersfor drinking water purposes, using series of stations(say 20 total); evaluationof data to detect evidencesof unacceptability with recommendationsfor needed improvements, and annual review and improvement;in monitoringprogram.

5.5.4.2 WaterPollution Control Monitoring

Environmentalmonitoring for waterpollution control is carried out by the Monitoring Division of Taiyuan City EPB. The Division has about 90 people including 60 engineers, and over 450 monitoringdevices and analyticalequipment. The equipment includesAA, GC, InfraredSpectroscopy and FluorescentSpectroscopy.

City EPB has a plan to increasemonitoring for more industrial facilities, and to implement continuous monitoringstations at major industrial facilities including

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Taiyuan Iron and Steel, Taiyuan Fertilizer Plant, Taiyuan Pulp and Paper Plant, and Taiyuan Cheniical Plant. The plan may still be inadequate since it does not cover all industrial plants. It only cover major industries.

(a) Review of existing wastewater treatment facilities for both communities and industries operating under the Permit System. This includes evaluation of their adequacy for furnishing pollution control and recommendations for needed improvements. (b) Review of existing solid waste management facilities (to be included in the Permit System) for both communities and industries; evaluation of their adequacy for pollution control and recommendation for needed improvements. (d) Review of agricultural practices in ESA related to water pollution with recommendations for improvement including use of Fen River water for irrigation and associated provisionsfor protection against health hazards. (e) Review of all uses of treated sewage effluents as supplemental water supply, for compliancewith meetingwater quality standards for these uses

5.5.5 Permit System/Enforcement

Currently, Taiyuan EPB has issued wastewater discharge permits to 36 major industries for discharge into the treatment plants and for direct discharge into Fen river. These 36 industries account for 85% of the total industrial flow. However, monitoring is poor and analytical equipment is scarce making effective control and enforcement difficult.

The future plan is to issue permits to over 100 plants, install continuous monitoring systems at major wastewater dischargers, and purchase new analytical equipment for their lab. However, there is no enforcement program which would require additional manpower to monitor and enforce the regulations.

The proposed Permit System will involve the following elements:

(b) Submitted by the discharging agency of its plan for meeting Item (a), for review and approval by the Permit Agency.

(c) Issuance of permits to enable industrial facilities and municipal treatment plants to discharge their wastewater upon meeting the regulations specified in (a) (b).

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(d) Review of periodic monitoring resui-:-submitted say by the dischargers, plus periodicchecking by the PermitAgenc:, *fthe adequacyof the monitoring.

(e) Where the discharger is not meeting requirements,application of enforcement proceedings,including both legal actionsand physicalactions as appropriate.

The monitoringprogram will includeperiodic review of the adequacyof the managementof the permitsystem elements as noted above, and preparationof appropriate recommendationsfor needed improvements.

5.5.6 Environmental Training

Education of industrialand municipalstaff and the publicabout the significanceof the uncontrolleddischarges, the importanceof treatmentand water reuse and the value of environmentalmanagement, monitoring and complianceprograms is essential to the success of the program. Environmentaltraining should at least includethe following areas:

(a) Environmental aspects of water conveyance and supply systems during construction.

(b) Optimal water use includingbalancing groundwater, surface water and treated water for best industrial,municipal and agriculturalapplications.

(d) In-plant control and treatmentfor reusefor optimalreuse.

(e) Environmentalmonitoring on water qualityand effluentdischarge

(f) Permitsystems and enforcementto protect river qualityand environment

(g) New, efficient and cleaner technologies for pollution prevention and waste minimization

(h) The trainingprogram is also discussedin Chapter8 of this report.

5.5.7 Institutional Strengthening of Taiyuan EPB

In June 1996 the TaiyuanEPB (TEPB)in accordancewith earlierdiscussions with WB mission members, submitted to WB a proposal for Technical Assistance entitled "Recommendationon Project of Taiyuan City's Water Pollution Prevention and Control, WWTP's Sub-Projecton EnvironmentalProtection AssistanceFinanced by World Bank Loan" (Ref. 164). Thisis includedhere as AnnexH.

The objective of this proposal is to strengthenTEPB's institutionalresources by a program to be conductedover the next severalyears including(i) evaluationof water pollution control managementneeds for Taiyuan,(ii) studies of on how to utilize the

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permit system, including fee charges, (iii) studies on how to utilize clean technology in industry, and (iv) improvements in water pollution control monitoring. This would be financed by a grant of US $2 million. In addition, $10 million would be allocated from the overall project loan for establishmentof a "Clean Production Fund".

The Technical Assistance will include some provisions for training in the various subjects noted above. This would be supplementary and complementary to the training program proposed by the present EIA in Chapter 8.

5.5.8 Summary and Conclusions

(a) To ensure optimal use of existing and new water, an area-wide regulatory/ implementation company is to be established to perform the functions currently being accomplished by several governmental agencies. The initial plan is to form a holding company which would have five subsidiaries each would have its distinctive functions together to achieve the target of optimal use of water, and each have its own profit and loss responsibilities. The functions of the 5 subsidiaries of this new company as related to water and waste management are illustrated in Figure 5.5.3-2.

(b) The existing permit system is to be upgraded to become really effective including strict enforcement. This is essential for success of the proposed integrated system. The program should involve (i) establishing/using appropriate permit procedure, including requirement for recycling and use of clean technologies, (ii) setting appropriate discharge and reuse standards, (iii) monitoring discharge concentrations and river quality, and enforcing requirements through penalties for violators.

(c) Education and training of industrial and municipal staff and the public about the significance of uncontrolled discharges and the importance of treatment will be implemented to promote awareness and acceptance of the program. Details of the training and education to raise public awareness on water conservation, pollution control and optimal use of water are discussed in Chapter 8.

(d) The Taiyuan City EPB (TEPB) has submitted a proposal to WB for technical Assistance in the amount of US $2 million for strengthening TEPB's institutional resources for TEPB's share in accomplishingthe objectives noted above, plus the recommendation that the overall project loan include an allocation of US $10 million for establishing a Clean Technologies Fund for industries. These programs are both consistent with and supplementary and complementary to the recommendations made in the present EIA.

5.6 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ACHIEVEMENTS IN TAIYUAN CITY

5.6.1 Water Supply

5.6.1.1 Water Conservation Program of WCO

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Water conservationis one of the top prioritiesin Taiyuanand is under the management of the Water ConservationOffice (WCO) in the city government. Over the last few years, the WCO has taken a number of steps to ensure active water conservationin the city. These include:

(a) The office has set up and carriedout water conservationpolicies including limited time and volumefor water use for municipaluse and certain industrialoperations, penalizingplants or facilitiesthat do not complywith the regulationsby fines, and awardingplants that make effortsto save water.

(b) The city inspects the water supply system especially the distribution system regularly, and made repairs or replacementto broken or leaky pipes or joints frequentlyto minimizethe water leakagerate.

(c) The office evaluatesnew industriesbased on production output/wateruse rate and promotes industrieswith high output/water rate, i.e., businesseswhich use less water.

(d) The office has set up educationprograms in schools to make aware of the water conservationprograms, and set up training programsfor staff and employeesto promote water conservation.

(e) The office promotes water reuse by buildingwater recyclinglines to reuse treated effluentfor irrigationand industrialuses.

5.6.1.2 In-PlantWater Recyclingand WastewaterReuse

Accordingto WCO, industriesin Taiyuanhave been practicingin-plant water recycling for a number of years, and the city has made significantprogress in in-plantrecycling. Based on the data providedby WCO, the city experienceda 50 % increasein in-plant recyclingfrom 1992 to 1995, as shown in Figure 5.6.1-1. The followingtable shows the progress in economicgrowth, water use and in-plantrecycling including cooling water recyclingfor the cityof Taiyuanin the last 15 years:

Year Output Output/WaterIn-Plant Recycling CoolingWater Recycling billionRMIB RMB/cm % %

1980 3.77 14.4 67 77 1995 17.6 91.7 86 92

Data from EPB also showed that effluent from wastewater treatment is reused for industrialprocessing and irrigationpurposes. Apparently,significant progress has been made to water reuse as shownin Figure 5.6.1-2. There has been an increaseof over 64 % in wastewater reuse overa 4 year periodfrom 1991to 1995.

5.6.2 Water Pollution Control

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According to City EPB, Taiyuan city has issued 36 wastewater discharge permits to industrial facilities over the last 15 years. These 36 facilities represent about 89 % of the total wastewater volume, and 72 % of the total pollutants in wastewater discharged into the river. The total pollutants is defined as the sum of 10 constituents monitored and analyzed including COD, Phenol, CN, petroleum, NH3-N, TSS, F, Cu, sulfates and aniline, Based on the data provided by City EPB, total pollutants discharged into the Fen River were reduced by 33 % for the 36 plants from 1993 to 1995, as shown in the following table:

Year 1993 1994 1995

Total Pollutants in Wastewater*, t/y 80,961 67,015 54,360

% Reduction -- 17 33

*total pollutants include the 10 parameters defined in the text.

5.6.2.1 Wastewater Treatment Facilities

Currently, Taiyuan has 3 municipal and 2 industrial wastewater treatment plants with a total treatment capacity of 175,000 crntd, of which 50,000 cm/d of treated effluent are reused by Taiyuan Iron and Steel Company for industrial processing. Four treatment plants are secondary treatment plants with activated sludge treatment capabilities, and one with chemical precipitation for heavy metal removal. Details of the treatment plants is presented in Section 5.3.2 of this Chapter.

These treatment plants can be upgraded to increase the treatment capacity. The design capacity for these 5 plants are over 450,000 cmtd.

5.6.2.2 Reduction of Toxic Chemicals

Based on the information provided by the City EPB, Taiyuan City apparently has successfully reduced the discharge of toxic chemicals including toxic metals to the environment through a number of steps:

(a) The high metal containing wastewater from Taiyuan Iron and Steel Company is treated by a chemical precipitation process, and the treated effluent is recycled and reused in the plant.

(b) There are 67 electroplating operations in Taiyuan. All electroplating operations are required to pretreated their wastewater to remove heavy metils.

(c) Coal mining in Taiyuan uses lead battery in its operation. The mining companies are required to treat the lead containing wastewater from the spent batteries, and have reported a high reduction in lead concentrations in treating their wastewater using lime precipitation prior to discharge.

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(d) The overallreductions for two heavy metals in industrialwastewaters for Taiyuan in 1995 are shownin the followingtable:

Toxic Metals Chrome Lead

Generatedin Wastewater, ton/y 1.5 12.9

Discharged, tonly 044 5.04

Removal,% 70.6 60.9

5.6.3 Institutional Control

As discussed earlier, water conservationand water reuse are the responsibilitiesof Water ConservationOffice, and water pollution control is the responsibilityof City EPB. The city EPB has over 180 people and 9 divisionsas illustrated in Figure 5.6.4- 1.

The main functions of City EPB in water pollution control are environmental monitoringof riversand treatmentplant effluents, managementof permitsystems, and collectionof surchargesand fines from wastewaterdischarges. In addition,the City EPB conducts research and developmentof environmentaltechnologies, and provides training and education programs on environmentalrelated topics. The agency also works with ProvincialEPB to draft as well as enforce environmentalregulations for the city. Existing envirommentalmonitoring, pemit systems and training practices have been discussedin Section5.5.4, 5.5.5, and 5.5.6 of this Chapter.

5.6.4 Summary

Despite the many difficultiesinvolved, the Taiyuan city agencies, working in close cooperationwith the Provincialagencies, have over the past decade made impressive progress in planningand implementinga comprehensivewater pollutionprogram in the Taiyuanservice area. This includes:

(a) Preparation of a comprehensivemunicipal sewerage managemnentplan, and implementationof the plan includingtreatment of some 19 % of the total city sewage,with planningto achievecomprehensive control by year 2020.

(b) Establishof a permitsystem for coditrolof industrialwaste discharges,resulting in much more plant recycling and use of in-plant treatment to meet discharge requirementsincluding reduction in dischargeof heavymetals.

(c) Establishmentof a comprehensivewater quality monitoring program, covering both pollution sources and ambient water quality of receiving waters, to gain factualdata on the extent and nature of waste managementproblems.

5-46 WVaniiazhaiWater Transfer Proiect Final Report

(d) Initiation of other measures including public education on water conservation, reducing leakage in water supply distribution, promoting industrial water reuses and other reuse of treated effluents.

In summary, these activities represent a good beginning steps towards achieving optimal water use/reuse/pollution control, and are firm evidence of the keen interest of the local officials in striving to solve their water use/pollution problems and of their willingness to give real support to achieving the goals of the proposed WWTP.

5-47 0 3 6 9k1f Yangqu

Gujiao City

5.1-1 Cty

; FIGURE 5.1-1 Taiyuan Service Area 5 -48 Figure5.2.1-1 Taiyuan Water Supply System

Water Water 'Water Water Water Sources Transmission Treatment Distribution Uses

1, SurfaceWater-* * Industrial 'A NO Groundwater-* *X * * Municipal/Domestic

RecycledWater- -* Agricultural Irrigation

* Rural Domestic Laun Water Plant

_4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~04

miLeend L

e*t --- - Eldnueziugpip pip,

*r 3 Hydrepwer stabe

ERMIE&M 0 New p Usijg

*RlJEtt Eemde Vpmpiagtaatim

@ 5.2.1-2 * FIGURE S.1-2 TaiyuanCity's Exisdng Water SupplyPipe System

5-50 rmi5.2.1-3tIkk,R / FIGURE 5.2.1-3 Location of Major Industries

jO t l 1 < ' |~~~~JL- rIji1 'coHCU I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~II~~~~~~~~fI ,lr PoF~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ie

k~~~~~~~~~~~~l lu Figure5.2.2-1 Schematicof HuyanWater TreatmentPlant in Taiyuan

Coagulant BackwashWater

*n 1 I''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1Chlo ine

Fen-I ______To Reservoir Distribution

Pre-stiling Mixing Flocculation Setling R pid Treats Water T nk Tank Tank T nk S nd Holdi Tank SIdge Sludge 'i ter

ToLand Disposal Backwash Tank RI 5.2.2-2t FIGURE 52.2-2 Taiyuan City's Planned YellowRiver Source Water Supply System

Lancun Water Plant

2w-t

Huyan WaterPlant

Zaogou Water Plant

a \ \ \ r',

No. 5 Fscto l

No2 Pumping Station

DogbnPumping Station

New Pipeline

-- - ~~ExistingPipeline

--- special Supply Pipeline

L~~WF*~~El ExistingPlants antd Stations Ne WateriPlant

5-53 Figure 5.3.2.1 ProcessSchematic of Taiyuan City WastewaterSystem

Agriculture Irrigation

Municipal No Treatment Wastewater

Industrial ____ Wastewater Municipal WWTP qr ir aFenRiver and Industrial Agriculture Tributaries Industrial Reuse Irrigation

Industrial W P Wastewater

No Treatment +

Agriculture Irrigation Legend Met WL ~~~~(i I EstablishedSewae Pipe EY15*9i1 .PlannedSewage Pipe - llq;n* - PlannedSewage Treatment Paiint -- lt- *s*etsnr EstablishedSewage Treatment Plant -e- 8u:*st* r

Drains Zoning A*a*Mf*

2. Nanslawen

I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\: 1W14. SZisaozhuan r

A 6. Yingjiabu Sewage Plant

I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~j.Y.7/S7g @, - \

l.A

/ 3) Wp>5.3.2-2 )t,4 -Jt FIGURE5.3.2-2 ExistingDrainage Areas of TaiyuapCity 53GURE5.32-3 Location of Existing Waste Water Treatment Works z 1F eGR

UI~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~M Figure 5.3.2-4 Schematic of Bei Jiao MunicipalWastewater Treatment Plant

--r.; EffluentTo ,,, Wastewater Fen River ,I \ /System Equalization Anaerobic Anoxic Aerobic L Tank Reactor Reactor Reactor Se on ary Recycling Cla ifier 'tank

to Land Disposal Figure5.3.2-5 Schematic of YangJia BaoMunicipal Wastewater Treatment Plant

Aerated Primary Chlorination Bar Grit Sedimentation Aeration Secondary Screen Chamber Tank Basin Clarifier

Wastewater-1 EE Effluentto LI]-- Fen River Contact System Chamber Sudge Slug

Reuseas Fertilizer Figure 5.3.2-6 Schematicof Ying Jia Bao MunicipalWastewater treatment Plant

Screens Aerated Primary ,, Bar Lagoons Clarifire

Wastewater-* Effluent to Fen River

Sludge

Reuse as Fertilizer Figure5.3.2-7 Schemotic of ZhaoZhuang Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant

Coagulant Sludgeto LandDisposal Taiyuan Iron& Steel - 1* Effluentfor Company Recycle RapidMix DissolvedAir Tank Flotation Figure5.3.2-8 Schematicof Nan Yan IndustrialWastewater Treatment Plant

Re5ycling Primary Aerated Secondary Clarifier Basin Clarifier Taiyuan Municipal. Discharge ChemicalCo.

Sludge T Sludgea

To Land Disposal Figure 5.3.3-1 Flow Diagramfor ForecastingMunicipal Wastwater Flow

[TOTALDEMAND

INDUSTRY/AGRICULTUR (subtract) IDEMAND 4 r

IMUNICI AL DEMAND|

(subtract) IRRIGATIO| IF (total loss)

IDOMESTICUSE

|SYSTEM/USE LOSSES L(subtract) I(total loss)I.

RESULTINGWASTEWATER FLOW

|UNTREATED |

| I~~~TREATEDZI

+TOTALWW FLOW

IDISCHARGE

562 Figure 5.5.1-1 Schematic Drawing Optimal Water Use and Reuse to WWTP

_|Muicialitv eh Sewage--Dipsal | _ e (a) Production Treatment I River

Importedor ||Industrial (b) ExistingWater WaterSupply Supply CommonTreatment PlantServicing _|Groundwv (c) , ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Groupof Industries

Fnds~In-pMunantpa Disp -rigationIrr (d) Production| Treatment(e) |Treatment Plant Altematives r

_- No Additional |Treatment I Notes: (1) Symbols: (a) Treatmentto meetprescribed standard. The 30145 BOD/Suspended Soilds' is recommended.(USA Standard is 20/30) (b) Anyadditional treatment needs fumished by industry. (c) Waterpumped from basin useful for all purposesincluding drinking water supply. (d) Noadditional treatment needed. (e) In-planttreatment, pursuant to permitsystems, removes all toxicsand other objectionable substances which can not beremoved by convertionalsewage treatment plant. a 4 W , ~~~~~~--S-,-'A (Fen- I Reservoir \ 1

~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~tianlaen i¢

t \ *, 1l/ ,_--'s~~x, L#.j T;unn City

jing Yang Laike

Feng.VURi Xi;odian ItI1iJ Legend

31 13ftlNtii.Aa39 MonitoringSection & Numher ( t X

FGD5.4.2-1 R i bu F ijbi a FIGURE 5.4.2-1 Distribution of Fen River Water Monitoring Points FIGURE 5.5.1-2 Taiyuan Municipal Water Supply & Sewage Management System

City Covenment

I'alsuan Water IResources NManagement01cc TaF uin Municipal Cotnsituctiott Comnnlssion|

Taiyuanm%Voter TaiyunnMunicipal Taiyuan EVIl TaiyuanWater Supply Compflty ManageCtwnt Conservaoatin flurmu ~~~~~~~~Ofice vI Municipal :nter Mlulnicpal Municipal& WatcrRecycling Sulply SewverageSyste in industrial Wastewater & Reuse Management Matnagemient Figure 5.5.2-lOrganization of Taiyuan Water Supply Conmpany(Present)

|Taiyuan City Govement|

Taiyuan Municipal Construction Commission

Taiyuan Water Supply Legend Total Staff Workers i Enginecring

0 ~~~1,651 0 I I 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,6 1(71 i ,6S1 4 13 Water Resources Planning and Water Quality Personnel Training Production Division 2 1 DevelopmentDivision Operation Division IMonagement Division |Division S

(i) (i) @ 03 (i) ~~~~~~~~~~~~1i4 ° ~~~212

Developmentand Management of Management of Personnel Training Management of 0 17 Management of Water Supply Water Quality Water Supply and 2 1 15 New Water System Planning Treatment Facilities 23 3 20 Figure 5.5.2-2 Existing Water & Wastewater ManagementStructure in Taiyuan

ProvincialWCB

astewa rare

furaceWtate Reu

IReusel ~aterSou~rce MncplU

Ien/Dom,;~~ unicipal atwt astewa e

TaiyuanCity Governmen (MayorsOffice)

WCB =Water ConservancyBureau WMO =Water ManagementOffice AWUO =Agricultural Water UseOffice Q~)water source FRMA Fen ReservoirManagement Authority WSC= TaiyuanWater SupplyCompany UEMB= UrbanEngineering MAnagement Bureau institutioncontrol WSO= Water ConservationOffice EPB = EnvironmentalProtection Bureau MWRMC= MunicipalWater ResourcesManagement Committee UCC= UrbanConstnucton Committee

5-66 FIGURE 5.5.2-3 Organization & Functions of Taiyuan Municipal Management Bureau

TalyuanMunicipal Management Bureau

Municlapal I)ralnageTalyuan River Mtonitoring Wastewater Munidpal Management Division Station MonitorilSg DevelopmentCo. Division Station

Construction& Management Managementof Monitoring of Constructionof Managementof Waastewater Wastevwaterto WastewaterCuality SewerageSystem SewageSystem TreatmentlPlant FenRiver Facilitles FIGURE 5.5.2-4 Organization & Functions of Taiyuan Drainage Division

Drainage ManagementDivision | Legend Total Stalf Worker Engineering I Staff

0 10 35 .. 4i) _ 278 YangjiabaoWastewater Yinjiibno Wastewater WastewaterwlcUIao PumpingSlation II 8IEs80 |TreamentPlant I |lreatment lantŽTreaPmentPlant I |ffManagenentOMce |) 62 (9 (i) >) - (i) \ _ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~46_ 16 01~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0: w 10I® @ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7130

Wastewvater WastewatcrUre.tmentl Wastewater Management 61 Tratinient In Souli In the AreaSoulh of TreatmentIn North &Malntenanceof Area otfTaiyuan Wuchelig Area of Taltyuan Pumpilng Stations Table 5.2.1-2 Water Uses for Taiyuan (1991-1993)

Unit: 104m3/yr Water Use 1991 1992 1993 SurfaceWater 5,306 4,741 4,111 Industrial Groundwater 18,188 20,452 21,249 Use RecycledWater -- 913 1,643 2,007 Subtotal 24,407 26,836 27,367 Municipal/ SurfaceWater 68 44 48 Domestic Groundwater 8,514 8,582 8,928 Use Subtotal 8,582 8,626 8,976 SurfaceWater 2,883 3,530 4,323 Agricultrual Groundwater 2,740 4,332 3,989 Irrigation RecycledWater 8,507 6,629 5,297 Use Subtotal 15,830 14,491 13,609 SurfaceWater 127 112 67 Rural Groundwater 1,010 753 985 Domestic Subtotal 1,137 865 1,052 Total I_49,956 50,818 51,004

Source: Taiyuan Survey and Design Institute,May 1995 (Ref. 111.5)

5-77 Table 5.2.1-3 Water Consumptionfor Major Industriesin Taiyuan (1991-1993) Unit: 106m3 lndustry/Year 1991 1992 1993

Metallurgy 54 60 56 Electric Power 47 51 49 Coal 24 29 27 Chemical 48 50 55 Machinery 24 19 18 Building Material 5 6 6 Forestry 0.3 0.44 0.45 Food 6 6 6 Textile 7 7 6 Sawing 0.3 0.32 0.3 Tannery 0.4 0.36 0.44 Paper Making 5 3 6 Stationery 1 1 0.95 Miscellaneous 0.3 0.3 2 Total 222 233 233

Source: CIRP,April, 1995 (Ref.107)

5-78 Table 5.2.1-4 Water Balancefor Taiyuan, 1993

3 Unit: 104 m/yr Water Sources Water Uses Water Use Surface Groundwater Recycled Total % Total Water Water Industrial 4,111 21,249 2,007 27,367 53 Municipal/Domest 48 8,928 0 8,976 18 Agricultural Irrigat 4,323 3,989 5,297 13,609 27 Rural Domestic 67 985 0 1,052 2

Total 8,549 35,151 7,304 51,004 100 % Total 17 69 14 100_

Source: Taiyuan Surveyand Design Institute,May 1995 (Ref. 111.5)

5-79 Table 5.2.2-1 Forecastof NationalEocnomic Development Indices for Taiyuan

Itme 1993 2002 2010 2020

Population Total Population 10 4 221.5 240.8 268.6 296.7 Uvban Population person 166.4 181.6 204.1 226.7 Rural Population . 55.1 59.2 64.5 70.0 Total Productionof Ind. and Agr. 108 187.2 319.6 520.1 769.9 Industry SubtotalProduction yuan 183.3 314.1 511.6 757.3 Coal Industry 19.7 36.4 41.9 49.4 Electricity 6.1 13.4 20.7 20.7 Metallury 49.4 66.2 124.7 184.6 ChemicalIndustry 23.0 36.8 60.0 88.8 Others 69.0 123.5 192.7 292.7 Township-run 16.0 17.7 71.6 121.2 Raw Coal Yield 104t 2111.3 3910.0 4500.0 5300.0 InstalledCapacity 104kw 109.8 202.0 312.0 312.0 Annual Generation 1 8kwh 60.0 131.3 202.8 202.8 Agriculture Subtotal l08vuan 3.9 5.5 8.5 12.6 Farm Land 104mu 71.5 71.5 71.5 71.5 Irrigated Land 35.4 44.8 44.8 44.8 Grain Yield 1o8kg 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.0 Average Grain per Cap Kg/per 69.2 69.4 68.9 67.4 Big Livestock 104 2.9 5.0 5.9 6.8 Pig 7.1 9.0 11.0 13.0 L______. Sheep 104 12.7 23.0 27.0 30.0

Notes:Taiyuan Surveyand DesignInstitute, May 1995 (Ref. 111.5)

5-80 Table 5.2.2-2 MunicipalWater Use and Demandfor Taiyuan

Water Use Water Demand Item 1993 2001 2010 2020 Population(million) (1) 2.21 2.41 2.69 2.97

ConsumptionRate 100 125 150 175 (I/day)

Domestic Use/Demand 81 110 147 190 (mcm) (2)

Public Irrigation(2) 19 25 30 35 (mcm)

u se______Total Water Demand 100 135 177 225 (mcm)

* mcm = million cubic meters Note: (1) Adaptedfrom Ref.(111.5)by Tianjin Surveyand Design Institute (2) Irrigation of City Green BottsAdapted from Ref (107) by CIRP

58, Table 5.2.2-3 Statisticson Water Consumptionby Different Industriesfor Taiyuan in 1991

1991 Industry/Item/Year OutputValue |Water Consumption 1OutputNVater Use (106RMB) (106m 3) (RMB/m3) Metarlurgy 4412 54 81.7 Electric Power 506 47 10.7 Coal 1851 24 77.1 Chemical 2256 48 47 Machinery 2710 24 113 Building Material 402 5 80.4 Forestry 54 0.3 146 Food 779 6 111 Textile 880 7 117 Sawing 118 0.3 393 Tannery 41 0.4 99.8 Paper Making 72 5 12.6 Stationery 221 1 174 Miscellaneous 148 0.3 402 Total 14457 227 63.7

-82 Table 5.2.2-4 Statisticson Water Consumptionby Different Industriesfor Taiyuan in 1992

J______1992 ______Industry/Item/Year OutputValue 1WaterConsumption 1Output/WaterUse 3 3 _ (106RMB) 1 (106M ) (RMB/m) Metallurgy 4811 60 80.2 Electric Power 581 51 11.4 Coal 1904 29 63.5 Chemical 2499 50 50 Machinery 2971 19 126 Building Material 454 6 72 Forestry 59 0.44 134 Food 821 6 137 Textile 953 7 136 Sawing 115 0.32 359 Tannery 39 0.36 110 Paper Making 69 3 23 Stationery 248 1 191 Miscellaneous 161 0.3 447 Total 15693 237 66.2

543 Table 5.2.2-5 Statisticson Water Consumptionby Different Industriesfor Taiyuan in 1993

1993 Industry/ltemNYear OutputValue Water Consumption Output/Nater Use (106 RMB) (106m 3) (RMB/m3) Metallurgy 4942 56 88.3 Electric Power 612 49 12.5 Coal 1966 27 72.8 Chemical 2294 55 41.7 Machinery 3155 18 175 Building Material 468 6 67.8 Forestry 62 0.45 140 Food 1239 6 193 Textile 1149 6 174 Sawing 115 0.3 386 Tannery 51 0.44 117 Paper Making 81 6 13 Stationery 257 0.95 270 Miscellaneous 319 2 114 Total 16720 238 70.2

584 Table 5.2.2-6 IndustrialWater Demand Forecastfor Taiyuan*

ProjectedOutput*, m RMB Output/WaterUse Water Demand,mcm/yr

Industry 2002 2010 2020 RMB/cm 2002 2010 2020

Metallurgy 6,220 12,400 18,460 88 75 141 210

ElectricPower 1339 2070 2070 12 108 168 168

Coal Industry 3,643 4,192 4,937 71 52 59 70

ChemicalIndustry 3,682 5,998 8,879 42 89 144 214

Miscellaneous" 12,351 19,266 29,265 141 88 137 206

Total 27,635 43,926 63,611 70 412 650 869 Source: * From Table 5.2.2-1,Tianjin DesignInstitute ** Miscellaneouscategories include machinery, building material,forestry, food, textile, sawing,tannery, paper making,stationery and others. Table 5.2.2-7 AgriculturalWater DemandForcast for Taiyuan

Year 1993 2002 2010 2020 OutputForcast 3,900 5,500 8,500 12,600 (million RMB)* Water Use/Deman 136 192 296 439 (mcm/y) I I I

Source:Tianjin Surveyand Design Institute * From Table 5.2.2-1

-86 Table 5.2.2-8 Total Water DemandForcast for Taiyuan

Unit: mcm/y Water DemandForcast 1993 2002 2010 2020

Municipal Demand 100 135 177 225

Industrial Demand 273 452 714 956

AgriculturalDemand 136 192 296 439

Total 509 779 1187 1620

587 Table 5.2.2-9 Water UselDemandForecast

1 MUNICIPALWATER DEMANDFORECAST

Year 1993 2002 2010 2020

Population(includesrural), million 2.2 2.4 2.7 3.0 Water Use Rate, Uday 100 125 150 175 Water Use/Demand,mcm/y 81 110 147 190 City IrrigationDemand, mcm/y 19 25 30 35 Total Demand,mcmly 100 135 177 225 Total Demand, 104m3/d 27 37 49 62

2 INDUSTRIALWATER DEMANDFORECAST

Industry Metallurgy ElectricP Coal Chemical Miscel. Total

Output, million RMB 1991 $4,412 $506 $1,851 $2,256 $5,432 $14,457 1992 $4,811 $581 $1,904 $2,499 $5,898 $15,693 1993 $4,942 $612 $1,966 $2,294 $6,906 $16,720 Water Use, mcm 1991 54.3 47.4 24.1 48.5 53.3 227.6 1992 60.2 51.1 29.8 50.8 45.6 237.5 1993 56.1 49.6 27.8 55.2 49.1 237.8 Output/WaterUse, RMBtcm 1991 $81 $11 $77 $47 $102 $64 1992 $80 $11 $64 $49 $129 $66 1993 $88 $12 $71 $42 $141 $70 Output Forecast,million RMB 2001 $6,620 $1,339 $3,643 $3,682 $12,351 $27,635 2010 $12,400 $2,070 $4,192 $5,998 $19,266 $43,926 2020 $18,460 $2,070 S4,937 $8,879 $29,265 $63,611 Water Demand,mcm 2001 75.1 108.5 51.5 88.6 87.8 411.6 2010 140.8 167.8 59.3 144.3 137.0 649.1 2020 209.6 167.8 69.8 213.7 208.1 868.8 Output/WaterDemand, RMB/cm 2001 88.1 12.3 70.7 41.6 140.7 67.1 2010 88.1 12.3 70.7 41.6 140.7 67.7 2020 88.1 12.3 70.7 41.6 140.7 73.2

3 AGRICULTURALWATER DEMANDFORECAST

Year 1993.0 2002.0 2010.0 2020.0

Output Forecast,mil RMB 3900.0 5500.0 8500.0 12600.0 Water UselDemand,mcmly 136.0 191.8 296.4 439.4

4 TOTALWATER DEMAND

Year 1993.0 2001.0 2010.0 2020.0

Total Water Demand,mcm 473.5 738.3 1122.8 1532.9 Total Water Demand,104 m31d i29.7 202.3 307.6 420.0 (includesagricultural demand)

Note: mcm = million cubicmeters RMB = Chineseyuan mt/yr = million tons per year

5-88 Table 5.2.2-10 Water Supply Demandand Balancefor City of Taiyuan

.______- ______.______Unit: 0Im 3 yr 1993 Year2002 Year2010 Year2020 Use (Baseyr) WithoutP WithWWTP Without With Without With Water Surface 88 152 152 152 112 114 114 Supply Groundwater 351 307 307 307 307 307 307 RecycledWater 73 79 130 79 114 79 4723 WWTP .. -- 3651 - 6402 -- 6402 Total 510 538 954 538 1,213 500 1,533 WaterUse , Industrial 274 412 412 650 650 869 869 r' or Dema,nd Domestic 100 135 135 177 177 225 225 Agriculture 136 192 192 296 296 439 439 Total 510 739 739 1,123 1,123 1,533 1,533 Water Balance (Overdraft) 0(-891) -200 215 --585 990 -1,033 0 1 Stage1 of thewater treatment project 2 Stage1 & 2 ofthle water treatment project 3 Talyaunneeds to recycleto meetwater demand 4 Overdraftof groundwaterresources Table5.2.2-11 CapitalCost Estimatesof ProposedTaiyuan Water Supply System

Components CapitalCost Estimats, 106RMB Stage1 Staqe2 Total HuyanTreatment Plant 490 289 779 WaterDistribution System 740 320 1063 Others 347 152 498 Total 1577 761 2340

Source:Feasibility Study on YellowRiver Water Supply to TaiyuanCity, CS-MEDI, Sept 1995

5-90 Table 5.3.2-1 CurrentTaiyuan City Zoning for the SewerageSystem

No DrainageArea ServiceArea Wastewater (Hectare) Flow (104 m3/d) 1 Shanglan 348 1.97 2 Nanxiawen 1,173 1.88 3 Beijiao 1,780 1.15 4 Zhaozhuang 1,750 9.53 5 Yangjiabao 5,286 23.6 6 Yinjiabao 6,355 4.13 7 Xiaodian 1,840 8 Hexi North& Central 3,400 6.75 9 Nanyan 1,600 5.31 10 PowerPlant No.1 2E:4 2.09 11 Luocheng 1,615 5.07 12 Xishan 970 3.57 13 Jinci 560 14 Jinyuan 289

15 Caicun 500 _

Total 27,755 65.05

Source: TMEDI, June 15, 1996 (162)

-91 Table 5.3.2-2 WastewaterDischarge from 17 Industriesin Taiyuan (Ref. 107)

Wastewater No. JEnterprise Flow (mcm) % of Total 1 Taiyuan Iron and Steel Works 33.8 30.2 2 Taiyuan ChemicalFertilizer Plant 10.1 9.1 3 TaiyuanThefmal Plant No. 1 8.2 7.3 4 TaiyuanThermal Plant No. 2 8.0 7.1 5 TaiyuanChemical Plant 5.3 4.6 6 TaiyuanPaper Mill 4.6 4.1 7 XinganChemical Material Plant 3.8 3.4 8 JinganChemical Plant 2.2 1.9 9 Jingxi MechanicalPlant 2.0 1.8 10 Taiyuan CokingPlant 2.3 2.1 11 JiangyangChemical Plant 1.5 1.4 12 Shanxi Textile Mill 1.4 1.2 13 Taiyuan HeavyMechanical Plant 1.3 1.1 14 TaiyuanSulphuric Acid Plant 1.0 0.9 15 TaiyuanPharmaceutical Plant 1.0 0.9 16 XinhuaChemical Plant 0.9 0.8 17 Shanxi MiningService Bureau 6.1 5.4 Total 93.6 83.4

5-92 Table5.3.2-3 SewageTreatment Plants in Taiyuan

TreatmentPlant Built Drainage Design Actual Process Sludge

I______Area (km2) | Capacity Flow Treatment Bei Jiao 1991 23 15,000 15,000 AS Digesbon YangJia Bao 1978 34 166,000 60,000 AS Beds Ying Jia Bao 1982 23 29,000 15,000 AS Beds ZhaoZhang 1950s 26 80,000 80,000 _ NanYan 1993 20 100,000 60,000 AS Mechanical

Notes: AS meansactvated sludge. AN flows and capacitiesin m31d.

5-93 Table 5.3.3-1 WastewaterFlow Forecasts for Taiyuan

Unit: mcm/yr Year 1993 2002 2010 2020 MunicipalWater Demand* 100 135 177 224 GenerationRatio - 0.8 0.8 0.8 Wastewater 65 108 142 180 Industrial* 159 303 478 640 Wastewater . Total Wastewater 219 411 620 820 Total Wastewater 60 104 157 208 4 3 in 10 m /d .

* From Table 5.2.1-2 Developedfrom Table 5.2.1-6

-94 Table 5.3.3-2 IndustrialWater Use and WastewaterGeneration Rates for TaiyuanCity-

Wastewater Wastewater Water Supply, Generated, Generation Industry m31day m3/day rate, % Metallurgy Iron & Steel 105753 84603 80 Aluminum 956 765 80 Subtotal 106709 85368 80

Electric Power Taiyuan No. 1 69534 20877 30 Taiyuan No. 2 36674 12624 34 Subtotal 106208 33501 32

Coal Industry Coal Mine Complex 33014 12922 39

Chemical Fertilizer plant 92027 56356 61 Chemicalplant 8772 6490 74 Solvent plant 891 668 75 Subtotal 101690 63514 63

Miscellaneous Table 4.6.2.4 Subtotal 58244 43437 75

TOTAL 405865 238742 59

* Data adaptedfrom Ref (201).

A-95' Table5.3.3-3 WastewaterGeneration Rates for Miscellane,us IndustrialSectors for Taiyuan*

Water Wastewater Wastewater Miscellaneous Supply, Generated, Generation Industry m3/day m3/day Rate, % Paper Industry Paper mill 13066 12836 98 Paper making 2635 530 20 Subtotal 15701 13366 85

Machinery Mining machinery 1730 969 56 Heavy machinery 7234 5656 78 Electric plating 1918 1671 87 Instrument 676 479 71 Subtotal 11558 8775 76

Textile Industry Lathe manufacturing 452 264 58 Dye factory 737 494 67 Textile Industry 2713 2179 80 Knittedgoods 3167 1692 53 Textile factory 6386 4467 70 Subtotal 12718 8832 69

Food Meat processing 943 125 13

Others Cigarettefactory 1441 1153 80 Rubber products 2392 1600 67 Soap factory 1025 712 70 Plate glass factory 1765 1059 60 Pharmaceutical 9842 7127 72 Glass bottle 858 688 80 Subtotal 17324 12339 71

TOTAL 58244 43437 75

'Data adaptedfrom Ref (201).

5-96. Table 5.3.3-4 Water Use/Demandand WastewaterForecast (1) of (2)

1 MUNICIPALWATER DEMANDFORECAST

Year 1993 2001 2010 2020

Population(indudesrural), miNion 2.2 2.4 2.7 3.0 Water Use Rate, Uday 100 125 150 175 Water UselDemand,mcm/y 81 110 147 190 City IrrigabonDemand, mcmty 19 25 30 35 Total Demand,mcmly 100 135 177 225 Total Demand,104m3/d 27 37 49 62

2 INDUSTRLALWATER DEMANDFORECAST

Industry Metalurgy EiectricP Coal Chemical Miscel. Total

Output, milion RMB 1991 $4,412 $506 $1,851 $2,256 $5,432 S14,457 1992 $4,811 $581 $1,904 $2,499 $5,898 $15,693 1993 $4,942 $612 $1,966 $2,294 $6,906 $16,720 Water Use, mcm 1991 54.3 47.4 24.1 48.5 53.3 227.6 1992 60.2 51.1 29.8 50.8 45.6 237.5 1993 56.1 49.6 27.8 55.2 49.1 237.8 Output/WaterUse, RMB/cm 1991 $81 $11 $77 $47 $102 $64 1992 $80 $11 $64 $49 S129 $66 1993 $88 $12 $71 $42 $141 $70 OutputForecast, miNion RMB 2001 $6,620 $1,339 $3,643 $3,682 $12,351 $27,635 2010 $12,400 $2,070 $4,192 $5,998 $19,266 $43,926 2020 $18,460 $2,070 $4,937 $8,879 $29,265 $63,611 Water Demand,mcm 2001 75.1 108.5 51.5 88.6 87.8 411.6 2010 140.8 167.8 59.3 144.3 137.0 649.1 2020 209.6 167.8 69.8 213.7 208.1 868.8 Output/WaterDemand, RMB/cm 2001 88.1 12.3 70.7 41.6 140.7 67.1 2010 88.1 12.3 70.7 41.6 140.7 67.7 2020 88.1 12.3 70.7 41.6 140.7 73.2

3 AGRICULTURALWATER DEMANDFORECAST

Year 1993.0 2001.0 2010.0 2020.0

Output Forecastml RMB 3900.0 5500.6 8500.0 12600.0 Water Use/Demand,mcmty 136.0 191.8 296.4 439.4

4 TOTALWATER DEMAND

Year 1993.0 2001.0 2010.0 2020.0

TotalWater Demand,mcm 337.5 546.5 826.4 1093.6 TotalWater Demand,104 m3td 92.5 149.7 226.4 299.6 (no agriculturaldernand)

5-97 Table 5.3.3-4 Water Use/Demandand Wastewater Forecast (2) of (2)

5 MUNICIPALWASTEWATER FORECAST

Year 1993.0 2001.0 2010.0 2020.0

MunicipalWater Demand 99.7 135.0 177.3 224.7 GenerabonRabo 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 ForecastedWastewater, mcm 65.0 108.0 141.8 179.8 PercentTotal 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2

6 INDUSTRIALWASTEWATER DEMAND FORECAST

Year 1993.0 2001.0 2010.0 2020.0

IndustrialWater Demand 237.8 411.6 649.1 868.8

WastewaterCatagory MetallurgyElectric P Coal Chemical Miscel Total Wastewater/NaterUse Rato 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.7 WastewaterForecast, mcm 2001 60.1 34.7 20.1 55.8 65.9 300.5 2010 112.6 53.7 23.1 90.9 102.7 473.8 2020 167.6 53.7 27.2 134.6 156.1 634.3

Year 1993.0 2001.0 2010.0 2020.0

IndustrialWastewater Forecast 173.6 300.5 473.8 634.3 Ind. Waste/WaterRato 73.0 73 73.0 73.0

7 TOTALWASTEWATER FORECAST

TotalWW Forecasted,mcm 219.0 408.4 615.7 814.0 TotalWW Forecasted,1041d 60.0 103.4 155.9 206.1 TotalWWNW Rabo 64.9 74.7 74.5 74.4

Note: mcm = millioncubic meters RMB = Chineseyuan mtVyr= milliontons peryear

5-98 FIGUREl 5.5.3-1 Watcr Supply & SewaigeMangement System vith WWIT'

Talyuan Water ManagemenitGroup

lA|uluanVastwahw Treament Co id| Legend Tohi SIaST Worker Engineering _ _ ~~~~~~~~~~Stair 300 I, . I I I @ ,8-2------r-,l8~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~19I ji

50 _ _ _ I)rainage RiverManagemenlt WastewaterReuse Municipal Wastewater l5 35 ManagementCo. Co. ManagementCo. Develop.et Co. Monitorng Co. 15

Managementor ManagementRiver Managementor Constructionor Monitoring 20 0 WaslwaterTreatmenit Wastewater Recycling&Wastewater Sewage System &Managementof 1- Pl;anl Treahtienit Treatment Vastewaler 20 10 | 10 Figure5.5.3-2 ProposedIntegrated Water and Wastewater Management Structure for Talyaun

|YRWMC| WSC| lii I I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

verW Municipal W a_t Wastewater ' _ _ and Industrial Treatment |TGRMCI Use ng ~s 1< r

Uses Reuse '. {Watter Groundwater> Sources- ndual/ o aIndustrial Wastewater Wastewater >m 3_f 1)--_ _s andAgricultural Traten Use Groundwater - MR~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ecar eJ Lffl < ~~~~~~~TGRMC8 FFRWM FRWMC |TGRMC |

YRWMC= YellowRiver Water ManagementCo. (part of YRDP) FRWMC= Fen RiverWater Management Co. LII] InstitutionControl TGRMC= TaiyuanGroundwater Resources Management Co. TWSC = TaiyuanWater Supply Co. ) Water Reuse TWMC = TaiyuanWastewater Management Co. FIGURE 5.5.3-3 Proposal Future Municipal Water Supply Systemin Taiyuan with WWTP

Legend LeRendWorker Total gEngneeringStaff Taiyuan Water Supply Group Company 1|L Staff E _ - | 2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2,379 1,l647 1 705 ® 7 430 30430 129 MtunicipalWater Supply Co. LTD. 63 96 New Existing 63 96

106 1 _ g _ 1_ (g -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~74T 632 193 123 1 70 129 2 lluyuan Xlshan Dongshan Ppleline Lancun Zaogo WaterQuality Producionl Water 387 Treamenl Pumping Pumping Malntenance Treatment Treahuent Managment DIvisIon Development _ 3.7 30 Plant Station Station Plant Plant Division Division 60 40 1 20 o1 i31

Treatment Pressure for Pressure for Maintence of Operallon |Pipellne Water supply Lancun | Zeogou for Imported ivest part of EastPartof PipeNetvork |Department [Department lDepartment |Tratment Plant ITreatment Plant Water Talyuan Talyuan 7 t 1 -

Managementof Maintenance Manapement MainWater MainWater Water Supply of Pipellne of WVater SourcePlant Source Operaton Supply Plant FIGURE 5.5.3-4 Organization & Functions of Taiyuan Sewage Management Co. with WWSTP

Drainage Management Company Q Legend Total StafT Worker Engineerinig Stalr 50 150

,,_., (110I 40 Luocheng lslanyin Zhaozhuatig BelJlao YlrJlabao Yangjlahao Puniping 150 Wastewater Wastewater Wastewater Wastewater Wastewater Wastewater Station 110 | 40 Treamnent Treament Treament Treament Treament Treament Management Plant Plant Plant Plant Plant Plant OMce 120 80 _ _ _ _ _ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~12 000 0 I® 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~120 (i)@ (i) 03 1(~~~~I3 3 o 80 ' 1°40 4480 fl S , S , S , (i3 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~601 20 Wastewater Wastewater Wastewater Wastewater Wastewater Wastewater Management 0 300 Treatment In Treatment In Treatnent In Treatment In Treatment In Treatment In of All Dumping 22jr 8 SoulkiPart of North Part of TalyuanSteel Chenghel Wucheng Chengnan Station llexi lluagong llexl lluagong Plant DIstrict District DIstrIct IJ 61 istrict District DistictDiiriciDitriti5 Figure 5.6.1-1 In Plant Water Recycling in Taiyaun

2500

2000 /

5 -

-t

91000. a.

1992 1993 1994 1995 year

5-73 Figure 5.6.1-2 Treated Wastewater Recycling in Taiyuan

160

140

E:120

*_ 100- IU

,80

2040.

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

year

5-74 Figure 5.6.4-1 Organizationof Taiyuan City EnvironmentalProtection Bureau

TaiyuanCity EPBDirector

ViceDirector |Chief Engineer

ee 'Monitoring Pollution 'Technology Air Pollution Financial Administration ucationand nstitute Station Control Monitoring Control Planning Division DivisionHuman Division 'Division Division Division Resources 'Table 5.2.1-1 Water Sourcesfor Taiyuan 1991-1993

4 3 ______'Unit10 m /yr Water Source 1991 1992 1993 Volume% of Total Volume % of Total Volume % of Total Surface Water 8,024 16 8,427 17 8,549 17 Groundwater 32,512 65 34,119 67 35,152 69 RecycledWater 9,420 19 8,272 16 7,304 14

Total 49,956 100 50,818 100 51,004 100

Source:Taiyuan Surveyand Design Insititute,May 1995 (Ref. 111.5)

5-76 Table 5.3.3-5 WastewaterForecast for Taiyuan

Unit 104m 3 /da ______1995 2002 2010 2020 Water Use/Demand(1) 74 150 226 300 Water Supply 74 154 230 230 Groundwater 65 45 45 45 SurfaceWater 9 9 9 9 New Water 0 100 176 176 Overdraft 20 0 0 0 Need RecycledWater 0 0 0 70 WastewaterForecast 65 113 156 207 Domestic 20 28.3 29.9 36.4 Municipal 10 18.6 27 30 Industrial 35 66.5 99.1 140

Source:Report from TaiyuanMunicipal Engineering Design Institute, June 15, 1996 (1) FromTable 5.3.34

5-99 Table 5.3.3-6 Summaryof WastewaterForecast for Taiyuan (2002-2020)

3 Unit: 104 m /d No DrainageArea 2002 2010 2020

1 Shanglan 2 3 3 2 Nanxiawen 4 6 6.5 3 Beijiao 4.5 6 7 4 Zhaozhuang 16 18 20 5 Yangjiabao 22 25 25 6 Yinjiabao 12 17 32 7 Xiaodian 14 24 40 8 Hexi North& Central 16 20 20 9 Nanyan 8 17 20 10 PowerPlant No.1 5 7 10 11 Luocheng 6 8 14 12 Xishan 2.6 3 4 13 Jinci 14 Jinyuan 2 5 15 Caicun _

Total 112.1 156 206.5

Source: Taiyaun MunicipalEngineering Design Institute, June 15, 1996

5-100 Table 5.3.3-7Wastewater Treatment Planning

Unit: 104m3/day 1995 2002 2010 2020 WastewaterFlow 65 113 156 207 Domestic 20 31.3 29.9 36.4 Municipal 10 18.6 27 30 Industrial 35 63.2 99.1 -140 Treatment(Mechanical Plant) 12.5 64.2 116 206 Primary 0 8 50.9 105.8 Seconary 12.5 56.2 65.1 85.6 Tertiary 0 0 0 15 % Total Wastewater 19% 56% 74% 100% Pond Treatment 0 41.9 40 0 Total 12.5 106 15e 206 % Total Wastewater 19% 93% 100% 100%

Source:Report from Taiyuan MunicipalEngineering Design Institute, June 15, 1996

5-101 able 5.3.3-8 Summaryof WastewaterTreatment Planning for Taiyuan (2000-2020)

4 3 Unit: 10 m /d No DrainageArea 2002 2010 2020 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 Shanglan 3 2 Nanxiawen 4 2.5 4 3 Beijiao 2 4 2 5 2 4 Zhaozhuang 14 4 14 20 5 Yangjiabao 16.84 8.36 16.64 8.36 6.64 10 6 Yinjiabao 8 9 8 24 8 7 Xiaodian 10 35 5 8 Hexi North& Central 8 8 8 7 8 5 9 Nanyan 8 8 20 10 PowerPlant No.1 5 5 5 5 11 Luocheng 4 10 4 12 Xishan 2.6 2.6 1 3 13 Jinci 14 Jinyuan 5 15 Caicun

Total 8 56A44 51.36 64.24 105.86 85.64 15

Source: TMEDI.June 15, 1995 (162) Notes: 1 = Primarytreatment 2 = Secondarytreatment inicuding stablilization ponds 3 = Tertiarytreatment

5-102 Table 5.3.3-9 Cost Estimatesfor WastewaterTreatment

Unit: 108 yuan/day Year 1995 2002 2010 2020 Total

Collectin System 0 2.1 1.08 0.72 3.9 Treatment 0 6.6 5.77 12.5 24.87 Total 0 8.7 6.85 13.22 28.77

Source: Reportfrom Taiyuan MunicipalEngineering Design Institute,June 15, 1996

5-103 TABLE 5.4.1-1

FIVE WATER QUALITY CLASSIFICATIONSFOR SURFACEWATERS

Class I - Major naturalwater sourcesin nationalnature protectionarea;

Class II - Major water supply sources for urban areas in primarywater supply source protectionarea and in rare species fishes protection, and fish egg layingarea and so on;

ClassIII - Majorwater supplysources for urban areas in secondarywater supply source protectionarea, generalfish protectionand swimmingarea;

Class IV - Major water supplies for general industrialand non-water contact recreationalarea;

Class V - Major water suppliesfor agriculturaland generalscenic areas.

5-104 Table 5.4.1-2 China State EnvironmentalQuality Standards for Surface Water Classification Maximum Concentration (mg/l except where stated otherwise)

Constituent Class I Class n Class III Class IV ClassYV pH (pH units) 6.5 - 8.5 6.5 - 8.5 6.5 - 8.5 6.5 - 8.5 6.0 - 9.0 Sulphate <250 250 250 250 250 Chloride <250 250 250 250 250 Iron <0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 I Manganese 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 1 Copper 0.01 1 I 1 1 Zinc 0.05 1 1 2 2 Nitrate Nitrogen <10.0 10 20 20 25 Nitrite Nitrogen 0.06 0.1 0.15 1 1 AmmoniaNiten 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.2 0.2 Kheldahl Nitrogen 0.5 0.5 1 2 2 Phosphateas P 0.02 0.025 0.05 0.2 0.2 Peimangasate Value 2 2 6 8 10 Dissolved Oxygen >90% >6 >5 >3 >2 COD 15 15 15 20 25 BOD 3 3 4 6 10 Fluoride <1.0 1 1 1.5 1.5 Selenium <0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 Arsenic 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.1 Mercury 0.00005 0.00005 0.0001 0.001 0.001 Cyanide 0.001 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.01 Hexavalent Chromium 0.01 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.1 Total Lead 0.01 0.05 0.05 0.5 0.1 Cyanide 0.005 0.05 0.2 0.2 0.2 Phenol 0.002 0.002 0.005 0.01 0.1 Oil& Grease 0.05 0.05 0.5 1 1 (PEextract) Anionic Detergent <0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 Total Bacteria - - <10000 - 1

Benzo-a-pryene (ug/l) 0.0025 0.0025 0.0025 - _1 _

Class I Major natural water sources in national nature protectionara; Class II: Major water supply sources for urban areas in primary water supply source protection area and in rare species fishes protection,and fish egg laying area and so on; Class III: Major water supply sources for urban areas in secondarywater supply source protection area, general fish protectionant swimmingarea; Class IV: Major water supplies for general industrial and non-water contact recreational area; Class V: Major water suppliesfor agriculturaland general scenic areas.

5-105 TABLE 5.4.1-3

CLASSIFICATIONOF WASTEWATER EFFLUENTS

Class I Permiittedto be dischargedto Class ImIsurface water as specified in GB3838-88 "State EnvironmentalQuality Standards for Surface Water' or Class VIII 'marine water as specifiedin "State Marine Water Standards"; general economnicfishery area and prime sceneryand tourist area;

Class 1I Pemiitted to be discharged to Class IV and V surface water as specified in GB3838-88"State EnviromnentalQuality Standards for Surface Water" or Class VIII marine water as specifiedin "State Marine Water Standards"; such as water courses for industrial water supply, scenery and agricultural uses; harbor and maannedevelopment zones;

Class III Permitted to be discharged into the public sewer where biological secondary treatment facilities exist. Where there is no municipal wastewater treatment facility,the requirementsfor treating wastewaterprior to discharge into the public sewvershall dependon the classificationof the receiving water body (e.g., Class I or Class II) terminaleffluent disposal point to be either Class I or Class II effluent.

5-106 Table 5.4.1-4 EffluentDischarge Standards for WastewaterTreatment Plants Accordingto Plant Classification

Constituent Class I Class II Class III (a) Priority Pollutants Total Mercury 0.05 Alkyl Mercury Non-Detective _ ._ Total Cadmiium 0.1 Total Chromium 1.5 ___ HexavalentChromium 0.5 Total Arsenic 0.5 _ Total Lead I Total Nickel II Benzo-a-Pyrene 0.00003

Constituent Class I Class II Class III (b) SecondaryPollutants New Exist New Exist !pH _ 6-9 6-9 6-9 6-9 6-9 Color (Dilutionratio) 50 80 80 100 - SuspendedSolids 70 100 200 250 400 BOD 30 60 60 80 300 COD 100 150 150 200 500 Petroleum_n 10 15 10 20 130 Animal and Vegetable Oil 20 30 20 40 100 Volatile Phenol 0.5 I 0.5_ 2 Cyanide 0.5 D.5 0.5 0.5 I Sulphide I I 1 2 2 Ammonia Nitrogen 1_5 25 25 40__ Flouride 10 15 10 15 20

Phosphateas P 0.5 1 1 2 Formaldehyde 1 2 2 3 - Aniline 1 2 2 3 5 Nitrobenzene 2 3 3 5 5 LAS (AnionicDetergent) 5 10 10 15 20 Copper 0.5 0.5 1 1 2 Zinc 2 2 4 5 5 Manganese 2 5 2 5 5

5-107 Table 5.4.1-5 EffluentDischarge Standards for WastewaterTreatment Plants

MaximumPermissible Concentration (mg/i) Constituent Primary Secondary Teriary Treatnent Treatment Treatment pH 6.5 - 8.5 6.5 - 8.5 SuspendedSolids <30 <8 BOD <30 <8 COD <120 <90 Total P _ _ <2 Total N <4 Turbidity <5 Color <30 Oil 120 <120 _ Volatile Phenol 1 <1 Cyanide 0.5 <0.5 Sulphide I

5-108 Table5.4.2.1 Water QualityMonitoring Results for the YellowRiver at Wanjiazhai*

Class II 6/1992 11/1993 4/1994 SurfaceWater Monitoing Moniring - Monitoring Quality Analysis Results Results Results Standard pH 8.32 8.79 8.42 6.5 - 8.5 COD 2.1 23.5 22.5 15 BODS 1.5 2.7 1.3 4 DO 8.4 - 7.9 >5 VolatilePhenol ND 0.002 0.002 0.002 Cyanide ND 0.002 0.005 0.05 Fluoride 0.3 0.14 0.41 1 TotalHg ND ND ND 0.0001 Cd - - 0.0025 0.001 0.005 Pb - 0.025 0.01 0.05 Cr*6 0.012 0.009 0.006 0.05 NH3-N 0.012 0.005 0.086 0.02 Ohoride 59 49 - 77.3 250 Sulfate 65 190 116 250 Hardness 209 239 226 450 TDS - - TSS 143 PetroleUm ND - 0.05 0.05 As 0.006 0.01 0.003 0.05 NO3-N 1.4 2.1 20 Fe 0.6 1.4 0.5 Mn __ _ 0.4 1.1 0.1

Source: *Frn Table5.24 "WaterQuality of WanjiazhaiWater Diversion at HeadProject" Ref. 102

5-109 Table 5.4.2-2 Water Quality MonitoringResults' for the Fen River at Inlet of Fen 1 Reservoir

Inlet of Class IlIl Fen 1 Reservior Surface Water High Flow Medium Flow Low Flow Quality Analysis Period Period Period Standard pH 8.01 8.16 8.21 6.5 - 8.5 COD 22.3 1.3 18.2 15 BOD5 0.28 0.8 2.2 4 DO 5.6 7.77 7.7 >5 Volable Phenol 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 Cyanide 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.05 Fluoride 0.45 0.4 0.37 1 Total Hg 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0001 Cd 0.0001 0.0001 0.001 0.005 Pb 0.001 0.0012 0.02 0.05 Cr* - 0.005 0.003 0.05 NHrN 0.001 0.0007 0.1 0.02 Chloride 10.2 6.1 10.8 250 Sulfate 52 46.1 61.8 250 Hardness 160 217 132 450 TDS 283 293 227 - TSS 33 63 175 - Petroleum 0.05 0.04 .0.04 0.05 As 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.05 N03-N _ _ 156 20 Fe 0.79 0.5 Mn _ _ __ 0.25 0.1

'From Tables 5.12, 5.13 and 5.14 ExistingWater QualityEvaluabon Results of Fentie River and Its Tribuatries During Flood, Mean and Low Water Periods",Ref. 102.1

5-110 Table5.42-3 Water Qualityof t&heTributaries of FenRiver in Taiyaun

Tributay/Factor pH COD Volatile Cyanide Ammoniapetroleum SS Cd BODS Phenol Nitrogen Yangipnghe 8.5 - 0.008 0.003 16.09 2048 0.003 2.59 Bcijianbe 7.1 49.9 0.528 0.041 15.86 10.09 794 0.002 29.13 Beishahe 7.7 340 0.006 0.009 4.05 255 0.001 38.17 Nanshahe 6A 5813 0.447 0.007 31.39 324 0.002 108.6 ChengnanWaste Canal 7A 355.7 0.18 0.008 34.05 13.24 342 0.001 47.96 Bdzbang Wutc Cl 8.A 245.8 0.032 0.074 6.71 107 0.008 39.75 Yumensbahe 7.8 179.5 0.069 0.024 55.95 8.53 616868 0.001 68.03 Huyushahe 7.7 261 0.022 0.004 2.07 292 0.005 12.6 Juiyuanshe 82 428.2 0.001 0.011 1.52 560 0 11.64 Ycyuashahe 4. 370.5 4.9 0.024 30.84 27.15 268 0.001 73.75 Xiaoheishuihe 7A 170.71 0.028 0.005 6.58 246 0.001 137.5 Feaugou 8.7 178.6 0.098 0.176 206.1 2.09 304 0.003 48.27 Taoyuanaiang 8.1 140.3 0.043 0 3.38 34 0.006 3.38 DawangPump Station 7.7 884.3 0.032 0.009 _ 1.47 146 0.012

Monitoringdade was October1995

5-111 Table 5.4.2-4 Taiyuan City IndustrialWastewater Analytical Data

indu ] COD BOD TSS Metallurgy 463 14 775 ElectricPower 10 9 180

Coal Industry 5 2 95 ChemicalIndustry 301 180 248 Miscellaneous 850 210 750 Total 395 82 507

Data computedfrom Ref. (201)

5-112 Table 5. 4. 2-5 Water Monitoring Results for the Fen Rever in Taiyuan in 1995-High Flow Period

Item Unit Shanglan Shialan Sunli Yingze Xiaodian

Water Temp C 20.9 21.6 21.6 23. 7 20.1 Flow m'3/s 4.04 Hardless 521.02 351.35 477.98 340.34 695. 70 pH [ - ] 8.14 8.14 8.08 7.90 7.76 6.5-8.5 SS mg/L 1015 1002 232 1908 467 DO mg/L 6.42 6.08 4.52 - 4.42 5.92 3 BOD, mg/L 10-18 12.91 17.02 17.35 17.22 6 COD. mg/L 16.36 20.10 17.39 19.86 65.28 20 CN- mg/L 0.002 0.003 0.006 0. 020 0.076 0. 2 Cu mg/L 0.112 0.059 0.050 0.066 0.031 1. 0 As mg/L 0.023 0.010 0.008 0.017 0.012 0. 1 Hg mg/L .00010E 0 00002 0.00002 3.00002 0.000425 0.001 Cd mg/L 0. 008 0.007 0.002 0.010 0. 010 0. 005 Cr' | mg/L 0. 012 0.006 0. 016 0. 004 0. 012 0. 05 Pb mg/L 0.160 0.094 0. 116 0. 202 0. 101 0. 5 Fe mg/L 10.525 9.778 6.284 9.172 5.214 2.0 Zn mg/L 0.296 0.140 0.237 0.596 0.288 0.5 Mn mg/L 2.398 1.812 2.150 2.160 0.730 Ni mg/L 0. 134 0.055 0.050 0. 096 0.012 Fluorides mg/L 0.960 2.680 2.785 1. 995 4.765 1.5 Chlorides mg/L 20.065 37.930 43.520 46.850 108. 860 250 Sulphater mg/L 9.36 2.99 4. 11 7. 39 1. 84 Aniline mg/L 0. 036 0.041 0. 040 0. 048 0. 040 NH,-N mg/L 2.389 3.320 4.875 6.416 27. 812

NO 2 -N mg/L 0. 175 0.484 0.336 0.422 1. 330 1. 0 NO,-N mg/L 2.570 3.644 3.246 3.496 7. 590 1 20 Oil mg/L 0.428 0.467 0. 724 1.580 5. 784 0. 5 CPU t /ml 188800 29900 114800 568000 1039600 Phenol mg/L 0.004 0.012 0.030 0.020 0. 677 0. 01 NH, mg/L 0.166 0.258 0.306 0.333 0.872

5-113 Table 5. 4. 2-6 .Water Monitoring Results for the Fen Rever

in Taiyuan in 1995 - Medium Flow Period

Item Unit Shanglan Shialan Sunli Yingze Xiaodian

Water Temp. C 11.0 14.0 15.3 16.0 Flow m'/s 1.93 Hardness 516.52 710.71 545.54 545.44 669.63 pH [ - J 8.28 8.30 8.13 8.13 8.16 SS mg/L 83 272 224 292 352 DO mg/L 8.59 9.17 9.02 5.86 4.94 BODs mg/L 2.70 3.95 7.17 5.73 11.90 CODc, mg/L 16. 14 28.98 30.07 28. 20 58.07 CN- mg/L 0.002 0.004 0.002 0.026 0.046 Cu mg/L 0.002 0. 002 0.002 0.002 0.012 As mg/L 0.004 0. 006 0.006 0. 008 0.013 Hg mg/L .00003 0. 0000560.00005 . 00003 0.00003 Cd mg/L 0.008 0.008 0.010 0.010 0.014 Cr'+ mg/L 0.002 0. 014 0.014 0.014 0.016 Pb mg/L 0.050 0.068 0.160 0.162 0.152 Fe mg/L 0.961 1.100 1.040 5.085 3.970 Zn mg/L 0.132 0.232 0.182 0.378 0.218 Mn mg/L 0.058 0.115 0.232 0.618 0.435 Ni mg/L 0.115 0.142 0.190 0.250 0. 262 Fluorides mg/L 0.675 1.665 2.275 2.665 2.150 Chlorides mg/L 19.110 43.150 55.250 69.360 100.465 Sulphates mg/L 1.49 1.64 1. 20 0.40 0.50 Aniline mg/L 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.173 NH3 -N mg/L 0.659 1. 780 0. 606 6. 606 26.641 NO 2 -N mg/L 0.132 0.280 0.180 0.156 0.668 NO,-N mg/L 2. 182 4.496 7.162 4.481 5.530 Oia mg/L 0.244 0.460 0.396 2. 883 4. 512 Conductivity Ps/cm 0. 6 0. 8 0. 7 0.9 1.3 CPU 1/ml 6960 229500 148450 112300 649800 Phenol mg/L 0.002 0.014 0.020 0.039 0.364 NH, mg/L 0.030 0.106 0. 044 0.385 1.041

5-114 Table 5. 4. 2-7 Water Monitoring Results for the Fen Rever in Taiyuan in 1995-Low Flow Period

Item Unit Shanglan Shialan Sunli Yingze Xiaodian

Water Temp C 17.5 26. 5 21.3 20. 2 Flow m 3/s Hardness 618.12 467. 97 541.54 653. 66 pH E - 8.00 7.53 7.56 7.82 6.5-8.5 SS mg/L 46 194 190 142 321 DO mg/L 8.10 5.90 5.40 1.93 3 BOD, mg/L 20-52 15.16 14.10 89.88 6 COD. mg/L 33.18 56. 76 62.85 156. 74 20 CN- mg/L 0.024 0.088 0.070 0. 047 0. 2 Cu mg/L 0. 016 0.026 0.030 0.055 1.0 As mg/L 0. 006 0. 007 0. 008 0. 009 0. 1 Hg mg/L 0.00002! 0.000025 0. 000025 D. 00002 0. 00025 0. 001 Cd mg/L 0. 012 0.020 0.020 0. 022 0. 005 Cr' mg/L 0. 153 0.018 0. 022 0. 022 0. 05 Pb mg/L 0.030 1.002 0. 165 0.058 0. 5 Fe mg/L 0.288 7.980 5. 538 4.462 2. 0 Zn mg/L 0.018 3. 128 0. 598 0. 052 0. 5 Mn mg/L 0.498 0. 275 0.290 0. 412 Ni mg/L 0.050 0.172 0.145 0.100 Fluorides mg/L 2.470 4. 865 6. 135 6. 475 1. 5 Chlorides mg/L 134. 635 136. 745 172. 325 223. 600 250 Sulphater mg/L 1.48 1.20 2.00 1.88 Aniline mg/L 0. 048 0. 063 0. 063 0. 079 NH,-N mg/L 1.930 21.139 25.375 53.958 NO2-N mg/L 0.928 0.387 0.336 0. 888 1. 0 NO,-N mg/L 9.477 6. 284 5. 962 4. 525 20 Oil mg/L 12- 378 13.753 16.418 18.665 0. 5 Conductivity ps/cm 34.0 39. 5 50.0 150. 0 CPU 1/rnI 35000 361900 462600 3591000 Phenol mg/L 0.040 0. 190 0.114 3. 484 0.01

NH, mg/L I _ 0.110 0. 438 0.636 1.458 0. 01

-1 15 Table 5.4.2-8 Water QualitySummary Results for the Fen River in Taiyuan (1995)

Unit: mgl Parameter Period Location Volatile Petroleum COD BOD5 Cyanide NH3-N Hexachrome Pb SS DO ______Phenol Low Shanglan 0.04 12.378 33.18 20.52 0.024 1.93 0.153 0.03 56 8.1 Flow Yingze 0.114 16.418 62.85 14.1 0.07 25.375 0.022 0.0165 190 5.4 Xiaodian 3.484 18.665 156.74 89.88 0.047 53.958 0.014 0.058 142 1.93 Medium Shanglan 0.014 0.46 28.98 3.95 0.004 1.08 0.014 0.068 272 8.59 Flow Yingze 0.039 2.883 28.23 5.73 0.026 6.606 0.016 0.162 292 5.86 Xiaodian 0.364 4.512 58.07 11.9 0.045 26.641 0.006 0.152 352 4.94 High Shanglan 0.012 0.467 20.1 21.91 0.003 3.32 0.004 0.094 1002 6.42 Flow Yingze 0.02 1.508 19.86 17.85 0.02 6.416 0.012 0.202 1908 4.42 Xiaodian 0.667 5.784 65.28 17.22 0.076 27.812 -- 0.101 467 5.9 Table 5.4.2-9 Project Water Quality of Huyan Water Treatment Plant

Projected *(3) Class I WaterQuality SurfaceWater Location/ YellowRiver" Inletof (2) at HuyanTreat- Quality Analysis at Wanjiazhai Fen 1 Reservior ment Plant Standard pH 8.42 8.22 8.4 6.5 -8.5 COD 22.5 18.2 21.5 15 BOD5 1.29 2.18 1.5 4 DO 7.9 7.7 7.8 >5 VolatilePhenol 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 Cyanide 0.005 0.002 0.004 0.05 Fluoride 0.41 0.37 0.4 1 TotalHg ND 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 Cd 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.005 Pb 0.01 0.02 0.013 0.05 CrI6 0.006 0.003 0.005 0.05 NH3-N 0.086 0.1 0.09 0.02 Chloride 77.3 10.8 66 250 Sulfate 116 61.8 106 250 Hardness 226 132 200 450 TDS - 227 - _ TSS 143 175 160 _ Petroleum 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.05 As 0.003 0.013 0.01 0.05 N03-N 2.06 1.56 2 20 Fe 1.42 0.79 1.3 0.5 Mn 1.13 0.25 1 0.1

* withWWTP

Source: (I) FromTable 5.16 (c)-l, "ExistingWater Quality Evaluation Results of FenheRiver and Its Tributariesduring Low Water Period, (mean concentration)," Ref 102.1 (2) FromTable 5.24, 'Water Qualityof WanjiazhaiWater Diversion at HeadProject," Ref 102. (3) Fromweighted average of Column(1) & (2) ofthis table (4) FromTable 4.7.1-3 of this report

5-117 Table 5.4.2-10 Existingand PredictedCOD Concentrabonsin Fen River Downstreamof Taiyaun

Fen Riverat XiaoDian 1995* 2002*- 2010 2020'

High Flow 65 42 45 46

MediumFlow 58 58 49 47

Low Flow.. 1571 68 49 47

Notes: ' From Table5.4.2-8 From Table5.4.2-11 (the spreadsheet) ControllingCondition

6-11i TABLE 5.4.2-11 (Page1 of 2) POLLUITONLOAD PROJECTIONAND IMPACTON FEN RIVER

1 MUNICIPALPOLLUTION LOAD PROJECTION

Year 1993 2002 2010 2020

Populafaon(includesrural), milion 2.2 2.4 2.7 3.0 Water Use Rate,Uday 100 125 150 175 WaterUseiDemand, mcmty 81 110 147 190 CityIrrigaton Demand, mcm/y 19 25 30 35 Total Demand,mcmny 100 135 177 225 ForecastedWastewater, mcm 65 88 118 152 Flow To Treatmrnt,mcm 59 49 87 152 56,74,100 % COD of TreatedWW, mgA 30 30 30 30 TreatedCOD Load, ml tons/yr 1.8 1.5 2.6 4.6 Flow to PondTreatment 19.5 32.55 30.63 0 37,26,0% COD of Pond Effluent,mgAi 50 50 50 50 TreatedCOD Load, mi ton/d 0.975 1.63 1.53 0 UntreatedFlow,mcm 7 6 0 0 7,0,0% COD of UntreatedWW, mgA 300 300 300 300 UntreatedCOD Load, ml tons/yr 2 2 0 0

Total MuniFRw to Fennver.mcm 65 88 118 152 Total COD Loadto Fen River 4.7 5.0 4.1 4.6 AverageCOD Concto FenRiver 72 56.3 35.2 30

2 INDUSTRIALPOLLUTION LOADPROJECTION

Industry Metalurgy ElectricP Coal Chemical Miscel. Total

Output,milUon RMB 1991 $4,412 $506 $1,851 $2,256 $5,432 $14,457 1992 $4,811 5581 $1,904 $2,499 $5,898 S15,693 1993 S4,942 $612 S1.966 S2,294 56,906 S16,720 Water Use, mcm 1991 54.3 47.4 24.1 48.5 53.3 227.6 1992 60.2 51.1 29.8 50.8 45.6 237.5 1993 56.1 49.6 27.8 55.2 49.1 237.8 OutputNVaterUse, RMB/cm 1991 $81 $11 $77 S47 $102 $64 1992 $80 $11 $64 549 $129 $66 1993 $88 S12 $71 $42 $141 $70 OutputForecast, milion RMB 2001 56,620 $1,339 $3,643 $3,682 $12,351 $27,635 2010 $12,400 $2,070 $4,192 $5,998 $19,266 $43,926 2020 $18,460 $2,070 $4,937 $8,879 $29,265 563,611 Water Demand,mcm 2001 75.1 108.5 51.5 88.6 87.8 411.6 2010 140.8 167.8 59.3 144.3 137.0 649.1 2020 209.6 167.8 69.8 213.7 208.1 868.8 OutputiWaterDemand, RMB/cm 2001 88.1 12.3 70.7 41.6 140.7 67.1 2010 88.1 12.3 70.7 41.6 140.7 67.7 2020 88.1 12.3 70.7 41.6 140.7 73.2

5.119 TABLE5.4.2-11 (Page2 of 2) POLLUITONLOAD PROJECTIONAND IMPACTON FEN RIVER

Year 1993.0 2002.0 2010.0 2020.0

IndustrialWater DemandFore 237.8 411.6 649.1 868.8

WastewaterCatagory MetallurgyElectric P Coal Chemical Miscel Total WastewaterNVaterUse Rabo 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.7 WastewaterForecast, mcm 2001 60.1 34.7 20.1 55.8 65.9 303.8 2010 112.6 53.7 23.1 90.9 102.7 479.0 2020 167.6 53.7 27.2 134.6 156.1 641.2

Year 1993.0 2002.0 2010.0 2020.0

IndustrialWastewater Forecast 175.5 303.8 479.0 641.2 FlowTo Treatment,mcm 157.9 276.418 479.0 641.2 90, 100, 100 COD TreatedFlow, mgA 50.0 50 50.0 50.0 COD LoadTreated Flow, mtonJy 7.9 13.82 24.0 32.1 UntreatedFlow, mcm 17.5 27.3 0.0 0.0 10, 0, 0 COD UntreatedFlow, mgA 300.0 300 300.0 300.0 COD LoadUntreated Flow, mtoni 5.3 8.20 0.0 0.0

TotalInd WW to Fen River,mcm 175.5 303.8 479.0 641.2 TotalCOD Loadto Fen, mtonty 13.2 22.02 24.0 32.1 COD Concto Fen River,mgA 75.0 72.5 50.0 50.0

3 TOTALPOLLUTION LOAD TO FEN RIVER TotalFlow to Fen River 240.5 391.7 596.9 793.0 TotalCOD Loadto Fen River 17.8 27.0 28.1 36.6

4 IMPACTON FEN RIVER

Year 2002 2010 2020

Fen RiverFlow, mcm HighFlow 475.0 475.0 475.0 Medium 157.0 157.0 157.0 LowFlow 48.0 48.0 48.0 Fen RiverCOD Conc.,mgAI HighFlow 20.0 42.1 44.9 MediumFl 30.0 57.7 49.3 Low Flow 40.0 65.7 48.5 Fen RiverCOD Load, mttyr HighFlow 9.5 20.0 21.3 Medium 4.7 9.1 7.7 Low Flow 1.9 3.2 2.3 WastewaterFlow, mcm 391.7 596.9 793.0 TotalCOD Loadin WW, mton/y 27.0 28.1 36.6 TotalRiver Flow. mcm HighFlow 866.7 1071.9 1268.0 Medium 548.7 753.9 950.0 Low Flow 439.7 644.9 841.0 TotalRiver COD Load, mttyr HighFlow 36.5 48.1 57.9 Medium 31.7 37.2 44.4 Low Flow 28.9 31.3 38.9 PredictedRiver COD Conc.,mgA'High Flow 42.1 44.9 45.7 Medium 57.7 49.3 46.7 Low Flow 65.7 48.5 46.3

Note: mcm = millioncubic meters RMB = Chineseyuan mttyr = milliontons peryear

5-120

WaniiazhaiWater Transfer Proiect Final Report

CHAPTER 6 ADDITIONALSTUDIES

Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Report

TABLE OF CONTENTS OF CHAPTER 6

TEXT

6. ADDITIONAL STUDIES

6.1. Introduction 6.2 Public Participation 6.2.1 Introduction 6.2.2 YRDP Public Participation Program 6.2.2.1 Task Description 6.2.2.2 Evaluation of Task 6.2.3 Public Participation Task of Resettlement Project Team 6.2.3.1 Summary Tabulations 6.2.3.2 Additional Comments on RS Plan 6.3 Compliance with Environmental Laws 6.3.1 Introduction 6.3.2 Basic EnvironmentalLaws and Regulations 6.3.3 Laws and Regulations related to Resettlement 6.3.4 Summary and Conclusions 6.4 Environmental Economics 6.4.1 Purpose of Task 6.4.2 Project Beneficiaciaries 6.4.3 Role of Costs in Economic Analysis 6.5 Risk Assessment 6.5.1 Introduction 6.5.2 SignificantRisks 6.5.2.1 Tunnel Risks 6.5.2.2 Dam Failure Hazard 6.5.2.3 Flooding Hazards 6.5.2.4 Efficient Use of Expensive Imported Water 6.5.2.5 Construction Hazards 6.5.2.6 Resettlement 6.5.2.7 Silting Hazards 6.5.2.8 Availabilityof Water for Export 6.5.3 Role of Environmental Management Office 6.5.4 Summary and Conclusions

FIGURES AND TABLES

Figure 6.5.4-1 Summary 6f Risk Assessment Evaluation Table 6.2-1 Summary of YRDP Activities on Public Participation Table 6.2-2 Summary of YRDP Work Efforts on Public Participation Table 6.3-1 Compliancewith EnvirionmentalLaws and Regulations Table 6.3-2 Laws and Regulations Related to Resettlement of WWTP

6 - i

Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiet Final Report

CHAPTER 6

ADDITIONAL STUDIES

6.1 Introduction

The EIA process has been continually evolving since its beginning in late 1960s, and this experience has shown the need for including a number of specific evaluations in addition to those done in Chapters 4 and 5. These additional studies which are commonly included in EIAs since about 1992, include the following: (i) public participation, (ii) compliance with environmental laws, (iii) environmental economics, and (iv) risk assessment. The EIA guidelines utilized in China, as formulated by NEPA, include provision for these additional studies (Ref. 206).

6.2 Public Participation

6.2.1 Itroduction

The concept of WWTP originated in the late 1950s and this resulted in a series of meetings involving MWR and other Central Government agencies, various Shanxi Province agencies; and various local agencies aimed at preparing and implementing a definitive project plan. This led to establishment of preliminary YRDP operations in 1958, then to a preliminary YRDP office in 1977, and then in 1989 to full-scale establishment of the present YRDP, with the gole to prepare and implement the appropriate detailed project plan. In 1992 YRDP began to give detailed attention to the issue of Public Participation (PP). Significant attention to other Enviornemntal Aspects began in 1994.

Sections 6.2.2 and 6.2.3 review PP for the WWTP/phase I components. Section 6.2.4 discusses the Wanjiazhai and Huyan projects.

6.2.2 YRDP Public Participation Program

6.2.2.1 Task Description

As part of the present project, a special task was carried out in 1995-96 to identify, list, describe and summarize the PP work by YRDP dating back to the 1950s, and the detailed results are given in Annex D. This information is summarized in Table 6.2-1, covering a total of some 110 "task efforts".

This work comprised numerous meetings, reporting, consultations, investigations, field surveys, and interviews with the local people especially villagers who would be subject to resettlement if the several proposed project reservoirs were to be constructed. The work included all envisioned WWTP components, including several proposed new reservoirs along the NML and SML (none of which are included in WWTP/Phase I).

6.2.2.2 Evaluation of Task Information

6- 1 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Report

Table 6.2-2 has been prepared to summarizethe informationgiven in Table 6.2-1. This includes all WWTP/PhaseI componentsexcepting Wanjiazhai Reservoir (see Section 6.2.3).

Reviewof these data shows the following:

(a) Participationby Villagers(individual villagers, village representatives, local peoplesgovernemnts).

While the earlier tasks efforts by YRDP were focused on dealing with official governemntalagencies, in 1992YRDP commenceda program for gaining the views and support of the villagersper se. Of the total of some 81 task efforts conducted over the period 1990-95, 42 included direct communicationswith villagers or their representatives.The results, shown in detail in Annex D, indicate that in general the villagershave had meaningfiulopportunities for expressingtheir views to the WWTP plannersand that they do support the project, assumingdue attention to resettlemnent needs and to other effects on localsocio-economics. Commitments have been made by YRDP to meetthese needs. Fiveof these 41 task efforts includedparticipation by local wamen's organizations.

(b) EnviromnentalIssues OtherThan Resettlement

Table 6.2-2 showsthat some 11 task effortsdealt with environemntalissues in general and some 10 specificallywith water qualityand pollutioncontrol issues, practically all of these since 1994.

6.2.3 Public Participation Task of Resettlement Project Team

6.2.3.1 SummaryTabulations

The overallYRDP project planningincludes, in additionto the EIA Study, a separate Resettlement(RS) Study and Report. The RS Studyis presented in several chapters, one entitled"Participation and Consultation".Review of this chapter indicatesthat the villagerswho will need to be resettled,or are aggected by the resettlementoperations, have had significantopportunities to give their views to the RS planners and have indicatedsupport of the projectassuming a competentRS plan is carriedout.

6.2.3.2 AdditionalComments on RS Plan

Task 4.5 of the EIA Study,entitled "Environemntal Review of Resettlement",gives an appraisalof environemtnalaspects of the RS planningfrom the EIA point of view.

6.2.4 Publicity by Mass Media

Over recent year, many achievesof WWTP have been reported upon by the media includingby "Shanxi Daily", ShanxiRadio Station, Shanxi TV Station, Taiyuan TV Station,"Shanxi Economic News", Xinhua News Agency,and other news agencies.

6 - 2 Wanjiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Report

Approaches used for publicizing the WWTP include trend reports, special reports, photographs, and special theatrical festivals.

The YRDP has established a press and propaganda center to have primary responsibility for publicizing the WWTP. This center compiles and publishes "WWTP News", with 3,500 or more copies published for each issue, which are distributed in and out of Shanxi Province.

This program is believed to give the public a meaningfulunderstanding of WWTP and to be helpful in gaining public support.

6.2.5 Wanjiazhai and Buyan

YRDP's PP program has not included the Wanjiazhai Dam/Reservoir project nor Taiyuan City's Huyan project (including the associated pumping plant). However, discussion of PP for both projects is included in section 4.5 on Resettlement in chapter 4. Also, discussions of the EIA Team with TEPB indicate that Taiyuan City has given amnpleattention to PP for Huyan because of the many sensitivities involved in taking over the needed urban lands

6.3 Compliance with Environmental Laws

6.3.1 Introduction

The purpose of Section 6.3 is to indicate that the WWTP plan incorporates provisions to comply with Chinese laws and regulations on environment protection and that the EIA for WWTP is based on Chinese laws and regulations.

6.3.2 Basic Environmental Laws and Regulations

A series of enviromnental laws and regulations issued by the Govemrnent of People's Republic of China and the Government of Shanxi Province are applicable to WWTP. Mainly the following issued by Chinese Governmenthave been followed in the WWVTP plan and the current EIA.

(a) Environment Protection Law

This law, issued in 1989, is the fundamental law for environmental protection in China. It requires that EIA must be a component of the feasibilitystudy of all large and middle sized develop projects and that the assessmentof the impacts of the projects on socio- economics must be carried out with the EIk

(b) Law of Land Management

The Law of Land Management, issued in 1986, requires that the land requisition for project construction be minimized and the people who lost their land be properly compensated and resettled.

(c) Water Law

6 - 3 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final ReCDrt

The Water Law, issued in 1988, is the base law of exploitation, utilization and protection of water resources. It also requires that the local governmentsin project area be responsible for resettlement due to the construction of the project.

(d) Law of Water and Soil Conservation

The Law of Water and Soil Conservation,issued in 1991, requires protectionmeasures to prevent erosion due to project constructionincluding revegetation, resurfacing and protect measuresfor project constructiondisposals.

(e) Law of WildlifeProtection

The Law of Wildlife Protection, issued in 1988, requires protection measures and necessawymonitoring activities to protectwildlife in project areas.

(f) Law and Water Pollution Preventionand Control

This law, issued in 1984, is tfie based law for water qualityprotection which requires water qualitymonitoring institutions be establishedand regular monitoringactivities be conducted and water pollutioncontrol measuresbe plannedand implementedfor water projects.

(g) Forest Law

The Forest Law issued in 1984, requiresprotection measures for natural forests during project constructionand operation stages. It also requires afforestationmeasures be conductedin projectareas.

(h) Summ$ar

Some other laws issued by Chines Governmentand many detailed regulationsissued by State Councilor its ministriesas well as regulationsissued by Shama Government have been followedin the WWTP'planand the current EIA. Table 6.3-1 summarizes the environmentallaws and regulationsapplicable to WWTP,as discussedin (a) to (g) above.

6.3.3 Laws and Regulations related to Resettlement

Laws and regulations related to resettlement have been followed in the WWTP ResettlementReport (a separatereport from EIA Report). Table 6.3-2 shows the laws and regulationsand their applicationsin WWTP. Section 4.5 includes evaluationof compliancewith these laws and regulationsin the WWTP/RSplan.

6.3.4 Summary and Conclusions

A series of Chinese environmentaland resettlement-relatedlaws and regulations promulgatedby the ChineseGovernment and ShanxiProvince Governmenthave been followedin the WWTPplan and the EIA for WWTP.

6 - 4 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Rewort

The EPMs and the monitoring programs required in the WWTP plan and developed in the EIA Report are based on the above mentioned laws and regulations.

6.4 Environmental Economics

6.4.1 Purpose of Task

The purpose of this task is to review the WWTP plan with respect to (a) whether the project gives fair consideration to the needs of ordinary/poor people in the affected area (so that it is not another "rich get richer, poor get poorer" project), (b) to check that the Economic Analysis includes the costs of all EPMs and environmental monitoring programs specified by the EIA, and (c) to check that the Economic Analysis includes costs representing environmental damages not offset by the EPMs, plus credits for any environmental enhancement measures included in the project.

6.4.2 Project Benericiaries

WWTP may truly be said to be a project planned with the primary objectives of improvingthe socio-economicsof the primary economicsearnings areas of Shanxi province. These are already critically short of water for virtually all human developmentneeds including(a) domesticand commercial(b) industrial, and (c) agriculturalneeds. The importedwater will be used first for municipal purposes, representingfirst priority, with second priority to industry to maintain employment stability,and not for agriculture.It is also plannedto reduce use of existingfreshwater resourcesfor agricultureby substitutinguse of treated sewage effluents.Inaddition, the importedwater will reduce pressuresfor more and more groundwater extraction (now very seriouslyover-extracted) and for more and more ground level subsidence, already very serious and causing serious economic/socio-economiclosses to all affected communitysocial sectors. Thus the project may be said to be a truly economic-cum-environmental-cumsocial developmentproject.

The argument may be made that the project favors the socio-economicsof the urbanizedtarget areas, whichare less poor than the rural areas. This is true, but it is these target areas that are of prime importance to the over economy and socio- economicsof the entire province. Also, where reservoirsare to be built along the transmissionroutes, it is expectedthat the resettled rural farmerswill be benefited, that is, their housing and income levels should be improved as a result of the resettlement,assuming the actualresettlement program lives up to expectations.

6.4.3 Inclusion of Costs in Economic Analysis

Item 6.4.1 (b) has been ensured 6y continuing close working association between the EIA team and the Phase I Project Economic Expert.. With respect to 6.4.1 (c), assumingimplementation of the recommendedEPMs and environmentalmonitoring programs, it is expected that the residual net environmentaldamages will not be significant. This will be checkedperiodically by the proposed environmentalpost- constructionmonitoring program to be managedby EMO.

6 - 5 WaniiazhaiWater Transfer Proiect FinalReport

6.5 Risk Assessment

6.5.1 Introduction

Overall the WWTP is a project which, with proper planning and implementation,can be classifiedas a quite safe project. These are a numberof significantwhich need to be managedto offsetthe hazards,which are discussedbelow:

6.. 2 Significant Risks

6.5.2.L1Tunnel Risks

(a) Tunnel Stability/AssuredDelivery of Water

The question is whether the WWTP planning for tunnels includes provision for ensuring deliveryof water to the target cities in the event of tunnel collapse due to earthquakesor any other causes. The present discussionis limitedto the Phase I/SML project. As discussedin Section4.4.2.1, the Phase I projectwill furnishstorage of two months in Fen I reservoir, sufficientfor ensuring continuingdelivery of the Phase I flow of 350 millionm 3 per year. Hogshouigoureservoir, to becomeoperative in 2006, will furnish sufficientstorage to ensure continuingflow for the Phase II flow of 640 millionm 3 per year.

(b) Tunnel WorkerHealth and Safety

The tunneling construction operations will be a major and in some respects a pioneeringventure for China, and like all major tunneling projects, constructionwill pose significanthazards to the workers, and to managethese will require establishment of an appropriatecontrol system. YRDPrecognizes this problem and the contract for constructionwill include requirements for the needed controls.

6.5.2.2 Darn FailureHazard

While the overallWWT? includesa numberof dams/reservoirprojects, none of these are includedin Phase I. However,the EIA reviewedeach of the proposed damsfor its structural stability, especiallywith respect to earthquake hazards. All of the dams appear to be safewith failureconsidered to be virtuallyimpossible (See Section 4.4).

6.5.2.3 FloodingHazards

None of the proposed dam/reservoirprojects will pose any significantflooding hazard but they will contribute to lessening of flooding problems, especially Wanjaizhai, Daliang and Haoshuigou. Discharge of the SML water into the Honghe river will markedly increasethe river flow in volumes, but this is a steep canyon zone with no significantdevelopment, hence no damages are expected. When this flow enters the Fen river (above Fen I reservoir),no significantflooding damage is expectedbecause of the large hydrauliccapacity of the Fen river channelin the reach.

6.5.2.4 EfficientUse of ExpensiveImported Water

6 - 6 Wanjiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Report

Because of the relativelyhigh cost of the importedwater to be furnishedby WWTP, it is essential that the Provincial Government and Local Governments establish institutionalsystems that will have the authorityand the resourcesto managethe entire utilization of water in the target area, beginningwith the Taiyuan Service Area, to ensureoptimal use of the preciouswater. This willinclude strict control of use of both surface water and groundwater, and optimal management of used waters for reutilization as supplemental water supply including necessary waste treatment, includinguse of the permit system for controllingboth water use and for waste treatment/reuseincluding collection of revenuesto financethe control system as well as for financingWWTP per se. While this type of program has been successfully developedin other countriessuch as SouthernCalifornia, this type of comprehensive water/wastewaterreuse managementis new in China. The WWTP plan recognizes this and includesprovisions for strengtheningof the provincial/localagencies to be able to manage both water use and waste managementto achieve the goals including trainingin specializedskills and in monitoring.

6.5.2.5 ConstructionHazards

In addition to the need for protectingtunnel workers noted in Section 6.5.2.1 (b), constructionof WWTP will pose numeroushazards to environmentwhich are to be properly managed and offset by incorporatingsuitable EPMs in the contract for ConstructionContractor, by furnishingEnvironmental ConstructionSupervisors to check the ConstructionContractor's operationsvisits to evaluate adequacy of the control system. This approachis somewhatnew in China, and the nearby Xiaolangdi project (now under construction)experience uses this approach, is furnishingvaluable guidelinesfor WWTP.

6.5.2.6 Resettlement

Adequate planningof a competentresettlement plan accommodatingeach and every resettlementincluding "safety net" channelsto facilitate receiving and acting upon complaints,is an integralpart of WWTPwherever resettlement is involved,especially for reservoirs(none included in Phase I). The questionis whetherthe plan will be duly implemented,considering that this type of program is relativelynew in China. The WWTP plan is to incorporatecontinuing monitoring of progress in the resettlement program,including some third party surveillance,to ensureappropriate implementation of the plan.

6.5.2.7 SiltinzHazards

As discussedin Section4.9, the water divertedfrom Wanjiazhaireservoir will have a yearly average silt content of 1.3 kg/m3, which will make up only 3.3% of the silt contentof the water in the Fen river,39.4 kg/m3. In Project Phase I, a total of 350 millionm 3 water will be divertedalong the SML and Fen river course to Fen-I reservoirannually, which is nearly the same as the annual average runoff in Fen river, 368 millionm 3 . Therefore,the silt divertedwith water from Wanjiazhaireservoir would not cause siltinghazards to the Fen river course and Fen-1 reservoir.

6 - 7 WaniiazhaiWater Transfer Proiect FinalRevort

As noted in Section 4.13, the Connection Works will divert the upper layer of water in Fen- I reservoir through tunnels and pipelines to the Huyan Water Treatment Plant in Taiyuan. No silting hazards are expected to the plant because the upper layer water of Fen-1 reservoir has little silt content.

6.5.2.8 Availability of Water for Export

The question here is whether the Yellow River basin has enough water to be able to allow the export to Shanxi without impairment of development in the lower Yellow River basin. As explained in Section 4.12, each province in the Yellow River basin has been allocated a share of the Yellow River water resource, and the WWTP export amount is within Shanxi's share. Also, Wanjiazhai reservoir's storage will be mainly of flood waters wich if not stored would be lost to the sea.

6.5.3 Role of Environmental Management Office(EMO)

The WWTP EMO which should be established by YRDP as soon as the project is approved for implementation, is a very essential component of the overall project for ensuring that all risks are properly managed, by use of the following measures:

(a) Checking to ensure the detailed plans and specifications for the project components do include all the EPMs specified in the Elk (b) Furnishing of Environmental Construction Supervisors to ensure construction operations comply with specified EPMs. (c) Implementation of the prescribed Enviromnental Monitoring Program during both construction and operation stages of project components, including planning and implementation of corrections in the project design or operations system indicated to be needed by the monitoring. (d) Working with the YRDP and Provincial and Local Government Agencies to achieve optimal utilization of the imported water.

6.5.4 Summary and Condusions

Figure 6.5.4-1 summarizes the Risk Assessment evaluation.

WWTP is expected to be a well engineered project and moreover should be financially sound because of the precious value of the imported water. The real risk, actually, is the risk that WWTP might not get built.

6 - 8 FIGURE 6.5.41: SUMMARYOF RISK ASSESSMENTEVALUATION

ProjectRisks for Phase I RiskSeriousness without Planned Risk Seriousness Management with Planned ______Management NA Tunnd nsksN______1 2 3 A Tunnelrisks v v _ Tunnel stabiiity ______v v ___ Worker healthtsaf* _ vV v I faure hazard v v_ oodinghazards v v Reservoirs _ v _ v Honghe River v __v v Fen River v v iaent use of imported water v v Constructionhazards v v Resettlement v v ___ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~v . v Siltaxionsin WWTP system _ ____ v ___ v _ Avalablt f waerfo expor_v i-v J!La -- - -

NOTES: N - Negligible 1 - Minor, 2 modeate, 3 major A - Acceptable,NA = Not acceptable

6 - 9

TABLE6.2-2: SUMMARYOF YRDPWORK EFFORTS ON PUBLIC PARTICIPATION

YEAR Participants and Issues Before 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 Total ______1990' 9 , 9 1. Participants 1.1 Villagers - 1 0 9 13 7 12 42 1.2 EPB 3 1.3 Women's organizations - 2 2 5 1.4 Universities - 2 2 1.5 World Bank missions 2 2 2 Issues

2.1 Resettlement - - - 2.2 Other socio-economics 3 1 6 9 2.3 Environmental issues - I 5 5 11 (other than 2.1, 2.2) __ _ 2.4 Water quality/pollution 8 9 control _.__

Notes: (a) "Public Participation" includes meetings/visitswith governmental agencies, villagers, and others. Total of "work efforts" is 110 since 1958 and 81 since 1990.

6-10 TABLE8.3-1: COMPLIANCEWITH ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS

ApplicableParls of EL\ No. Contentsand Tasks Lawsand Regulations Followed Functionsand Applications Report a. EnvironcentProtection Law, PRC a. Lawbases ror EIA EntirEIA b. EnvironmentProtection Management in ProjectConstruction b. EIArequirements for consttuction project Section4.11 c. Regulationson EnvironmentalImpact Assessment for Water c. Requirementsand technical regulations for Projects,MWR waterprojects EntireElI Environmentalhnpact d. Speiricationsof tA forwaterProjects d. Specificationsof EIA ror water proiects EntireEtA c. DetailedRules and Replationsfor Caring out (b) in Shanxi e. AdditionalEIA regulations in ShanxiProvince Province Entire1/IA F. TechimcalRegulations and Rulesfor Management of EIAfor r. Detailedtechnical EIA requirements n Shanxi tE Projectsin ShanxiProvince _ Enire E g. TeclunicalGuidelines for EIA. g. TechnicalEIA regulations in China EntireElA a. Lawof Waterpollution Prevention and Control, PRC a. BaseLaw for waterpollution control Stion 5.3 b. Water Law,PRC b. Water soure exploitationand use ChapterS c. Waterquality in YellowRiver, Pen River and c. SurfaceWater Quality Standards ((JB3828-88) lheirtributanes Sectialt5.4 d. DrinkingWater Standards (OB5749-85) d. Waterquality requirements Section5.4 2 WaterQuality and e. Se%I4ageDiscliarge PolltutionControl Standards(1B8973-88) e. SewageDischarge constraints along WWrP area Seion 5.3 Section ____5__3 C. Farmlandirrigation Water Quality Standards (OE50B4-92) f. Protectwater quality in FenRiver Section5.4 g. FenRiver Management Regulations, Shanxi g. Fenriver waterprotection measures Sections5.3, 5.4 h. EnvironmentalWater Functions, Slianxi (DU 14/67-94) h. Waterusage orf en riverand Hlong tive Sections5.3, 5.4, 5.5 i. SewageDischarge Standards in Taiyuan(DB/14Z600) (1-90) i. Sewagedischarge requirements in Tdyuan Sections5.3, 5.4 PolltantRelasinStadars fo Stel bdusty (G 491.85 j.Prevent Penriver from pollution caused by Gujiao j.PollutantRdelesing Standards for Sleel Industry (01349 -85 ironand steelmill Sections5.3, 5.4 k. WaterPollutants Releasing Standards for SyntheticAmmonia k. PreventFen river from pollution caused by lidusiry(G1313458-92) Guiiaoand Jingle cemnical refilizer plants Sections5.3, 5.4 1. WaterPollutants Releasing Standards for PaperMill (GU3541-93) 1. PreventFen river frtom pollution caused by TaiyuanPaper MEil. iSectionsS.13, 5.4

i of 2 TABLE 6.3-1: COMPLIANCEWITH ENVIRONMENTALLAWS AND REGULATIONS

ApplicableParts of EIA No. Contentsand Tasks Lawsand RegulationsFollowed Functionsand Applications Report a. Law of Land Management,PRC a. Principlesof land requisitionand measures of tninimizingland occupationby WWTP Sections 3.3. 4.2 b. Law of Water and Soil Conservation,PRC b. Measues and requirementto prevent erosion in WWTP project Sections 3.4, 4.3, 4,9 c. ConstructionConstraints for Water and Soil Conservation : Measures to be taene in the onstructionOf ______WW_w P to preventerosion Section4.11 d. ManagementRegulations for Natural Reserves,PRC d. Measwes to protect the Nangwu Natural Reserve Sections3.5, 4.7

EcologicalEnviromnent e. Wildlife protectionmeaswes in construction Protection e. Law of Wildlife Protection,PRC zones Sections 3.5, 4.7 f. Law of Forest Protection,PRC f. Forest protectionmeasures in construction o7v Law of Forest_Protection,_PRC_ zones Sections 3.5, 47 t'J g. Listof State Protected Wildlife,State Council g. Identifyanimals to be specially protected in ESA Sections 3.5, 4.7

h. GeneralOrder on StrictlyProtecting Rare Animals,State Council h. Protection measures for rare animals Sections 3 5 4 7 i. Notice on Further Strengtheningthe work of Revegelationand i Revegetationrequirements for newly built roads Allbrestation,State Cotuicil andconstruction areas Sections 3.5, 4.7 a. Notice on 'Design, Construct,Operate CapitalConstruction and a. Water pollution control, ecologyprotection, TechnicalReconstruction Projects with Water pollutiontControl, environmentprotection measures and projects EeCologyProleetion, Envirounment Protection Projects' to be designed, implemented and operated with the main projects Chapters 3 4, 5 b. Key Points of EnvironmentProtection Policies b. Base for detailed environmentprotection measures Chapters4 5 c. Regulationson Wastes Control and Reuse c. Requirementsfor treatment of pollution source to Fen river Sections 5.3,5.4, 5.5 4 Other EPMs d. Regulationson Environent Managmentnein TVEs d. PollutionControl and environmental managementin TVEs Sections 5.3, 5.4. 5.5 e. Regulationson EnvironmentProtection, Shanxi e. Detailed environmentprotection measure in ___Shanxi Chapter4, 5I f. Regulationson Changeof Pollitant Discharge,Slanxi f Pollutionsource control in ESA Section 5.3, 5.4, 5.5

2 of 2 TABLE 6.3-2: LAWSAND REGULATIONSRELATED TO RESETTLEMENTOF WWTP

No. Laws and Regulations Year Functionsand Applications 1 Law of LandManagement, PRC 1986 Landreqisition and compensationin WWTP 2 Water Law,PRC 1988 L-ica1govemments are responsiblefor reselement Resettlenmtfumds must be includedin project vesmt Resettlement mustbe scheduledfor and completedin the constuctionstage. Resettlement plaming and i_lementation. 3 Envonment ProtectionLaw, PRC 1989 ETAof resettlement 4 Regulationsfor LandRequisition 1991 Principlesfor resettlementcompensation, Compensationand Resettlement, improvementof resettlers,production and living State Council standards. 5 DesignSpecifications for 1984 Inundationtratment andrelocation Treatment compensationstandards or Wanjiazhai,Daliang of ReservoirInmdation Areas, and Haoshuigoureservoirs. MWR __ 6 Regulationon Water Projects, 1989 Collectionsof immdationtreatment and land MWR requsitionlaws and regulations 7 DetailedRules and Investigationof 1986 Detailedresettlement investigation and liwndated assets. MWR comrensationmethod. 8 Principlesfor Villageand Town 1992 Plamningand designof resettlement villages PlanningNationalAgricultural andtowns Commission& National ConstructionCommission _ 9 FinancialManagement of 1989 Detailedresettlement compensation and fund Resettlement allocationmanagement approaches Funds. MWR ,__

'ote: See separateWWTPIRS report for detaileddiscussion of lawsand regulations applicable to resettlement

6-13 Waniiazhai WaterTransfer Proiect Final ReDort

CHAPTER 7 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

Wanjiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Recort

TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR CHAPTER 7

TEXT

7. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Monitoring SEIs 7.2.2 Land Use (Corresponds to Section 4.2) 7.2.3 Hydrology 7.2.4 Special Design Issues 7.2.5 Environmental Review of Resettlement 7.2.6 Public Health 7.2.7 Ecology 7.2.8 Reservoirs 7.2.9 Erosion and Sedimentation 7.2.10 Quality of Life 7.2.11 Construction Operations Constraints 7.2.11.1 Provision of ECIs 7.2.11.2 Use of Expert Panel 7.2.12 Water Transfer Availability 7.2.13 Connection Works 7.2.14 Global Environmental Issues 7.3 Monitoring Water Use And Pollution Control 7.3.1 Water Supply and Quality 7.3.2 Waste Management/Water Pollution Control/Water Reuse 7.3.3 Permit SystexmlEnforcement 7.3.3.1 Activities To Be Monitored 7.3.3.2 Role of EMO 7.4 SummarizedMonitoring Program 7.5 Monitoring Participants 7.6 Monitoring Costs 7.6..1 Summarized Costs for EMO 7.6.2 Monitoring Importance Related to Costs 7.7 Summary And Conclusions

TABLES

Table 7.2-1 Monitoring Program for Hydrology Table 7.2-2 Monitoring Program for Erosion/Sedimentation/Ecology Table 7.6-1 Summarized Environmental Monitoring Program

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Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Report

CHAPTER 7 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

7.1 INTRODUCTION

The purpose of Chapter 7 is to assemble the inputs on monitoring needs for the various environmental tasks, and to put these together to prepare a consolidate environmental monitoring program which is comprehensive for the entire project, including a summary tabulation of the consolidated plan.

All these programs are to be minimalcost programs which obtain sufficient information to satisfy the monitoring objective. This objective is to: (i) ensure that all the EPMs specified in the EIA will actually be carried out, (ii) to evaluate the monitoring data to determine whether the project as planned (including design and operational procedures) is actually furnishing adequate environmental protections and if not, to indicate the correction measures that are needed. The monitoring plan should be reviewed annually to check its adequacy, to delete data which are found to be unneeded, and to add data needed to fill gaps.

Implementation of the monitoring program is the responsibility of the Project's Environmental Management Officeas noted in Chapter 9.

7.2 MONITORING SEls

The following discusses monitoring of the SEIs described in Chapter 4, using corresponding numbers.

7.2.2 Land Use (Corresponds to Section 4.2)

Following completion of construction, an updated summary land use drawing is to be prepared, sufficient to show the changes caused by the Phase I project. Thereafter land uses will be reviewed annually and a summary drawing prepared to show the year- end current land use pattern.

7.2.3 Hydrology The proposed hydrology monitoring program is shown in Table 7.2-1.

7.2.4 Special Design Issues (a) Construction Period Monitoring of tunnel conditions for workmen during the construction stage is included in Section 4.1 1 on Environmental Constraints during Construction.

The program will include observations of the adequacy of disposal of tunnel excavation materials, including evidence of silt runoff due to inadequate diking and nuisances to or conflicts with rural villagers. On completion of any disposal area, a check will be made to ensure that the area has been planted with vegetation or otherwise managed to prevent erosion runoff.

7 - I Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Report

(b) OperationsPeriod

Annual observationswill be made on whether the silt content of the divertedwater is causing any unanticipated damage to pumps, or other equipment,and whether the provisions for management of frazzle are adequate. These observationswill be discontinuedwhen there is assurancethat there are no significantproblems.

7.2.5 Environmental Review of Resettlement This monitoring program is to be continuingduring the constructionstage, with quarterlyvisits and thereafter is to be done annually. The program detailsare given in Tables 4.5.6-10 and 11 in Chapter4.

7.2.6 Public Health (a) Enteric Diseases During the constructionperiod the ECIs will check to ensure that the public health EPMs noted in Section 4.14 for construction camps are carried out including (i) medical checking of construction workers, (ii) medical care for construction workers, (iii) provision of safe water supply and adequate housing and sanitation facilitiesfor workers, and (iv) provisionof adequatewaste management(sewage and solid wastes). Similarlychecks will be made on the adequacyof Items (ii) to (iv) for resettler homes.

(b) Insect Vector Diseases During the constructionperiod the ECIs will check to ensure that constructionscamp buildingsare periodicallysprayed with insecticide.

When established,the'EMO will check diseasestatistics in the ESA on (i) haemorragic fever, (ii) malaria,and (ii) encephalitis,and in event on any markedincreased in any of these (during construction and following construction) the EMO will carry out appropriate periodic monitoring,namnely of pertinentmosquito larvae for malariaand encephalitisand of rat densities for haemorragicfever. In additionthe EMO will monitor rat densities in constructioncamps to check for increaseswhich might be hazardous for haemorragic fever and should this occur, the EMO will carry out appropriate rat killingmeasures.

During the constructionperiod the ECIs will carry out the program of EPMs for constructioncamps described in Figure4.14-4.

7.2.7 Ecology This progran is to be covered by the ECIs duringthe constructionstage and thereafter every six months. See Table 7.2-3 for details.

7.2.8 Reservoirs No detailedreservoir monitoringis plannedfor Phase I. However,annual inspection will be made of each reservoirin the ESA and a report prepared for each coveringany issue whichmay be of significancefor planningof Phase II.

7 - 2 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Project Final Report

7.2.9 Erosion and Sedimentation This program is to be covered by the ECIs during the construction stage, and thereafter every six months. Table 7.2-3 gives details.

7.2.10 Quality of Life This program is to begin with establishrnentof the EMO. The purpose comprises annual evaluation of socio-economics and of other quality of life parameters in the ESA, considering both urban and rural populations, including (i) income levels and their adequacy, (ii) availability and adequacy of community facilities related to public health, education, and recreation, (iii) housing/water supply/sanitation, and (iv) other pertinent parameters.

7.2.11 Construction Operations Constraints 7.2.11.1 Provision of ECIs As noted in Section 4.11 on constraints during construction, the TOR for the contract for the construction contractor (CC) is to carry out the EPMs prescribed by the various EIA tasks. In addition the EMO must furnish Environmental Construction Inspectors who will monitor the CC to ensure compliance. 7.2.11.2 Use of Expert Panel The Loan Agreement between the World Bank and the Chinese Government for YXiaolangdiincludes provisions by which the Chinese Government has established an Expert Panel on Environmental and Resettlement, administered by the project's Environmental and Resettlement Office, for reviewing performance on environment and resettlement during the construction stage. The Panel meets every 6 months (for the duration of the construction stage, up to year 2000) for the purpose of inspecting and reviewing actual performance in implementation of construction stage EPMs. It is understood that a similarpanel will be established for WWTP. It is suggested that the YRDP arrange to obtain copies of the reports of the Xiaolangdi Panel on Environment and Resettlement (Ref 211.1), beginning with the report of September 1995. As noted in Section 4.11.5, the Xiaolangdi experience in managing environmental problems during construction is pioneering in many respects for major water resource projects in China, hence these reports should be valuable guidelines for YRDP.

7.2.12 Water Transfer Availability An annual check will be made together with WRB to ensure that the Wanjiazhai raw water supply can be expected to continue to be available.

7.2.13 Connection Works Monitoring for the Connection Works is included in the monitoring program described in sections 7.2.3, 7.2.5, 7.2.7, 7.2.8, 7.2.9, and 7.2.11.

7 - 3 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Retort

7.2.14 Global Environmental Issues This comprisesannual review of WWTP operationsas related to global environmental concerns including earth warming, ozone layer depletion, and biodiversity, to determinewhether any specialactions are indicated.

7.3 MONITORING WATER USE AND POLLUTION CONTROL The following present monitoring of water supply, use, and pollution control as discussedin Chapter5.

7.3.1 Water Supply and Quality

Currently,Taiyuan has 10 surfacewater monitoringstations along the Fen River from Fen 1 Reservoirto XMaoDian in the south of the Taiyuancity, and 6 of the stations are located insidethe city area. Riverwater samplesare collectedthree times a year duringMay, Augustand October. Water samplesare analyzedfor 37 constituents includingCOD, BOD, DO, heavymetals, and toxic organics.

The CityEnvironmental Protection Bureau has developeda plan to add additional6 monitoringstations in the samestretch of Fen River to cover more areas where heavy municipaland industrialwastewater discharge.. In addition,sampling frequency is to be increasedfrom 3 to 6 timesa year, and the analysesbe increasedto 65 parameters includingradionuclealides and PCB.

The plan developedby City EPB may not be sufficientto address water supply and quality monitoring. The water supplymonitoring will be checked and modified as needed to includethe following: (a) Water amounts used for residences,commercial buildings, public buildings, industries,and agriculture. (b) Adequacyof water supplyfor (a) (presentand future). (c) Qualityof supplyfor (a) includingquarterly sampling and analysesand series of stations (estimated total of about 100) using parameters indicatingadequacy for drinking purposes. These include turbidity, total dissolved solids, coliforms, pH and allalinity, major cations and major anions, iron and manganese,and color. (d) Adequacyof qualityfor (a). (e) Reconmmendationfor neededimprovements (technical and institutional). The water qualitymonitoring will comprisethe followingactivities: (a) Thiswill include(i) quarterlysampling of qualityof importedwater at series of stations along the GML, SML, and ConnectionWorks (total of about 20 stations), (ii) analysisas shown in (c) above, plus eutrophicationparameters (nitrogenand phosphorusform) and gross toxicity;(iii) evaluationof these data to determine any evidences of unacceptable quality degradation; and (iv) explanationof these; and (v) recommendationsfor needed improvements,and (vi) annual evaluation of adequacy of monitoring program with recommendationsfor neededimprovements.

7 - 4 WaniiazhaiWater Transfer Proiect FinalReport

(b) Quarterly sampling of quality of existing surface waters, using a series of stations (total of about 20); analysis of these for Class III parameters; evaluation of daia to determine any conditions of unacceptability with recommendationsfor improvementsin controllingpollution discharges. Also annual samplingof bottom sedimentsin streams (selected few stations) with analyses for. detecting accumulationof toxic substances. Annual review and improvementsof monitoringprogram. (c) Annual sampling of quality of groundwaters which are utilized for water supply, including parameters for drinking water purposes, using series of stations (say 20 total); evaluationof data to detect evidencesof unacceptability with recommendationsfor needed improvements,and annual review and needs for improvement;in the monitoringprogram.

7.3.2 Waste Management/Water Pollution Control/Water Reuse The existing monitoring for waste managementand water pollution control is describedin Section 5.5.4.2 of Chapter 5. This program, to be developed under the aegis of the proposed integratedwater use agency(Taiyuan Water EnterpriseHolding Company),will includethe followingcomponents:

(a) Review of existingwastewater treatmentfacilities, for both communitiesand industriesoperation under the PermitSystem. This includesevaluation of their adequacy for furnishingpollution control, and recommendationsfor needed improvements.

(b) Review of existing solid waste managementfacilities (to be included in the Permit System) for both communitiesand industries; evaluation of their adequacyfor pollutioncontrol, and recommendationfor needed improvements.

(c) Review of agricultural practices in ESA related to water pollution with recommendationsfor improvementincluding use of Fen River water for irrigationand associatedprovisions for protectionagainst health hazards.

(d) Review of all uses of treated sewage effluentsas supplementalwater supply, for compliancewith meetingwater qualitvstandards for these uses.

7.3.3 Permit System/Enforcement

7.3.3.1 ActivitiesTo Be Monitored

As noted in Section 5.5.5 of Chapter5, the proposedpermit system will involvethe followingelements:

(a) Establishmentof appropriate design criteria including (I) discharge criteria based on national minimumstandards and local environmentalrequirements, (ii) for industries, requirementsfor in-plant water reuse and use of clean technologies,and requirementsfor periodicmonitoring to be carried out by the dischargers.

7 - 5 WaniiazhaiWater Tmansfer Proiect FinalRewort

(b) Submittalby the dischargingagency of its plan for meetingItem (a), for review and approvalby the Permit Agency.

(c) Issuanceof permits to enableindustrial facilities and municipaltreatment plants to dischargetheir wastewater upon meeting the requirementsspecified in (a) (b).

(d) Review of periodic monitoring reports submitted by the dischargers, plus periodicchecking by the PermitAgency of the adequacyof the monitoring.

(e) Where the discharge is not meeting requirements,application of enforcement proceedings,including both legal actionsand physicalactions as appropriate.

7.3.3.2 Role of EMO

The monitoringprogram of the EMO will includeperiodic review of the adequacyof the managementof the permit systemelements as noted above, and preparation of appropriaterecommendations for needed improvements.

7.4 SUMMARIZEDMONITORING PROGRAM This is presented in Table 7.6-1 7.5 MONITORING PARTICIPANTS The Environmental Management Office (Chapter 8) will be responsible for implementingthe monitoringprograms specifiedin the EIA, including(i) delineation of participants and roles for each participating agency, with arrangement for compensation for any exraordinary costs which should not be borne by the participatingagency, CiH) estimation/evaluation of the monitoringdata, (iii) preparation of periodic reports with recommendations,and (iv) distributionof these reports to PRC Governmentalagencies and to WB.

Much of the monitoringwork is to be doneby the regular governmentalagencies. The role of the EMO is to serve as MonitoringCoordinator and to fillgaps which cannot be appropriatelymanaged by the regularagencies.

7.6 MONITORING COSTS 7.6..1 Summarized Costs for EMO These are shownin Table 7.6-1. 7.6.2 Monitoring Importance Related to Costs Experiencein the western world shows conclusivelythat, without effectivemonitoring, it is not reasonable to expect there will be effective comnpliance.This includes utilization of the Permit System for controllingindustrial wastes. The saying in Californiais, "No monitoring,no compliance".Most developingcountries have yet to understand this principle, have not developed effective monitoring programs, and regard monitoringcosts as a kind of unnecessaryoverhead. Actuallythe monitoring

7 - 6 WaniiazhaiWater Transfer Proiect Final Report costs represent a very smallpercentage of total project cost, and the benefit/costratio for effectivemonitoring is believedto be highestof all project components.

7.7 SUMMARYAND CONCLUSIONS An essential component of the overall WWTP is its Environmental Monitoring Program,which is to. cover both the constructionand operationsstages of the project, thus covering a period of some 23 years. The monitoringwork should begin as soon as the EnvironmentalManagement Office becomes operative. The summarized monitoringprogram is shown in Table 7.6-1 in terms of EMO professionalmm, for each monitoringtask and for totals.

Each of the monitoringtasks shown in Table 7.6-1 is to be managedby a designated member of the professionalEMO staff. For the constructionstage, the ECIs will carry out the field controls of the constructionoperations, under the directionof the EMO.

The monitoringprogram is to be managedand supervisedby the EMO, and much of the detailedfield work done by the ECIs and by the EMO professionalstaff. However, other agencies,including the provincialEPB, WRB, AES and Taiyuan City are to participatein the field work in accordancewith agreementswith YRDP. Costs for monitoringwork by these other agencies,which is outside their normal scope of monitoring,are to reimbursedby YRDP.

Note that the overall monitoringprogram includes essentiallytwo components, (i) monitoring to ensure continuing delivery of water to the service area, and (ii) monitoringto ensure optimaluse of the imported(and expensive)water in the service area and to maintainacceptable levels of water qualityin the downstreamFen River.

The monitoringcosts are significantbut actuallyvery smallas related to total WWTP costs, and the benefit/costratio will be large because the monitoringis absolutely essentialto the successof the project.

7 - 7 TABLE 7.2-1

MONITORING PROGRAM FOR HYDROLOGY

Item . Task and Requirements Stages

1. Set up hydrology Monitoringstations along the GML, SML and Cons. Oper. monitoring ConnectionWorks includingsystem reservoir. network Total of about 12 stations. 2. Monitoringitems Monitoring: (a). Flooding * Potentialflood threateningdam and pipeline v v (by YRDP safety Engineering, * Potentialdam failure (B) v checkedby EMO) * Conditionsof water transmissionlines and v controlfacilities to be sure these can be promptlyreuned to servicewhen pipe or aqueductfailures occur

(b). Groundwater Monitoring: (by YRDP * Effectsof tunnelingon groundwater v v Eneeng, * Groundwater usage by CC (to prevent conflict v checkedby EMO) with ewastingbeneficial water uses). * Effectsof groundwateron tunnel construction v to projectthe projectas well as construction workers. * Evidenceof slimegrowth in tunnelsdue to v infiltrationof groundwater. 3. Monitoring Oncea month duringconstruction stage and frequency aually thereafter 4. Reporting sysm Reportsroutinely plus specialreports when indicatedby specialevents.

5. Implementor YRDPEngineering. _ _ 6. Periodic checking EMO

Notes: (A) Estimatedcosts to YRDPEngineerng: (i) EquipmentS 100,000(part of projectconstruction cost). (ii) Man-months(mm):(A) 0.2 mmniionthand (B) 0.3 mm/year (B) EMO makesannual checks of YRDP's programfor seismologyon possibleearthquatic damage to dams and tunnels

7 - 8 TABLE 7.2-2

MONITORINGPROGRAM FOR EROSION/SEDIMENTATIONAND ECOLOGY

Item Task and Requirements Stages

OrganizeMonitoring Team Monitoringstations along the GML, SML Cons. Oper. (includingECIs and and ConnectionProject includingsystem professionalstaff of EMO reservoirs. and EPBs). Monitoringitems and Monitoring(by ECI): frequency: * Use of silt runoffdikes during v (a). Erosion (observation construction by ECIs) (monthlyduring * Protectionmeasures for disposal.of v construction,annually tunnel excavationmaterials thereafter) * Revegetation and resurfacing of v v constructiondenuded areas * Need for erosionprevention measures v v in reservoirwatersheds

Monitoring(by YRDPEngineering): * Sedimentationin systemreservoirs. v v (b). Sedimentation * Sedimentationin Fen river v v (EMO checksobservation by YRDPEngineering) Monitoring(by EMO) (annually) * Changesin wildlifespices and quantities. * Changesin aquaticplants and animals

(c). Ecology (basedon EMO's discussionswith naturalresource experts in local institutions) 5. Implementor EMO includingECIs and YRDP I Engineering- 6. Supervisor EMO for 2 (a) (c), YRDPEngineering for I 2(c)

Notes: (A) ReportingMonitoring reports monthly during construction and annually thereafter. (b) EstimatedCosts: (i) YRDPEngineering: 0.25 mm/mduring construction, 1 mmlyear thereafter (ii) EMO: 1 mm/monthduring construction and I mm/year thereafter.

7 - 9 TABLE7.6-1: SUMMARIZEDENVRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM BY EMO

Tpe of Descriptionof Monitoring Professional

Mo.ltor n Prog n - M!MonthlYr

HO&it SEs Tablin Fawm Pu AW

7.2.2 iLudtrn v v v 7.12 33.-l 0.5 0.5 - 3.44 7.3-1 4.2-1 2.0 I y2DPEnower 7.13 Hyo v v v 713 4A'4.-1.2 _____YPD_

7.24 pm I v _ v 7.24 0.5 Q2 YRDPE"_ 712.5 _mm- v v v 7M5 2.0 1.0 7.2.6 PubbU v V V 17.26 4.12-1 .5 0.5 AES 7.17 v v v 727 3-1,2,3,4 1.0 1.0 7.12. Romwiu v _ _ 7.12. 0.5 0.5 YRDPEW _

7±9 _mamaiem v v v 7.2.9 v 1.0 1 R.e0E 7.2.10 Q.ahefi v v v 7.2.10 1.0 1.0 _

.2.11 _CmW v - 71.11 4.14-1 4.14.4,2 24.0 - YRD_Ner 7112 Gbdi v - - 7212 - _-

WWT_ 0.5 0.5 YRDP_En.W WUB 7.2.14 A v - - 7.114

73.1 W- v _ v 7-3.1 _ _ = 3.0 __0 _p_ T__

WSPW 3.0 T.y Ca.Em 73.2 C01 v v v 73.2 v 3.0 7.3.3 1iSn v v V 7.33 2.0 2.0 T*n at1m3

Subeaubb _ _ 6.5 _ _ _ =~ 3 = _ =12.0 -1_ 130

Tabil =- 500 33.2 Taid for 5 + 20

_ _ _ - - - - - 250.0 _ _ _O I _ _ _

Notes: (a) Table includes EMO costs only (b) Total costs in yuan at average cost ot 8,000 yuan per professional man.month including expenses (b.1) Constructionperiod (5 year): 2,000 million yuan (b.2) Operation penod (20 year): 5.312 miUion yuan (b.3) Total (25 year) 7,312 million yuan = US $ 914.000

7-10 Waniiazhai WaterTransfer Proiect Final Report

CHAPTER 8 ENVIRONMENTALTRANING

WaniiazhaiWater Transfer Pmimat FinalRewrt

TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR CHAPTER 8

TEXT

8 Environmental Training

8.1 Purpose of Environmental Training 8.2 Components of Specialized Training Program 8.2.1 Introduction 8.2.2 Integrated Management of Water Resources 8.2.3 Water Supply 8.2.4 Water Pollution Control 8.2.5 Sanitary Engineering Aspects of Disease Control 8.2.6 Simplification of Monitoring Programs 8.2.7 Solid Waste Management 8.3 Proposed Training Program 8.4 Training Program Costs 8.5 Value of Training Program 8.6 TEPB Training Program 8.7 Summary and Conclusions

FIGURES

Figure 8-1 Summary of Specialized Training Program Figure 8-2 Specilized Training program Costs Figure 8-3 Outline of TEPB Training Program

8 -i

WanjiazhaiWaterTaer Protet Final Reort

CHAPTER 8 ENVIRONMENTALTRAINING

8.1 PURPOSE OF ENVIRONMENTALTRAINING

Implementationof WWTP will introduce a huge new complexEngineering System in the ESA, and constructionand operation of the system will require a number of specializedskills which are not now present in YRDP and the provincial and local governmentalagencies involved in the project. Chapter 8 assesses the needs for such specializedtraining and presentsthe proposed trainingprogram to be inlcuded in the core WWTP/PhaseI budget.

The overallWWTP may be consideredas includingessentially two components, (i) deliveryof water to the target service areas, and (ii) optimaluse of the deliveredwater including waste managementand water pollution control. The proposed training program focuses on Item (ii). Hence the trainingprogram is concemed mainlyon the issues discussedin Chapter 5 or Water Supplyand PollutionControl, and especially Section 5.4 or Integrated Managementfor Water Supply and Pollution Control. However, the program also includes attention to the engineeringaspects of public health protection in planning/implementingwater resouce development projects, to enable Chinese staff to give due attention to this parameter in future water resouce developmentplanning.

In addition, the overall trainingprogram inlcudes a specialprogram for TEPB, as discussedin Section8.4 below.

8.2 COMPONENTSOF SPECLALIZEDTRAINING PROGRAM

8.2.1 Introduction The specializedfields where trainingis criticallyneeded includes six subject areas as discussedbelow.

8.2.2 Integrated Management of Water Resourees This means integrationof water supply,waste treatment,water pollutioncontrol, and water reuse into a single comprehensivewater management system which is comprehensivefor the overallservice area, includinginstitutional, economic, legal, and financialas well as engineeringaspects, so that all of the availablewater resources, both localand importedwaters, are mostwisely used for meetingneeds for continuing growth of the service area includingneeds for domestic,commercial, industrial, and agriculturalpurposes, including maximum reuse and minimumwastage of the area's precious fresh water resources. This recognizesthat the availabilityof freshwateris expectedto be the limitingparameter governing the futuregrowth of the area.

8- I WaniiazhaiWater Thnsfer Proiect FmalReport

8.2.3 Water Supply

The questionis, how best to utilize the availablewater supplyfor optimal use in the target areas, among domestic,commercial, industrial, and irrigation users, especially consideringthe changingbalance between these various users as the areas continue to develop,including:

(a) Reducing domesticand commercialdemand by special measures, such as use of lower water consumingtoilets, lower water use bathing methods, etc.

(b) Reducing industrialdemand by recyclingand reuse of municipalsewage effluentsfor industrialwater supply.

(c) Reducingirrigation demand by use of lower-wateruse techniques.

(d) Balancing use of surface water versus groundwater, including pricing systems,so that both sourcesare optionallyutilized, and so that water users do not favoruse of groundwaterto evade costs for surfacewaters, and use of the permit system for allocatingand control of water use, including periodicmonitoring to support the permitsystem.

(e) Use of tailored environmentalstandards for (a), (b), (c), (d) above which appropriately recognize the need for achieving maximum use of the availablewater.

8.2.4 Water Pollution Control This includesthe following:

(a) Planningand managementof the permit system for control of liquid and solid wastes from all sources,but especiallyfor industriesand commercial establishments,including use of special measures for reducing water consumptionand for recycling.

(b) Maximumreuse of urban sewageeffluents for industrialwater supplyand for irrigation, includinguse of the permit system whereby individual industriesare requiredto remove toxic substanceswhich would render the sewageeffluents unfit for irrigationor other beneficialuses.

(c) Use of appropriateenvironmental standards for (a) and (b) above.

8.2.5 Sanitary Engineering Aspectsof DiseaseControl Theseinclude:

8 - 2 WaniiazhaiWater Transfer Proiect Final Reoort

(a) Monitoringof qualityof water supplyutilized for domesticand commercial purposes,especially safety of supply.

(b) Checkingof disease statisticsin the area/regionrelating to insect diseases, includinghaemorragic fever, malaria,and encephalitis,and in the event of any marked increases in any of these, periodic monitoring of larvae of speciesof diseasetransmitting mosquitoes and of densityof rats.

8.2.6 Simplificationof Monitoring Programs

This includes:

(a) Design of water quality monitoringprogram for WWTP to utilize only appropriate parameters (instead of everthing in the book) to achieve minimumcosts and maximumcost effectiveness.

(b) Design of socio-economicmonitoring program for WWTP whichuses only appropriate parameters for evaluating impact of WWTP, in order to achieveminimum costs and maximumcost effectiveness.

8.2.7 Solid Waste Management This is trainingin planningand operationof solidwaste managementsystems whch are appropriate for use in EIA, including engineering, economic, financing, and institutionalaspects.

8.3 TRAINING PROGRAM The suggestedtraining program would includethe following(see Figure8-1):

(a) Selectionof Chinesefaculty comprising experts on part-timebasis, each for 8.2.2, 8.2.3, 8.2.4/8.2.6(a), 8.2.5, and 8.2.7.

(b) Training of selected faculty by four foreign experts, with assignmentsas shown in Figure 8-1. Classesby selectedfaculty, held every six months for one year, each for 2 weeks, for officialsof participatingagencies (YRDP, provincial,local), with say 20 traineesper classexcept 10 traineesper class for 8.2.5.

(c) Foreign training for 16 selected officials (2 each from the agencies involved)in USA on various aspects of Section 8.2, to be planned and managedby the same foreignexperts, for period of one month. Assuming the program will be in USA, the best places to visit will be (i) Southen California (includingthe Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts), for water supplyand pollutioncontrol, (ii) the CommunicableDiseases Center

8 - 3 WaniiazhaiWater Tansfer Priect Final Reot

at Adanta, Georgia on disease control, and (iii) a branch of USEPA for environmentalconstraints on construction.

(d) Class by selected faculty,held every six months for one year, each for 2 weeks, for officialsof participatingagencies (YRDP, provincial, local), with say 20 trainees per clsaa each for Item 8.2.2, Item 8.2.3, Item 8.2.4/7.2.6(a), and 10 traineesfor Items 8.2.1, 8.2.5, and 8.2.6 (b).

Figure 8-1 summarizesthe recommendedtraining program.

8.4 TRAININGPROGRAM COSTS

The esimated costs for trainingare shownin Figure8-2.

8.5 VALUE OF TRAINMG PROGRAM

The proposed training program should prove to be one of the most cost-effective componentsof the entireWWTP. Its total cost is small,only a very smallpercentage of total first-phaseinvestment cost, but this smallinvestment is essentialif the precious importedwater is to be wiselyused. It is expectedthat the trainingprogram will result in more appropriate planning decisions on proposal investmentsand thus result in savingsof tens of millionsof dollarsover the Phase I project designlife period.

8.6 TEPB Training Program In addition to the traiing programdescribed above, another programis recommended especiallyfor strengtheningthe capabilitiesof TEPB, whichis to be financedby a WB technicalassistance grant in the amount of S 2 million.This program is describedin detail in Annex H and is summarizedhere in Figure 8-3. This program for TEPB is needed because TEPB is expectedto have a major role for carryingout many of the tasks involved in the recommnendedintegated water use/pollution control program. The TEPB program supplementsand complementsthe program described in Section 8.2.

8.7 SUMMARYAND CONCLUSIONS Implementationof WWTPwill be a pioneeringproject for ShanxiProvince (and for all of China) in transbasindiversion of water on a massivescale, for meeting the critical needs for more water to support continuinggrowth and developmentof parched areas of northern China. Because of the restivelyhigh cost of such imported water, it is essential that conventionalpractices on water use, waste treatment, water pollution control, and water reuse be reoriented to achieve an integrated comprehensive program which makes maximum/optimaluse of the precious water for all essential water uses in the serviceareas (raiyuan ServiceArea for Phase I) induding domestic, commercial,industrial, and agriculturalneeds, including balanced use of all freshwater

8 -4 WaniiazhaiWaler Trnsfer Proiect FinalReport

resources(local surface water, local groundwater,and importedwater), and including institutional,legal, economic, and financingas well as engineeringaspects.

In order to achievethis goal a specializedtraining program is needed to strengthenthe capabilitiesof the officialsinvolved in WWTP includingWWTP, ShanxiProvince, and Local Agencies, in the various new approaches and methodologies which will be utilized.The programincludes two components:

(a) A specializedtraining program to be an integral part of the WWTP/Phase I project, describedin the EIA Main Report Chapter 8, for training of selected staff of participatingProvincial and City agencies.

(b) A trainingprogram especiallyfor TEPB, because of the many assignmentsfor which TEPB will have the lead role in preparinglimplementingthe recommendedintegrated plan, to be financedby TechnicalAssistance grant of S 2 million(to be piggy-backedonto the WB Phase I Loan).

8 - 5 FIGURE i-1: SUMMARYOF SPECIALIZED TRAINING PROGRAM

Chapter I Traning Trainhgof Chinese Traningasues, Trainingasmss, TrainingVisit Useof Foreign TimeRequirement

Sectin Subject FacultyMember 20/aC. IO/Class In USA Trsining for ChineseExperts No. ___ON (11)y) Experts (mm 8 i22tegrated Optmal Water Use aNW Wastexxx A t.2.2 M emet x () 2 8.3 WaterSupply for OptimalUse of Precious B2 co t32.3 ~ _s 1 _ x__ x -x ______Water (B) 2 0 2A4t Polion Controifor OptimalUs of Precious (C) 2

3.2.5 t Aspectsof DiseaseControl x x x 2 822(7) Cost4ffectiveWater Quality MnoringI x x x 2 8.2.3 Solid WasteMngement x I x (C) 2 Total 12

NOTIS: (i) One orse for 2 weeks. (ii) Twocourses in one year. 2 weekseach, 20 trainees per class. (iii) Sameas (ii) but 10trainees per cass (iv) SouthemCalifornia fro t.2.2,3t.2.2,t.2A4,nd Atlant, Oeorgia (COC) for .2.5. (v) Timereired fro foreignexpets: 2mm each for A. B, C.D. (vi) Othernotes: Program administered by EMO (inchded in EMO budget) Tota programcost estimated at S433,500. FIGURE 8-2: SPECIALIZED TRAINING PROGRAM COSTS (in US dollars)

No. of Trainine Leneth of Unit Rate. Subtotal. Other Total. Program (Note a) Personnel Classes rime, mon S/monlh S Expenses S 1. Trainingof SelectedChinese Faculty 1.I Chinese Faculty 18 1 1,000 18,000 18,000 1.2 Forign Experts 5 1 25,000 125,000 125,000 1.3 Subtotal 23 2 143,000 143,000 2. Trainingof Officialsby ChineseFaculty 2 2.1 Chins Faculty 9 x 2 1 4,000 72,000 72,000 2.2 Officials-Group A 20x2 1 625 25,000 25,000 2.2 Officials-Group B 10x2 1 625 12,500 12,500

2.4 Subtotal 78' 3 - 109,500 109,500 3. ForeigaTraining for SelectedOfficials 3.1 Officials 16 1 375 6,000 80,000 86,000

3.2 Forign Experts 4 1 25,000 100,000 - 100,000

3.3 Subtotal 20 _- 106,000 80,000 186,000 4. Totals 358,500 80,000 438,500

NOTES: (a) Costs: (i) Item3.1/t includesS 48,000tbr livingexpenses and S 32,000for travel. (ii) Costsdo not includerental of Chinesetraining tacilities. (ui) lMO bearscost ot administeingprogpam. (b) C;oupA inlcudesItems 8.2.2, 8.2.3,8.2.4, 8.2.8, and GroupB includesItem 8.2.5 (seeFigure 8-1)

8-7 FIGURE 8-3: OUTLINEOF TEPB TRAMNG PROGRAM

TEXT 1. Background 1.1 CriticalWater Shortagein Taiyuan 1.2 EnvironmentalComponent of WWTP/PhaseI 1.3 Need for ProposedTechnical Assistance 2. Role of TEPB in AchievingOptimal Water Use/Pollution Control in TSA 2.1 OptimalProgram for Water UsedPollutionControl for TSA 2.1.1 Target 2.1.2 SpecificWork Tasks 2.2 PermitSystem for Control of Waste Discharges 2.2.1 ExperienceTo Date 2.2.2 ProgramTasks: These comprisethe following: 2.2.3 Schedulingof Work Tasks 2.3 Chargesfor Dischargeof Polutants 2.3.1 Introduction 2.3.2 ProgramWork Tasks 2.4 Clean ProductionTechnologies 2.4.1 Background 2.4.2 WorkProgrm: Thiswill includethe following: 2.4.3 Scheduling 2.5 RevolvingFund for Fiancing Industial Waste Management(Note b) 2.5.1 Problem 2.5.2 Fund Management 2.5.3 Loan Repayment 2.5.4 Schedule 2.6 StrengtheningOverall TEPB Structue and Capabilities 2.6.1 Need 2.6.2 PresentTEPB Organization and Functions 2.6.3 ProposedImprovement Program 3. FmnancingPlan 3.1 Grant Programs 3.2 RevolvingFund 3.3 Other Sources ATTACHIENTS A Equipmentto be Furnishedfor WaterPoDution Control Monitoring B. Informationor Tiajin RevolvingFund as Modelfor Taiyuan C. Informationon TEPBExperience in FundingAssistance to Industries D. ProjectedCash Flow for Operationof RevolvingFund E. Informationon PresentTEPB Organization F. DetailedBudgets for GrantPrograms NOTES:' (a) Detailsgiven in AnnexH of EIA MainReport. (b) To be establishedby WB Loan of S 10 million.

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No. DATE J l

34 Oct-90 XX _ - - _ _ -- - jDatougWijiaxiaocbtan_ _ _-- - - - 35 Oct-90 X…-X…-X…--- -- Shaiiyini ------36 X Nov-90------X x - - - Z-- - S…allyin ------37 Nov-90 X _ _ _X - - - - X - - - - North Main bie X 331Nov-90 X… 7X -x X-c x…-x ……-- - iangxi,Xiayangou ------39S DN-90 XX ------X _ - _ X inguan - - 40 Jan-91 X ------| -- | - | - u _ -n- 41 Mar-91 _ _ _ _-X-X-X Pianguan 42 Mar-91 x…X ------_- - - - Piigluu - 43 May-91 X _ _ _ _ _ - |- - - - X X- -- x Pilglu ------4SMaY-91… - - - xX - _ X… - -a XX - - - -n-ua- xX c h e n ou ------45 Jut-91-X - -- X - - X- --- 46 Mar-92X - --……X ------x - - --- x - - - - -x--X-----X…X…Phiglu------47 Mar-92X -- X -x ------X X X- - X- X------Pinglu,Xiachengzou--- 48 Apr-92 x ………-X -X X - -X……Pioglu, Xischenggou ------49 May-92 …X…X - - - - - X _X - North TaiyuanSuburb I … 52J-92 _ ------______xX - - - - - I- - o-l- Ty- Sub _ __ 5t Jul-92 X ------_ X X_ X X_ - X X_Gujiao. Slosi _ 52 Jul-92 ------X …X -X X X _ _ - - -- - _shaos- - _Gujiao- - 53 Aug-92 X - xx X--X- xx…………… -X…… - -- ViiagesalonigRailroad…T 54 Aug-921X ………… XX …… X……Gu------liaorj - -- S Auig-92X … …-X…… X ……-X……- - - - North TaiyuanSu utbs - 56 Oct-92 X… ----- X…,-X……------Slian atn 57 Oct-92 X x I x | x - x ------= - I - -- Pinglu 8 Nov-92 X - - -X-XX-x - X-Pnu,JingXi 59 l7cb-93 - X…------X ----- x……Ni- uX-i- - -tn- 60 Mar-93X X XX X-Sitou-- 61 Mair-93 Xx -…x -x-- - xx -- X ------Sanigci.Gagou------62 Mat-93X …X-X-- - X X X X…-X…inglu.Jiingxi ------63 Msr-93X……------X- x X --. X……- - - - -Xiaclkmengzou ------64 M y-…X------X - - x -iigu 65 May-93X…… ------X…------Piaigutial 6My93…X …X - X…- SImuizJlou - - - - - .-- 67 1Jtin-93 X-…X - X…cliizt t x~~~~~~~~~~~~Xabego (A) (1) | Activity (C) l__ tl'iiprists (D) _ Pri cipants(D continued) (E) Purpose(I) -----

No. DATI I

69 Jun.93X -X._ Xiatuzliai_ 70 Jun-93 X - - X - X - Ninwu _ 71 Jul-93 - - - X X _ X - _ - - I -- NinwuN_ 72 Jul-93 - -X |-|- -i X- X-__X i- _-h - -- - 73 Ju-93 -- X - X - - X X - - X ------Ninwu ------74 Jul3 -93 ------X - - - XX - X - - - - _i - - - - __ao ------75 Aug-93X _I I _- I _- I _- - - X _ - _ X Ninwu - 76_A 993 X ------X ------X - -|- |- _ - - - |- NJI ------77 Feb-94 X - - X --- X ------I I- Jlnde ------

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97 Mar-95X ------Taiyuan 792 JuF& - |- _ _ 103 JM-95 X - __ _I______X - - - X| - - - X X- - - - - ___X- - - X X LQweiuleangzou ------37 Mar-95 X------X -X - X-Xiaclsaizou ------189Mar.93 - X ------X X ------Xlaclma,gzou------190Mar.95------X ------xiaclteagzou 90 Mar.95-XX --- X--- - Tiyanhuo… -2JnX ----- x-X--- Taiyumn ------IS Mul-95X ------1 X 93J_9_X __ _X…---X…------X X I- - - I - - -- - Ninchus laiaou ----- SouthTaiyuana suburbs------_-

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2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1GO

WaniiazhaiWater Transfer Proiect Final Report

CHAPTER 9 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN(EMP)

WaniiazhaiWater Transfer Proiect Final.Revort

TABLE OF CONTENTS OF CHAPTER 9

TEXT

9. Environmental Management Plan (EMP) 9.1. Introduction 9.2 EMP Approach 9.3 Environmental Management System 9.3.1 Environmental Management Administration 9.3.2 Environmental Management Activities 9.3.2.1 Project Preparation Phase 9.3.2.2 Construction and Operation Phases 9.3.2.3 WanjiazhaiReservoir 9.4 Project Time Frame 9.5 Summarized EMO/EMP Program 9.6 Economic Justification For EMO 9.7 Summary and Conclusion

FIGURES

Figure 9-1: Implementation of Environmental Protection Program Figure 9-2: EMO Functions and Work Load Figure 9-3: Estimated Costs for Administering EMO Figure 9-4: Estimated Total Costs for Environmental Management

9 -I

WanjiazhaiWater Transfer Proiect Final Report

CHAPTER 9

ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)

9.1 INTRODUCTION

The EnvironmentalManagement Plan (EMP) comprisesthe institutionalarrangements, particularlythe EnvironmentalManagement Office (EMO), which are designed to ensurethat the negativeenvironrmental effects of the project are minimizedand offset, and that opportunitiesfor enhancementare maximizedwherever possible.

The approach to environmentalmanagement includes implementationof the EMP under the directionof the EMO and with the assistance of various professional and technicalunits and of a group of Chinese and internationalconsultants. The main aspects of the approach in the variousprojects stages (preconstruction,construction, and operation)are summarizedbelow.

Experiencein usingEIA processin developingcountries has shownthat, even if EIA is well done and officiallyaccepted, it does not necessarilyfollow that the Environrmental ProtectionMeasures (EPMs)included in the EIA will actually be implemented. For this reason, it is absolutelycritical that fundingfor the EMP/EMObe included in the project cost and that the loanbe conditionalon the implementationof the EPM.

9.2 EMP APPROACH

Underthe laws and regulationsfor EIA in China,which are administeredby NEPA and the ProvincialEnvironmental Protection Bureau (EPB), procedureshave been evolved over the past decade to ensure compliancewith EIA requirements. Generally, this work is done by the Project Proponentunder the supervisionof the ProvincialEPB. For a major projectsuch as WWTP,the Project Proponent(YRCC) must prepare and implementan EnvironmentalManagement Plan under the supervisionand subject to the approval of the NEPA. For this reason the EIA team's work has included a numberof visitswith the NEPAProject Officer(Mr. Li Xin Min) at Beijing.

The approach used in the EMP to ensure compliance with the Envirorunental Protection Measures (EPMs) specifiedin the EIA is illustrated in Figure 9-1 and comprisesthe followingelements:

(a) Final design of the project, including contract documents, plans and specificationsmust includethe EPMsspecified by the EIA.

(b) Provisionsfor the constructionstage must includeenvironmental monitoring and surveillance,as well as the usualconstruction supervision for engineeringactivities.

(c) On completionof construction,a trial run or other appropriate testing will be conductedto ensurethat EPMshave beeneffectively implemented or prepared for.

(d) Monitoringand reportingduring the OperationPhase will be done to ensure that the project is being operated in compliancewith the measuresintended to protect the

9 -I WaniiazhaiWVater Transfer Proiect FinalRenort environmentand to provide the feedback necessary to identify and correct residual problemsor to take advantageof enhancementopportunities.

(e) The approval and support of pertinent officials will be gained so that the necessaryengineering or institutionalcorrection measures can be carried out.

The EnvironmentalManagement Plan for WWTP includesprovisions to carry out each of these steps. These provisions involve institutional development, funding mechanisms, technical planning and programs, further studies into effects and opportunitiesfor enhancementof benefits, and training and technology transfer in support of the activitiesrequired in the Plan.

The Plan that has been developedis considered to be compatiblewith both Chinese and World Bank requirements. Figure 6.3-1 identifies the important laws and regulationsthat were consideredin doing the EIA and preparing the EPMs and EMP. The EMP itselffully addressesall requirementsof Annex C to World Bank Operational Directive4.01 (1991) concemingenvironmental management planning.

9.3 ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT SYSTEM 9.3.1 EnvironmentalManagement Administration To ensure effective administrationof environmentalmanagement, the YRDP will create the EnvironmentalManagement Lead Group (EMLG) and Environmental ManagementOffice (EMO), whose combinedresponsibility is the administrationand implementationof the EMP. The Lead Group will be comprisedof senior officialsof the YRDP,the provincialenvironmental agencies, and the other agenciesthat will have responsibilitiesfor undertakingspecific environmental management tasks. This Group will develop the necessary institutional arrangements and provide the necessary authorityto implementthe specificEPMs.

The EnvironmentalManagement Office (EMO) will be responsiblefor the technical planningand implementationof the functionsnoted in Section 9.2. Some of the actual work may be delegated to and carried out by other agencies and units, such as the various divisions of YRDP, Provincial and Local Governments, universities and consultants.The EMO will coordinatethe planning,surveillance and monitoringof all EPM activities,and will itself set objectivesand evaluate performances. The reportin, function of the EMO will be of critical importance to the Lead Group and oth interestedagencies including NEPA and the World Bank.

9.3.2 EnvironmentalManagement Activities 9.3.2.1 Project PreparationPhase During preparationfor construction,the EM? prioritieswill be: (a) To finalizethe institutionalarrangement and create the new ag' relationships. (b) To prepare environmentallyrelated clauses for the tender doc to ensure that the results of the EIA are includedin the final

9 - 2 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Report

design documents related to the project, including the environmnental constraints to be observed by the Construction Contractor. (c) To initiate the environmental monitoring program described in Chapter 7, including environmental monitoring of resettlement. (d) To commence the mobilization of various agencies responsible for implementing EPMs as described in Chapter 4 and 5, including the recommended permit system for water use and waste management including treatment and reuse. (e) To initiate the Environmental Training Program described in Chapter 8. (f) To plan and initiate a comprehensive Public Participation program as required by Chinese law. 9.3.2.2 Construction and Operation Phases The major priorities during project construction phase will be: (i) monitoring of construction operation, (ii) completion of the Enviromnental Training Program (if not completed in the project preparation phase), (iii) continuing of the Public Participation program and (iv) working with provincial and local agencies to assist the implementation.

The Operation Phase will (i) continue the environmnentalmonitoring program, (ii) continue the Public Participation program, and (iii) cooperation with provincial and local agencies in carrying out all necessary EPMs.

In both the Construction Phase and Operation Phases, the EMO will observe the actual environmental effects of the project. In the event there are unacceptable adverse effects, or promising opportunities for environmental enhancement that have been overlooked, it will be possible to recommend appropriate action.

9.3.2.3 Wanjiazhai Reservoir

The scope of work of the EMO and of the Expert Paul will include periodic review of programs made by the WanjiazhaiReservoir EMO is implementingthe EPMs specified in the EIA for Wanjiazhai.

9.4 PROJECT TIME FRAME

Figure 9-1 shows the time frame for completing Phase I of WWTP. As presently planned, the WB Loan Agreement will be approved Feb. 1997, and pre-construction planning for project components to be built will be completed by the end of 1996. Construction is expected to take place over the 5-year 1997-2001

9.5 SUMMARIZED EMO/EMP PROGRAM

Figure 9-2 summarizes the total EMO program for administering implementation of EMP, and Figure 9-3 shows the estimated costs. Figure 9-4 shows the estimated total environmental management costs.

9 - 3 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Report

9.6 ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION FOR EMO

The total investment for establishingthe EMO and implementingenvironmental protection measures,shown in Figure94 is estimatedat $ 4.593 millionfor a period of 25.5 years, or about S 180,100per year. Because most developingcountries have been allocatingvery little (if anything)for such purposes, at first glance the sum of $ 180,100per year may appear to be excessive.

To justify this investment,it is usefulto refer to experiencein the USA, where a great deal of experience has been gained on appropriate costs for postconstruction enviromnental follow-up activities including monitoring. This experience has developeda "rule of thumb"that the appropriateannual investmentfor environmental follow-upshould be about I percent of projectcapital costs up to S 100 million,with the percentagereducing to around 0.5 percent for projects with capital costs of $ 1 billionor more. Applyingthis criterionto the WWTP/PhaseI, the EMO annual cost of S 180,100 is about 0.01 of I percent of total WWTPtPhase I investment cost. Recognizingthat USA monitoringand follow-upaction representsa higher level than needed in DCs, the recommnendedlevel of S 180,100 per year for environmental maangementseems very appropriate.

9.7 SUMMARYAND CONCLUSIONS Establishmentof the WWTP/EMOfor implementingthe EMP is absolutelyessential for ensuringthe environmentalintegrity of WWTP and this EMO is to be started not later than the WB Loan Agreementand sooner if possible.

Figures9-1, 9-2, 9-3, and 94 describethe total EMO/EMPwork program staffingand estimated costs including(i) costs for administeringthe EMO, (ii) monitoring costs during both constructionand operationphases, and (iii) costs for training.

The total costs for the EMO/EMPprogram is estimated to be approximately$ 4.593 million, for a total period of 25.5 years including 0.5 years for pre-construction activities, 5 years for construction,plus 20 years of operation. This averages about $180,100 per year. This cost representsa very small percentage of the total Phase I project cost, and is very much less than what is practiced in Westem countries for similarprojects. Experience in the Western countrieshas shown that the benefit/cost ratio for this investment is very high because it ensures that the project will be economically-cum-environnentallysound.therefore sustainable.

9 - 4 FIGURE9-1 IMPLEMENTATIONOF ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION PLAN

rFsEnvironment a EnvironC r

Envfronmental llanagement Office CoagmelntnLea CromplianeeaCoMpanager MExprg earet

> ~~~FinalProject Design Construction Stagi Start-up .Enviro nmental Correctlon Comnpiance l -Compliance |Compliance MonKorlng Measures

Temporary Temporary Temporary Continuing Continuing

0.5 Years 5 Years 20 Yeam 20 Years

Notes: 1. Final design for the project Includingcontract documents,plans and specificationsmust include the EPMs specified by the EIA 2. Provislonsfor the constructionstage must Include construction supervisionfor environmentalmatters as well as the usual constructionsupervision for engineeringactivities. 3. On completionof construction,a trial run will be conductedto be sure that EPMshave been Implemented effectively 4. Operalionalphase monitodngwill be done to ensure that the project Is being operated In compliance with the constraints intended to protect the environment,and to provide feedback necessaryto Identifyand correct residual problems or to take advantage of enhancementopportunities. 5. Approval of officials will be gained so that required engineeringor Institutionalcorrection measures can be carried out 6. ExpertPanel meets every 6 months to review and report upon progressin implementingEPMs and environmental monitoring of enhancementopportunities. FIGURE 9-2

ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT OFFICE FUNCTIONS AND WORKLOAD

Work Items Frequency MMs Duration /when /year (years) 1. Continuing Activities 1.1 Liaison with NEPA, provincialagencies, local agencies continuing 6 continuing 1.2 Preparationand distributionof periodicEMO reports semi-annual 3 continuing plus specials 1.3 Preparationand use of mediareleases continuing 3 continuing 1.4 Publicparticipation and consultation continuing 6 continuing 1.5 Estimationof costs of W`WTP/EPMsand of benefits annual 2 continue 2. Pre-construction(PC) 2.1 Establishmentof EMLG and of EMO (Section9.3.1) soon as 6 PC year possible 2.2 Ensuringthat fmal designs incorporateEPMs pre- 6 PC year construction 2.3 Ensuringthat constructioncontractor's contract includes pre-cons. 6 PC year CC's EPMs 2.4 Planningof constructionstage EMO program pre-cons. 2 PC year 2.5 Beginningimplementation of trainingprogram pre-cons. 7 PC year 2.6 Planningfor use of Expert Panel on Environment pre-cons. 2 PC year 3. Construction Period (CP)(See Figure 4.1 l -l and 7.6-1) 3.1 Completeenvironmental training progmm noted in 2.5 start of 2 construction construction I period (CP) 3.2 Implement use of ECIs and use of ECI reports for start of 72 CP controllingCC's operations construction 3.3 Medicalscreening and facilitiesfor constructionworkers start of 2 CP cons. 3.4 Water supply,sanitation, housing for constructioncamps start of 2 CP construction 3.5 Insecticidespraying of constructioncamp buildings start of 1 CP construction 3.6 Ensuringheath and safety of tunnel constructionworkers start of 2 CP .______construction .3.7 Ensuringcarrying out of EPMs of Resettlementprogram start of 1 CP (housing, water supply, sanitation, etc.) construction 3.8 Checkingon diseaserates in constructioncamps and in start of 2 CP serviceareas/vicinity for hemorrhagicfever, malaria construction encephalitis 3.9 Rat control measuresat constructioncamps start of 2 CP ______construction 3.10 Check on adequacyof disposalof tunnel excavation start of 2 CP materials construction 3.1 1 Other EPMs includedin Figure4.1 1-1 start of 2 CP construction

9 - 6 FIGURE9-2 (cont)

Work Items Frequency MMs Duration /when /year (years) 3.12 Other EPMs included in Figure 7.6-1 - start of 2 CP construction 3.13 Planningand implementationof specialstudies shown during 2 CP neededby items above construction 3.14 Assistingin establishmentof institutionalsystem for during 4 integratedwater and waste managementand reuse for construction CP optimalwater use in target areas, includingpermit systems 3.15 Assistanceto institutionalsystem of 3.14 in planningand during 4 implementationof water use, waste management,and construction CP water reuse facilities. 3.16 Use of Expert Panel on Enviromnent duringcons. 4 CP 4. Operations Stage (See Figure 7.6-1) 4.1 Implementationof monitoringprogram shown in start of 36 operation Figure7.6-1 operation period (OP) 4.2 Based on result of 4.1, plan and impplenentnecessary during 2 connectionsfor projectfacilities and for operation/ operation OP managementof project facilities 4.3 Based on result of 4.1, plan, recommend,and implement during 2 OP desirable environmentalenhancement facilities/programs operation 4.4 Formulateand implementneeded additional training during I OP l______

Note: MMs= Chineseprofessional man-months. PC = Pre-cpnstruction CP Constructionperiod OP = Operations period

9 - 7 FIGURE9-3 ESTIMATED COSTS FOR ADMINISTERINGEMO

ItemJ Pre- ConstructionPeriod OperationPeriod Professionals construction (5 years) (20 years) (half - year) Total MMs Annual Total Annual Total MMs MMs MMs MMs

ChiefEngineer 6 12 30 12 240

Asst. Chief 6 12 30 12 240 Engineer ___ Ecologist 6 6 15 6 120 Socio- 6 8 20 6 120 Economist Economist 2 4 10 2 40 Consultants 2 4 10 4 80 Inspectors 0 72 180 36 720 Sub-Total 28 236 590 78 1,560 Estimated Total Y-266,000 Y-5,605,000 Y-14,820,000 Costs (Y) EstimatedCosts S33,300 $ 700,600 $ 1,852,5000

Total Costs Y (266,000+5,605,000+14,820,000)= Y 20,691,000= $ 2,586,400

NOTES: (a) MMs = Chineseprofessional man-months . (b) Y 9,000 is estimatedmonthly average cost for Chineseprofessionals, which includesY-7,500 for fee plus Y-2,000for all other expenses. (c) Includescosts for EMO supervisionand participationin monitoring(Chapter 7), but does not includecosts of other agenciesparticipating in monitoring (d) Includescosts for'supervisionof training(Chapter 8). (e) Does not includecosts for Expert Panel which includes4 Chinese professionalsplus 3 foreignexperts. Panel meets every 6 months, total of 10 meetingsfrom start to end of constructionperiod. (f) Not includingcosts of EnvironmentalManagement Local Group.

9 - 8 FIGURE94: ESTIMATEDTOTAL COST FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENTOPERATIONS (US $)

.2%' .2 0 Reference CD~z Item - c (Figures) C

Envronmental ManagementOffice Fig. 9-3 33,300 700,600 1,852,500 2,586,400

raining Program Fig. 8-2 - 438,500 438,500 onitoringby Othler Ageocies 1,700 35,000 92,600 129,300 xpert Panel - 375,000 - 375,000 MO Facilities 50,000 100,000 200,000 350,000

Sub-total - 85,000 1,649,100 2,145,100 3,879,200 Contiogencaes 5% 4,300 82,455 107,300 194,055

Total - 89,300 1,731,555 2,252,400 4,073,255

Notes: (a) Extra costs by other participatingagencies estimated at 5% of EMO costs (b) ExpertPanel meetingsat 0.5 month: (b.1) 4 ChineseExpertsat Y 15,000/mm= S 1,875/mm(including expenses). (b.2) 3 ForcignExperts at S 25,000/mm(including expenses).

9 -9

WaniiazhaiWater Transfer Project Final Repor

CHAPTER 10 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final Report

TABLE OF CONTENTS OF CHAPTER 10

TEXT

10. Summary and Conclusions 10.1 Work Approach by EIA Team 10.2 EIA Reports -. 10.3 Significant Environmental Issues 10.4 Xiaolangdi Experience 10.5 Environmental Management Plan and Office

FIGURES Figure 10-1 : Summary of Effects of WWTP on SEIs Figure 10-2: Schematic Drawing for Optimal Water Use and Reuse in Target Water Service Areas

10-i

WaniiazhaiWater Transfer Project Final Report

CHAPTER 10

SUMMARYAND CONCLUSIONS

10.1 EIA TEAM AND REPORT

The EIA has been carried out for YRDP by CIRP/Shanxi University with the assistance of WB/EIA team mambers, over the period July 1995 through June 1996. The EIA Main Report and the ExecutiveSummary Report have been prepared in both the Chineseversion (to meet NEPA requirements)and the English version (to meet World Bank requirements).Both versions use the same Table of Contents and are essentiallythe samein substance.

10.2 WORK APPROACH BY EIA TEAM The WWTP/EIAwork has (a) reviewed all backgrounddocuments, (b) met with the various governmental agencies in Shanxi Province and Taiyuan City who are concernedwith the environmentalimpacts of WWTP includingYRDP, (c) met with NEPA'sEIA officer at Beijing in charge of WWTP/EIA,(d) made a number of field visits to selectedproject areas, (e) has had detailed discussionswith the WBfYRDP Mission members visiting at Taiyuan in October 1995 and April 1996, and (f) discussedthe EIA InterimReport with WB officialsat WashingtonD.C. in November 1995. 10.3 MANAGEMENTOF SIGNIFICANTENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Figure 10-1(same as Figure4.15-1) summarizesthe environmentalimpacts of WWTP. It (i) lists all of the SEIs, (ii) quantities each in terms of potentials for adverse effects if not controlled,of potentialsfor benefitswith feasiblecontrols, and of net effects with these controls, (iii) shows the EPMs measureswhich must be taken as part of the feasible control system, and (iv) shows the net environmental effects.

Figure 10-1 shows that, assuming proper implementationof EPMs by the EMO, WWTP will achieve great environmental benefits with virtually no significant environemntal losses. While inattention to the SEIs noted above could result in serious adverse effects if not properly controlled, the EIA work, includingjudgment from experience in other major water resource development projects in China and elsewhere,indicates that it will be feasibleand affordableto manageeach issue, by use of mitigation/offsetting/enhancement measures, so that the net adverse environmental effects of the projectshould be negligiblewith net very positiveenvironmental benefits.

To achieve the goal noted above will require establishment of the EMO noted in Section 9.5, especiallyfor realizing the institutionalmeasures needed for achieving optimal use of the imported water. The technologies to be utilized for optimal water use, with wastewater treatment used to produce reusable water, are well established in the arid/semi-arid regions of the USA like Southern California, but are relatively new for use in China. The goal of the training program is to transfer this technologyto

10-1 Waniiazhai Water Transfer Proiect Final RevoLt

Shanxi Province. Moreover, the WWTP experiencewill be a very valuable guideline for use throughout China in water shortage regions.

Figure 10-1 also shows that WWTP is sound from the point of view of risk assessment. The only real risk for WWTP is the risk that WWTP might not be implemented. WWTP is an absolute must for the economicsand socio-economicsof the service area which cannot continueto developwithout importedwater. And while the imported water will be used by municipalitiesand industries to become "wastewaters", these wastewatersthemselves will all be very valuable water for (i) reuse by industry, (ii) for rechargingof groundwaterto gain more water suitable for domesticuse includingdrinking, and (iii) for irrigation. Thus the wastewatersactually represent per se precious additionalwater supply. Figure 10-2 is a schematicdrawing showingthe water supply/reuseplan.

10.4 XIAOLANGDI EXPERIENCE

Because conditionsfor the SEIs for WWTP are similarin many respects to the SEIs for Xiaolangdi,the pioneeringexperience of the Xiaolangdiproject in managingthese issues (includingconstruction stage problems) furnishesvery valuable guidelinesfor WWTP/EIApurposes.

10.5 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENTPLAN AND OFFICE

To achievethe goals noted above, includingassurance of optimaluse of the expensive importedwater, it is essentialfor YRDPto establishthe EMO with responsibilityfor implementing the EMP as described in Figure 8-4 of Chapter 8, including the Monitoring Program shown in Figure 5.3-1 of Chapter 5 and the TrainingProgram shown in Figure 7-1 of Chapter7.

An effectiveEMO shouldbe establishedduring the pre-constructionperiod, as soon as possible.

10 - 2 FIGURE 10-1

SUMMARY OF EFFECTS OF WWTP/PRASE I ON SEIs

SignificantEnvirorunental Potential Potential Net Positive Control Measures Issue for Adverse for Benefits Effectwith Effects(a) (a) Feasible Controls (a) (b)

- L) N

<~~~ u

2E~ -1 X017~t ~0 E 0

LandUse v I J-2I _ (V) v v SurfaoeWater Hydrology __ v vv_ v v v v v v Surfce Water Quality v v v v v _ v v v GroundwaterHydrology _ v v v v v v v V v GroundwaterQuality _ v v v v V V 1' v SunnStability v v v I v v v v v EquipmentErosion v I v v v v v v Water Supply v v v v v v v v Domestic/Commercial v v v v v v Industry v v v v v v Agricultural v v v v v v% PollutionControl v v v v v v v v v v v v Resettlement v I v I v v v v v v v v ErosionL/Sedimentation _ v _v I Iv I v v v v v Ecology v I _ _ v v v Reservoirs v I v I Iv v v v v v v Wanjaizhai v I v v Fen-I Iv v v PublicHealth v v v v v v v v | v v ConnectionWorks v I v v v v v v Social-Economics v v v v v v ConstructionConstraints I_ v v I v I I v I v v v Basin Water Transfer _ _v v v I v v GlobalEnvirommental Issues v v v v OverallProject V [I v v vv v Tvv v v

NOTES: (a) I = Not Significant,2 = Minor, 3 =lntermediate, 4 = Major (b) Items in parenthesis(v) indicateadverse effects;othenvise effects are positive

WPC = Water Pollution Control,Env. = Emiromnent, O&M = Operation& Maintenance

10-3 FIGURE 10-2: SCHEMATIC DRAWING FOR OPTIMAL WATER USE AND POLLUTION CONTROL IN TSA

lImportedior Existing

Wbere Stbi d y cnnin swee cipalit S Tr

Lt ~~Industry Pro5ducb;n en (e)

_| To Fen River | CommonTreatment |(a) _-0 PlantServing _ dUroupindusttiesoIndueof eruailoden p

(2) ll ecbnto~esaleadneedabov wel deelopd md coanolywd i Waothewatileri -Pdlalne _ MuniicipalTreatnmelit Notes w Plant (1) Symbols Groundwater (a) Troodmintto miettpreocribed standerdL Th "20130 BtOD/Sinptnded Solids" is recommuendedL Recharging (USASbendnrd is 20/1O).wr (b) Any odditionaltredmerd needs firviehed by industr (C c) Wter pugnpedfiron bteinureful fior pCnsaso1 includingdrinkint watersuPpro a NoAddotional ed)No ddition readymteno needed (e) In-pbmtbvqnent. pnumantto permik"ono retmovesoil toxits and othierobjectionmbit subrituces vvicih Treattnent cwnnotbe rtmovtd by conventionmls4ew tretabnnt pl "ht

(2) All tecimoloSitsnoetd above areatdy well developedmd commonotlyused in Soudtrn Cxidiornixtnd olher lt (d)ot widregions of SouthwesternUSA. whwerver wottr is prtCousexptnive All wreaffordable even in developing coatdrieswlhere w ttr is prtciour/expeneivt.While dthe technogoiesare notwvell known in China.it is timelyand feasible sow lo bedtnuiing d tm in palrchedrediomt of l in, begimingwith WWI?. Slenxi Provincehas nrimdy c rtid outsom e of motauurtswdt stemn r zdyand wvillingto mtiliztthem with matimurneffectiveniessr