Someone Else's War: Korea and the Post-1945 U.S. Racial Order
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University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2015 Someone Else's War: Korea and the Post-1945 U.S. Racial Order Amy June Yumi Lee University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the American Literature Commons, Asian American Studies Commons, Ethnic Studies Commons, and the Literature in English, North America Commons Recommended Citation Lee, Amy June Yumi, "Someone Else's War: Korea and the Post-1945 U.S. Racial Order" (2015). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 1832. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1832 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1832 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Someone Else's War: Korea and the Post-1945 U.S. Racial Order Abstract The Korean War (1950-1953) marked a major turning point in matters of race in the United States. One the one hand, the desegregation of the U.S. armed forces during the war inaugurated state-mandated institutional racial integration as a putative path to full and equal citizenship for racial minorities, particularly for African American soldiers and their families. On the other, the lifting of racially exclusive immigration laws signaled changing conceptions of who could become an American citizen at all, paving the way for the mass migration of Asian immigrants in the second half of the twentieth century. The dissertation reads the Korean War as the event that set these twin processes of integration and immigration in motion—processes that transformed the racial order in the post-45 period in the United States. It examines recent and contemporary works of literature by American writers of color, including novels by Ha Jin, Rolando Hinojosa, Chang-Rae Lee, and Toni Morrison, in order to work through the profound but often unthought effects of the Korean War for minority subjects in U.S. culture. Through these readings, the dissertation argues that the Korean War heralded a new mode of liberal inclusion for racial minorities in the United States. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group English First Advisor David L. Eng Second Advisor Josephine Park Keywords American literature, Korean War, post-1945, race Subject Categories American Literature | Asian American Studies | Ethnic Studies | Literature in English, North America This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1832 SOMEONE ELSE’S WAR: KOREA AND THE POST-1945 U.S. RACIAL ORDER A DISSERTATION in English Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2015 Supervisor of Dissertation Co-Supervisor of Dissertation ________________________ ________________________ David L. Eng Josephine Park Richard L. Fisher Professor of English Associate Professor of English Graduate Group Chairperson ________________________ Melissa Sanchez Associate Professor of English Dissertation Committee: David L. Eng, Richard L. Fisher Professor of English Josephine Park, Associate Professor of English Jed Esty, Vartan Gregorian Professor of English SOMEONE ELSE’S WAR: KOREA AND THE POST-1945 U.S. RACIAL ORDER COPYRIGHT 2015 Amy June Yumi Lee ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I have been lucky to work with a dream team of mentors and advisers in bringing this dissertation to fruition. First and foremost, this dissertation would not have been possible without the wisdom, insight, and unfailing support of my committee co-chairs, David Eng and Josephine Park: thank you for your brilliance and your generosity in helping me to build this project piece by piece. At critical moments, Jed Esty asked impossible questions, the search for whose answers advanced this project by leaps and bounds. Amy Kaplan provided invaluable feedback in the early stages of the project. I would like to thank the UPenn English Department for providing me with a dissertation completion fellowship as well as the following groups at Penn for inviting me to share drafts of dissertation writing along the way: the Latitudes graduate reading group, the DCC (Democracy, Citizenship, and Constitutionalism) program, and the Graduate Humanities Forum. Next, I would like to thank my circles of friends, who have never allowed research and writing to be lonely endeavors and whose support, encouragement, and love have meant the world. Golnar Nikpour’s name appears repeatedly in the following lists: I cannot overstate her influence on this project (thank you a million times for everything). Thank you to my housemates and supreme crew: Golnar Nikpour, Sarah Ahn, Tina Dulani, Kim Garcia, and Hannah the cat. For the writing dates and writing breaks (and breakthroughs), critical conversations, and late-night gchats and text chains, thank you to the community of writers and thinkers I have been lucky to count as friends: at Penn, Jessica Rosenberg, iii Raquel Albarrán, Jungha Kim, and Nava EtShalom; in New York, Golnar Nikpour, Manijeh Moradian, Sarah Ahn, Spencer Bastedo, Keriann Pauls, Thera Webb, Ben Parker, Genevieve Yue, and Keerthi Potluri; at a distance, Nimmy Abiaka, Sabrina Wu, and Mamie Thant. Playing music with Bidi Choudhury, Talya Cooper, and Golnar Nikpour in New York and Althea Baird, Chelsey del Castillo, and Aurora Garcia in Philadelphia was both a release and a source of inspiration throughout the writing process. Mimi Nguyen and Jan Radway offered sage guidance, and models of meaningful scholarship, from afar. Nodutdol for Korean Community Development and associated organizations in New York renewed my interest in both legacies of the Korean War and movements for racial justice at a key moment in my political and intellectual development. Finally, I would like to thank my family. To Tammy Lee (my most trusted adviser on matters big and small), Sung Kwak, baby Stella, and Jason Lee (my sharpest and funniest interlocutor), thank you for making New York a warm and joyful home base. I would like to thank the extended Park and Lee clans, whose stories of survival and transformation from Kansas to Korea first sparked the generational questions behind this dissertation. Most of all, thank you to my parents, Jae Young Lee and Hye Song Park, who instilled in me a love of reading and taught me to always ask why. This dissertation is dedicated with love and respect to you. iv ABSTRACT SOMEONE ELSE’S WAR: KOREA AND THE POST-1945 U.S. RACIAL ORDER A. Yumi Lee David L. Eng Josephine Park The Korean War (1950-1953) marked a major turning point in matters of race in the United States. One the one hand, the desegregation of the U.S. armed forces during the war inaugurated state-mandated institutional racial integration as a putative path to full and equal citizenship for racial minorities, particularly for African American soldiers and their families. On the other, the lifting of racially exclusive immigration laws signaled changing conceptions of who could become an American citizen at all, paving the way for the mass migration of Asian immigrants in the second half of the twentieth century. The dissertation reads the Korean War as the event that set these twin processes of integration and immigration in motion—processes that transformed the racial order in the post-45 period in the United States. It examines recent and contemporary works of literature by American writers of color, including novels by Ha Jin, Rolando Hinojosa, Chang-Rae Lee, and Toni Morrison, in order to work through the profound but often unthought effects of the Korean War for minority subjects in U.S. culture. Through these readings, the dissertation argues that the Korean War heralded a new mode of liberal inclusion for racial minorities in the United States. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................. iii ABSTRACT .........................................................................................................................v Introduction ..........................................................................................................................1 Becoming Asian American: Repatriation and the Communist Soldier in Ha Jin’s War Trash ......................................14 From the 38th Parallel to the Río Grande: Genealogies of U.S. Empire in Rolando Hinojosa’s Klail City Death Trip Series ..............................................................................................53 Going Color-Blind: The Black Soldier in Toni Morrison’s Home ....................................................................96 “June, from the war”: Rescuing the Refugee in Chang-Rae Lee’s The Surrendered .........................................137 Works Cited .....................................................................................................................173 vi Introduction Early in Chang-Rae Lee’s The Surrendered, Hector, the former American GI, thinks back on his participation in the Korean War three decades earlier. Growing up in a working-class white neighborhood, he had been eager, but too young, to enlist in the army after the Pearl Harbor attacks; when war broke out in Korea five years later, he jumped at the chance to leave home and go fight on the other side of the world. But once he was in Korea and forced to both witness and commit atrocities against not just enemy soldiers but civilians and refugees, his enthusiasm