Semantics in a Simple, Step-By- Step Fashion
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Tracing Autism’ Ambiguity and Difference in a Neuroscientific Research Practice
The London School of Economics and Political Science ‘Tracing Autism’ Ambiguity and difference in a neuroscientific research practice Patrick D. Fitzgerald A thesis submitted to the Department of Sociology of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy London, September 2012 1 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 88,543 words. I can confirm that portions of this thesis were copy-edited for conventions of language, spelling and grammar by John MacArtney, Megan Clinch, Joanne Kalogeras, Juljan Krause and Neasa Terry. ________________________________________________________ Des Fitzgerald, September 2012 2 Abstract Tracing Autism is about neuroscientists’ on-going search for a brain-based biomarker for autism. While much recent sociological work has looked at the ‘cerebralization’ of such diverse diagnostic categories as depression, bipolar disorder, psychopathy, addiction, and even autism itself, surprisingly little light has yet been shed on the mundane ways that researchers in the new brain sciences actually think about, reason through, and hold together neurological accounts of complex and emerging diagnostic entities . -
Performative Speech Act Verbs in Present Day English
PERFORMATIVE SPEECH ACT VERBS IN PRESENT DAY ENGLISH ELENA LÓPEZ ÁLVAREZ Universidad Complutense de Madrid RESUMEN. En esta contribución se estudian los actos performativos y su influencia en el inglés de hoy en día. A partir de las teorías de J. L. Austin, entre otros autores, se desarrolla un panorama de esta orientación de la filosofía del lenguaje de Austin. PALABRAS CLAVE. Actos performativos, enunciado performativo, inglés. ABSTRACT. This paper focuses on performative speech act verbs in present day English. Reading the theories of J. L. Austin, among others,. With the basis of authors as J. L. Austin, this paper develops a brief landscape about this orientation of Austin’s linguistic philosophy. KEY WORDS. Performative speech act verbs, performative utterance, English. 1. INTRODUCCIÓN 1.1. HISTORICAL THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1.1. The beginnings: J.L. Austin The origin of performative speech acts as we know them today dates back to the William James Lectures, the linguistic-philosophical theories devised and delivered by J.L. Austin at Harvard University in 1955, and collected into a series of lectures entitled How to do things with words, posthumously published in 1962. Austin was one of the most influential philosophers of his time. In these lectures, he provided a thorough exploration of performative speech acts, which was an extremely innovative area of study in those days. In the following pages, Austin’s main ideas (together with some comments by other authors) will be presented. 1.1.1.1. Constative – performative distinction In these lectures, Austin begins by making a clear distinction between constative and performative utterances. -
Honorificity, Indexicality and Their Interaction in Magahi
SPEAKER AND ADDRESSEE IN NATURAL LANGUAGE: HONORIFICITY, INDEXICALITY AND THEIR INTERACTION IN MAGAHI BY DEEPAK ALOK A dissertation submitted to the School of Graduate Studies Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Linguistics Written under the direction of Mark Baker and Veneeta Dayal and approved by New Brunswick, New Jersey October, 2020 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Speaker and Addressee in Natural Language: Honorificity, Indexicality and their Interaction in Magahi By Deepak Alok Dissertation Director: Mark Baker and Veneeta Dayal Natural language uses first and second person pronouns to refer to the speaker and addressee. This dissertation takes as its starting point the view that speaker and addressee are also implicated in sentences that do not have such pronouns (Speas and Tenny 2003). It investigates two linguistic phenomena: honorification and indexical shift, and the interactions between them, andshow that these discourse participants have an important role to play. The investigation is based on Magahi, an Eastern Indo-Aryan language spoken mainly in the state of Bihar (India), where these phenomena manifest themselves in ways not previously attested in the literature. The phenomena are analyzed based on the native speaker judgements of the author along with judgements of one more native speaker, and sometimes with others as the occasion has presented itself. Magahi shows a rich honorification system (the encoding of “social status” in grammar) along several interrelated dimensions. Not only 2nd person pronouns but 3rd person pronouns also morphologically mark the honorificity of the referent with respect to the speaker. -
Teaching Performative Verbs and Nouns in EU Maritime Regulations
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 141 ( 2014 ) 90 – 95 WCLTA 2013 Teaching Performative Verbs and Nouns in EU Maritime Regulations Silvia Molina Plaza a Technical University of Madrid, ETSIN Avda de la Victoria, 4, Madrid , 28040, Spain Abstract This paper is concerned with performative speech acts in European Union fisheries legislation with a view to relating the semantic analysis of directive and expressive speech act verbs to politeness strategies for the management of positive and negative face. The performative verbs used in directive and expressive speech acts belong to the semantic domain of communication verbs. The directive verbs occurring in the material are: appeal, authorize, call upon, conclude, invite, promise, request, urge and warn while the expressive verbs are: congratulate, express (gratitude), pay (tribute) and thank. The semantic analysis of directive verbs draws on Leech’s framework for illocutionary verbs analysis (Leech 1983: 218). The analysis suggests that the choice of directive and expressive speech act verbs and their co-occurrence with particular addressees are motivated by the socio-pragmatic situation. 30 Naval Engineering students from the UPM also learned how these speech act verbs are used in context in the subject English for Professional and Academic Communication (2011-2012). © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of WCLTA 2013. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of WCLTA 2013. -
Mathematics and Computation
Mathematics and Computation Mathematics and Computation Ideas Revolutionizing Technology and Science Avi Wigderson Princeton University Press Princeton and Oxford Copyright c 2019 by Avi Wigderson Requests for permission to reproduce material from this work should be sent to [email protected] Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TR press.princeton.edu All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Control Number: 2018965993 ISBN: 978-0-691-18913-0 British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available Editorial: Vickie Kearn, Lauren Bucca, and Susannah Shoemaker Production Editorial: Nathan Carr Jacket/Cover Credit: THIS INFORMATION NEEDS TO BE ADDED WHEN IT IS AVAILABLE. WE DO NOT HAVE THIS INFORMATION NOW. Production: Jacquie Poirier Publicity: Alyssa Sanford and Kathryn Stevens Copyeditor: Cyd Westmoreland This book has been composed in LATEX The publisher would like to acknowledge the author of this volume for providing the camera-ready copy from which this book was printed. Printed on acid-free paper 1 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Dedicated to the memory of my father, Pinchas Wigderson (1921{1988), who loved people, loved puzzles, and inspired me. Ashgabat, Turkmenistan, 1943 Contents Acknowledgments 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 On the interactions of math and computation..........................3 1.2 Computational complexity theory.................................6 1.3 The nature, purpose, and style of this book............................7 1.4 Who is this book for?........................................7 1.5 Organization of the book......................................8 1.6 Notation and conventions..................................... -
Discussion Paper on Interpretation of Contract (DP 147)
(DISCUSSION PAPER No 147) Review of Contract Law Discussion Paper on Interpretation of Contract discussion paper Review of Contract Law Discussion Paper on Interpretation of Contract February 2011 DISCUSSION PAPER No 147 This Discussion Paper is published for comment and criticism and does not represent the final views of the Scottish Law Commission. EDINBURGH: The Stationery Office £20.50 NOTES 1. In accordance with our Publication Scheme, please note that (i) responses to this paper will be made available to third parties on request in paper form once the responses have been considered at a Commission meeting unless a respondent has asked for a response to be treated as confidential or the Commission considers that a response should be treated as confidential; (ii) subject to the following, any summary of responses to this paper will be made available to third parties on request in paper form once it has been considered at a Commission meeting: any summary will not be made available in relation to projects where the subject matter is considered by Commissioners to be of a sensitive nature; any summary being made available will not include reference to any response where either the respondent has asked for the response to be treated as confidential or the Commission considers that the response should be treated as confidential. Any request for information which is not available under the Commission's Publication Scheme will be determined in accordance with the Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002. 2. Please note that some or all responses to this paper and the names of those who submitted them may be referred to and/or quoted in the final report following from this consultation or in other Commission publications and the names of all respondents to this paper will be listed in the relative final report unless the respondent specifically asks that, or the Commission considers that, the response or name, or any part of the response, should be treated as confidential. -
The Shift and Equivalence of English Sentence Word Order As It Is Translated Into Indonesia
THE SHIFT AND EQUIVALENCE OF ENGLISH SENTENCE WORD ORDER AS IT IS TRANSLATED INTO INDONESIA Suyudi Universitas Gunadarma Jalan Margonda Raya 100 [email protected] ABSTRACT The problems of this research area: Are there equivalence and shifts between the English and Indonesian word order in the translation of English sentences into Indonesian? And the aims of this research are to describe equivalence and shift between the English and Indonesia word order in the translation of English sentences into Indonesian. This research uses qualitative method, which is descriptive because it relates with word and sentences. This research analyze the equivalence and shift occurred in the translation of English sentences into Indonesian. The data is taken from the English novel the switch by Sandra Brown and its translated version by Monica Dwi Chresnayani. Data are classified into two categories, they are: Equivalence and shifts occurred in the translation of English sentence word order as it is translated into Indonesian. The number of equivalence of the word order is 37% and the number of shifts is 63%. We can conclude that the shifts occurred more than the equivalence. Keywords: Translation, shift, equivalence, word order. this sentence into Indonesian is 1. INTRODUCTION setelah menemukan buku yang dicari dia mengacungkannya (Adv + S + P + The subject of the research is O). Here we can see that there is the possible word order in trans- equivalence of sentence word order lating English sentences into Indo- at the level of clause. But this nesian by analyzing any shift and doesn't always happens all the ti- equivalence occurred in the trans- me, sometime, however, the trans- lation of English sentences into lation from English into Indonesian Indonesian Sometimes English sen- experience different word order in tence has the same word order of its sentences. -
About Pronouns
About pronouns Halldór Ármann Sigurðsson Lund University Abstract This essay claims that pronouns are constructed as syntactic relations rather than as discrete feature bundles or items. The discussion is set within the framework of a minimalist Context-linked Grammar, where phases contain silent but active edge features, edge linkers, including speaker and hearer features. An NP is phi- computed in relation to these linkers, the so established relation being input to context scanning (yielding reference). Essentially, syntax must see to it that event participant roles link to speech act roles, by participant linking (a subcase of context linking, a central computational property of natural language). Edge linkers are syntactic features–not operators–and can be shifted, as in indexical shift and other Kaplanian monster phenomena, commonly under control. The essay also develops a new analysis of inclusiveness and of the different status of different phi-features in grammar. The approach pursued differs from Distributed Morphology in drawing a sharp line between (internal) syntax and (PF) externalization, syntax constructing relations–the externalization process building and expressing items. Keywords: Edge linkers, pronouns, speaker, phi-features, context linking, context scanning, indexical shift, inclusiveness, bound variables 1. Introduction* Indexical or deictic items include personal pronouns (I, you, she, etc.), demonstrative pronouns (this, that, etc.), and certain local and temporal adverbials and adjectives (here, now, presently, etc.). In the influential Kaplanian approach (Kaplan 1989), indexicals are assumed to have a fixed reference in a fixed context of a specific speech act or speech event. Schlenker (2003:29) refers to this leading idea as the fixity thesis, stating it as follows: Fixity Thesis (a corollary of Direct Reference): The semantic value of an indexical is fixed solely by the context of the actual speech act, and cannot be affected by any logical operators. -
The General Stud Book : Containing Pedigrees of Race Horses, &C
^--v ''*4# ^^^j^ r- "^. Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2009 witii funding from Lyrasis IVIembers and Sloan Foundation http://www.archive.org/details/generalstudbookc02fair THE GENERAL STUD BOOK VOL. II. : THE deiterol STUD BOOK, CONTAINING PEDIGREES OF RACE HORSES, &C. &-C. From the earliest Accounts to the Year 1831. inclusice. ITS FOUR VOLUMES. VOL. II. Brussels PRINTED FOR MELINE, CANS A.ND C"., EOILEVARD DE WATERLOO, Zi. M DCCC XXXIX. MR V. un:ve PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. To assist in the detection of spurious and the correction of inaccu- rate pedigrees, is one of the purposes of the present publication, in which respect the first Volume has been of acknowledged utility. The two together, it is hoped, will form a comprehensive and tole- rably correct Register of Pedigrees. It will be observed that some of the Mares which appeared in the last Supplement (whereof this is a republication and continua- tion) stand as they did there, i. e. without any additions to their produce since 1813 or 1814. — It has been ascertained that several of them were about that time sold by public auction, and as all attempts to trace them have failed, the probability is that they have either been converted to some other use, or been sent abroad. If any proof were wanting of the superiority of the English breed of horses over that of every other country, it might be found in the avidity with which they are sought by Foreigners. The exportation of them to Russia, France, Germany, etc. for the last five years has been so considerable, as to render it an object of some importance in a commercial point of view. -
ACRL Publications in Librarianship Open Peer Review Code of Conduct
ACRL Publications in Librarianship Open Peer Review Monograph title: Envisioning the Framework: A Graphic Guide to Information Literacy Editor: Jannette L. Finch Review close: Monday, July 13, 2020 Google document available at: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1KJmun8UgMyirsyeKK0Lx- _ZwBJLU9qrYaEU0-zRwqBw/edit?usp=sharing Code of Conduct Reviewers agree to: ● provide objective reviews that deliver constructive criticism in a positive and professional manner ● support their recommendations with clearly developed examples or arguments ● focus on substantive comments and suggestions on the content; the book will be professionally copyedited and designed, so formatting, unfinished graphics, typos, and other grammatical errors will be addressed later in the production process ● look for the following as they review: ○ significance of topic ○ conceptually/theoretically grounded ○ appropriate methodology/research design ○ coherent discussion ○ valid conclusions ○ advancement of knowledge ○ clear, articulate, and well written ● value diversity and inclusion in the review process ● meet all deadlines, or notify the Publications in Librarianship Editor as soon as possible if unable to meet deadlines ● maintain confidentiality of other reviewers’ comments ● recuse themselves from reviewing manuscripts for which they lack expertise, have any undisclosed conflicts of interest, or are unable to meet all deadlines ● consult with the Publications in Librarianship Editor if they have any questions: ○ Daniel Mack, Associate Dean, Collection Strategies and Services, University of Maryland ○ email: [email protected] ○ voice: 301.405.9264 Identifying and Contact Information Please type your name, position, email, and institutional affiliation (if any) below this line. Doing so means agreeing to our code of conduct. You will need to sign in with your Google account and request access at the top left before commenting. -
Meanings of Determiners Heading Non-Topic Dps to the Meanings of the Corresponding Topics
Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to thank my teachers and supervisors Manfred Bierwisch and Reinhard Blutner. Without their sympathetic help in a personally very difficult situation, I would have been unable even to start writing this dissertation. Besides this, they patiently supported me with their advice and experience in every stage of my work. The people that inspired me with discussions and comments are so numerous that there is no hope to mention all of them. Among them are Kai Alter, Daniel Büring, Johannes Dölling, Bernhard Drubig, Hans Martin Gärtner, Edward Göbbel, Michael Herweg, Caroline Heycock, Helen de Hoop, Inga Kohlhof, Manfred Krifka, Annette Lessmöllmann, Christine Maaßen, André Meinunger, Marga Reis, Michal Starke, Markus Steinbach, Wolfgang Sternefeld, Anatoli Strigin, Hubert Truckenbrodt, Enric Vallduví, Ralf Vogel, Chris Wilder, Susanne Winkler, Werner Wolff, Henk Zeevat, and Ede Zimmermann. I am indebted to the "Max-Planck-Gesellschaft" for its financial support. Special thanks go to Elena Demke, Annette Lessmöllmann, Anatoli Strigin, and Chris Wilder for correcting my English. All remaining mistakes are of course subject to my own responsibility. Last but not least, I thank my parents and my brother for everything. Table of Contents 1 Introduction . 1 2 The Dynamic Framework . 5 2.1 Donkey Sentences and Cross-sentential Anaphora . 5 2.2 Montague Semantics and File Change Semantics: A Comparison . 7 2.2.1 Montague Semantics: The General Picture . 7 2.2.2 File Change Semantics: An Overview . 11 2.2.2.1 The Strategy . 11 2.2.2.2 Files . 13 2.2.2.3 LF-Construal . 13 2.2.2.4 The Interpretation of LF . -
Lecture 5. Formal Semantics and the Lexicon. Meaning Postulates And
Topics in Formal Semantics, Lecture 5 Topics in Formal Semantics, Lecture 5 B.H. Partee, MGU, March 22, 2005 B.H. Partee, MGU, March 22, 2005 Lecture 5. Formal semantics and the lexicon. Ideally, this abstraction should mirror a “real” abstraction which our “language faculty” Meaning postulates and the lexicon. Adjective meanings. imposes on the real world, “natural language metaphysics” or “naïve picture of the world” (naivnaja kartina mira in the terminology of Moscow semantic school). We will discuss this later when considering the integration of formal and lexical semantics. 1. The Lexicon in Model-theoretic Semantics. .................................................................................................1 1.1. Languages, world, models. Axioms.............................................................................................................1 In Montague’s formal semantics the simple predicates of the language of intensional 1.2. Axioms and theories. ..................................................................................................................................2 logic (IL), like love, like, kiss, see, etc., are regarded as symbols (similar to the “labels” of 2. Integrating formal semantics, lexical semantics, natural language metaphysics ...............................................4 PC) which could have many possible interpretations in many different models, their “real 2.1. Formal semantics in the broader setting of natural language use. ...............................................................4