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VKM Rapportmal VKM Report 2014: 13 The EPPO PRA for Agrilus planipennis: assessment for Norway Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety Report from the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) 2014:13 The EPPO PRA for Agrilus planipennis: assessment for Norway Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety 24.11.2014 Cover photo: David Cappaert, Michigan State University, Bugwood.org (UGA 2106098) ISBN: 978-82-8259-152-2 Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) Po 4404 Nydalen N – 0403 Oslo Norway Phone: +47 21 62 28 00 Email: [email protected] www.vkm.no www.english.vkm.no Suggested citation: VKM. (2014) Scientific Opinion on the Report from the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) 2014:13. The EPPO PRA for Agrilus planipennis: assessment for Norway. Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety, ISBN: 978-82-8259-152-2 Oslo, Norway. VKM Report 2014: 13 The EPPO PRA for Agrilus planipennis: assessment for Norway Authors preparing the draft opinion Leif Sundheim (chair), Daniel Flø, Trond Rafoss, Bjørn Økland Assessed and approved The opinion has been assessed and approved by the Panel on Plant Health. The members of the Panel are: Trond Rafoss (chair), Guro Brodal, Åshild Ergon, Christer Magnusson, Arild Sletten, Halvor Solheim, Leif Sundheim, May-Guri Sæthre, Anne Marte Tronsmo, Bjørn Økland. Acknowledgment The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet, VKM) has appointed a working group consisting of both VKM members and external experts to answer the request from the Norwegian Food Safety Authority. Project leaders from the VKM secretariat have been Elin Lid Thingnæs and Juliana Perminow. The members of the working group Leif Sundheim, Trond Rafoss, Bjørn Økland and Daniel Flø (Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute) are acknowledged for their valuable work on this opinion. Competence of VKM experts Persons working for VKM, either as appointed members of the Committee or as external experts, do this by virtue of their scientific expertise, not as representatives for their employers or third party interests. The Civil Services Act instructions on legal competence apply for all work prepared by VKM. VKM Report 2014: 13 Table of Contents Summary ................................................................................................................ 6 Sammendrag på norsk ........................................................................................... 8 Background as provided by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority ........................ 9 Terms of reference as provided by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority ............. 9 Assessment .......................................................................................................... 10 1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 10 2 Initiation of assessment ............................................................................... 12 2.1 Identification of the PRA area ............................................................................... 12 2.2 Taxonomic position of the pest ............................................................................. 12 2.3 Is the pest present in the PRA area? ...................................................................... 12 2.4 Current occurrence of the pest .............................................................................. 12 2.5 Regulatory status ................................................................................................. 14 2.6 Biological information ........................................................................................... 14 2.7 Relevance of EPPO’s PRA ...................................................................................... 17 3 Answers to the terms of reference ............................................................... 18 3.1 Probability of entry, establishment and spread of A. planipennis in Norway ............... 18 3.1.1 Natural spread .......................................................................................... 18 3.1.2 Pathways for human-mediated spread ........................................................ 18 3.1.2.1 Fuel wood .............................................................................................. 23 3.1.2.2 Wood chips ............................................................................................ 25 3.1.2.3 Waste wood - Other ............................................................................... 26 3.1.2.4 Wood in the rough .................................................................................. 28 3.1.2.5 Wood sawn or chipped lengthwise; of ash ................................................ 29 3.1.2.6 Plants for planting .................................................................................. 31 3.2 Probability of establishment and of further spread after an establishment in Norway . 32 3.2.1 Probability of establishment in the PRA area ................................................ 32 3.2.2 Probability of spread after establishment in the PRA area ............................. 32 3.2.3 Host plants and suitable habitats ................................................................ 33 3.2.4 Hosts and other essential species ............................................................... 34 3.2.5 Climate suitability ...................................................................................... 35 3.2.6 Other abiotic factors .................................................................................. 37 3.2.7 Competition and natural enemies ................................................................ 38 VKM Report 2014: 13 3.2.8 Endangered area within the PRA area ......................................................... 38 3.2.9 Potential impacts of an establishment of A. planipennis in Norway ................. 39 3.3 Potential damage ................................................................................................. 39 3.4 Efficiency of the risk reducing measures................................................................. 39 3.4.1 Squaring of wood ...................................................................................... 40 3.4.2 Ionizing radiation ...................................................................................... 40 3.4.3 Chipping ................................................................................................... 41 3.4.4 Heat treatment ......................................................................................... 43 4 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 44 5 Datagaps ...................................................................................................... 44 6 Literature ..................................................................................................... 45 7 References ................................................................................................... 46 Appendix I ............................................................................................................ 52 Appendix II .......................................................................................................... 54 Appendix III ......................................................................................................... 55 VKM Report 2014: 13 Summary Agrilus planipennis (emerald ash borer) is native to eastern Asia. This small beetle has become a major pest on ash (Fraxinus spp.) where it has been introduced in USA, Canada, and European Russia. The pest feeds on several species of ash, including the species found in Norway, Fraxinus excelsior, also known as common ash or European ash. Ash trees are eventually killed by the feeding damage between the bark and the wood. Since the first North American record in 2002, A. planipennis has spread to 23 states in USA and two provinces of Canada. At the epicenter of its introduction in Michigan, the mortality of ash exceeds 99 %. In European Russia, this pest was first detected in Moscow during 2002-2003. Following yearly range expansions and killing of ash trees, A. planipennis has now been recorded 466 km from its European epicenter. The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) has been asked by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority (NFSA) to assess the probability of: a) entry of A. planipennis into Norway through different pathways; b) establishment of A. planipennis in Norway; c) the further spread and potential damage of A. planipennis on ash trees in Norway. In addition, an evaluation of the effectiveness of the risk-reduction measures described by the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) and the European Union (EU) has been requested. VKM considers the probability of entry of A. planipennis by natural spread low, mainly because of the geographical distance and sea barriers between Norway and the infested areas. Among the human-assisted pathways of entry, via commodities containing ash wood, the probability of entry is considered to be: moderate for wood chips, wood in the rough and plants for planting; low-to-moderate for fuel wood; and low for waste wood and wood sawn or chipped lengthwise. VKM is of the opinion that should A. planipennis enter the pest risk analysis
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