DOCSLIB.ORG

Fault Lines of Pakistan's Baluchistan Policy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Fault Lines of Pakistan's Baluchistan Policy Armenian Journal o f Political Science 1(6) 2017, 131 - 149 131 DOI: 10.19266/1829 - 4286 - 201 7 - 0 1 - 131 - 149 Fault Lines of Pakistan’s Baluchistan Policy RAJKUMAR SINGH B.N.Mandal University, India Increasingly, Baluchistan is coming under international focus and its tense relationship with the government of Pakistan. In fact, the nationalist forces of Baluchi stan never accepted its integration in 1947 - 1948 with brute force and since then the Baloch people call their land an occupied area, leading to various insurgencies against Pakistan in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. The current phase of insurgency in the form of more vigorous movement for independence began in 2004, growing gradually and still continuing. In addition, Pakistan’s Baluchistan is a poor land with rich natural resources such as gas, coal and other minerals with other important economic sectors whi ch include fisheries, mining manufacturing industries, trade and other services. In contrast, Baluchistan has been called a “neglected province where a majority of people lacks amenities 1 . It has always been the poorest and least developed of all of Pakist an’s provinces. The paper aims to highlight this contradictory position of Baluchistan which, to a large extent, has fuelled the overall dissatisfaction/alienation of the Baloch people from the parent country, Pakistan. There are several provinces, like Ba luchistan, that gave a potential contribution to country’s development but get a little in return. By examining the entire elements inside Baluchistan, it will be placed in a larger regional and global context. The case of Baluchistan contains far - reaching implications for the world but, in particular for the country and region. Keywords Baloch people, society, economic exploitation, political alienation, coercion. Introduction The province Baluchistan has been marginalized throughout history. It goes back to the independence of Pakistan in 1947. The conflict in Baluchistan is an ongoing conflict between the inhabitants of the Baluchistan province and the government of Pakistan. It is born from 1 Kupecz M., Pakistan’s Baloch insurgency: history, conflict drivers, and regional implications, International Affairs Re view , 2012, 20 , 3, 96 - 97. 132 Rajkumar Singh a combination of social, economic, political, and cultural factors and is characterized by a high level of insecurity and continuing violence/organized violence, weak institutions; and poor governance or the lack of equitable delivery and distribution of public goods and services. Currently Baluchistan is an unend ing tale of socio - economic and political lapses. Despite its abundance in the wealth of natural resources, it remains the most backward province of the country. A deep - rooted sense of deprivation and frustration has made its people highly suspicious of the policy - makers in Islamabad, raising serious questions about the state of federation in Pakistan. Since independence, in general, the people of Pakistan in all provinces have had no role in determining the course of their history or the direction of their country’s policies. They have been exploited in the name of ideology and external threats while the real domestic challenges facing the country have remained unaddressed. The governments have been presiding without taking the people in confidence or accept ing the responsibility of their action or policies. Objectives of the Study The research is about the several aspects of Baluchistan, now a province of Pakistani state. In reference to this, right from the days of its accession to Pakistan in March 1948, Baluchistan continues to be a trouble - torn province despite its richness in natural resources and minerals. Even today, it is considered as the most neglected and underdeveloped province of the country. After 23 years of its accession, in 1970, it gained the provincial status under Pakistani federation, but it made no difference for Baluchistan. A section of the people, from the beginning was against its accession to Pakistan and favoring independence they waged a guerilla war against the central governmen t. The current situation in Baluchistan not only challenges the federalism of Pakistan, but poses a potential threat to its unity and integrity as well. In this respect, the study will discuss the situation in which the Baluchistan Province was formed; Armenian Journal o f Political Science 1(6) 2017, 131 - 149 133 an alyze the social composition of the province with its various aspects; evaluate the excesses/exploitation of province’s natural resources; analyze the overall situation including phases of violence in Baluchistan; analyze and suggest the needs - based measu res failing which will upset the regional balance and peace in Pakistan. Methodology The research methodology in the paper is to explain the entire context of Baluchistan in reference to Pakistani state. The existing material on various aspects of Baluc histan is mostly descriptive and theoretically ambiguous. Therefore, the study used secondary sources such as books, journals, and newspapers, at times quantitatively to explain and analyze today’s alarming stage in Pakistani’s federal structure. In additi on, primary sources such as different reports, published from time to time have been used for quantitative analysis. The study relied mainly on data/materials collected because it would help to test the hypothesis. The objectives/questionnaires built for t his purpose shall analyze the problem with the help of theoretical frameworks on different aspects. Finally, in course of the study the main focus remained on different aspects of Baluchistan under Pakistani federal structure and therefore, the work has excluded otherwise very useful narrations of other contexts to concentrate solely on study themes. The paper through study is intended to explain the problem that has not been dealt with the way the present study does. Review of Literature The history of the people of Baluchistan province includes colonial subjugation, forcible annexation, the refusal of sub - state ethnic claims, interference in local affairs, and the inability of Islamabad to 134 Rajkumar Singh deliver genuine development. On the other, tribalism and fact ional conflict have kept the Baloch from advocating a coherent set of demands. In the context, there are two most intriguing scholars of the Baloch political history and nationalism. Inayatullah Baloch and Selig S. Harrison, through their painstaking studi es and credible scholarship maintained the nationalist methodology - Baloch in nationalist history and Harrison in modern Baloch nationalism. Baloch in his book, The Problem of Greater Baluchistan 2 , introduced the Western methodology and models to approach the Baloch history and historiography. His contribution to the consolidation of nationalist beliefs in Baluchistan was central to his work. Another person of prominence on the topic is Selig S. Harrison, who remained in close contact with the Baloch nation al movement leaders in 1970s and had an access to rare and invaluable documents, relating to history and politics. In his famous work, In Afghanistan’s Shadow 3 , he analyses the Baloch nationalistic movement of the 1970s, which led to armed conflict during 1973 - 77. There are several other writers who have given their important contribution to Baloch culture, language, society, and economic condition. In the context there are no separate matters of Pakistani Baloch and hence their culture, along with other things, closely related to the general Baloch. In the entire Baloch history and culture, national sentiment remained continuously a prime factor. The Baloch possesses a rich body of folklore, in the form of Balochi proverbs, common sayings, puzzles, songs and stories. The Balochi literature constitutes an important source of inspiration for nationalist feelings and emotions. Sabir Badalkhan, through his scholarly article in an edited book, The Studies of the Ethno - Religious Images in Jhalawan and Las Bela P rovinces in Balochistan 4 , maintained that the Baloch tribes through a numerous legends, proverbs, poems and songs, all oral form of literature, have developed more sophisticated cultural heritage. Songs, in particular, have been a cultural link and a means of expression of the Baloch. Worlds 2 Baloch I., The Problem of Greater Baluchistan: A Study of Baluch Nationalism, Stuttgart, Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden, 1987, p. 75. 3 Harrison S., In Afghanistan’s Shadow:Baloch Nationalism and Soviet Temptation, New York and Washin gton, Carnegie Endowment, 1981 4 Maeda K., The Studies of the Ethno - Religious Images in Jhalawan and Las Bela Provinces in Baluchistan, University of Wako, 1999, pp. 83 - 85. Armenian Journal o f Political Science 1(6) 2017, 131 - 149 135 Music Vol. 5 (2000) 5 , Dictionary of Oriental Literatures Vol. 2 (1974) 6 , the first monthly periodical in Balochi, Ouman (1951), all certify the above facts that Baloch epic songs transmit the Balochi history, talk about Baloch customs and traditions, and remind us values. Since 1948, as Balochistan became a part of Pakistan, a more favorable environment led to the growth of such cultural institutions as the Balochi Literary - Society and the Balochi Language Association wh ich have functioned ever since. Among scholars, there are two opinions on Baloch society and social organization. One group accepts the fact that the politics of development and modernization are profoundly influenced by the patterns and process that mark groups and class relationships
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Analysis of Y-Chromosome Polymorphisms in Pakistani
    ANALYSIS OF Y-CHROMOSOME POLYMORPHISMS IN PAKISTANI POPULATIONS Thesis submitted to the Sindh Institute of Medical Sciences for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. BY Sadaf Firasat Centre of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine Sindh Institute of Medical Sciences Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT) Karachi, Pakistan 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page Acknowledgements ii List of Tables iii List of Figures iv Summary vi Introduction 1 Literature Review 19 Materials and Methods 34 Results Phylogeography of Pakistani ethnic groups. 51 Comparison between the Pakistani and Greek populations 73 Discussion 86 Comparison within Pakistan 88 Comparison between the Pakistani and Greek population 94 Comparison with world populations 98 Insight in to populations origins 111 Conclusions 121 References 122 Appendix a i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I thank Prof. Dr. Syed Qasim Mehdi H.I. S.I., for his support, encouragement and for providing all the facilities for doing scientific work in his laboratory. The work presented in this thesis was done under the supervision of Dr. Qasim Ayub T.I. It is great pleasure for me to acknowledge the keen interest, advice, patient guidance and kindness that I have received from him during the course of this work. I would like to thank Dr. Shagufta Khaliq, (PoP), for teaching all the molecular genetics lab techniques and also to Dr Aiysha Abid for comments on this manuscript and suggestion for its improvement. I am also grateful to Mrs. Ambreen Ayub for her help in making the contour map. I thank my colleague Ms. Sadia Ajaz for her help and cooperation in proof reading the thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • The Congruence Between Matrilineal Genetic (Mtdna) and Geographic Diversity of Iranians and the Territorial Populations
    Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences ijbms.mums.ac.ir The congruence between matrilineal genetic (mtDNA) and geographic diversity of Iranians and the territorial populations Ardeshir Bahmanimehr 1*, Ghafar Eskandari 2, Fatemeh Nikmanesh 3 1 Biotechnology Department, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran 2 Molecular Biology, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Ahvaz, Iran 3 Biotechnology and Bioengineering Department, School of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article type: Objective(s): From the ancient era, emergence of Agriculture in the connecting region of Mesopotamia Original article and the Iranian plateau at the foothills of the Zagros Mountains, made Iranian gene pool as an important source of populating the region. It has differentiated the population spread and different Article history: language groups. In order to trace the maternal genetic affinity between Iranians and other Received: Feb 20, 2014 populations of the area and to establish the place of Iranians in a broad framework of ethnically and Accepted: Jun 1, 2014 linguistically diverse groups of Middle Eastern and South Asian populations, a comparative study of territorial groups was designed and used in the population statistical analysis. Keywords: Materials and Methods: Mix of 616 samples was sequenced for complete mtDNA or hyper variable Iranian gene pool regions in this study. A published dataset of neighboring populations was used as a comparison in the Maternal lineage Iranian matrilineal lineage study based on mtDNA haplogroups. Molecular anthropology Results: Statistical analyses data, demonstrate a close genetic structure of all Iranian populations, thus mtDNA suggesting their origin from a common maternal ancestral gene pool and show that the diverse maternal genetic structure does not reflect population differentiation in the region in their language.
    [Show full text]
  • Preparation and Evaluation of Brahui Text Books for Primary Education in Balochistan
    - 109 - Bi-Annual Research Journal “BALOCHISTAN REVIEW” ISSN 1810-2174 Balochistan Study Centre, University of Balochistan, Quetta (Pakistan) VOL. XXXVIII NO. 1, 2018 Preparation and Evaluation of Brahui Text Books for Primary Education in Balochistan Dr. Waheed Razzaq1 Abstract This research paper attempts to demonstrate that how Brahui language was introduced as a medium of education specially at primary level in Balochistan. The first period of Brahui teaching begins when the book of Molvi Allah Bux a Persian teacher of High School Karachi was published in 1886. Purpose of this book was to provide basic knowledge of Brahui to the British army officers who wore serving in Balochistan. The second period begins when religious scholars of Durkhani religious institution ‘Maktaba e Durkhani’ at Dhadar used Brahui and Balochi languages as medium of education for spread of Islam in the first half of the twentieth century. The third period begins from the last quarter of the twentieth century up to now. In this phase Brahui has been introduced as medium of instruction in many educational institutions including public sector universities and colleges in Balochistan. Brahui was introduced at primary school level for a short period of only two academic years in 1990 but ended in 1992. In 2014 government of Balochistan passed an act named ‘The Balochistan introduction of mother languages as compulsory additional subject at primary level act 2014’ after that bill level one to three books were developed and are being though in primary levels from last three years, book four is near to published. Some social organizations are also working in this field.
    [Show full text]
  • I:\Eastern Anthropologist\No 2
    SYMPOSIUM ON PEOPLE OF INDIA Edited by P. C. Joshi Department of Anthropology University of Delhi PEOPLE OF INDIA P. C. Joshi Department of Anthropology University of Delhi India, one of the most noticeable countries of the world, which the great Australian historian, A. L. Basham, would like to call ‘The Wonder that was India’ is an amazing geographical entity in the first place. Surrounded in the north by the mighty Himalayas which almost stand as impregnable wall giving unprecedented security to the southward populations and in the south the vast Indian Ocean make it beyond the reach of the enemies. The Himalayas as the water towers of the world stores water in the form of glaciers, watersheds and mountain streams releasing it continuously to the perennial rivers quenching the thirst of the farmlands in the plains and filling the granaries with abundance of food. The association of Himalayas and the Indian Oceans is also important for another reason, in creating the unique monsoon system which is responsible for the surplus food and consequently for the emergence of the Indian civilization. India therefore is a country where one may find all types of ecosystem from tropical to tundra with associated vegetation and fauna. The Indian civilization and its great people inhabit the land sandwiched in between Himalayas and the Indian Ocean which can be conveniently called a ‘World in Miniature”. Like for the great epic Mahabharata, it is said “Yade Hasti Tadanyatra Yanne Hasti Natat Quachit” what is not here is no where else, similarly, one can say for India as well – what is not in India is no where else.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancestral Dravidian Languages in Indus Civilization
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-021-00868-w OPEN Ancestral Dravidian languages in Indus Civilization: ultraconserved Dravidian tooth-word reveals deep linguistic ancestry and supports genetics ✉ Bahata Ansumali Mukhopadhyay 1 Ever since the discovery of Indus valley civilization, scholars have debated the linguistic identities of its people. This study analyzes numerous archaeological, linguistic, archae- 1234567890():,; ogenetic and historical evidences to claim that the words used for elephant (like, ‘pīri’, ‘pīru’) in Bronze Age Mesopotamia, the elephant-word used in the Hurrian part of an Amarna letter of ca. 1400 BC, and the ivory-word (‘pîruš’) recorded in certain sixth century BC Old Persian documents, were all originally borrowed from ‘pīlu’, a Proto-Dravidian elephant-word, which was prevalent in the Indus valley civilization, and was etymologically related to the Proto- Dravidian tooth-word ‘*pal’ and its alternate forms (‘*pīl’/‘*piḷ’/‘*pel’). This paper argues that there is sufficient morphophonemic evidence of an ancient Dravidian ‘*piḷ’/‘*pīl’-based root, which meant ‘splitting/crushing’, and was semantically related to the meanings ‘tooth/tusk’. This paper further observes that ‘pīlu’ is among the most ancient and common phytonyms of the toothbrush tree Salvadora persica, which is a characteristic flora of Indus valley, and whose roots and twigs have been widely used as toothbrush in IVC regions since antiquity. This study claims that this phytonym ‘pīlu’ had also originated from the same Proto-Dravidian tooth-word, and argues that since IVC people had named their toothbrush trees and tuskers (elephants) using a Proto-Dravidian tooth-word, and since these names were widely used across IVC regions, a significant population of Indus valley civilization must have used that Proto-Dravidian tooth-word in their daily communication.
    [Show full text]
  • 421 INDE X a Abakh Hoja Tomb 325 Abbottabad 245-9
    © Lonely Planet Publications 421 Index A Saidu Sharif 209-12, 210 Barikot 213 Abakh Hoja Tomb 325 Taxila 88-90, 89 Barpu Glacier 353 Abbottabad 245-9, 246 architecture 53-4 Barsat 284 accommodation 364-6 area codes, see inside front cover Barsin 263 activities 366, see also individual army 34-6 Basant 110 activities arts 52-6, see also individual arts Basha Dam 265 acute mountain sickness (AMS) Artush 330 Basho 286 341, 400 Ashoka, Emperor 237, 249-50 Basho Valley 291-2 Afghan border 154 Ashoka Rocks 249-50 Batagram 256-7 INDEX Afghan refugees 46 Askur Das 306 bathrooms 377-8 Afiyatabad (New Sost) 314-15, 314 Astor Valley 268-70, 269 Batrik 232, 344 AIDS 398 Astor village 268 Battakundi 255 air pollution 70 Athmaqam 185 Batura Glacier 356-7, 7 air travel 382-3 ATMs 373 bazaars 376, 6 airlines 382-3 Avdegar 355-6, 355 Bazira 213 airports 382-3 Avgarch 313-14 begging 50 tickets 383 Awami League 32 Begum Shah Mosque 105 to/from Pakistan 383-5 Ayub National Park 80 Besham 258-9, 258 to/from the KKH 394 Azad Jammu & Kashmir 181-6, 182 Beyal 349 within Pakistan 388-9 earthquake 183 Bhitai, Shah Abdul Latif 52, 176 Akbar 27 Bhong Mosque 126-7 Akbari Mosque 179 B Bhurban 92-3 Alai Valley 259-61, 260 Baba Ghundi Ziarat 316 Bhutto, Benazir 35, 39, 51 alcohol 60 Baba Wali Kandahari 90 Bhutto family 38-9 Alexander the Great 26 Babur 27 Bhutto, Zulfiqar Ali 38, 39 Ali Masjid 200 Babusar Pass 255-6, 267 bicycle travel, see cycling Aliabad 298-9 Badshahi Mosque 103-5 bird-watching 66 All-India Muslim League 29-30 Bagh 186 Birir Valley 233 Allergological
    [Show full text]
  • How Opium Profits the Taliban / Gretchen Peters
    S How Opium RK Profits the Taliban Gretchen Peters EW AC UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE PE The views expressed in this report are those of the author alone. They do not necessarily reflect views of the United States Institute of Peace. UNITED STATE S IN S TIT U TE OF PEACE 1200 17th Street NW, Suite 200 Washington, DC 20036-3011 Phone: 202.457.1700 Fax: 202.429.6063 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.usip.org Peaceworks No. 62. First published August 2009. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Peters, Gretchen. How opium profits the Taliban / Gretchen Peters. p. cm. — (Peaceworks no. 62.) ISBN 978-1-60127-032-0 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Opium trade—Afghanistan. 2. Drug traffic—Afghanistan. 3. Taliban. 4. Afghanistan— Economic conditions. 5. Afghanistan—Politics and government—2001. 6. United States— Foreign relations—Afghanistan. 7. Afghanistan—Foreign relations—United States. I. Title. HV5840.A53P48 2009 363.4509581—dc22 2009027307 Contents Summary 1 1. Introduction 3 2. A Brief History 7 3. The Neo-Taliban 17 4. Key Challenges 23 5. Conclusion 33 About the Author 37 1 Summary In Afghanistan’s poppy-rich south and southwest, a raging insurgency intersects a thriving opium trade. This study examines how the Taliban profit from narcotics, probes how traffick- ers influence the strategic goals of the insurgency, and considers the extent to which narcotics are changing the nature of the insurgency itself. With thousands more U.S. troops deploying to Afghanistan, joined by hundreds of civilian partners as part of Washington’s reshaped strategy toward the region, understanding the nexus between traffickers and the Taliban could help build strategies to weaken the insurgents and to extend governance.
    [Show full text]
  • TEK Transnational Ethnic Connections
    Ethnic Power Relations (EPR) Dataset Family EPR-TEK Transnational ethnic connections Transborder Ethnic Kin (TEK) Groups Atlas Version 2021 Seraina R¨uegger∗, Vanessa Kellerhals, Sarah D¨ascher and Lukas Dick Please cite as: R¨uegger,Seraina, Kellerhals, Vanessa, D¨ascher, Sarah and Lukas Dick. 2021. Transborder Ethnic Kin (TEK) Groups Atlas. Online: https: //icr.ethz.ch/data/epr/tek/. Accessed: [Date]. ∗Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]. Description The Transborder Ethnic Kin (TEK) groups Atlas provides a brief description of all ethnic kin groups that live spread across two or more states. Each group comment indicates the name of the group, lists the countries where the group is, or was, politically relevant at some point in time since 1946, and describes the group's common identifier. Transborder ethnic kin groups are ethnic groups that have transnational connections across at least two states, because their settlement area is split by an international border. The TEK dataset identifies trans-border ethnic groups based on a matching of all ethnic groups included in the EPR dataset (Cederman, Wimmer, and Min 2010; Vogt et al. 2015). The EPR-TEK Dataset constitutes a research-ready version of all TEK groups covering 1946 until 2021 in table format (Vogt et al. 2015). It can be downloaded at: https://icr.ethz.ch/data/epr/tek/. References Cederman, Lars-Erik, Andreas Wimmer, and Brian Min (2010). \Why Do Ethnic Groups Rebel? New Data and Analysis". In: World Politics 62.1, pp. 87{119. Vogt, Manuel et al. (2015). \Integrating Data on Ethnicity, Geography, and Conflict: The Ethnic Power Relations Dataset Family".
    [Show full text]
  • Title Ancestral Dravidian Languages in Indus Civilization
    Title Ancestral Dravidian Languages in Indus Civilization: Ultraconserved Dravidian Tooth-word Reveals Deep Linguistic Ancestry and Supports Genetics Abstract Ever since the discovery of Indus valley civilization, scholars have debated the linguistic identities of its people. This study analyzes numerous archaeological, linguistic, archaeogenetic and historical evidences to claim that the words used for elephant (like, ‘pīri’, ‘pīru’) in Bronze Age Mesopotamia, the elephant-word used in the Hurrian part of an Amarna letter of ca. 1400 BC, and the ivory-word (‘pîruš’) recorded in certain sixth century BC Old Persian documents, were all originally borrowed from ‘pīlu’, a Proto-Dravidian elephant-word, which was prevalent in the Indus valley civilization, and was etymologically related to the Proto-Dravidian tooth-word ‘*pal’ and its alternate forms (‘*pīl’/‘*piḷ’/‘*pel’). This paper argues that there is sufficient morphophonemic evidence of an ancient Dravidian ‘*piḷ’/‘*pīl’-based root, which meant ‘splitting/crushing’, and was semantically related to the meanings ‘tooth/tusk’. This paper further observes that ‘pīlu’ is among the most ancient and common phytonyms of the toothbrush tree Salvadora persica, which is a characteristic flora of Indus valley, and whose roots and twigs have been widely used as toothbrush in IVC regions since antiquity. This study claims that this phytonym ‘pīlu’ had also originated from the same Proto-Dravidian tooth- word, and argues that since IVC people had named their toothbrush trees and tuskers (elephants) using a Proto-Dravidian tooth-word, and since these names were widely used across IVC regions, a significant population of Indus valley civilization must have used that Proto-Dravidian tooth-word in their daily communication.
    [Show full text]
  • Usage of Arabic Alphabets in Brahui Orthography
    - 109 - BI-ANNUAL RESEARCH JOURNAL “BALOCHISTAN REVIEW” ISSN 1810-2174 Balochistan Study Centre, UoB, Quetta (Pak) VOL. XXVIII NO.1, 2013 USAGE OF ARABIC ALPHABETS IN BRAHUI ORTHOGRAPHY Language & Literature Waheed Razzaq* ABSTRACT Arabic is a Semitic language belongs to the Central Semitic languages, most closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic languages. Arabic is one among the most populous languages in the world. It is one among seven languages recognized by the United Nations. Arabic is considered as a single language spoken by as many as 280 million people as their first language. The modern written language known as Modern Standard Arabic or Fusha is derived from the language of the Quran also known as Classical Arabic or Quranic Arabic. The standardized written Arabic or “fusha” is different in some extent and more traditional than all of the spoken dialects known as “hamia” used side-by-side of “fusha”. It is widely used academic purposes including teaching in schools, universities, and used to varying degrees in workplaces. On the other hand Brahui is a member of the North Dravidian languages group of the Dravidian language family. Brahui is the language spoken by Brahuis, a mainly tribal people, the great majority of whom live in Central Balochistan. Another large group of Brahui speakers live in Sindh Province. Brahuis also live in the Helmand and Nimruz provinces of Afghanistan and in the province of Sistan-o-Balochistan in southern Iran. A large number of Brahuis live in the Gulf States, while a few families of Brahuis living in Mari Province in Turkmenistan still speak Brahui as well.
    [Show full text]
  • Brahui Historical Poetry and Its Impacts on Brahui Society and Culture
    1 Bi-Annual Research Journal “BALOCHISTAN REVIEW” ISSN 1810-2174 Balochistan Study Cen tre, University of Balochistan, Quetta (Pakistan) VOL. 46, NO. 2, 2020 Languages & Literature Brahui Historical Poetry and its Impacts on Brahui Society and Culture. An overview Shamshad Niaz M.Phil Scholar, Balochistan Study Center, University of Balochistan, Quetta Dr. Waheed Razzaq Supervisor: Assistant Professor, Department of Brahui, University of Balochistan, Quetta Abstract: Brahui history is full of legendry personalities and their unforgettable role. The history of this group is very ancient but their written resources are not much old. Before fifteenth century these tribes were lived mostly in mountainous areas of Central Balochistan. in the end of fifteenth century they awoke and after a long struggle they captured a huge area and stablished their government. Then they started their role in the field of Socio-politics of Balochistan. They ruled more then five hundred years on Balochistan. The history of Brahuis is full of many kind social, political and military events events, in which the noteable personalities and legends played their historical role and made these events unforgettable. The following research article is about the poetry which set on the legendry personalities and unforgettable events of Brahui history. The objectives behind this study are to overview the some historical events and explain their historical and social impacts and importance. This study is descriptive in nature and the primary and secondary; both kind sources were consulted for the purpose and as well as the field work. Key words: Brahui (history, culture, society, literature, folk lore), Balochistan, Durkhani (Maktaba), national heroes, Noora Mengal, Mehrab Khan (Khan of Kalat) Introduction: According to historians and researchers that the history of that group which konown as Brahui, belongs to the most ancient and basic settlement of Balochistan.
    [Show full text]
  • A Wave of Contemporary Insurgency in Balochistan
    IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 19, Issue 2, Ver. II (Feb. 2014), PP 97-105 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org A Wave of Contemporary Insurgency in Balochistan Muhammad Rizwan1, Muhammad Waqar2, Muhammad Arshad3 1, 2, 3 Department of Political Science, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan Abstract: Strategically positioned Balochistan, its colossal resources, and a very vast area have increased its significance in the global affairs. The external powers are taking immense interest in its massive resources, strategic location and most importantly being the most easily accessible pathway to the enormous resources of Central Asian States. It got more significance first, after soviet incursion of Afghanistan and second after US attack against Taliban in Afghanistan. From the very scratch, the misunderstanding emerged between the Pakistani State and Baloch people. The state alienation toward Balochistan has worsened the situation in province particularly regarding the economic and social benefits of Baloch people which resulted in blood uprising in the province. The insurgency has been the main hurdle in the utilization of its gigantic resources to benefit the populace of Pakistan and particularly the Baloch people. The discontinuity of the democratic process and the interruption by the military at regular intervals has aggravated the wounds of Baloch people more than the rest of its countrymen, especially during Musharraf regime. The contemporary insurgency is tougher and different than the previous ones in a sense that situation has changed globally and international actors are more fascinated by this vital part of South Asia. Keywords: Balochistan, Contemporary, Insurgency, Strategic I.
    [Show full text]