Index locorum citatorum

not meaningful to collcct them all to an As thc study is full of refercnces to many tcxts it would be quotcd onty once, I have hcrc collected deøiled lndcx. But as many texts arc referrcd to scv6al times, but an index of such passagas which are quoæd in the footnoæs'

Hecalæus I. GREEK AND LATIN Basilis (FGrl/ 718) SOURCES FI r0l Periegesb Clemcns Alexandrinus F 291 6 F 295 35, 4l Aclianus ProtePt.2,26,I 222 F 297 72 N, An. 3, 4 l8? Clesias 72,197 t6,37 t29 Pers, F lb,17,5 189 F 298 46,'t2, v. H. 2,26 ll5 Ind. F 45,4 83 F 299 13 5,6 222 F 45, l0 t& F 347 136f. Acschylus F45, ll 84 t89 Hcraclitus As. 691 46 F 45, 14 77, l l5f. Prom. 802-86 r78 F 45, l? 83, 84, F 107 807-809 r36 220 Herodotrs Hist. I, 153 33 Suppl. 2&4-28,6 86 F 45,22 r29 t77 33 Anaximander F 45,29 187 l, I, 20r 45 F 9, ll ll3 F 45,31 l8l, 183, I, 2t6 197f., Aristobutus 184 203 F42 223 F 45, 40 183 2, 34 45 Aristotcles F 45, 48 207 2, 99 r2l Gen. An, F 45c 188 197 2, 2,p.736a 8l F 45do 80 3, 38 t29 3, 89 39,44 3, 5, P.765b 8l F 45fq 3, 9l 37 H. An. F 45h 119 3, 93 44 l, 13, p.6l6a 8l F 45ky t29 2, l, p.50la 8l F 48ab 80 3, 94 37,135 t97 3,22,p.523a 8l F50 207 3, 97 l 87f., 3, 98 36,189, 1 ,28, P. 607a tg F52 206 199 8, 9, P.396a 95 3, 99 t25,r97, 8, 28, p. 606a 95 F65 86 r99 Pol. Cu¡tius r00 52 7, 13, I 67 8, r0 207 3, FI9IR ll5 9, 1,5 224 3, r0l 36,200 3, t02 37 Arrianus Dcmocriû¡s 3, 105 79, 176 Anob. 5,2,6 207 F 299 ll8 3, 106 5l 5,5. 1 95 Diodorus 3, l15 l0ó Ld. l,4f. 56 Bibl. 17,91 224 4, 26 198 5,3 98 Epitome Meuensís rerum 4, 4l 45 7'l 98 ges tar wn Ale mndri M a gni 4, 44 32,34, Aû¡enaeus 57 222 47 Deipnos.2,66 52 Euripidcs 4, 19l t37 9,43, p. 3908 l0l Bacclwl3-|S 213 4, t92 t31 Bacton (FGrH I 19) Eustathius 31 F5 92 on HecataeusF32Sb 67 5,3 6, l19 55

265 lndex locorum

7, 70 37 Philostrarus ll,10, I, c. 516 m 7,86 49 V. Ap.2,2O 221 15, I 3, c. 686 39 Hesiodus 2,U 222 15, I 4, c. 686 5 Th. 984f. 135 2,28 208 15, I 9, c. 688 213 F 150, l5 130 2,32 222 15, I 18, c. 692 39 l8 130 2,43 222 15, I ,28, c. 698 92 2t t3l 3,47 67,t3t Tawon(FGrH7t9) F l5l 130 Photius FI 100 F 152 178 Bíb|.72 see Cæsias F45 Thmphrastus F t53 13l Pindarus II. pl. 4,4, ll 207 Hesychius 1.2,42 46 Lex. 8,4, 5 39 s. v, ¡v. 9,40 46 ôpívôn c 87 Pliny TzeÞrÅ fóvõopoç 2t5 N. H. 6,20, 55 2n chit.629ff. l3tf. Hippocrates 6,21, 58 100 Morb. Mul. 6,2t,64 2n l, 8t 88 6,23,73 200 2, 185 88 6,23, 76 2M 2,205 88 7, 2, 2t t89 Homer 7, 2, 28 2ú ilid 3, 3-7 128 8,31, 76 168 5,583 107 10,60, 124 163 13, 5f. 130 16,65, 162 189 Odyssey t, 22-25 107 37 ll, 40 g6 10, l0l t23 Rolemy Horatius Geogr.7,l,46 2M Eat.2,6,63 l14 7,3, 3 r35 Itucriptions Sappho Temenos of Kandalur F44 20 59 Scylax Josephus T2b 65 Ant. l, 38 t7 T3 32 I, 164 t7 T4 6 I, l8l t7 F5 67 Justinus F6 67 Ilist. 41, I 39 F ?ab l3l Lucianus Scholia Ver. Nan. 1,3 8l on Odyssey 4,&4 108 Megæthenes Septuagínta I¡tdica T 2c 97 I Kings 10l.22 ló F23 37 II Chron. 9: 2l r6 F 27a t32 Sophocles F 27b 168, 198 Ant. 8t3ff. 46 F32 29,98, 1037_1039 86 209 F 26N(29R) t7l Mela, Pomponius F 552 N (609 R) E7 F607N 52 Clørogr.3,7,67 135 F 830a R Mimnermus 86 Strâbo 5, 5-ll r36 Geogr, PassioTltot¡ue 1,2,32,c. 39 r08 p. 156 Bonnet 222 1,2,35,c. 43 86 2, l, 9,c. 70 82,98

266 Index locorum

KUUúka II.INDIAN ANDOTHER Gautama-Dharmasaoa r55 on Manu 3, ló4 162, 165 EASTERN SOURCES 4,21 7, 9-10 2n MÂhab¡tã¡ala 199 15 227 l, 98, l8f. Ac hæ nc nian I nscr iPt ions 7, 1, 98, ins. 1038* 199 B r,t2-r7 32 15, 15 169 I, l13, 4 2M DPe 5-18 32 l7,u 183 I, l13, 6 2U DPh 3-9 32 t7,27 169 2æ l, 123, l5-16 166 DSf 34-35 50 21, I 2, 28,4447 194 35-31 37 21, ll 2W 2, 37, 8 165 4345 53 Hcmæ¿¡d¡a a 42, 4 2r2 ÃdïPura4a Parißisla4alanS 2, 47, l5-18 194 quo¡Êd in Hãralala 224 quotcd bY Schwarz ó3 2, 48,24 185f. Aitateya-BrelmW (19?8, ll22) 2, 48, 4 172 185 Iaimini-AívamúIn 5,2,14 205 22,30-32ab 196 6, 46,49-50 Aiyãtkã.r i ùãnãsqtk t94 t82 Iainin¡ya-Brahnaqa ó, 41, t3 9, I 2t6 103 170 8, 30, 9-ll A¡¡¡,a¡¿koía 2, I, 30, l4ab 217 9?l 188 2,442 r65 I, 30, t5-18 2t1 Aniruddtta tataka r65 I, 30,30-33 2t7 HanlatâqrotedbY No. 22, P. l?7 27 I, 30, 35 233 Kane (1973, 234) 225 No.339, P. 126 437 165 8, 30,38-39 2r1f. Ã p astamba- D h arm asúlr a No. 504, P. 30,44 218 228 No. 536, P. 426 205 I, 2,'1,17,21 30,53-55 2t8 2,10,27,3f. 2M No. 541, P. 100 186 8, I, 30,65-6ó 217 Ãrçeya-UPanþd KalhâDâ 30,68cd 218 p.8 220 Rãjat I, 42 2t0 8, 210 8, 30, 80a 218 Alha¡vavala'Suhhiul 4, t69 I, 30, ins. 392* 218 4,36, 6cd l& 7, 580 162 13, 19,16-lS 2t6 ll, 2,30 165 Kãlidãsa Megh 58 188 Maihãyalr-Saúthiø Ba.ñltrYüB-Dtúrnasüúa 1,4, l0 l14 r,1,2,4 226 Røgh 4, 6l 208 208 Manu 1. 1,2, I 226 4,65 3,162 162 t,t,2,9 159 KaSi*;avlti 3, 164 162, ló5 l.1,2, l0 159 on P 4, l, l7l 2M l6l Mad

261 Index læorum

4,3,94 142 Vãjawrcyi-Sahhitã 4,4, il 166 t6,?ß r63 5, r, 29 30 Varaha¡nihira 5, l, 34 30 ,s t4, 5_7 195 5,2, 7t 228 14, l8 r95 6,3,71 l6l 14,23 Paøñjali r95 t4,25 t82 lvlat¡tøblrya Vasitlha-Dlrarmasüta on P 2,4, l0 t44, t4s, 2,U_2s Q9) 226 159 2,28 (32) 226 onP 3,2, lll 143 3,U (26) 228 onP 3,2,123 143 Viçgu-Dlnrmaütn onP 4, I, 168 2U 54, t9 fuT¿Ns 170 Yâska Sircar l97l,6gf. r8r Nirukta2,2 225 Rãjaniglraelu On Dhanv. s. v. yarf¡l¿ 188 t9,2, p.402 168 Rmayaw 2,64,2t t66 4,39,24_27 t94 4,39,28 149 4,42,37f. r86 4,42, Ins. 930¡. 186 ggveda-Sathhiø I,126,7 226 4,22,2 226 5,52,9 225 7,55,24 ló5 Ruúadera Syainikajãsrr¿ 3,U t7t 3, 37_38 17t SaApafu-Brelmaaa I, I, I, l0 il4 3,2, t,23f. 183f. 8,5, 1, 5 6l t2,4, t,4 165 Sayana on á,8 8, 14 quoæd byprzyluski Qen,n3) 6l Sn¡tìcanùika l, ¡0 ?ß Suí¡uta-Safnh¡¿e Sotra 46, g9 u5 46, 103 r69 Cik¡rsã 24, 34 183 Kaþa l, 8l t69 Unra 47, gcd 2ß

268 General Index

Afridis, Afghan ribc' 45n. Abaris, ll5n. Grcek scholar, l0l, 130n" l8l' Abbatemå, me¡rtioned as Indian in Pcrsepolis Agatharchidcs, tablers,40n. 185 Indian god,220 Abhrra" identifi€d with OPhir, 18. Agni, Agnihotra, Vedic ritual, 165n. Abhisaras, Indian PeoPlc, 195n. Agni-Purã4a, l6ln. Abu Dhabi, s¿¿ Umm an-Nar agriculture, oriSin of' I I Acephali, sce Headless Ahu¡a Maz.da 164n. Acesines, river,92 Ai Khanum, ancient si¡e in Afghanistat,60n', Achaemcnids, Achaemenian cmPire 221 anriquities in or nea¡ India, 36, Ñ'220î' Airs, W aters, Places, 69, 88' 1 2ln', l33n' archives, 21, 58 Ailareya-Brãhma4¿, 61, l38n'' 185 capitals, 48, 1 l0 Aitarey a-IJ N, 154n. eastern bundary' 32tr., 42, 57 ff ' Paniç Ãjrvikas, ll9n. empire,32ff. and Par,s'im language, usccl in Achaemenian royal impact in India,60ff.' 159 Akkadian inscriPtions, 33n', 34, 36n', 48' 52 not mentioned in lndian sources,6l' 142 DHA' words discussed: provinces, øxes and tributes, 37f" 39n',40' Akkadian and Sumerian l6¡n.; 74 JÀMUSEN, 14n.; lrasmar muíukkannul see also army, a4Hcn¡'dotus, India' kasÙsu 160n.; ctSlygg.y[.6AN.NA, 25; mdu/ inscripdons, maritime uaffic, and unnes si GtS 25' of irúividual emPerors sindu/samãdu, 26' 5¡'¡n'¿u¡¿u' Achscnzei¡. llOn. SúR.DÙMUSEN, l6On.t s¿¿ ¿lso Acuphis, Northwcstem king, 56n. Dilmun, Magan, Melulla Adam of Bremcr, t lth cennry German scholar' Albertus Magnus, 13th ccntury German scholar' l83n' 172n. Ãdar$a, t59n. Albur¿, mounøins' 67 Ãdi-Puraaa,225 Alcman, Gnek lYric Poer, l32n'' 136 Aelianus, Greek scholar,39n., 8ln',94n'' 95' alcohol, s¿¿ winc 108, ll5n., ll?n., 129, 160n" l64n', Alexadcr ló8n., l?8, 179,187, ?.08n.'222 history: carlY camPaigns, 38,57 ,63, see Aeschylus, Greek ragic poct' 46n., 69,17 '86' also Gaugamela nolhcaslem cam' in Nonhwest 8?, 13ó, 178, 179 Paigns, 40, 55; campaign Aethiops, river, 136 India, 6n., 7, 34, 35,36n', 38' 47n" Aesop, 103 56fr',62, ó3n.' 89ff', l00n', 157' 158' Afa¡, identified wiÛr OPhir, 18 160. 164, 207' 213, 22r, 222n'' 228' 231, Afghanisun, 8, 33, 36, 39, 60, 16?, 226' 229; last Phâse' 208 see also Arachosia, Bacuia' Hirdukush man urd king: mot¡vcs of castem conqucsls' 94; Nuristar\ Parryamisadae 42, 57 1.; PuPil of Aristoteles, 89, Afghau,44 scicntitic interests and obsewations' 48' Afric¡" circumnavigation of, 32, 47n'; indigenous gfif.'134' lE9n.; and Indian sages' lllf" 53n': in w¿r' 52; cotþn of, 52; "Africur PePPer", \8f ',229" use of elePhans cmfused wiù India in Greek ethno' flarterers of' 91,213; anecdorcs about' 5ó' graPhY, 6?f',76, 85¡ home of fabulous ó4n',91n.' 2OE; city foundations' propaganda and politics,55' 56' 58' PeoPlæ, 128, l3l, l8l; Magan and 57; deiñcåtion and Mclu![a located it\ l3i see also 59.94; divine dcscent, of, 58, 59' 213 EÛriopia. ErhioPians cult

269 Gcnûal Inder

inspiring later mona¡chs,64n., 159; depicted Antiphon, Creek orator, 67n., l3l, 136 in art" 221n.; unknown in Indian sor¡rccs, Anti@cs, fabulous peoplc, 134n. l59n; legend of, see Alemnd¿r Aomus, rock,59,2l3 Roma¡uc Ãpaga, river, 217 historians of: in general, 7, 34, 53n., 56, 57, Aparfåe, Indian people, 43, 45n, 59n.,82, E6, 89ff., 94f.,96,98f., l0l, Äpastamb4 author of Dhamasùtra, ll5n., 108, lll, 127n., 145, !5E, 164,206. 155f., 169n., 2ú,22A 223ff.; in Hcltenistic period,93; so

270 Gcnc'ral l¡dex

2OBn., 221 ; Bratrmans n, 226, 227 f .; i¡ ass: Indian wild, 49, 168n.: Ctesias' one-horned, Mahäbhúrab, 194; Groeks in Achae' l68ff.; Libyan wil4 137n.; domestica- menian, s¿¿ Gresks; Indians in Achae- Jed.,217,2n menian, s¿e Indians Assaceni, Northwestern PeoPlc, 34 Arrianus, Greek historian: in gencral, Tl, E2' 90, Assalãyanasutta, 152 92,94,95: Anabasis,33n" 50n.' 55' Assyria, Assyrians, Uf .,34, 87î', 126,2Ol 56n., 92n., 95n., 9E, 179f.,207¡.' Assyriology, E 229n.; I¡tdica,33n., 56, 9On', 97n., 98, Asnceni, Norlhwestem PeoPle, 34 l0l, 204n. Astomi, fabulous people, 132n.' 184n. Ãrçeya-Upanisad, 220 asral elemenu, in Norlhwestern religion' 215n. a¡t asronomy and astrology, 28, l4l,181f.' 2lE motifs borowed 13, 15n., l7?f. Asuras, ctass of mythological beings in India South Asian: rocktarvings of Kârâkorum 184n., l9l, 2ü) Highway, 6On.; MaurYan, 63; stÛPa asuravivãÌu, s¿¿ m¡¡riage reliefs and othe¡ early works, 148, 16ó' aivamedhâ, of Yudhiçthira, 196n. 1'17, 220,221n,: Ga¡dhara and related' AÉvamukhas, fabutous people, 140, 182 185n. 209n., 21 5; Mathurã, 21 5; Kushan, Athanaveda, 2'11., 61n., 164, 165n.' "l'1, 212n.; carved rhinoceros homs, 168n. Athenaeus, Greek scholar, 53, 6, 67 f ., 87, Achaemenian: reliefs of Persepolis, 35f.' 38, 94n.,99f., l0l, 208 49; griffins, l77ff. Athens, 5ùr., 53, 6En., lll, 116 Arabian rock engravings, 167 Athos,46n. Bactnan, l6ln., l?9 Atlantis, 13E Cenral Asia¡r: sccnes of worship, 166n.; Atomistic school of philosophy: in Greece, 89, Tu¡kesun murals, 16l; silvø vessels' I 16; atomic docrincs in India 116 2t6 Atracori, peoplc, 138, 200tt. Chinese, 16l, l7E Attila, banncr of, lól Eurasian animal stylc, ll?ff. Attock, þwn in Pakisun,45n' Greek, l12,177,178 Ausuoasiatig peoples and languages' 234 I¡anian (Parthian and Sassanian), l6ln.,216 Avan¡I, counfy, 62n. Near Eastcm: griffìns in, 17?; influencc in Avcsta, 7, 36n., ló4n., 182n.,234 Grecce, ll2,177 avyarlga, girdle of Maga Bralmans' 219n. Sibcrian, 16l, 178 Ayodhya, town, 143, l4E Sumeriæ, 167 axis mundi,63, l?0 Anaxenes I, Achaemenid emperor, 39n. Ayãikâr i Zãmãspik, 182n. Arøxerxes tr Mnemor\ Achaemenid emperm' 38' Babar, Mughal emperor and authq of Babar 48n., EOn., 135 nãme, I'll,2O8n' Artaxerxes trI Ochus, Achaemenid cmperor' 38 Babel, in Bible, 12ó futha!ãs ta, see KaulilYa babootu l8ln. anichoke,6óf. Babyton, town, 27,34,51, l63n' 220n, 2U Arundo lørkt Reu., lEEn. Babylonia" Babylonians, 25f., 33' in lndian art Ã,ryãvar¡a, t0, ltn., ll0n., 158, 159î.,225n., Bacchanalian sccnes, Bacrians,23,26,34, 35' 36n.' 37' 38' 226,229 Bacnia, 39ff.,51, 55, 57, 59n.' ??, 87n', 95n" ascctics: I¡rdian "ascctics" of Herodotus, 73' 741 139, 154n,, l6ln', 179, 190n.' 213f" ll8 see also Oymnosophists' philo' 216,2V4n.,235¡' soPhY Bact¡ian Greeks, 6, 5?, 59, 142, 143, 147,206, Ashumasirpal II, Assyrian monarch, Ù4 214,216n.,218,235 Asia: geography, 45; upper regions of, 33 badgcr, 174 Asia Minor, 45,74n,88, l0?, 163, 201 Baeton, Be¡natist,92 ASoka Indian mona¡ch, 29, 60n., 63, ó4n" Bahfkas, Indian pooPle, 217 100n., 145, 152,2291., sce also Bahtfkås, Nonhwestøn people, 4On.' 190n" inscriptions 205n., 216f. ã$ramas. four,200 Bãhlrkr, name of Mådr, 21?n'

271 Gener¿l lride¡(

Bahrain, l2ff ., 52, see also Dilmun, multicolou¡ed, imported to Mesopohmia, 14 Balåmbhat" ancieru sirc in hkistan, 221 detecting poison, in India, 168n. Balaråma, Indian god, lgÛf ., 2t2, 214, 215n. Birs Nimrud (Banippa), ancienr siæ in Meso- Balric Count¡ies, l8ln. potamia 26 Baltic SeA 183n. Brrûnf, Abu'l-Råyban al-, 42n., 181n., lE2n., Baluchistan; country, 53; viticulture in, 208n., 195,220 n9 Black Sea, 88n., 107 Bambhore, ancient s¡te in Sind, 20?n. Blanket-Ea¡s, I¡dian fabulous pcople: in Greek barnboo, 95n., 187, lE8f. souroes, l3lf., 140; in Indian sources, Bannu, town in ,35 132, lß, 194, 195n., 196 Barãbar Caves,63 blanker, woollen, of Kashmir, 226 Barba¡q ¡¿¿ Va¡vra Blemys, "Indian" name in Nonnus, 214n. ba¡baria¡u, Greek åûtude towa¡ds, I I lf., I l5f., boals,madeofree( 188 126, l84n. Bodhisånva, 160, 165n. Ba¡baricg l¡rdian town, 20? Bombay,127n. Barc4 Greek rown in Libya,55 Dorasws labelliferL., see palm.yra patm Barygaza, ¡e¿ Bhanùacclu botany, Greek,95, sce also Theoplrastus Basgalis, Nuristani pcople, 205n. Brãhma4aka, counry, 228 Basilis, Greek author on India, l0l Brâlrna¡avah4 counry, 228n. Baudhãyana, aurhor of Dharmasttrâ, 155f., Bnlmúnda-fuøna l9ln 159n.,2231.,226ff. Brahmans, 155, 156, 159f., 164, 165,200n., Beverujeøka, n , 5or.., 54, 229 202,206,,2ß9,226ff. beans, prohibirion against caring, I l4f. Brahmt script, see writing Beas, rivcr, 166n, Brahui, people and language,52n.,53, 135n,, beef, earing of, sec cattle 233 Bcgram, ancient site in , rl4, 208 Branchidae,55 Berossus, Hellcnistic Babylonian historian, 127n. B¡east-ea¡od, fabulous people, 182n. Bhegavata-hm4a202n. Breast-eyed, fabulous peqle, I 82n. Bhailafiyajataka t65n. B¡húaqyaka-UpniçaQ 154n. Bhûata, Indian prince, 166 B¡haspti-Sm¡ti,2O6 Bhargavas, Brahm¿n ctan, 155n., 200, 2ú,22gn. Bfh aþS arhhi tã\ see Vsrahamih¡ra Bharhut, åncient site in lndia, 16f'177 Brundisium,8l Bharç name of god in India, 217 Bucephal4 Indian town, 206 Bharukacche I¡rdia¡¡ town,2?, 20? Bühlcr, Georg, on origin of writing in Indi4 29 Bha¡pçala, autho¡ of a conrmentåry to Budtu: sources for the l¡fg l4ln., l5lf; cured Bthat-Saùhiã" l8ln., 195 by Jfvak4 62; legend âbout travets in Bhava, name of Rudra and Agni ,217n.,2.2ß Nonhwesç 208; ree alsa chronology Bhils, Ardian people, l9E,200,205 Buddhaehos4 152"172 Bhir Mound, sire in Taxi¡a" 62,208n.,2?z4 Buddhism: spreading of, 145, 229n.; in Norrh- Bhiruks" 207 wcsÇ 160, 20?; religion of merchants, BhiruÌæb¿ s¿¿ Bhar¡kacúa 229n.; supposedly influencing Greek Bhota,205n. philosophy, ll0; relation to Veda, 153f.; Bh¡gus, see Bhargavas Sangþ 145, see a&a pilgrims Bible, 15ff., 32¡1., 126,232û. Buddhist sourc,es, 29n.,30,60f., l4ln., 142, Bidaspas, river,206 15lf., l5En., 172, 186, 203, zOSf ., 226, Bilgi, Mesopotamian god, ZE 229n.,232, see also ltaahas, Mt la- Bimbisâ¡a, king of Magadhå. 62 s arv As üv ú av ina y q pil grims, Tibeun Bindus¡ra" lndian monarch, 100 8ou¡oes birds bull, sca cattle crrrying ciruumon, in Arabia, Bln,, 179 Buruðaðki, people and languagc, S, 184,234 devouring oorpses,224 Busasa, suppoæd Indian woman mentioned in of heaver\ imported to Mesopoumia, 24 cuneiform sourceg 49n.

272 Gerrccal Inder

Bylinas, Russian folk-songs, 150 203,2t6,2r9,23r Byzantium, 16l, 190 ceramics, sce potæry Cacsi, Indran peoPle, 201n. cæreals, India¡u 52 158,n4,2291' Caeuiboni, Indiat PcoPle, 20ln' Ceylon, Calanus, Indian sage, 92î', 99, ?ßE, 229f . Ch ãgaley a- UPni l¿d, I E5n, Calatiaru, Callatians, Indian poople' 49, 50, 72, Chakar, valley,215 't4, 77, 78, 1¿!0, 185' 197ff. Chalcis, Greek town,49 154n.' I E5n. Callimachus, Greek schola¡, ó9 Chandogya-UPniçú' Calysrii, sce Dog-heads Chø Hun,18Ùt. Greek historiu,92,Z0ï Cambyses, Achaemenid emperor, l5n.' 33' 145 Chares of Mytilene, ca¡¡el, 2A, 8ó, 176, l9O, 217 chariot, in Indian armY, 156 42 camphor,43f. Chanadda, ancient sitc in Pakisran' 53, 207 CamrõS, mythic bird in Iranian t¡adiúon' 130n. cheese, I¡rdian, Cædålas, 182 cherubim, l?7 of Nonh Candragupta Maurya Indian monrch' 57 n., 63, China, Chinese: Neolithic culturc as source of 64n.,98, l¡ló, 158 China 234; mcndoned of ancient CankÂm literanre. 204n' cinnamon, 2ln'; difñculty I 15; in Eu¡opaeari litera- Cannibals, as Indian pcople, 195n., 196' l9?ff" contac$ with. 127n.; in Indian soucres' see also Cal¿laians, Padaeans tu¡e, lØn., known in, 16l; Chinese cannibalism, ¡¿¿ eating habiæ 194n.; falconry sources, l63n'; grifñns, Capua, town in ltaly,72n. dogs in classicat as medicine' Caraka Indian physician, l0n.' ll5n., 169 l?E; ¡hinoceros'hom uscd c¿ravars, se¿ Eade 168f. 180' 182f" Caria, Carians,40f., 65, 80r¡. Clrinese sources, 8,42,87n, l5lf" 188n., 195n.' 208' Carmania,50,52 lMn., 186, lE7, cffnelian: etcþd beads' 12; imponad from 213n.,215,231 Sogdiana 40n. Chirotosagi, Indian PeoPle' 201n. cart¡øonus, one-hø¡æd animal, 168n. Chorasmia, 66¡r,,67 l00n' Caryanda Carian own,65f.' ó9' 80n. Choromandæ, I¡rdian PeoPle' Casia town,201n. Christianity, 108, ll7n., 126 chronology: Buddhist n, 29, 30, 61' l()9n.' Casiri, Indian PooPle, 200f. 148, 232; Indian litera- Caspapyn¡s, s¿¿ Caspatyrus ll0, 145, lslff., 141ff,,232:, of DharmaSætra Caspatyrus, Indian ¡own, 32' 41tr,72'77 ry, l0' 28, 29,l42ff Caspian Seå. 67, 93, 99n. 150f.; of India¡r Sramm¡rians, '; Iaina 152f.; Vedic,29, 145' 153tr Caspiraei, Ilrdian PcoPle, 20 I l7' 19 cassia,20ff. Chryse, idediñed with Ophir' (Ch'u l80tt. cast€s, s¿¿ India, social divisions Chv ci Iz'¡), tradition' l3û1' canle Crnãmro$, mythic bird in lranian 179 as uyatodutL22T cinnamon, zùff ., 54, 8ln" ¿turma of, l99 Cinhadiq Indian countrY' Z)ln. eadng: in Northwes! 217; prohibiæd' 115 city, rec urbanization hump-backed: in Egypl, 15, lgn.; in Meso- ctasses, ¡c¿ Indiq social divisions 92f" ponmia 26 Cleita¡chus, Greek historian, 56n', 90, bull,24, 164' 168n., 190 168n., 20ón. autlrcr' cow, in India: killing of, 209n.; proæcting Clemens Alexurdrinus, Greek Christian o1,228 222 26, different kinds of,2?.6f. Catudv Eraidlalø. 2:¿9n, cloth: wo¡ds for, depioed in Perse- Caucasus, 96, ló3n., 198, æ1 clothes: blach in India. l84f'; 35; skins as' 212n. ceda¡: India¡r,2ó; growing in Afghanisun' 207n' polis relief, 34, Cenral A¡ia, E, lO 23n.,39,50' 65' 74' 79' club, of Heracles, 212, 213 147, l5?n,, 16l,162f.' l6ón., 16?, Cnidus, ¡own,80, EE l?2ff., l?8tr', 183, 187' 197n" 200f., cobra, 175

273 Gcneral Index

cæcid, 183 cul]u¡e-heros: Hc¡acles and Dionysus, 213; of coconurpaknr 189,209 Mup{as,2l2 co¡nage: Achaemenian, 31,6ùr,; beginning of, in Cuneiform sources, of Mesopotamia, l lff ., U, India (þurrch-rnarked" coins), Z9ff., @ 4Ef., tó0 Greek, in the easL 3ln,; in Indian liærary Curtius Ruñrs, Roman historian, 56,90, 94, sourc,es, 156: pø4,aand kaqapana/ 164n.,207n' 224n. kahãWa. 27n., 30n; Indo4reek and Cyavana. Indian sage, 200 Kushaq 212n.,214 Cyclopes, fabulous people, 130, l3l, 133, 139n. Col4 Colas, 14n.,205 Cynamolgi, fabulouspeople, 130n,, 140, l8l, Colchis, 133 185 Colis, fndien town (?), 135n. Cy ncget icus, see Xenophon colonies: founded by Alexander, 5ó soldier, 49, Cynic school ofphilosophy,9l,99, 108, l12, 55 ll7n., ll8f. Columbus, 17 Cynocephali, scc Dog-hcads copper, 14,85 C¡prus, 177 Coptic language, 17, 105 Cyrene, Greek lown in Libya,74 coral,95n, Cy rop ae dia, se e Xcnophør Corcya, lã Cyn¡s, Achaemenid emperor, 33f,39,59,61, 87 Cornelius Nepos, Roman author, 7gn. Dúâbhajãtaka,170n. Cos,80n. Dadicae, hdian peoplc, 34, 4, 49 Cosiri, Indian poople, 201 Dal¡an-i Ghulaman, ancienr s¡rc inkau22l cotton, 15, 26, 52, 74, lU Daimabad, prchistoric sire in India 12n., t67n. cowherd, ptace in social hierarchy,226 Daimachus of Ptatäc¿" Greck author on India,95, crane,68n., l0l, 128f. 100, 132n. Claæs of Mallus, Greek scholu, 107n. Dãk$in4ya, counry, 205n. Crates (Ct¡tcrus) Monoceros, mentioræd by Dalbergia.îissao Roxb,, 25, 5lf. Pliny,163n, Damastes, Greek scholar, 60 Crae, Minoan, 177 Damis, companion of Apollonius, 221 crocodile, 81n., 190, 197n. dance,2l4,216,2l7 crossbrecding, 164,, ló6n. Dadamis, Indian sage, 229 Croton, town in lul¡, I l4n. Daradas, Indian pooplc, 195n., 220,225 crow,27 Dardislan, Drds: country ånd peoples, E, I E4, Ctesias, Greek physician and historian 211,233Í; mentioned in ancicnr sotrces, life and tr¡vels,4En,, t0, 88 34,37n, l7l; pøhaps same as Amyr- Indica, 5,8n., 9n., 36, 38. 40, 51, 54, 58, gian Sakas,4ón.; fauna, 173n., 175; gold 59, 61n., 63n., 67n., 75n.,76,77n. found in, 175f.; anc¡cnt gold merchanß, E0ff., 85, E?n., 89, 94,124n., t26, 17l, 175n.; maniage, 205n,; religion, l28ff., 132n., r37, t&, 157, l60ff,, 14n., 133n., ló4n., 208, 215,223n; ló3f., 167f., l6gff., l7Ef., l8lff,, cannibal stories,20lf.; wine and viti- l86ff., 190ff., 196n,,206, W,2ZO, cultu¡e, 208n., 210; see alro Daradas 222" 22eL,23t.233 Darius I, Achæmenid cmperor, 21,32Íî.,35,37, Persiea,25n.,33n.,34, 38n., EO E2n., 83, 39n., 41, 47, 49, 51, 52, 53, 55, 57f,, 84, 159n., 188f. 59, 64n., 6,73,79. I lùt., 135, l5?, genøal questiuu: styler soùrces md methods, 197n. 40, 80ff., 90, 93, l?9; geographicat Dariu¡ tr, Achæmenid er¡peror, perspcctive, E3f., 168f., l7Q reliability, 80n. Darius Itr Codomarmus, Achaernenid emperm, E0tr' l28ff., 179,233; studies ori, 5, 83, 38,50, 5E 127n.; rclation to Scylax, 66,79, EOn., 85; ¡elation o Hecataeus,69, 79,85; Dâsas, Indian people, 154n., 234n. relation þ Herodotus, E5, 187n., 233; Dashly, prehisoric siæ in Sovier Middle Asiq used by fuistoreles, 76,81,94, 164; znf. ured by Megaslhenæ, l28ff., 168n,,206; dåt€ pa¡m,5l opinion of laær authors, El, 9l doer, 163, 169

214 Gcncral lrdcx

god, 5ó' 58' 59, 87' 95,98' Dcimachus, s¿¿ Daimachus Dionysus, Greek 126, 201n., 209n.' 2lt1î. Dcmetrius of Sunium, menúoned among Greck 100n., Indian 162 philosoPhers, 1 08 Drpaka. Poet, belwecn Greecc and India' Democedes, Greek physician' 48n., 80 diplomatic contac$, Daimachus, Dionysius, Mcgasthenes Democritus, Greck philosopher, 89, 108' 109' s¿¿ lll, l16,118,186 Drrghdâma.s, Indian sage, 199' 206 Indian 188n. Dcmodamas, Greek author on India' l0l Dfrghave4us, PeoPle, India, l69n' demons: in Greek sources' l8ln.¡ in Indian dissection, in of, ó6 sources,34n', 132n., 133' 140' 193, distances, counting 216; of Dards and ' 201f.; in Divyevadna,20T Tibet, l84n. Doab, 157n. deportaúon, of towns, 55,79 dog 182n.' 185 Dera Ismail Khan, town in Pakistan' 35 in India, ló4ff.' in haru ló4 Dcrbices, Indian PeoPlc, 34 in life and rctigion: burial of, 1ó4n" 16ó; Dcrdae, Indian PeoPle, l7l devouring corpses, 224; eating of' 182; desert, as boundffy of inhabi¡ed world, 73' 83' ofZeus' l?E t2l, t23¡.,176, 179' 199 sacrifice of, ló4n.; of, 182f. devil, 164n. country lndian: in Egypl' l9n'; in India' Dhanurvoda. lóln. so

2'15 General Index

eating habits epics, Indian, t27, 155n., 186ff., 193,201f., in general: 73, tt4f., l13., lg2,184n., 197, 204n,,232,234, sec also Mahã_ 208 bhãral4 Râmeya4a dietåry foods, in Indian medicine, 169 epigami4 59n. forbiddcn foods, I 14f., l2g, t6gn.,2t7 Ep it ome M eue rc is, 90, 222¡. raw food, 73n.,196 Eratosùenes, Greek geographer, 36n., ó9, g I n., cannibalism, 73,74,79, t23n., t25n., t4O, 82, 93n., 95f., 9En., lOOn., l0Bn., 195n.,196, t97ff.,ZI4 132n.,158 vegeÞrianism, I 15, 125n, Erembi, Homeric people, 107n. edictsl idea ofinscribing,63, se¿ ¿ls¿ Ereria, Greek ¡own, 49, 55 inscrþtions of Afoka Eridanus, river, 74n, 87n, Egypl" Egyptians: con¡acrs wirh India 15, 19f., Esticrure (Srcphanus), Henri, l6th cenury Frcnch 66,68, 105, 109n' 214n.; in cuneiform scholar,5 sor¡rces, 24n.; geographical knowledge Eùiopia: contacß with Egpt, l5; conception of of, l5; history,70, gln., lll; animals, two Erhiopias, 68, 96n., l0?, l34ff., 105; couon,52; grifñn in an, l7?; social l7ln., 178; exporring ivory,53n., 105; division,98n.; idealized in Greek eürno- idendñed wirh Melu!!a, t4; idcnrified graphy, 97, 99u idenrified with with Ophir, lE; in clæsical sources, g7, Melu!!a, 14; language, lg,36n., 105: 100, 130f., 134ff., l7ln., l8t, 185; s¿¿ raditions and literature, I l2f ., 127n.: ¿lso Hccaheus, Herodous subjecr to Achaeme¡¡ids, 15n., 21n,, 33t Ethiopian langu4ge (Gecez), 134n, supposcd origin of doctrines, þthagorcan Etlriopians: slaves brought from TarSiI, 17, I 12f., I t4; suppoæd origin of Dionysus, 18n., 19; compared to Indians, ?3; 214n.; visited by Hecancus and Hero_ African, 37; Eastern, 36f., 49, 53n.. dotus,70, 74n.,76: vis¡red by Greek 74, 8ón., 8?n., t07, 126n., t30, philosophers, I l4n,; Rolcmaic , lg, 97, l34ff.; longliving, 137n. 99, 164n.; see alsoHq.ataeus, Hero- clhnography dorus, rcligion early Greek ('Ionian'): origin, 72n., l2l; Ekacara4as, fabulous people, lzl0 history, 7n., 88; merhods, 6j, 66, 6g, Ekapadas, fabulous people,132, t4O, tg6 74, l2tff; rheory, 65, 74,78,88f., Eka$lgas, group of ancestors, 169 98n., lll, r2tfî., r33,134, r39, t88, Ekavilocanas, fabulous peoptg 140 198,232f.: ages of rhe world, 122f.; Ekavrãty4 dogdemon causing epilepsy, lg5n, difference between cenral atd distant Ekeksa{res, fabulous people, 140 regions, 13f ., n2ff ., 139n.,232f .:, Elam: con¡acn with east in proto-Elamite pcriod, expedition to exploit distånt riches, 126, 23n.; black Elamires, 135n.; griffin in 179; etlnocenrrism, 89, 12lf.; early Elamite a¡t, 177 history offoreign peoptes, 97,126, Elamire language: used in Achae¡rrcnian archivcs, l E3n., 21 Off.; idealization an

276 Gcncral Indcx

124; relativity of morals, l97i see ako dog, burials of deser! eating habits, fabulous penples' gadfly, golden, l80n' mountains, occan Gallia, 161 Indian: geographical lisrs, 132, 140' 149f.' Game¡ae, Indian PeoPle, 201 145, 146 l8lf., 193ff., 197; fabulous PeoPles' Ganapeþa, of Par¡ini, 132f., l93ff. Garlapati, Indian god, l70,2l5 province, 37f .,41, Eudoxus, Grcek author writing on India 100f' Oand:tra Achacmenian 32ff'' Eudoxus of Cnidus, Greek scholar, l0l 42, 43, 49, 52,74 Eudoxus of Cyzicus, Greek explorer, 101 Gandarae, Gurdaric¿ ?2 Euhemerus, Greek autlror, 138 Gandaros, Indian god, 2l5n' 40, 41, 62n', Euripides, Greek uagic poet, 59n., 87' 213n. Gandhåra country, 3 1n., 32, 34' Eusebius, Greck Christian author, llln. 62¡, 142, 160, 205n., 226 EuslaÛrius, Byzantine scholar, 6?n.; 107n. Gandhåra gravc cultu¡e, 2Zn. exiles, 39 Gãndhãra. name of Siva, 215 extinct population, of plørts or animals, uscd as a Gãndhãrr, wife of Dh¡rara$Fa' 205 hypothcsis,2l Gandharvas, class of mythological bcings in Ezion-gebcr, ancient port by the Gulf of Aqaba India, 193,21ó l6n. Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand*' I l0n' fable, history of, 103 Gane9, scc Ga¡lapati 84' 135n" fabulous peoplcs Gangcs, river, l?,31n', 62n',67n., in Grcek sources, ?6, 100, l22ff, 127Íf., 145, 15?n., 184n. Portuguese 139, 193, s¿¿ also Dog-heads, \gmies' Garcia da Orta, l61h cenury Physician Scylax in India, l68n' in Indian sources, 132f.,193Íf. Aargasâttthill, astrological work, 195 in lranian sources, 182 garlands,2lT Failaka, island, prehistoric sitc in Kuwait' l3n' gulic,2l7 l30n' falcon, l60ff., l?7 Garud¿ giant bi¡d of lndian mythology' l3n. falconry, 83n., 147, l50ri', l60ff. gatcpost amulcls, of Mohenjo'daro' Faxian, Chinese pilgrim, 9n. Gaugamcla, baule of, 38, 50' 5lf' fencing, in India, l6ln. Gauls. I 13 155f" Ferghana lóOtt,, 188n. Gautama, author of Dharmasät¡a, 30, fenility, l7O,2l'l 159n., l69n', lE3n., 209n.' 227n.' 228 134n., Ficus, lE3n. Gedrosia (Maka), 13,21n., 36'14,87' n'g, maggos living in, 190 135 ñgurines, lndus stylg found in Mesopotam¡a Gellius, Aulus, Roman author, 8l l2n. geographicat ideas: Christian, l7; Egyptian' 15; passi¡n; Indian, Finland, 17n., 181n. Gre¡k, l0?, l2lff - and 2E, 138f., 154; Mesopotamia¡, 14:' see Firdausi, Persian ePic Poet, lE2 fire: prehistoric fìre'altars, 22Of ,: fiúe temples' alsolrúia ?211; frrc weapons, 190; mYrhic ñre in geranomachia, sce crane India 190; subma¡ine, 197; see also Geser, epic of, l8ût' in Swaç 234 Greek fire Ghalegay, prchistoric site fish, in Nor¡hwestern religion, 2l5n' Ghazti, town,45n. folk tales, 175 ghee, 183 forcigr languagcs, attitude towards, 183n.' s¿¿ Gilgit, river and country, 20l,2lûn.ZAn. sources,24 alço bøbarians Cilzån, country in cunciform Forsskâhl, Pctter, lSth ccntury Firurish Bo¡anist, Gimiri, Saka PeoPle, 201 20 Girrfa/Girisad, narnc of Siva, 215 fortiñcations, wooden, of PãBlipura, 63n' goaç 167,2n Fornrnatse insulae, 138 Cob¡, desert" l?2 fox, 163, lú4n., 172, l'16 Godavari, river, 127n. funcral customs, 55, 123n., 2W'2U1.' see also Goddess, Gre¿t in India 170

2't'l Ceæral Index

Godgara, ancient site in Swat, ló6n. glhapati, lg5 godhårma, l99 gor

2,18 General Ldex

Hclm¿nd, river, 189n. l9?; relation to Scylax, 42,6,68,69, Hemacanùa Indian (Jaina) scholar, 64n. 75ff,. 135,200; relation to Hecalaeus, Hcm¡dri, author of Caturvaryacintãnza4i, 162 39n., 4lff., 6E, 69f., 72, 74n., 75ff ., Hemicynes, fabulous people, 130n., 13ln. 128, 176,178n., 197; used and criticised hen: egg-shell found in Oman l3n.; in Greece, by latcr authors, 76, El, E2, 85, 187n., 52; in Mesoponmia" 26, 52 198n. Henoúctones, fabulous people, 13lf., 140 studies on, 73n., l2iln. Her4 Greek goddcss,27 Hen¡ka 207 Heracles, Greek hero,59,95, 9E, 126,2ß4,2ß, Hcrukæcha Indian owq 207 2loff. Hesiodus, Greek poct,67n., 109, 125' 128n., Heraclitus, Grcek philosophcr, 109, I l5f. l30ff., 135, 136, 178n. Hermione, Greek town, 49 Hesychius, Greek lericographer, 8?n., 215 Hcrodons, Greek historian Himalaya, 61, 84n., 138n., l¿10, 16ó, l?5n., life and ravels, 49î.,74,78 I 83f., I EE, 20r, 216, 22tî, 223 on India 36f., 39n., 40ff.,4?n., 49, 50, 51, Himalayan languagcs, lMn. 52, 53, 58, 59,72,11ff., 82, 83, 84, 85, Hindi language, 1?3, 175n. 87, 88n., 89, 90, 103, LO7,124n., l?5, Hindukush. 8, 33, 39, 45, 55, 56,74,96 12ó, 135, l3?n., 140, l57, l7rÍf., r79, Hindustan 158 185, 187, lEEn., lE9, 196n., 197ff.,231 Hippemolgi, Scythian people, 130, 135 othcr gcographical and ethnographical Hippocratcs, Groek physician, 80n. p¡rssages: on Arabia, 2ßf ,, ú, 126, 167 , Hippoc.ratic Corpus, 51n., 52f., 88, see also l?9: on Egypt,45n., 70, 74n.,76,79, Aìrs,Walers, Places Eln., ll2f., l14, l2ln.: on Ethiopia and Hippolytus, Roman Christian author, 117n. Ethiopians (Eastcrn Ethiopians lisæd hippopotamus, I 1n., 168n. under India), 31 ,73, 126, 137, 197n.; on Hiram l, king of Tyrus, 16n., 104 Europe, 74n., 106n,; on Greoce and Asia Hira4yakelin, author of G¡hya- and Dharma- Minor, 88; on l¡an and hanians,33, 34, súra, 156, 185n. 77,lû, 197, 198, 2O3n; on Libya Hispaniol4 identified with Ophir, l? 45n., 4ón., 54, 68, 76, 126, 129n., 131, Hirtiþs, Hitriæ languagc,22, lU 137n., 140, l8l; on Mesopo¡aÍia"2U: hobby, 162 on Pactyes,,l4; on Scy¡hiå, 45n., 65n,, Holi festival,212 76,126, l3l, 178, l?9, lE?n., 197; on holm oak (Que r c t¿s ilex), 25 \\racæ, 37n., 41n.; geography and ethno- Homer, Greek poct, 68n., 71, l03ff., 12ftt., graphy in gcncral, 731f., l2l, l2?rt, r23n., l?A, 125, l28lf ,, 133, l34ff., t23f., l2E 139n., l4E,150,232n. historical passages and olhcr matcrial: on honey, lE7 ancienl Nea¡ Fsst,34; on Persian history, Horace, Roman poct, 33n., I l4n. 32ff,48,55, 164; on lonian revolt,55, horn, signiñcance of, in India. 16Eff. 69; on Persian wars, 35n.,36,38,41n., horse,40,49, 168n., 182n., 190, 204,205, 47f.,49,74,79,163:' on Scylax and ex- 214n.,X8,226,2n ploration of Nortl¡west lndia, 32f.,36, Horse-he¿ds, fabulous poople, 140, 182 40tr., 51, 65f.,74,75,77,229; on human sacrifice ,2C[,214 exploration of Af¡ica, 32, 47n; on cassia Huns, Easærn, 160n., 194n,, [email protected], and cinnamon,20ff.; did not know hdian hunting: classical books on, l6ln.; in India elephant, 5l; on peoples and tributßs of 165f., 171, 183, 184n., 2At, see also Achaemenian em¡nre, 34,37 ,39n., 4, dogs, falconry, Graüus, Xenophon 74,79, 135, l7l; on motives, 48 Hunza" 173n., 188n., 208n. general questions: textual criticisn, 41n,, Hunians, Near E¿særn peoplc, 23 197n.; uses of word órri, 46n.; Hydaspes, battle al the,58n. working methods, 74f., E0, Elf., I10n., hyena 173 I I I, l2l; sources in general, 70,74ff., Hyparchus, river, 83f., 184n. 8l; using Fersisr sor¡rces, ?Ef., 176, Hyperborearu, fabulous peoplg l15, 130, 138,

279 Gcncral Index

t40 I10f., I l6f,; sages, r¿¿ Gymnosophisrs; Hyphasis, river, 7, 58,59,222n. shipwrecked Indian in Egypt, 19; slave- Hypobarus, river, sce Hyparchus girls in Egypt, l9n.; slave in Gr€ece, Hyrcania,6frn.,6l I lOn.; Buddhisr monks sent ro Hysporus, river, ree Hyparchus Hellenisdc kingdoms, 229n.; nor allowed Iambulus, Greek author, l3B to travel, ll0, 159, 228f. Ibcria, idendfied wirh Ophir, l7 Indo-Aryan: words in Hitütc and Hurrian sourcqs, Ichthyophagi, peopte, 134n., 137n. 22f ., see also Saskrir, Middte Indo- idealization, see ethnography fuyan, Pãti, Hindi, Mararhi, Sinhalese Iliad,secHo¡r¡¡er Indo-Aryans, living in Northwest, 8, 159f., Impeyanpheasanq l4n. t84,226ff.,233,234n. incensg 22 Indo-European, 23n., I 14f., 133n., 205, 2l I lnccnse Road, of AratlrU22 Indoscythia,46 India Indo-Groeks, sce Bacria¡r Greeks Achacmenian conquesç I l, 32fÍ ,, 4Dff., 47f., Indoncsiq 158 I 10n., 219, 234f. Ind¡a, Indian god, 159n., l6í,2t2 Achæmenian province (ÍIindu), 21n., 32ff ,, lndus, river and country around, 1,8,33,35,37, 40, 46f., 49fî., 72, 74,78, 79, 157, 158, 4tf ., 45r., 6, 61 , 75, 77 , 84, 99, 1t0n., ¡¿¿ ¿lso Sind 134, l¿10, 154,157, t58, 159, 160, 164, end of Achaemcnian ruIe,38,51,58, l5g 173n., l8lf., 184n., 188f., 190f.,200, boundarics,36, 157tr 207, 221, 226, 228, zJt, 234 concept¡on of: in India I ln,, 159f., see alsa Indus civilization: ethnic divcrsity in, 233; con- g3f., Äryavana; in \{est 5?,24, ?5, E9f., racrs wirh rhe wesr, I lff,, 2E, 134n.; 94, l0l, tn,ß1ff.231 relation to Swat" 234; fantastic theorics confuæd wirh Africa in Groek ethnography, about,30n.; dogs kept in, 167; grifñns 67f.,76,85. see also Erhiopi4 unkiown, 177n.; sheep and goa¡s kept Ethiopians in, 167; laæ Har¿ppan period, 233n.; conûacu with Bacria, 26,19f,,51 reminiscenses in later India, 28, 215n.; prehistoric conlâcts with tìe wesL I I se¿ ¿l¡o æals so-called democracies,56; idea og kingship, Indus Delta" 41f., lgEf., 22tt1.,228 6t, 64n., 98 inhøiønce, matrimonial, 2 I E identiñed wirh Ophir, l7f. inscriptions A¡dia p¡roper, Gangetic basin as separued from Achaemenian: Aramaic version of DB,33n.; tbe Nonhwesr, 31n.,61ff., 139 Eg¡ptian vcrsions, 33n.; Egyprian stele name: Aramaic,32n.; Coptic, t7n.; Grock, in Sus4 21n.,38n.; Persepolis foni- 7,36, 157- Otd Penian 33 ficarion rablers, 40,4E, 5ln.; llaoma social divisionsi sysrem,98,99, 155, 2lg, utensils, 40n.; monumental uilingual, 227ff.; loss of casre, 20Án.,228,229; 32r,34,36, 38, 40, 47, 4E, 51n,52, confusion of castes, 228 53, 2291 Suez, 21n., 47n., 78f . Vedic period, 27f.,30, 106, t38n., 145, of Alexander, circd by Philosuatús,2z2n, ß3rf ., 2M,23t,234 Aramaic: in Ai Khanum, 60n.; in Fersepolis \l¡estern inlluence: in gmeral, 2lff ., ûff .; 48n,, see also Achaemenian, of Ajoka Greek 55n.,64n., 109n., 14lf. of AÉoka: Aramaic, 60; Greek, 56f., 6ùr.; s¿¿ ølso Indus civilizarion, South Indi4 Indian, 29,60, 64, l4t u¡banizatist cuneiform: obelisk of Shalmaneser, 24; supposed cuneiform in India, l3n, Indian language, classical sources on, 5, lg4 Greek: in Arhens, 68n.; in Old Kandaha¡, Indians: Rigvedic, 154n,, l6ln., l64f; in Mcso- 58n.; s¿¿ ¿lso of AÉoka poumia, 14, 49; in Persepolis foniñ- Harappan, in Oman, l3n. cation tableß, 40n., 48f.; in penepolis Indian: of Rudradãman, 182n,; of Srf Pr¡lu- reliefs, 35, 3?; in persian army, 3?, 3g, m¡vt, 182n.; in the West,48; Tamil 49f., 51n,, 74, 97, ilOn.; secn by grafñü in Egypç 109n. Ctesias, 38n.; sage in Athens, 5ftr., Kök Turcic, 16l

280 General hdex

Semitic in Pakisun, 60n. Japan, 16l of Shapur, 43 Jerakas, 27, 50n., 54,62n.,152, 160, 165n., interpretalb Græcø s¿¿ eùography l?0, 186n., 193, 201n., 205, 225, 229 interpreters and trânslators, 57, 1 10, I I lf, tebkaßhavapnnã,152 Io, wanderings of, E7, 136, l?8 Jats, Indian people (castÐ,206 Iomusa, Indian towq 206 Jaxarrcs, rivø, 189n. Ionia 89, l13, 121f. jewels, see prccious stones Ionian dialect" s¿c Greek language Iewish traditions, 127n., see also Bible Ionian revol¡, 55 Jhelam, river, 206 irã flower,210 Irvaka Indian physician, 62 , Iranians: contacts with India, I I, 15, 23, Jones, Sir William: pionccr of Indology, 5; on 106, 2l9ff,; Iranian elemenu in North' Greek and Indian gods,211 west, 7, 158, 219, 22lf .,2Uî',233: in' Josephus, Hellenistic Jewish historian, l6ff" vading and nrling Nonhwesç l4'l,219, l2'ln- 2341., s¿e also kñia: Achaemenian Jo-shui (Ruoshui), river, lE3, 186 conquest, Kushan; F'st kanisn cullure' Iumna, ¡iver, s¿¿ Yamuna 11,39,Z?/ln.; Wcs lranian and Swat, Justinus, Roman historiân, 39n., 56n., 90' 94 234; dogs in, 164; falconry known in, Iyotiçavdeñga,28 ló0ff.; fat-tailed sheep in, 167; Grceks Kabul, river, 35,41f.,4ól town, 4l; region living in, 54ff.; Iranian raditions in around, 3ln',44n. Greck literature, 133,176, l79f .l Kaccåyana s¿¿ Mahåkãtyãyana Hellenized, 218; silver vessels, 216; sun Kafirs, s¿¿ Nurisunis cult,219ff. Kaikeyas, Indian peoPle, 166 Iranian peoples and languagcs, 7f., 147,154, KailäSa, mounl" lE8, 215 158, 159n., 184, 198,225,233 Kâlamukhas, Indian (fabulous?) people' 140' Iranian Plaæar¡, rouþ over 13 199n. Iranian words discussed: Pcrsian Ciná¿ 67; KalaÍa, king of Kashmir, 162 j ag, 52n.; s agsãrls ak s a¡, lE2¡' Kalash, Dardic peoPle, 164n. Avestan xivid/xlvîd-, 183n.; se¿ ¿lso Kalavastr4 zuppoeed Indian name fø Dog'heads' Old Persian, PaItõ 1Mf. Ireland,125,198 Kalhqra Indian poer and historian, 42n.,162' iron, 38n., 85 l8?n., 194,202,210 lslam, in South Asi4 147, 160, 208,225 Kalibangat, prehistoric site in India, l2n,'2201. Isles ofthe Blest, in Grcck nadidon, 125, t38 Kâlidãsa" Indian poet: in gencral, 166, 188; Ismaelites, in Pakisøn, 2O8n. Kumansañbhava I 88n.; Meghad¡ta, Issedones, pcoplc,44n., 133n., 178, 180, lE7' 188n.: Raghuvathla, lE8n.' 208n.; l9?f., 201n. Sakuntal4,2Mn. Italy, 74n. Kdlikã-turena, l7tn. ivory: imported from Arachosia and India, 53; Kalsi, town, 205 imponed from Melutta, 14; imPorted K¡mbojas, nofhwestem pcople in lndian sources' from Ta¡3i5, 16, 19; origin of early 145, 152, 195n.,2251' objects in the rtest 19n., Zn', 104f.' Kanawari language, 184n. l0?, 134n. Kandahar, ¡own, 56f., 60 ivy, growing in Afghanisun, 207n,214 Kaniçka Kushan emPeror, 43 jackal, l?3 Kâpãlikas, Sa¡Ya sect, 214 see also t ai mini - Aiv am&ha I 96n. Kapi6a/Kapi3r, town, 44, 184¡.,208, I aì minrya-Brahma¡a 165n., 170n., 20ùt. Begran Jaina sources, 63n., 142, 175, 187 Kãpi5akãni3, town,44, r¿¿ also Begram' Jainism, 145, sce also chronologY Karakorum Highway, rock

28r General Indcx

Kashmir, 4t, 1(f., 175, 184n., lB8, 197n., kumåraSramanâ, 145 20tf .. 205, 208, 2r5, 2t6, 2t7, 2tg, Kumaun, counry, l6ln., 205 226, see alsoKãßmtras Kunelajãtska,ZOs KalikãryuL 143, 146, 16l, 166n., 2O4n.,209, KUrmavibhag4 geographical division, g I 228 I f., 195 KãJmrras, In

283 Gcneral Indcx

medicines, Indian, known in \üest,53, g3, gg Mohenjo-daro, prehisroric sire in pakisun, Medieval European 12n., sources, 172n., lEln., lg3 l3n. Mediterranea¡r. 51, 107 Molua Maliaran, rcmple in Taxila, 221 Megalirhic culturg of Southern India 204 Mongolia, Mongols, l7 S, Z3S Megalocaphali, pcople, 133 Mongolian language, I 75 Megasthenes: life and carcer, 96ff,, lOQ on India, Mongolian sources, l?2, 175, lgOn. 7, 29, 33n., 31n., 63, 82, 90, 92n., mongoosc, 169 96tr, 100, 1il, 126, l28ff., 132n., 133, Monocoli, fabulous people, 140 138, 157, 158f., ló4, 168n., l7l, 176, Monommatoi, fabulous pcople, 133, 139n., 180, 186, lB7, 140, l88n., 189n., l9ln., 180 196n., 197f., 2U, 2C[,, 207n, 2@, Monophthalmoi, fabulous peopte, 210ff.,229f.; 133, 139n., methods and sources, ?, r40 9óf., 9Ef., t?ß, 129tr,198n.; opinion of monsoon, 15, 22 laler aurhors, 91, 95, 96, 159; studies on, moon, 191n., 220.222f. 6, 96t., t47: Schwanbeck,s cdirion, 96n.; Moorcrofq lviiliam, early lgrh cenlury Brirish authenticity of fragmenrs, 97n., 201n, üavellcr. 172f. Mchrgarh, prehistor¡c site in Baluchistan, 209 Mophis, sec Ornphis Meleago, birds ol 86 mounøin-god,2l5 Melu[!a, Ilff., 21n., 23, r34n. mounþ¡ns, as boundary Memnon,-ling of inhabircd world, l2l, of Erhiopia in Grcek mythology, t23n. 135, 136, l7ln. M ¡ I asrvesüv Nav in aya, 207, 2Og Meropis, Greek utopia, l3g Mf¡ller, Max, on Vedic chronology, Zg, lS3, Meros, mount, 207n. lS4 Mitlasthãna, ancient name of Mulhn, 220 Meru, mounq 62, lg7 Muløn, Indian rown, 35, 42, 45n.,201n., 220 Mesopotamia: contacts with krdi4 1lff,, 23ff., Mu¡{4 peoptes and languages, lg4,2l2 30f., 40, 50tr, 134n,, 2A, 229 Indians Mundigak, prehistoric sirc in pakistan, in, 14,49f.,51, gEn.; l3n. Orecks living in, Muraõù and Sons, 49 55,79; visitod by Herodotus, 74n.: music, 214, 215, 2t6,.2t7 falconry lnown in, 160; griffin in an Musicanus, Indian king, 91, 9g, 20?n. 177: radidons, l2?n, Muslims, s¿¿ Islam mðsu-woodof Magan,25 Musri, country in cuneiform sourccs, meøl piru, l3n. Zf. Mycenaean Greece, 104, 105, 107n., 1ZS,134f., Middlc Ages, European l}g, t?An.,156n.,,r¿¿ t4E, t77 ¿lso Medieval Eu¡opcan sources m¡rh, E8n. Middle Asia, Sovier, 39, 221n.,22An., see also Nagas, serpcnt-gods of hrdian myúrology, l90f., Bacriå. Sogdia¡lâ t93,202,2t6 Middle l¡rde.Arf¿n languages, 43, 231 Nalinr, river, 140 Middle l¡tdo-Arya¡¡ words discussed : khavalla Namazg4 anc¡ent sile ¡n Sovier Middle Asi4 174; dipi, 29:. devanathpìya, 64n.; 154n. piparf, 54; puñsa, 43: yonafta), Nandq mendoncd as Ardian persepolis 57; tsatta-guda3ûf.l in tablets, see all¡ peli 49û. Middle kania¡r sou¡ces, 130¡., lg2 Nandivardhan4 nmhwesEm town, 226 Mihir/Ivlihirq lranian and Indi an gú,219n.,220, Naucraris, Groek 22t,222r' town in Eg¡pç 20n. navy, Achaemenia4 41n., 5l Milerus, Greek town, 55, ó9, I l(hr,, I 13 Nãyars, Sourh India¡ cas@,206n. milk: of dog, .ree Cynamolgi; of sheep, lg3; all Nea¡chus, Greet author on India, 29n., 5 1 n., 5E, kinds of,2l?; flowing in U[a¡akuru, lEz 82n,, 90f., 98f,, l?t, 176, tE7 Indian phitosophicat sysrenr, l{lmûhsã, 155n. Ner Fas! mcient: home Mìmncrmus, of agric-u¡ture and Greek elegiac poeL 136 poilery, I l; influence mrn€rs, in Greece, ¡¿¿ supposêd Tibetan or Ladakhi , 173t,, 176 Groece; legendary history, 34, 5gn., 59, Min¡mi: Aryans of 22f., l54; cupposed contsct 80, s¿e also Semiramis with lndia 23n. Nebuch¿drez¿ar tr, Babylonian mørarch, 2ó

284 General Index

Neo-Platonism, 109n., I 17n. uscd by Greeks,7Ef., I l0 Nepâla,205n, words borowed in Indo-Aryan, 27n.,28n., Ncvada 174 30,60 Nikumbha, king of Pi6acas, 216n. words discusscd: oetegtt, 35; dipi,Z9; Nflaka¡tha, author of commenury to Mbh,l99 bebiru,27i maka, 13; yaka,25, Nrlantata-Purøna, 202,2LO, 215n., 216n., 221 5?n.; yauna,57; hindu, 36 Nile, river, 74,134,136, 178 Old Persian sou¡oes, sec Inscriptions: Achae- Nimijataka 186n. menian Ninrud (Kalhu), anciont sitc in Mcsopotamia, Old Termez, ancient siæ in Soviet Middle Asia ùln. 221n. Niniveh, ancient site in Mesopotamia, 25 Oman: possibly identiñcd with Ophir, 19; pre- Ninus, legendary Assyrian monarch, 25n. historic period 13, 14, 26 Nippur, ancient site in Mcso¡ntamia, 12n., 38, Ornphis, king of Taxila, 62n,, 145 49 Oræ+yed, fabulous pcople, 180, see also Nirakø,seeYæka Arimaspeans, Cyclopes, Ekavilocanas, Ni$ãdas, lndian people, 193, 196 EkekSanas, Monommatoi Niyâ, Prãkrit of, 43 One-footed, fabulous peoplc, 195n,, 196, s¿¿ niyoga,206 olso Ekacara4as, Ekapadas, Sciapodes Noah, 126,211n, O¡resicritus, Greek historian, 7, 5E, Eln,, 90, Nonnus, Grcck poet, 84n,, 122n., 125n,214n, 91f.,93,99, 108n., lll, 112, ll?n., North America, 130n., 174 I lE, l5E, t64n,, 20'1n., 229n. Nubia. identified with Melubla, 14, 134n.; onyx, 84n. possibly connecæd with Ophir, 19; Ophir, 16ff., 19, lM,232n.

perhaps mentioned by Scylax,68 Opiae, Indian people, 41, 7 2f . Nu¡istan and Nuristani: country, 56,217,219, Opisthodactyli, fabulous peoplc, 92n., 132n. 231; peoples and languages, E, zlón., oral tradition in Indiq 142, 148, 149, 150 lfdÉ., 233Í., 234n,; religion of, 8n., 208, ordcals,9n. 215, 223n ; burial customs, 56; cannibal O rgyan pa, Tibeun pilgrim, 208 stor¡es, 201f.; marriage, ?-05n., 223; Orissa 194n, silver cups of, 208; viticulture and w¡nes Orphisn, ll2f., ll4n., l16, ll7 ol,?ß1f ,; sce alsa Nysa Ortlngoras, Oreek author, 9ln, Nuzi documenrs,22 otyza, Nysq town, 56, 59, 207n,, 214 Otolic¡ri, s¿¿ Blanket-Ears Ooem Ottoroconae, people, 138 in Greck radition: ûowing around the world, owl, 163 l2l, 123n., 134; Easæm AccaU42,59, Pactyes, people, 43n., 44ff. 84 Pactyic4 counry, 32, 35, 38, 41, 43ff.,17 , in Indiar raditionl chuming of, l9l; Wesæm 232n. Oceart 170 Padaeans, Indian people, ?3, 140, lg?ff. Ocypodes, fabulous pcople, 140 Pal¡lavasl dominion in India 219; in Indian odontotyrannus, 19ln. sgurces,149n. Odra, same as Uddiyãn¿ 194n. Paifacr language, 202n, 205 Odysseus, Greek hero, 130 Pak¡sun, 7, 8, ll, 226, nl Oþssey,seeHøner Paktha, people,44n. Ohind, towrt 45n.,61n. Pali language,35n. oirouUÉvn, s¿¿ world Päli words discussed: kappata,43; kahãpaIìa, oil: inf,ammable, 190; ftagrant oil of India. 38n.; 21n.;bãvent, 2l mílakkha, 13: srdt, made of sheey's milk, 183; anointing, ; lE3n., 217 l86n; húâka, l7l old people, in India: abandoning of, 199f.; eating Palmyra palm, 189, l9l, 209 of, l9?ff., s¿¿ ¿lso Calarians, Padacans; Pamir, mounuins, 45, 176 leaving home,200 Pañcalæ, Indian people, ZXn. Old Persian largu4ge P añcatan! ra, l7 6, 193, Zú

285 Gener¿l Index

Pandæ, Indian people, 206n. 51n., 52f., 88: soK I B0YPQN, place-namg 43 pigeon, 100 Pada, 190 pilgrims, Buddhisr, in India" I Pâta¡ipuua, lndian rown,43,63, 98, 100 pillars, of Aloþ 63 Pa¡atlja¡i, Indiar grammarian"34n., l42ff ., pilots, 5ln. 2Mn,220,228 Pinda¡us, Greek cho¡al lyric poe¡,46n., 87 Pathans,45 Pirak, prehistoric site in Baluchistan, 209 Pat¡oclcs, Greek aurhor, 93f., l00ri. Pireus, 46n, Pazyyk, ancien¡ siæ in , l7E Pi3åcas, people or class of myrlrological bcings peacock, 14n., t6f., 19, 23, Uf ., 26f., 52, 54, in Indiq 197, 202, 2t6, 2rB 169 Piðön, river of Pa¡adisc, 17 pearls, 14,95n, plant diseases,2l pepper: name, 54; imported into the \ilest, 26, P lalarus orie ntal¡s L., 67

286 Generàl l¡d€x

Platåe4 bar¡le of,49 Pukkhalãvatf, lown, 43, 226, se¿ also Chrsadda Plato, Greek philosopher, lOE, 109, I I0, I I l, Pukkusãti, king of Taxila, 6lf. ll6f., ll8, l8ln. PuliOdas, Indian people, 193, 200 Pliny, Roman scholar, 33n., 39n., 62n., Eln,. pulses, Indian,52 83n., Eó,90,94,95, 101, 138, 158, punastom& expiation, 159n. 164n., lóEn.,174n., 186n., lE8n., purrch-mrked coins, see coinage I 89n., 200f., 2ñl, 227n, Pugüæ, lndian people, 205¡.,220n. plough, 170, 190 Punjab, .rca Pañjab Plutarchus, Greek historian, 56n., 64n., I l, 89, PunL 15 91n., 94, lOE Punyal, village åt rhe Gilgit, 210n. poison, 38n., 168f., l9l Pura4as, 10n,, 140, 149n., l8ln., 186f., 199n. Polemon, Greek author, 68 hu{i¡avas-Urva6t bymn, of ßi3veda, 154n. Pollux, Greek lexicographer, 87n. h¡$kalâvatt, Jee Pukkhalãva[ Polo, Marco, 167,2OEn. Puçamira Indian monrch, 143 polyandry, see marriage Purugapura, town, 43, see also Peshawar Polycleitus of larissa" Grcek historia¡r, 92 Puçpapur4 town,42f. Polycraæs, tyrant of Samos, I 14n, þandjikenç ancient site in Sovier Middle Asia, Pompeius Trogus, Roman historian, 90 216n. Pontus, 133 Pygm¡es, fabulous pcople,67f., l0l, 126n., Porus, Indian king, 5En., 22tn,ZTL lzEîr., l40, 163, 182n. Foseidon, Creck god, 136 Pynho, Greek philosopher, I 19 Posidonius, Greek schola¡, 19n. Pythagoras, Greek philosopher, 108, l@, I12f., pottcry: origin of, I l; connection with cultures, I l3ff., u8 234; Achaemeni an, 221n.¡ Harappan, Qahr, l3n. l3n.; Indiar "Black a¡rd Red Ware",204; Quse¡r alQadim, åncient site in Egypr" 109n. Indian "Norttpm Black-Polished Ìr/a¡e',, Radhalaishnan, Sarvepalli, I l0n. l4E,204n.; lndian "Painted Grcy Ware", Raghu, lcgendary Indian mma¡cb 208n. 148, 2M, 233; Mesopoømian, l3n.; Raghu vuh$a, see Kãli.lãsa Umm an-Na¡ 13n. Rajanighap¡u, Indian medical glossary, 168n., Pradyot4 king of AvanÌf, 62n, 188n. Pragiyotiça, 194n. Råjafekha¡a" Indian poct, 228n. PrajApâti, Indian god, 2lE Rajasthm, 84, lE2 Pre-Adamites, l2ln. Rq alatal,gi n r, see Kalha+a precious and semi-precious stoncs, 14, 15Í,,39, Rajputs, 206 ' 40n.,50, 53, E4, E5, 95n., 187 Rãþasas, clæs of mythological beings in Indi4 homachus, winner of d¡inking conlest, 20E 140, 197 Prometheus, cave of,59, 96 RAma, Indian hero, 155n., 212 Proto-Siva. so+alled, of Huapg2l2 Rãma Jâmadagnya, see PuaÉurâma Psellus, Michael, Byzantine scholar, E3n., E7n. Rãneyaga, ln.ß7îf, 16ó, 186n., 187, 193, heudo-A¡istoæles, author of Prablenøta, l@n. t94,N,4n. heudo{allis¡lrenes, sce Alemnd¿r Romance Ra's al-Junayz, prehistoric sitc in Oman, l3n, heudo-Palladir¡s, Greek author on Indi4 l9ln. ra¡,173n, Pseudo-Scylax, anrhu of Imer P*ipl¡a, 66n., raven ló0,162,163 137f. Ravi, river,42, 226 PSKBYR, a place-name, 43 Rechmire, tomb of, at Thebes, Z Psylloi: fabulous people in Indi4 129f.; Libyan red dyo, 183 pcople, 129n. Red Seå, 15, 19tr Ptolemy I Sote¡: Hellenistic monarch, 69; author 186, of a history of Alexander, 89, 92 reo4 188f.,231 holemy tr Philadelphus, Helle¡risrlc monrch, 99 Reland, Adria¿r¡, late lTth cønry Durch scholar, Rolemy, Oaudius, Grpek ast¡onomer and goo- 5 grapher,84, l0l, 135n., 138, 157, 158, religion 195n.,201, 2M,233 dealt with in Greet etlnography, 123

287 General Index

Egyptian, 15n.,70, ll0 Satala Ind¡an town,2l7 Indian: Mcsopotamian elernenß n, 27f .; Pre- Sakas, 33, 45ff., 143f., 158n,, 194n., 218, 2t9, Aryn,2l2; Vedic gods in Mita¡uri,23; 222,235, see ølso Amyrgian Sakas, Vedic in general, 154, 159; rituals ard Gimini, Massagehe, expiations, 153, 159; Saiva, 200,214ff.; Saketa" Indian town, 149n. sun cult and solar deities,2l9; popular Satlaka mentioned as Indian in Perscpolis religion, 165, 221n.: helerodox doctrines, tablers,4{h. 154, 155, see ølso Buddhism, Jainism, S ak untald, ree Kâlidãsa Islam Salatura ¡own in Gandhara,4l, 142, lû Iranian, ll0, l13, lt6,164n. Salamis, banle ol 49 Mesopotamian, 13, 14,27Í., I 10, I t3n. Salya ting of lvlarlras, 216 Fætem Near influence in Grcek, l 12 Stuhkala, Indian towr, 145 religious festivals: of first snow, in Kashmir, Samos,27, ll4n. 210; Holi, in India,; Irãmañjañ'prrjã, in Sanchi, ancient site in India, l?7 Kashmir, 210: Syâmadevrpftjã, in sandalwood, 18, 19,54 Kashmir,210 Sangal4 Indian town, 145 orgiastic elcments in Indian, 202,214ff, SanfnAifnir4 aurhor of a Dharmasùtrq 156 "shamanist" tradition in Greek, I 15, I l6n, Senkha yana-Srau tasäEa, II5n, see aboreligions ofDa¡ds, of Indus civili- Sanslsil, language and lircrature,5, 1,14, 160, zation, ofNuristan, of Swat; sacrifice 23r rhinoceros, U.168fr. Sanskit words discussed : avyañga, 219n; rice, ?-6, 39, 52, 54,86f., 209 asura,28; aligi,2E; ibha, t8, Rigveda, 23n.,34n.,35, 61n., 153, 154, 16l, lØf .; irã,210; ungitlã,2E; eka- 164f., 200n., 226, 231, 234 vartâna, 22n,; kapi, L7 ; kapi Sa¡kapi - roads,5Q 64 Sika¡kepilst ¡¿r¡3gr*t, 209 ka¡ça/ rockcarrrings, k ãr1ãpag a, 27 n., 28n., 30: k as Ura, Rohi¡r, mother of Bala¡ama, l9ùr, 104, l0ó; klcakaveou,187n., 188; Rome, Romans, ll4,126. l{gn, kirãtq 197n.: khadgapãúa, l7Ûn; rose,66. 67n. guda,351' lãla, l9O: taimãta,2E; Rousseau, Jean Jacqucs, lZn. trapu, lM; paøi,2E: pãp(uþãalara/ Royal Road, of Achaemcnians and Mauryæ, ó4 pegdura, 203, 2M1' pi trya, 169n.; BSyaSf¡lgC Indian sage, 168n., 170 pippali, 53n.: madra, zlE; mayiira, Rudra, Indian god, 165, 185,214,215n., 2tón., l4n,; mudra,28n.; mleccha, 13; 2tE yavana, 57,lM; lipi, 28n,, 29Í.; Rudradcv4 auùor of Syainikasastu, l6ln., vajrakifa, 175n.; valguka, t8; vírãll t62, tñ, t7t vairajya, 6l; viligi,28; wÍh| 54; Ruoshui, river, 183. lE6 S a*MilSa9aghãtr/SaßaghnI, l6h. Russia, Souttr, 177n. Sikhin, 77n.i lyenapau/lyaina¡hpeø Sabaras, Indian people, 2fl) 1611. sindhu,26; sarya,23n.i hãla- sacrifice ka, 172 Vedic: offeringposL 170; satrin, 185n.; Sapø Sindhavab,35 vessels, 170; ritual purity, 114f.,229, Sappho, Greek lyric poeres,20,22 s¿¿ aiso Sãddlu Sarama, dog of Yam4 165n. human,2ü), 214 Sarasvatf, river, 84n., 159 Søn¡nasrÊWpasnna$úna, I 95n. sar4 84n, Sqgala. Indian town, 206 Sa¡dis, town, 37n. Sagartians, people, 45n. Sardo, mount, 84, 157 Satradeva, conquess of, 194, 195f, Sardonyr Mount¿ins, 84, 157 Satrara,73 Sarnath, ancient site in India 177 Sennnrc, see FirdauSi Sarva, name of Siva, 216 Sailoda, river, l3Ef., 186 SaApa¡tn-Orømaga, 61n., I 14n., 154n,, 165n., Saindhava horses, 22?n. lE4n., 200n,, 2Mn., 217n.,227n,

288 Gcrrcral Index

227n.,234n. Sõnmuw, giant bird of Iranian mythology, sarf,225 lE0 Satlej, river, 166n., 173n. Sennachcrib, Assyrian monarch, 25, 26 Satpura, mounuins, 84 Septuaginta,16, l7 Sattagydia Achaemenian province, 32ff., 38, 43, ,201n. 44n. serpent god, 190, sec also Nagas Satya,gãdha" author of Dharmastttra" 156 serpents, Indiar, 94n., 190f ., 2O2, 216 satys, Indian, 127n., 132¡. Sefa, a Naga¡aja, 190f, Saurå s€cL 219f. scsame,87 Sauvlrasl Ind¡an @ple, see Sindhusauvfras; Sesosris, legendary Near Easþm monarch, 59n, identiñed with Ophir, lE scxual behaviou¡, 123, 188, 199,203,zMff. Sâyan4 Indian scholar, 6ln, Shalmaneser trI, Assyrian monarch, 24 Scandinavians, ll5n. shamanism, 115, ll6n. Sceptic School of philosophy, I 19 Shanlui jing (Slun IIai Cåiq), l8ùt. Scheria" Greek utopi4 124, 138 Shapur, inscription of, 43 scholia, Greek: on Apollonius Rhodius,99n,; on sha¡k, 197n. Homer, 107n. Sha$ al-cArab, 4l Schopenhauer, Arthur, I l?n. sheep: common, 165n., 167, 183, 184n.,217, Schroeder, Iæopold von, on þtlugoreanism, 226,221; fat-taile4 167f., 187n.; wild, 1r2ff. 114n. Scia@es, fabulous people, l3lf., 134, 136f,, shepher( place in social hierarchy, 226 140 shield, 170n. science, origin of, in Groec¿. 8lf. Shina, Dudic lan gnge, 205n' 234 Scylax: life and origin,65f., 68n., 78; parricipant shrike, 163 in Indian erpedition sent by Darius, 21n., Sibae, Indian people, 212 32, 4otr.,50, 58, 6ó, 75,76, 128, t37, Sibe¡ia 37, 39, 16l, 175,176, l7E, lEo 23? author of a book, 40, 42, 47, 65ff., Sicily, 133n. 69,76ff.,89n., l2l, 140; perhaps Srd¡, river, 186 writing also aboul lran,76; perhaps Sides, rivcr, ¡¿¿ Silas writing also about Afric4 68, 137; on S¡la, river, lE6 fabulous peoples, óóln., 67f .,76, 85, Silas, river or spring, 89, 139, 157n., lE5ff. 125f., l3On., l3lff., 136ff., 196n., siß,227 197n.; relation to later authors, sce Silpas, eighæen, 62 Hecat¿eus, Herodotus, Cæsias; menüoned silver, 14, 16n., E5 in Athenian inscriptior\ 68n.; s¿¿ ¿lso Simurg, giant bird of lrar¡ian mythology, lEO heudo-Scylax Sinai, Gulf of the, 135n. Scyttriuu,45tr; re¿ dßo Herodotus, Sakås S itunthropus Pckitu¡tsis, 184¡. seals: cylinder, l2n.; Gulf, 12; llrappan, ll, 12, Sin4 33f,, 36,37n.,,10, 50, 53, 72n.,74,203, 170; Iranian, l4 Mesopotamian 12; ?-05n,,219 sùamp, l2n, Sindhu" s¿c l¡tdus Seis¡an,45n., 221 Sindhusauvfras, Indian people, 195n., 217 Selcucids, Hellenistic dynasty, ó4n., 96, 1ü) Sindi, people,88n, Seleucu¡ I Nicaror, Hellenistic monarch, 57n., Sinlnlakingdor¡ of Sri lanþ 204 59, 93,97, lsE Sinhalese language, 175n. Si$as, models of orthodox lndim,226 semi-prec¡ous stones, oce procious stoneg S¡Supata, legendary Indian king, 212n. Semiramiq legødary Near Eastem monårch, snlsrøSrtodã. river. I E6 25n., 59n., 80, 84 159n., 189n, Snã" searchfor, 149, 190, 196 Semitic languqges, 2ó, 27 Snodã, river, 186 Semitic words disclssÁl.,al¿ph hdr¡d, 105n.; Siva, Indian gú,212îf ,, sec alsa Saiva religion yawsn,lMi sec ølso Atkdian, Hebrew Sivapura, town,2l5 Seneca, Roman philoaopher and ragic poct, Sk¡rdå, tnd¡ångo4 212 l6ln. Skanda-fu¡ãn4 lBln,

289 Gencnal Index

skull, used as drinking-cup, l9g Sri lanka, sec Ceylon slavcs: no slaves in India, 97n,,99: se¿ also Srinagar, town,205 Ethiopians, Indiaru Staprobates, Indian king, 159n, Slavic peoples, lEln. sEâtitc, 12n., 14 Slavic languagcs, 16l Steganopodes, fabulous peoplc, I 36 Sm¡ticutdrika,206n. Stepharus of Byzarce, Greek scholar,4l, 43,46, Socrates, philosopher, g2, Grcek 50n,, I 10f., 65n.,71f., l0l, 136n. I lóf. Stephanus.,rae Estiørne, $qfal¿, Fqc¡ Arfric{m towr\ idcnrified wir.h Ophir, Süabo, Creek geographø: on Homer, l0g; on 1E Bactria,39n.; on Erembi, 108n.; on Sogdiana,40n. India. 3ó, 94n., 9En., 99n., 100, tOt, Soha¡, town in Oma¡r, l3n. I08, 198n., 207n, 214n., 223, 233t on soldiers, sec army l¡art,2O7; on lreland, 125, l9g; on rade Solinus, Gaius lulius, Roman author, 100 berween India and Eglpt, 19; on Onesi- Solomon, king, l5ff., 104 critus, 90, 91n., 92n., 99n., ll2n.; on Solomon Islands, l7 reliability of literaturc about Alcxander soma: carried by falcon, l6ln.; libations of, a¡d India, 81, 82, Bó, 90n., 93, 95, t59n. 213n.; on rcliability of merchanrs, 5n.; Somadeva, aulhor of Menasollãsa, l6ln. imponant source of fragmenß, 93n., Somalia: connct wirh Egypt 15; possibly con- l0l; used by Srcphanus, Tl necrcd wilh Ophir, t9; plann growing in, St¡ato, Greek scholar, 95 20r. Srrrajya. counrry ofwomcn, lg3, lg?, 196n. Songyun, Chinese pilgrim, 9n. Sruthopodes, fabulous people, tOl sooùsayers, India¡r, 159n. Styr4 Greek town,49 Sopara Indian town: commercial port, 2?; ¡denti_ Subterranean poople, 67f. ñed wirh Ophir l8 Suda, Byzøttitle, encyclopaedi4 I I ?n. Sopeithes, Indian king, t&, 165,224,n. Sudan, 105 Sophir, Coptic name for hrdia, l7n. Südras, 143,205,223n, Sophisrs, 8l Sucz,47n., 48 Sophocles, ¿t6n., Greek ragic poct, 52, E6f., Sucz inscription, see inscriptions 88n., 137n., l7ln. sugar cane, 209 Soroadeios, Indian god,92n., 20g Suhmas, Indian people, 220n. Sosandros, Greek author, 9 ln. suicidcs,225 South A¡abia: conucts with Egypt, l5; contacn Sukra, Indian sage, 200, 209 wirh India, 15, 19tr, 229; conncts wirh Sumer, I lff. Nesr Fast, l9fl; identified wirh ophir Sumcrian language, see Akkadian and Sumerian 19; planß growing in, 20f. words disussed Southeast Asia idenrilied wirh Ophir l?, 19; in sun classical sources, 158, l?0 in distant counries,75,122, 136 South India, 36,51n., 52,53f., ?4, 135n., 195f., god and culr, 2l9ff.; tempte in TaxitU22lf.; r99,2Mn.,2t2,229,23t Indian cr¡lt of sun and moon descibed by South Slavonian epics, 150 Ctesias, 220, 222f.; Indian culr in larer Souù Yemen, se¿ South fuabia clæsical authors, 221f.; ¡¿e also Helios, Spabrus, rivø, se¿ Hyparchus Si¡rya Spatu¡a, Indian town, ¿14 solar character of grif6ns, I 80n. spices, l9n. Sun(a), sce 2un(a)/Sun(a) spikenar{ a3 Sunämukhas, fabulous people, l4e l8lf. Spindle-shanked g2n. fabulous poople, I Sungas, Indian dynasry, 143 springs, miraculous, 8n,, 85n., 137n., see also sunrise, counry of, 13ó Sitas Supparaþ søc Sopara 6râddha, 162, ló5, t69, 22ß, 229 Snryãtakajebka,229n, Srauusurras, 159 Suppiluliuma, Hirtire king, 22

290 Ger¡eral lrder( surã, Z)0,20D¡t,215n, Terra ferninan¡m, 183n. Su¡apãla author of Vt*1tyurvúa, 209n, Thales, Greek philosopher, 109, I 13 Surkh Ko¡al, ûci€nl sito in Afghanista4 221n. Thar, des€¡t, 36,73, 157 , 159, 176, 220 Scrpakarna+ fabulous people, 196 Thebes, town n Egypt, A, 70 Sürya, Indian go4 23n., 212,219,220,221n. Themistocles, Athenim sûatesman 79 Susa, town, 12n., 21n,, 38n., ¿t0, 4E, 50, 51, 52, Theopluastus, Greck scholar, 39n., 52n., 53, 6ó, 90, ll0n. 95, 189n,,207n. suslilq 173n. Thcopompus, Grcek historian, 86 SuSrutå, Indian physician, 10n,, 115n., ló2n., Thomas, aptle,222 l6En., 169n., lE3n., 209n. Thrace, Thraciuu, 36n., 47n,, I 13 Sussutdijataka,229n, Thucydides, Groek hi*oriar¡ 4ón., 79n. Si¡trås, Vedic, 153. 155f, Tiamat, mythic drrgon in Mesopotûnia,28 Sutkqgendor, prehistoric site in Pakisun, l4n. Tibeq Tib€tans, 173f1,, 778, 183f., l E?, 20 1n., Suvar4advlþa, l7 205n. Suvasm, r¿¿ Swat Tibetan sources, 175, 195n.,208n. Svâmin, Indian god. 217 T¡beþBurm¿n, peoples and languages, lE4, 234 Svamukhas, fabulous people, 140, 182 ¡iger, 164, 165,166, 180 Svapææ¡Svapakas, nam€ for Ind¡ân low+astes, Tiglathpileser I, Assyrian monarch, Ø 182 Tiglaùpileser ltr, Assyrian monarch, 25 Swat, river and oountry: in generaì, 231; ancient tin, 106f. names, 194n,; Achaemenian rem¡ins, Tochari, people, 200n. 6(hr,; burials, 209, 224f .¡ preh¡storic Tons, river,205 chronology, 234i P lateilß or¡entøl¡s (?) toponyms, migration of, lOln. growing in, 67n.; peroglyphs, 166n.; opos, see ethnography religions, 215n,, 221: rice cultivation, þrloise, 92n. 52n.; viticulture, 208n., 209; treatment lowns, see urbanization of criminals,9n.; idenriñed wirh Cæsias' r* Hypuchus,184n. Achaemenian: with lndia. 24, 25, n, 4A, svaya¡hvarå,205 50ff.; with Greece, 27 swød, lndian, 3En. Bacuian, 3ff,5l Syama, vine-goddess ofKashmh 210 ca¡avan rade: in Arabia, 19; in Iran 26,50, Sync Z 5l Syiac wordsdiscussr;d: sdjat ã,25 Egyptian: wilh l¡rdiå, 15, l9f.; with Syro-Palestina, 17? Nonheast Africa (R¡nt) 15 Tabula Peutingeriana, Roman map, 44 gold Eade,39f., 17lff. Tacitus, Roman historian, lZn. Hellenistic u¡d Roman, wi¡h India, t5, 19f., Taksalq a NãBarAja" l9l,216 54, 106, 109, 15? TakgaÍilã, s¿e Taxila Indian: uadas, I 55; of girls, 223; of horses, Tamil, people and language, 53î.,229 2?.6,227: in clottr. 2?Ã1; m wool, 22óf.; Tamil sources, l9l, 203n, 229n, uades forbidden to Brah¡u¡s, 226f. Tamil words discussed: aici,54:' tõkai, 17 Masopotamian: with l¡rdia, llff.; 23ff., 50ff.,

T ang s ha (T bng-så¿), 9n. 77, llùt.; withering ol 14,50f. Ta¡3iI, l6f. Phoenicean, 15ff South Arabian, 15. l9ff. Tan€ssus, town and region in Spain, 125 Tranquebar, South Indian town, l8n. Tauron, Greek authø m Ardia, 100 transmigration, ll2f., ll4, ll6n., ll7 Ta¡ila, 36, 6(),60n.,61f., llE, 160n., l9l, 203, Trisp¡thâmi, fabulous people, I 32n. 205, 209n., 216, 220, 22lf ., 223ff ., 226 Troglodyne, people, 1E,67f., l4tl Taxiles, king Taxila, of 36n. Turagânanas, Nonhwesßm people, 182 teåIc.26 Turkic, peoples ud languages, 161,235 Tepe Yahya prehistoric site in lran, 12ff., 167n, Tzetzes, Byzantine schola¡, 67, 6E, 13 ln., 137n. telmite, 172, 173n., 175Í. Udabhãnd4 towrù 6ln. Tena ausralis incognita, 134n. Uddiyãnâ, ancient name of Swaq 194n.,207

29r Genc¡al Index

UùäyW-Avúan42X7 vessels: impure,2tT; Udrãya44 seeUddiyãna sacriñcial, 170: see also wine: drinking vesæls Ujjayin¡ Ujjenr, tnO¡an town, 203, 207n. Vibu¡num stellulatum Umm an-Nar, prehistoric Wall.. 210n. sitc in Abu Dhabi, 12, Vidarbha, counry, l3n. 165 Videvdat,liln. Und, s¿¿ Ohind Vindhy4 mounlains, g4, Undabheada 6ln. lSgn., 2OO,22tn. vine: growing in rhe Northwes Underground people, ó7, ¡,207f ,,214f.: 197n., see also growing Ttoglodytae in Kashmir, 20gf.; growing in unicom: India, 209; grafting and fenilizariort in Ìyesæm tradition, 16g; in Harappan 209n,; grape-soeds found in ancient seals, l?ln,; s¿¿ ¿lro rhinoceros sites, 209¡ grapes eaten by Buddhist form og monks, tnmataganapaú, Ca¡rapati, 215n. 208 upan¡sads, t09, I t(hl., tl2, tt3,l t6, I tgn., Viçpu, Indian t53ff. god, 190f. Visousmfi, 156, 169n., t70n., 225n. Ur, ancienr site in Mesoporami4 2ó Vokkap4 ancient name Ura.l, mounuins, l7g of lVakhan, 20? Indian Urartu, l?7 yjâtyal people, lB5, 200, 216n., 2rB V¡[4 28n. urbanization and towns: in Bacri4 39; in India, Vyãghramukhas, fabulous peoplc, 30, 39, t45,148, 154, t55,232 195 Vyãsq Indian sage, t¿z urei, silver cups of Nuristån, 20g lVadi Suq, prehistoric siþ in Urwick, &lward J,, on ptaro, O¡nan, l3n. t lùr, Wakhan, counry,207 U5anas, Indian s age, ?N war, in Uttanjjhaya¡a, India ethics of,2(Df; pcasann erctudc4 Jaina canonic texr, lZ5 97n.981 see abo army, clephant Uttarakuru, people and country,6l, l3gf,, 140, wasp, lEO l86ff., 200n,, 231 weights, Indus slonc weights, Umrûnådras, Ind¡an people, 6l 12; Babylonian Vadavamu*hå, l9t sta¡dad ad lrdia,3û lvfac€donian medimni,95n. Vahl[kas, see Båhlrkas wine Indian phitosophical sysrem, -V.aiSeSitca I t6n. drinking habi¡s Y at$pavúlrumasit&a, in Greek ethnography, 123n. I 55n. connoctod Vai(yas,2@n,2U with Dionysru, 2 14ff. ùinking compedüor arranged V Ajas aneyi $ar'r.hi U, 165n., g5n. by Alexander, I 208 VãliyõA, Tamit name of Balarãm4 l9l in Indial in general, vãlmfki, 147 207ff.; known o Cæsias,53, 207; supposed Varaha-Avatãra, of Vissu, U0 ¡o be un_ Varãhamihira, known,97n.; used as medicinc,2(D Indian scholar, author of inhau207 B¡hatsuhhiE, t2B, 140,166, tEln., drinking in gcneral in India: origin, 200; 182n., 195, 2O4n., 205n., 209n, Balarãma as ùunka¡d, Varanasi, 27n., 3ln. l9l, 215n.; drinking Brahmans, 2û, 2@, 227 var4as, four, r¿¿ l¡rdia: social divisions : pa4ini, Nonhwesþm d¡inking feass, 2t5,217f Vârrtiþs, on ree Kãryâyan¡¡ .: prohibition of , 2@,2A9,214,227; Varva¡a, Indian town, 207 n,, 220 n conneüion wirh Siva, 214ff; Vasiçfha, author of Dharmasüüa, drinking 30, l5sf., scenes 159n.,227n,,228 in an, 20En., 215; in literarure, 209i alcoholism and modcrarioq Vasudev4 Indian høo (god), 2l 209 tn. drinking vesselsl Vãsuki, a Nãgarãja, t9t found in excavarions,20g, Vãyu-hrAøA ßln. 215; ¿¡¿i ofNurishn, 2Og winc palm, see palmyra palrn Yúc 0?, l5o, l53ff., 165, :ez, 201, 2Mn., $,olf, 185n. 232,234 women, counry of, 183, lg7, 231, vegehrianism, sce eaüng habis s¿e also Vellainâkar, Sffrajya Tamil name of Bala¡äma, l9l wood, irnponed from Venuq planeL l9ln. tndia: in Mesopotami4 I l, palacsünå, 14,25f.; in 16f., 1g,54; in

292 Gene¡al Index

Pe¡sia, 50, 52 Zun(alsun(a), Northwestem god in Chine'le wool, in lr¡dta,22-6f. sourccs, 213¡,215 world, ends of the, in Greek tradilion, 57, 66n', 73, 75, 89, t2r, t22tr' l3l, 135, 136, r39n., 157,233 worm, giant, of ¡he Indus, 190ff writing: Aranaean, 29, 60 Brãhmr, 29, 48, 60; Kharo¡tl¡i, 29,6O Groeh 56, l¿ló,.¡¿¿ alro inscriptions of Aloka; suptposed cuneifonq in India 13; sup,posed to be unlnown in India, 29, 97n,99; origin of, in hdia,29f. "x", unlilown ethnic or linguistic element in Northwes¡, 18,/.,294 Xenophanes, Greck philosopher, l(8, 116 Xenophor¡ Gr€ek historian, 33n., 34n.,48' 52, 55n..8?f., 160, 163, 165 Xerxes, Achacmenid emperor, 33, 35n., 3?, 3E, 41n., 49, 50, 55, 57f., 64¡.,74,79, 87, llOn,,135, 163 Xuaneang, Chinese pil grim, 21 5, 220 Yadavæ,2(X Yajflavalkya autho¡ of Dharmafãsua, 1 15n,, 150f., 156, 169n., 225¡. Yalqas, class of mythological beings in Indiq 193,2MÃ.,212,215 Yama Adian go4 165 Yamtmã. river, 84,205 farui clu¡qiu,182n. Yarkand,river, 174, 187, 189n. Yãska, author of Nirut!¿ 153n.' 161, 226 Yavadvrpo, 149 Yavanas: namq 57; mentionod by Pãpini and Katyãyana. 56 l45f'; mentioned by Pauñjall, 143; in Indian lists of peoples, 194n., 195n,; "omniscient", 218; position in Indian class hierarchy, 143, 155; wine d¡i¡kcn,?Ã&n.i see also Cir€eks Yemen, ¡e¿ South Arabia Ten tzu ch'un ch'iu, l82n yogis, 170 Yudhigthirc Indian epic hero, 149, 166,172, t%, 196,206 Yüe

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