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Margaret Thatcher Margaret Thatcher Prif Weinidog Ceidwadol y Deyrnas Unedig rhwng 1979 a 1990, a'r ddynes gyntaf i ddal y swydd, oedd Margaret Hilda Thatcher (née Roberts) (13 Margaret Thatcher Hydref 1925 – 8 Ebrill 2013). Hi oedd y fenyw gyntaf i fod yn Brif Weinidog Prydain yn ogystal â bod y fenyw gyntaf yn Ewrop i gael ei hethol yn Brif Weinidog. Daeth yn adnabyddus am ei pholisïau Thatcheraidd a oedd yn medru hollti barn ac am ei phersonoliaeth benderfynol ac awdurdodol. [1][2][3] Daeth yn Aelod Seneddol dros Finchley yn Llundain yn 1959 ac yn 1970 fe’i penodwyd gan Edward Heath yn Ysgrifennydd Gwladol dros Addysg a Gwyddoniaeth. Yn 1975 trechodd Edward Heath yn ei ymgais i fod yn arweinydd y Ceidwadwyr ac felly etholwyd hi yn arweinydd yr wrthblaid yn erbyn Llywodraeth Lafur Harold Wilson ac yna Jim Callaghan. Arweiniodd Margaret Thatcher y Ceidwadwyr am 15 mlynedd nes iddi ymddiswyddo yn 1990. Mae’r syniadau gwleidyddol a fabwysiadodd tra'r oedd mewn grym yn cael eu hadnabod fel ‘Thatcheriaeth’ a daeth hi i gael ei hadnabod fel y ’Ddynes Ddur’. Arweiniodd y Ceidwadwyr i bŵer yn Etholiad Cyffredinol 1979 wrth Prif Weinidog y Deyrnas Unedig ennill buddugoliaeth dros y Blaid Lafur a oedd mewn grym o dan arweiniad Cyfnod yn y swydd James Callaghan. 4 Mai 1979 – 28 Tachwedd 1990 Roedd yn benderfynol o ymestyn yr egwyddor o farchnad rydd[4], ac yn Rhagflaenydd James Callaghan gefnogol i feddylfryd mentergarwch ac entrepreneuraidd. Roedd yn awyddus Olynydd John Major i symud pobl i ffwrdd o'u dibyniaeth ar y Llywodraeth a’r Wladwriaeth Les. Roedd hi eisiau i unigolion fod yn fwy annibynnol a dibynnol ar ei allu ei Geni 13 Hydref 1925 hun yn hytrach na dibynnu ar gymorth oddi wrth y Llywodraeth. Dangoswyd hyn pan werthodd y Llywodraeth ei stoc o dai cyngor ar ddiwedd y 1980au i Grantham, Swydd Lincoln denantiaid y tai - cyfanswm o tua 1.5 miliwn o dai. Yn ystod ei llywodraeth Marw 8 Ebrill 2013 (87 oed) hi, cafodd llu o wasanaethau cyhoeddus a diwydiannau a wladolwyd gan Llundain, Lloegr lywodraethau Llafur, gan gynnwys y rheilffyrdd, dŵr, trydan, nwy, olew, glo Plaid wleidyddol Ceidwadol a dur eu preifateiddio. Roedd hi'n rhoi pwyslais ar sicrhau bod gwariant cyhoeddus ar wasanaethau fel iechyd ac addysg yn cael eu gwneud yn fwy Priod Denis Thatcher atebol i’r Llywodraeth. Daeth yn symbol o'r gwrthdaro rhwng y chwith a'r dde yng ngwledydd Prydain, yn enwedig yn ystod Streic y Glowyr (1984–5). Cymaint oedd ei dylanwad hi fel y llwyddodd i weddnewid gwleidyddiaeth Prydain yn gyfan gwbl, gan baratoi'r ffordd ar gyfer Llafur Newydd. Erbyn diwedd ei chyfnod fel Prif Weinidog roedd wedi cyrraedd y garreg filltir o fod y Prif Weinidog a oedd wedi bod mewn grym am y cyfnod hiraf yn hanes Prydain a’r Prif Weinidog cyntaf ers dros 150 o flynyddoedd i ennill cyfres o dri etholiad cyffredinol - yn 1979, 1983 ac 1987.[2][3] Cynnwys Bywyd cynnar Prifweinidogaeth Bygythiadau terfysgol Rhyfel y Falklands Streic y Glowyr, 1984 Y Ddynes Ddur Ymddiswyddo Margaret Thatcher a Chymru Marwolaeth Cyfeiriadau Llyfryddiaeth Dolenni allanol Bywyd cynnar Alfred Roberts, yn wreiddiol o Swydd Northampton, oedd ei thad a Beatrice Ethel (née Stephenson) o Swydd Lincoln oedd ei mam.[5] Treuliodd ei blynyddoedd cynnar yn Grantham, lle'r oedd ei thad yn berchennog dwy siop ffrwythau a llysiau.[6] Roedd hi a'i chwaer hŷn Muriel yn byw uwch ben y siop fwyaf o'r ddwy, ger yr orsaf drenau[6] gyda'u rhieni. Roedd ei thad yn ymddiddori mewn gwleidyddiaeth leol a'r capel Methodistaidd lleol fel henadur a phregethwr lleyg; roedd yn gartref eitha llym.[7] Er ei fod yn hanu o deulu Rhyddfrydol, safodd fel cynghorydd annibynnol. Bu'n faer Grantham rhwng 1945 a 46 a chollodd ei swydd fel henadur yn 1952 pan gipiodd y Blaid Lafur fwyafrif Cyngor Tref Grantham.[8] Thatcher yn 12–13 oed yn Astudiodd Margaret Gemeg ym Mhrifysgol Rhydychen, gan raddio ym 1947. Aeth yn ei blaen i 1938 fod yn fod yn gemegydd ymchwil academaidd, yna’n fargyfreithwraig cyn camu i fyd gwleidyddiaeth. Daeth yn Aelod Seneddol dros Finchley yn 1959. Fe'i penodwyd gan Edward Heath yn Ysgrifennydd Gwladol dros Addysg a Gwyddoniaeth yn 1970. Bum mlynedd yn ddiweddarach trechodd Edward Heath yn ei hymgais i fod yn arweinydd y Ceidwadwyr ac felly'n arweinydd yr wrthblaid. Prifweinidogaeth Pan enillodd y Ceidwadwyr yr etholiad o dan arweiniad Margaret Thatcher, fe ddaethant i bŵer ar ôl ‘Gaeaf anfodlonrwydd’ gaeaf 1978-79. Adeg hynny roedd y wlad wedi dioddef nifer o streiciau ac yn y blynyddoedd dilynol dioddefodd y wlad ddiweithdra uchel a chwyddiant uchel.[1] Bygythiadau terfysgol Wynebodd ei Llywodraeth fygythiad hefyd yn sgil terfysgaeth gynyddol yr IRA ar dir mawr Prydain yn ystod y 1980au. Lladdwyd Iarll Mountbatten gan un o fomiau'r IRA yn 1979 a 17 o filwyr Prydain oriau ar ôl hynny.[9] Gwelwyd bygythiad cynyddol o du terfysgaeth ryngwladol yn sgil llofruddiaeth y blismones Yvonne Fletcher, a saethwyd ger Adeilad Llysgenhadaeth Libia yn Llundain yn 1984.[10] Yn 1988 bu’r ymosodiad mwyaf dinistriol ar dir mawr Prydain pan laddwyd 270 o bobl yn ymosodiad awyr Lockerbie, Swydd Dumfries, yr Alban.[11] Roedd y 1980au yn gyfnod cythryblus o densiynau cymdeithasol ac economaidd, gyda therfysgoedd hil yn digwydd yn Lerpwl, Brixton a Tottenham yn 1985. Yn 1990 achoswyd Terfysg Carchar Strangeways oherwydd gorboblogi yn y carchar a bu gwrth- derfysg dreisgar a gwaedlyd yn Llundain yn erbyn Treth y Pen rhwng protestwyr a’r heddlu.[12] Ceisiodd yr IRA lofruddio Thatcher a swyddogion eraill y llywodraeth yng Ngwesty‘r Grand yn Brighton adeg Cynhadledd y Blaid Geidwadol yno yn 1984. Lladdwyd 6 ac anafwyd 31 bryd hynny.[13] Rhyfel y Falklands Prif erthygl: Rhyfel y Falklands Er bod Prydain wedi bod yn rheoli Ynysoedd y Falklands ers 1833 roedd yr Ariannin wedi hawlio’r ynysoedd, a alwyd ganddynt y ‘Malvinas’, fel rhai a oedd yn eiddo iddyn nhw. Ymosododd yr Ariannin yn sydyn ar yr ynysoedd, sydd wedi eu lleoli yn Ne’r Iwerydd, ar Ebrill 2, 1982. Synnwyd a brawychwyd yr Ariannin gan gyflymder yr ymosodiad i’r graddau y gwnaeth un o weinidogion pennaf Margaret Thatcher, sef yr Arglwydd Carrington, y Gweinidog Tramor, ymddiswyddo. Ymatebodd Prydain yn syth pan benderfynodd Thatcher anfon tasglu llyngesol i adennill yr ynysoedd. Glaniodd y prif dasglu ar yr ynysoedd ar Mai 21. Anfonwyd tua 10,000 o filwyr Prydeinig draw i’r ynysoedd gyda’r tasglu, a bu brwydro caled - er enghraifft, ym mrwydr Goose Green. Ar ôl 73 diwrnod o ymladd adfeddianodd Prydain y Falklands ac ildiodd yr Archentwyr yn Port Stanley ar Mehefin 14, 1982.[14] Roedd buddugoliaeth y Deyrnas Unedig yn Rhyfel y Falklands yn hwb i boblogrwydd Thatcher, ac o bosib yn ffactor pam yr enillodd y Ceidwadwyr Etholiad Cyffredinol 1983. Gyda’r Llywodraeth wedi ymateb mewn ffordd ymosodol yn syth i’r goresgyniad, bu hyn yn hwb i boblogrwydd Thatcher. Credai rhai bod rhesymau gwleidyddol dros y dial sydyn, yn enwedig o gofio bod etholiad cyffredinol ar y gorwel. Streic y Glowyr, 1984 Prif erthygl: Streic y Glowyr (1984–85) Yn ystod ei hail dymor fel Prif Weinidog wynebodd Thatcher un o heriau mwyaf ei gyrfa wleidyddol pan ddechreuodd Streic y Glowyr (1984-85). Streic y glowyr oedd y streic fwyaf a welwyd ym Mhrydain erioed, a dechrau’r diwedd i’r diwydiant glo. Dechreuodd y Streic ar 12 Mawrth 1984 a pharhaodd am 12 mis.[15] Trodd y gwrthdaro rhwng y Llywodraeth Geidwadol a’r glowyr yn wrthsafiad rhwng dau arweinydd, sef Margaret Thatcher ac Arthur Scargill, Llywydd Undeb y Glowyr. Roedd y diwydiant glo wedi bod mewn trafferthion ers y 1970au ac yn 1972 aeth glowyr Prydain ar streic, a hynny am y tro cyntaf ers 1925. Parhaodd y streic honno am saith wythnos pan gaewyd 135 o byllau glo yn ne Cymru. O ganlyniad i'r streic pennwyd cyflog y glowyr ymysg cyflogau uchaf y dosbarth gweithiol ym Mhrydain. Cafwyd streic arall yn Margaret Thatcher yn 1983 1974 ac 1984. Erbyn 1984 roedd sefyllfa'r diwydiant glo wedi dirywio eto. Cychwyn y Streic oedd bwriad y Bwrdd Glo i gau 20 o byllau, a fyddai'n arwain at golli dros 20,000 o swyddi. Roeddent yn honni nad oedd y cytundeb a wnaed gyda'r Undebau yn 1974 yn ddilys erbyn hynny, oherwydd y newid a oedd wedi digwydd yn economi'r wlad. Roedd y Llywodraeth Geidwadol o dan arweiniad Margaret Thatcher yn benderfynol o ddinistrio grym yr Undebau. Dadleuai Thatcher a’r Blaid Geidwadol bod angen cau 20 o byllau glo ar draws Prydain am nad oeddent yn ddigon cynhyrchiol a chynaladwy yn ariannol. Dadleuai'r Undebau bod eu polisïau yn cael effaith andwyol ar y cymunedau glofaol. Galwodd Arthur Scargill ar y glowyr i fynd ar streic, ac ar 12 Mawrth dechreuodd streic a barhaodd am bron i flwyddyn. Bu maes glo de Cymru yn gadarn eu cefnogaeth i’r streic, gyda’r wyth ar hugain o byllau yn ne Cymru yn cymryd rhan flaenllaw wrth i'r streic fynd yn ei blaen drwy bicedu a phrotestio. Daeth grwpiau gwragedd yn amlwg iawn yn ystod y streic a daeth cefnogaeth i’r gweithwyr oddi wrth ffermwyr y gorllewin a chwarelwyr gogledd Cymru. Sefydlwyd mudiadau a oedd yn gefnogol i'r glowyr, megis 'Gwragedd yn erbyn Cau'r Pyllau' (WAPC), ac roedd y menywod yn cymryd rhan amlwg mewn protestiadau ac wrth geisio lliniaru effaith y tlodi enbyd. Amlygwyd agwedd Thatcher tuag at y glowyr yn ei natur benderfynol i beidio ildio iddynt.
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