Neruda Y Sus Poetas / Giuseppe Bellini

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Neruda Y Sus Poetas / Giuseppe Bellini Giuseppe Bellini Catedrático Emérito de la Univer- sidad de Milán. Director del Cen- tro di Studi sull´Europa Mediterrà- nea en la Unidad de Milán. Doctor Honoris Causa por varias Univer- sidades europeas y americanas. Autor de numerosos libros y artí- culos, traducciones (entre las que destacan las de Neruda y Miguel Ángel Asturias), ha publicado ade- más una difundidísima Historia de NERUDA Y SUS POETAS la literatura hispanoamericana con varias ediciones. Director de GIUSEPPE BELLINI revistas (entre ellas Quaderni ibe- roamericani) y colecciones edito- riales de amplia tradición y pre- sencia en el mundo europeo y latinoamericano. 1 1. La poesía nerudiana está llena de nom- otros nombres del pasado, como el conde de Pablo Neruda, «Viaje al corazón bres de poetas, europeos y americanos, y en Villamediana, víctima del palacio y de sus de Quevedo», en Viajes, Santia- go de Chile, Nascimento, 1955, sus prosas también Neruda alude a, o a veces aventuras amorosas, una serie de grandes ahora en Obras Completas, IV, trata de, poetas que le han formado, hacia los líricos que van de Garcilaso a Fray Luis de «Nerudiana dispersa, I», ed., cuales van sus preferencian o que ha conoci- León, de Góngora a Quevedo. Para todos prólogo y notas de H. Loyola, Barcelona, Galaxia Gutemberg- do y con los cuales ha tenido vínculos de ellos tiene Neruda palabras cuya lectura hasta Club de Lectores, 2001, pp. 451- amistad. No todos tuvieron, se entiende, hoy no deja de emocionarnos: 452. igual importancia para él; no pocas veces en- 2 contramos líricos a quienes cita solamente, En el fondo del pozo de la historia, como un agua Pablo Neruda, «Oda a Federico otras veces, al contrario, se trata de poetas ha- más sonora y brillante, brillan los ojos de los poetas García Lorca», en Residencia en cia los cuales va con entusiasmo y emoción la muertos. Tierra, pueblo y poesía son una misma en- la Tierra, 2. mención del chileno, con declaraciones de tidad encadenada por subterráneos misteriosos. 3 profunda adhesión y definiciones deslum- Cuando la tierra florece, el pueblo respira la libertad, Pablo Neruda, «A Miguel Her- brantes. los poetas cantan y muestran el camino. Cuando la ti- nández, asesinado en los presi- dios de España», en Canto ge- Es suficiente acudir al Canto general para ranía oscurece la tierra y castiga las espaldas del pue- neral. confirmar las preferencias del poeta. Al final blo antes que nada se busca la voz más alta, y cae la del Canto, en las disposiciones de su «Testa- cabeza de un poeta al fondo del pozo de la historia. mento», incita alos nuevos poetas de América La tiranía corta la cabeza que canta, pero la voz en el a que amen, como él los amó, a su Manrique, fondo del pozo vuelve a los manantiales secretos de su Góngora, su Garcilaso, su Quevedo, «titá- la tierra y desde la oscuridad sube por la boca del nicos guardianes, armaduras / de platino y ne- pueblo1. vada transparencia», que le enseñaron el rigor; los anima a que busquen en su Lautréamont Así comienza el conocido Viaje al corazón «viejos lamentos / entre pestilenciales agonías», de Quevedo. Federico era ciertamente para y en Maiakovski «vean cómo ascendió la Neruda el poeta de más dramática referencia. estrella / y cómo de sus rayos nacieron las Recordemos el comienzo desesperado de la espigas», gran utopía del Neruda vitalista. oda que le dedica en la segunda Residencia en Objeto de gran amistad fueron algunos de la tierra: los poetas de la «Generación del 27»: García Lorca, Hernández, Alberti, el mismo Alei- Si pudiera llorar de miedo en una casa sola, xandre. Hay páginas y poemas dedicados a si pudiera sacarme los ojos y comérmelos, ellos, que todos conocen. Miguel Hernández, lo haría por tu voz de naranjo enlutado Federico García Lorca y Antonio Machado y por tu poesía que sale dando gritos2. con su muerte, el primero víctima de la enfer- medad conseguida en la cárcel, el segundo ase- No menos trágucamente sentida la muerte sinado, Machado obligado a huir a Francia, de Miguel Hernández. Con frecuencia recor- donde casi de inmediato muere, quedan como daba Neruda del joven poeta la sencillez de herida viva en la sensibilidad nerudiana, ima- sus aspiraciones, la poesía que emanaba de su Neruda y sus poetas 3 GIUSEPPE BELLINI gen permanente del crimen. A ellos se añaden persona. Lo llorará en el Canto general como 26 la «aspereza cereal de la avena segada», la mentalmente, Gabriela Mistral, aunque de «miel que medía la tierra», como «Un ruise- manera más concreta presente en época tarda, ñor manchado de naranjas, un hilo / de inco- con su poema celebrativo de la cordillera9, al rruptible canto, de fuerza deshojada», prome- cantor de las «Alturas de Macchu Picchu»10. tiendo venganza. Y en Las uvas y el viento4 Gabriela y Darío son considerados por Ne- celebrará Neruda en Hernández «el esplendor ruda chilenos y al cumplir cincuenta años de del hombre duplicado», su canto, en el que se poeta quiere reconocer en ellos «la edad juntaron «todos los enterrados ruiseñores, to- eterna de la verdadera poesia» y su deuda, das las aves del sonoro cielo». como a todos los que escribieron poesía 11 Sin sospecharlo, Neruda predecía su mis- antes que él . Baudelaire. mo destino, su trágico momento final frente al A Bécquer, Neruda le dedica un homena- golpe militar, y su permanencia en el tiempo. je significativo en 1936 en la revista Caballo 4 Han pasado cien años desde su nacimiento y verde para la poesía. Anteriormente, en 1933, Pablo Neruda, «El pastor perdi- do», en Las uvas y el viento. la voz del poeta, con sus descontadas equivo- había celebrado con García Lorca a Darío, en caciones que la historia explica, todavía canta la conocida charla «al alimón»: si el primero 5 para nosotros con intacta pasión y frescura, era para Neruda «mano de madreselva ar- Pablo Neruda, «Infancia y poe- sía», en Obras Completas, IV, como sus grandes amigos. diendo», que «inunda el crepúsculo con humo op. cit., p. 926. lleno de lluvia, con nieve llena de lluvia, con 2. La formación de Neruda fue romántico- flores que la lluvia ha tocado», «gran voz, dul- 6 modernista. Era la época, y Bécquer y Darío ce corazón herido», «Sol desdichado, señor de Ibid., p. 925. 12 fueron sus primeros inspiradores. Cuando en- las lluvias» , Darío es un «nombre rojo» que 7 contró en Temuco a Gabriela Mistral ésta, se- hay que recordar «en sus direcciones esencia- Ibidem. gún parece, le encaminó a lecturas más que de les con sus terribles dolores del corazón, su 8 poetas de narradores: los escritores rusos, de incertidumbre incandescente, su descenso a Ibidem. cuyas obras, que no menciona, el chileno de- los hospitales del infierno, su subida a los cas- nuncia la gran influencia que ejercieron sobre tillos de la fama, sus atributos de poeta gran- 9 Gabriela Mistral, «Cordillera», 5 él . de, desde entonces y para siempre e impres- en Poesía completas, Madrid, Fue probablemente sobre todo Gorki una cindible13. Aguilar, 1958. de las lecturas «voraces» del momento, supe- En Béquer, Neruda encuentra una identi- 10 ración de Verne y Salgari, sin embargo siem- dad espiritual mayor que en Darío. De éste le Neruda le dedica en 1954 un re- pre presente éste, como fuente de un mundo impresiona sobre todo la pasión, la vida dra- cuerdo sentido y polémico: «Mi fantástico que dominó la infancia del poeta. mática. Es suficiente abrir al azar El río invi- saludo a Gabriela», en Obras Completas, IV, op. cit., pp. 958- Un abigarrado repertorio, propio de la edad sible o los Cuadernos de Temuco, el mismo 960. en que un joven se abre a la literatura y don- Crepusculario para constatar cuanto hay en de se mezclan Vargas Vila y Strindberg, Gor- ellos de romántico y modernista, a pesar de 11 Pablo Neruda, «Discurso en la ki y Felipe Trigo, Diderot, Bernardin de evidentes innovaciones: romántico por senti- Universidad de Chile en su 50° Saint-Pierre y Victor Hugo con sus Misera- miento, modernista por expresión. La muer- aniversario: Andando hace mu- bles6, más tarde Notre Dame de Paris y Los te, el amor, el dolor, el deseo erótico, la vida, chos años por el lago Ranco...», ibid., p. 953. trabajadores del mar, la misma María de Isa- son temas en los que se expresa una funda- acs: el «saco de la sabiduría humana» que «se mental amargura romántica. Estos temas 12 había roto y se desgranaba en la noche de Te- encuentran espacio abundante en Crepuscu- Pablo Neruda, «G.A.B.», ibid., pp. 384-385. muco»7. Neruda confiesa: lario, donde, en el segundo poema de Helio, se evidencia también la huella de Herrera y 13 Para mí los libros fueron como la misma selva en que Reissig y acentuadamente modernista es el Pablo Neruda, «Discurso al ali- món sobre Rubén Darío por me perdía, en que continuaba perdiéndome. Eran erotismo de «Morena la besadora», mientras Federico García Lorca y Pablo otras flores deslumbradoras, otros altos follajes som- plenamente romántico es el poema Pelleas y Neruda», ibid., p. 370. bríos, misteriosos silencios, sonidos celestiales, pero Melisanda. también, la vida de los hombres más allá de los cerros, La novedad nerudiana se afirma, no tan- más allá de los helechos, más allá de la lluvia8. to en El hondero entusiasta, que el poeta uruguayo Carlos Sabat Ercasty juzgará El joven que venía de la provincia no esca- demasiado influido por su propia poesía, pó, naturalmente, a la influencia del ambiente determinando una auténtica crisis en el y, en la poesía, Bécquer y Darío fueron sus joven chileno, sino a partir de Tentativa del Neruda y sus poetas primeros inspiradores.
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