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Early Age Thermal Behavior of Bagasse Ash Concrete Under Different Ambient Temperatures

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Early Age Thermal Behavior of Bagasse Ash Concrete Under Different Ambient Temperatures ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY ADDIS ABABA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Early Age Thermal Behavior of Bagasse Ash Concrete Under Different Ambient Temperatures By Amanuel Bersisa July, 2019 Addis Ababa A Thesis in Structural Engineering A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science The undersigned have examined the thesis entitled “Early Age Thermal Behavior of Bagasse Ash Concrete Under Different Ambient Temperatures” presented by Amanuel Bersisa, a candidate for the degree of Master of Science and hereby certify that it is worthy of acceptance. Dr. - Ing. Adil Zekeria Advisor Signature Date Dr. Esayas G/Youhannes Internal Examiner Signature Date Dr. - Ing. Girma Zerayouhannes External Examiner Signature Date Dr. - Ing. Henok Fikre Chair Person Signature Date ii UNDERTAKING I confirm that research work titled “Early Age Thermal Behavior of Bagasse Ash Concrete under Different Ambient Temperatures” is my own work. The work has not been presented elsewhere for assessment. Where material has been used from other sources, it has been properly acknowledged / referred. Amanuel Bersisa iii ABSTRACT Bagasse ash can be optimized as a partial cement replacing material in a concrete mixture. Other than guaranteeing mechanical properties, this pozzolana could be used as a thermal retarder for mass concrete placement, despite the fact that its property was not examined under various ambient temperatures. This research aims at studying the early age thermal and mechanical properties of bagasse ash concrete under different ambient temperatures. A semi-adiabatic temperature rise data of four different concrete mixtures (containing pure Portland cement, 6.5%, 13% and 20% dosage of bagasse ash by volume) are determined. Insulated concrete specimens of size 30*30*40cm3 were cast and the internal heat of hydration was measured at three different locations for every 30 minutes of interval. For simulating different ambient temperatures, a chamber has been constructed in the AAiT material laboratory. The temperature chamber is capable of simulating average ambient temperatures of 25.150, 35.540 and 43.770 C. As the experimental outcomes indicate, there is reduction in early age compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strength of concrete containing different dosages of bagasse ash. On the other hand, enhancement of strength is observed in bagasse ash concrete specimens at late age testing (with exception of 20% replacement level). The laboratory testing program revealed that, the presence of bagasse ash in the concrete mixture shifts temperature rise-time curve, reduces the total heat of hydration and decreases the thermal gradient in the specimens. Moreover, the total heat of hydration of all mixtures was significantly influenced as the ambient temperature increased, but mixtures containing bagasse ash show slower heat liberation rate relative to the control group. Heat of hydration and thermal cracking risk were also simulated using Hacon-3 finite element software. The FES results show a good agreement with the real measurement in temperature gauges. The presence of bagasse ash in concrete up to 13% decreases the cracking risk. However, incorporating bagasse ash at a higher dosage could retard the strength development and consequently escalates the risk of cracking. This investigation proves, the main driving force that controls early age cracking risk depends on both strength development and heat liberation of concrete. Key words: Bagasse ash, Semi-adiabatic temperature rise, Temperature chamber, Heat of hydration, Ambient temperature, Thermal gradient, Thermal cracking risk. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would first like to take this opportunity to thank God for being my strength and guide in writing this thesis. I express my deepest gratitude to my thesis advisor Dr. - Ing. Adil Zekeria for devoting much time to consult, guide and read my work over and over again. Your assistance on both research as well as on my career have been indispensable. Beside my advisor, the door to Dr. Esayas G.Youhannes office was always open whenever I had a question about my research work; hence, I am very thankful for his unconditional cooperation. I would also like to thank AAiT material laboratory staffs and experts from different field of study for partaking in this research. Ethiopian road authority is playing a vital role in producing educated manpower by sponsoring educational programs. Therefore, I would like to thank ERA for sponsoring my MSc. program collaborating with AAiT. Finally, yet importantly, I would like to thank my mother: Seblewongle Dejenie for supporting me spiritually throughout my life. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................... IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................... V TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................. VI LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... IX LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... X CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 1 1.1 MOTIVATION .................................................................................................... 1 1.2 RESEARCH NEED ............................................................................................. 2 1.3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF RESEARCH ................................................... 3 1.4 SCIENTIFIC APPROACH .................................................................................. 4 1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THESIS........................................................................... 4 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................... 5 2.1 CEMENT HYDRATION AND HEAT EVOLUTION ....................................... 5 2.1.1 Hydration of Ordinary Portland Cement ...................................................... 5 2.1.2 Hydration of Cement with Supplementary Admixtures ............................... 6 2.1.3 Factors That Influence Cement Hydration and Heat Evolution ................... 7 2.2 MASS CONCRETE AND THERMAL CRACKING ......................................... 9 2.2.1 Definition of Mass-Concrete ........................................................................ 9 2.2.2 Thermal Cracking ....................................................................................... 10 2.2.3 Mitigation Strategies of Thermal Cracking ................................................ 10 2.3 BAGASSE ASH AND PERVIOUS STUDY .................................................... 12 2.3.1 Bagasse Ash ................................................................................................ 12 2.3.2 Abundance of Bagasse Ash in Ethiopia...................................................... 12 2.3.3 Previous Works on Bagasse Ash Concrete ................................................. 13 2.3.4 Chemical Composition of Bagasse Ash ..................................................... 14 CHAPTER 3 MATERIAL AND METHODS ........................................................ 15 3.1 MATERIAL ....................................................................................................... 15 3.1.1 Aggregate .................................................................................................... 15 vi 3.1.2 Cement ........................................................................................................ 18 3.1.3 Bagasse Ash ................................................................................................ 18 3.1.4 Water ........................................................................................................... 22 3.2 METHODS ........................................................................................................ 22 3.2.1 Mixture Design ........................................................................................... 22 3.2.2 Mixing, Vibrating, and Curing Condition .................................................. 23 3.2.3 Test Setup and Procedure ........................................................................... 25 CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION .......................................................... 30 4.1 FRESH CONCRETE PROPERTIES................................................................. 30 4.2 HARDENED CONCRETE PROPERTIES ....................................................... 31 4.2.1 Compressive Strength ................................................................................. 31 4.2.2 Splitting Tensile Strength ........................................................................... 32 4.2.3 Flexural Strength ........................................................................................ 34 4.3 EARLY AGE THERMAL PROPERTIES ........................................................ 36 4.3.1 Effect of Ambient Temperature on Heat Evolution ................................... 38 4.3.2 The Effect of Bagasse Ash on Early Age Heat Evolution .......................... 46 CHAPTER 5 FINITE ELEMENT MODELING ................................................... 53 5.1 MODEL DESCRIPTION .................................................................................
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