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Identités Politiques, Discours Et Médias: Le Cas De La Identités politiques, discours et médias : le cas de la “ révolution orange ” Valentyna Dymytrova To cite this version: Valentyna Dymytrova. Identités politiques, discours et médias : le cas de la “ révolution orange ”. Sciences de l’information et de la communication. Université Lumière - Lyon II, 2011. Français. NNT : 2011LYO20072. tel-01376987v2 HAL Id: tel-01376987 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01376987v2 Submitted on 11 Jul 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Université Lumière Lyon 2 Éducation, Psychologie, Information, Communication Identités politiques, discours et médias : Le cas de la « Révolution orange » Valentyna DYMYTROVA Thèse de doctorat en Sciences de l’Information et de la Communication Sous la direction de Bernard LAMIZET Présentée et soutenue publiquement le 21 novembre 2011 Composition du jury : Bernard LAMIZET, Professeur des universités, Institut d’Études Politiques de Lyon Isabelle GARCIN-MARROU, Professeure des universités, Institut d’Études Politiques de Lyon Marc LITS, Professeur d’université, Université Catholique de Louvain Joanna NOWICKI, Professeure des universités, Université de Cergy-Pontoise Contrat de diffusion Ce document est diffusé sous le contrat Creative Commons « Paternité – pas d’utilisation commerciale - pas de modification » : vous êtes libre de le reproduire, de le distribuer et de le communiquer au public à condition d’en mentionner le nom de l’auteur et de ne pas le modifier, le transformer, l’adapter ni l’utiliser à des fins commerciales. Département des Sciences de l’Information et de la Communication École doctorale EPIC: Éducation, Psychologie, Information- Communication Laboratoire CNRS L’UMR 5206 – TRIANGLE ENS de Lyon ! VOLUME I Par Valentyna DYMYTROVA Thèse de doctorat en Sciences de l’Information et de la Communication Dirigée par Bernard LAMIZET Présentée et soutenue publiquement le 21 novembre 2011 Devant un jury composé de : Mr Bernard LAMIZET, Professeur émérite de sciences de l’information et de la communication, Institut d’Études Politiques de Lyon Mr Marc LITS, Professeur des Universités, Université Catholique de Louvain Mme Joanna NOWICKI, Professeure de sciences de l’information et de la communication, Université de Cergy-Pontoise Mme Isabelle GARCIN-MARROU, Professeure de sciences de l’information et de la communication, Institut d’Études Politiques de Lyon !"# "# $ ! !%# " # %%$ & #"% % ' ( ) % * % !! & +, - ) %. # "(/ - - ) %. # % $ & ! % 0 "( - ) % % %" % % - - !# ) ! #/ !! $ %% 1 / %% 0 % 2 -% ( !# ) ! ' ($ & #"% % %%" % % % 2 -% ( ! !# % % ! " %$ %% 3 4 ( # % )% ! % % % % % $ ! # ! 5 ) %% ! % %$ - % # // % # # % ) 6 $ & 7! " " %%" #! %" %. # % 8$$ 9 9 , !! % ) : # ! % % % ) : % ) ! % $ ; ., < # % # ( ! $ ; 0% 7 % ! # =# %# % ! ' $ 2 SOMMAIRE ............................................................................................................................. 3 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................... 5 PREMIÈRE PARTIE : LES IDENTITÉS POLITIQUES ET LES MÉDIAS................. 13 Chapitre 1. Identités politiques, communication et discours.................................................... 13 Chapitre 2. Les métamorphoses des identités et des médias en Ukraine ................................. 41 Chapitre 3. La « révolution orange » : communication et identités ....................................... 109 Conclusion de la première partie............................................................................................ 134 DEUXIÈME PARTIE : NOMMER, DIRE ET METTRE EN SCENE LES IDENTITÉS POLITIQUES....................................................................................................................... 135 Chapitre 4. Les identités politiques, la dénomination et les médias ...................................... 142 Chapitre 5. Les identités politiques, la mémoire discursive et les médias ............................. 207 Chapitre 6. L’image et les identités politiques dans les médias............................................. 285 Conclusion de la deuxième partie .......................................................................................... 345 CONCLUSION GÉNÉRALE ............................................................................................. 357 BIBLIOGRAPHIE ............................................................................................................... 362 RESSOURCES ÉLECTRONIQUES ................................................................................. 383 INDEX DES NOTIONS....................................................................................................... 386 LISTE DES FIGURES......................................................................................................... 389 LISTE DES TABLEAUX .................................................................................................... 392 TABLE DES MATIERES ................................................................................................... 393 ANNEXES (VOLUME II)…………………………………..……………………………..397 3 Remarque préliminaire Deux langues slaves ont été utilisées dans la rédaction de la thèse : l’ukrainien et le russe. Certains termes et expression particulièrement pertinents pour la compréhension de notre analyse ainsi que les références bibliographiques des travaux ukrainiens et russes sont translittérés en fonction des règles en usage chez les slavistes1 et accompagnés de la traduction en français. Les titres des articles de presse ukrainienne faisant partie du corpus sont traduits en français, les titres d’origine pouvant être consultés dans les tableaux de la présentation du corpus2. Les traductions des titres des articles, des citations de la presse ukrainienne et des auteurs ukrainiens cités sont réalisées par nous, sauf mention contraire. Toute traduction présente une certaine marge d’infidélité par rapport au texte source. Cependant, l’ampleur de cette marge dépend des objectifs du traducteur. D’un point de vue sémiotique, toute traduction est envisagée comme une forme d’interprétation qui porte sur des textes et qui ne se limite pas à passer d’un texte dans une langue au même genre de texte dans une autre langue mais de négocier constamment sur tous les plans, de traduire « monde à monde » pour « dire presque la même chose »3. Dans le cas des citations que nous avons traduites de l’ukrainien ou du russe vers le français, nous souhaitions rendre compréhensibles leurs significations au lecteur français sans procéder à des remaniements et à des transformations, souvent nécessaires et justifiés pour un texte littéraire. En ce qui concerne les noms propres de personne nous avons privilégié la transcription française en usage dans les médias francophones4. Comme le changement des noms de lieux à l’indépendance de l’Ukraine n’a pas été complètement intégré dans la presse francophone, nous désignons la capitale ukrainienne dans la thèse Kiev au lieu de Kyïv. En revanche, nous employons les noms Lviv et Kharkiv pour les villes ukrainiennes désignées dans la transcription russe Lvov et Kharkov. 1 Annexe I. La translittération de la langue russe et de la langue ukrainienne utilisée par les slavistes « Les règles de la translittération. 2 Annexe VIII. Le corpus. 3 Traduire, selon Umberto Eco, c’est « comprendre le système intérieur d’une langue et la structure d’un texte donné dans cette langue, et construire un double du système textuel qui, sous une certaine description, puisse produire des effets analogues chez le lecteur, tant sur le plan sémantique et syntaxique que sur le plan stylistique, métrique, phonosymbolique, et quant aux effets passionnels auxquels le texte source tendait ». ECO, Umberto (2006), Dire presque la même chose : Expériences de traduction, Paris : Bernard Grasset, p. 16. 4 Par exemple, nous utilisons Viktor Iouchtchenko au lieu de Viktor Yushchenko (en usage dans la presse anglo- saxonne) ou de Viktor Juščenko (selon les règles de translittération des slavistes). 4 À la proclamation de l’indépendance en 1991, l’Ukraine est peu connue en France. Dix ans après, le Français moyen ne connaît toujours, « entre autres stéréotypes, que le danger que représente incontestablement la centrale atomique de Tchernobyl »5. Cela peut s’expliquer d’abord par les difficultés éprouvées par les journalistes mais aussi par les diplomates face aux changements qui ont reconfiguré la carte politique du monde, comme la réunification de l’Allemagne (1990) et la dislocation de l’Union soviétique (1991), et qui ont rendu obsolètes les anciens schémas d’interprétation de l’actualité internationale fondés sur la confrontation entre le communisme et le capitalisme. Le 1 août 1991, le président
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