Assessment/Anlaysis # Report;si t Public Disclosure Authorized
Report E0069
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Public Disclosure Authorized E'nvironmental AssessmentSummary.
Nove'mber 1993 Public Disclosure Authorized
This, report has been prepared by the Borrower or its Consultant Environmental Assessment/Analysis Reports Report E
China- Shanghai-Zhejiang Highway Project EA Category A
Environmental Assessment Summary Shanshai-langzhouExpressway Project (Zhejiang Section) ExecutiveSuzmary of EnvironmentImpact Assessment
In Nay 1990.the StateEnvironment Protection Bureau Authorized ZhejiangProvincial Research Institute of EnvironmentProtection (ZPRIEP)to performEXA for the wholealignment of the projectin accordancewith the TOR of EIA for ZheiiangSection (Bangzhou- Fensjing) of Shanghai-HangzhouExpressway project. ZPRIEP has made detail site surveying of backgroundconditions and forecastingto three alternative alignments of the expressway over a lengthof about103 km betweenHangzhou and Fengjingfrom view point of environment protection combined with engineering and economic regards and put forward the opinion that the selected alignment has the least adverse impacts on land occupation, populated towns and villages, background water quality and cultural/historic heritases, and submitted the " EnvironmentImpact Statement for Zhejiang Section (Iangzhou-Fengjing) of Shanghai-Hangzhou Expressway ProJect m in February. 1991. According to the " EnvironmentProtection Law of PRC n and the " Measures of Environment Protection Managementof Transport Construction Projects ', and the like environment regulations, ZPRIEP has Conducted following activities: 1) To studythe present environmental conditions along the proposed expressway and the environmentaI impact of vehicle volume of existing roads. 2) To identify the distribution features of human landscapes and historicantiquities, as wellas probableinfluences on theseby the new expresswayto be built. 3) To forecastthe environmentalimpacts in the constructionphase of the expressway. 4) To forecast the ranse of the pollutants and the concentrations in case of maximumtraffic during the operation of the expressway. 5) To forecast adverse environmental impact of accident emission of pollutant sources.
A. Outline of the Environmental Conditions
1. Geographic Condition:
The alignment of Sbanshai-hangzhou Expressway is located in the fangzhou-Jiaxing-Ruzhou river network plain in the north bank of Qiantansjians River which is the southern end of the Changjiang delta, featured by flat terrain, networked rivers and numerous lakes to assume miro-seomorphic landforus. The expressway passes throush Nangzhou-Jinxing-Iuzhou from south west to north east with Many paddy fields and mulberryhills alons the alignment, descending at this way withan heisht of about 6-7u.
1 2. Hydrolosicaland meteorologicalConditions The regionof theROW belongs to subtropicalmonsoon climate zone, havingmoist temperature, demarcated season and abundant rainfall with the averageatmospheric temperature per year of about16-17 c, the average humidity per year of about 80-822 and the average precipitationper year of about1000-1200 e, experiencingplum rains in spring and summer, and occasional typhoon strikes in autumn and summer. The surface run-off are conversed to river network through criss-cross channel and empties into Qia.tangjing River and Hangzhou Bay by way of HuangpuRiver water system and four mainstreams for drainingflooded fields. The water systemin thisregion constitutes a water transport network and formulates various channels capable of carrying shipsfrom 10 to 100ton capacity.
3. Population
The resion of the ROW,includins Yuhang county(Linsping), Raining city (Chansan and Xiashi). Tonsxians city. Jiaxinscity and Jiashan county (Weitons). has a population of 3.65 millionalong the alignment, passing throush 24 townships and 84 villages with a averase populationdensity of 600-900persons per sq.km and up to 4000-15000 personsper sq.knin townsof whichXiashi is the nost concentrated onecrowded with 55000 persons in 3.5 sq.km.
4. kgriculture
The region has always enjoyed the reputation of being a ' Land of Rice and Fish and Homeof Silk " witha highland utilization ratio. The six counties and cities along the alignment have paddy fields of 196.47 sq.km mixed up with mulberry fields and tea plantations. producing rice of 2.2958 million ton per year accountingfor 15 percent of the total output of the province and silkworm cocoons of 1.32million dan accounting for 30.5percent of theprovince.
5. Transportation
Nowadaysthe hishway traffic from Hangzhouto Shanghai is carried by National Road 320 (Rangzhou-Fensjios highway). After being reconstructed and widened in 1989. the highway tends to saturation operation with a daily mixed traffic volume of 14083 in 1990 and the increasing of the traffic volume is very fast. Nearby the starting section of the expressway, there are Qiaosi marshaling station and Zhejiang-Jiangxi railway. the expressway and the railway will be parallel to each other to trend towards theeast. The railwayoperates overload, the road appears quite congest and the capabilityis far from adaptingthe transport requirement, leading the traffic often janmed under a low level service and accidents mfrequently occurred". these constitute the main reason to construct the expressway. 2 6. Historic/CulturalHeritages
Hangzhouand Jiaxingare twomain cities along the alignment.Fos and Rain Pavilionat SouthLake has been ranked as nationalkey protectedcultural relics. Hangzhou, as a touristcenter. is well known at homeand abroad.The constructionof the expresswaywill createbetter conditionsfor developing the touristbusiness and carryingforward historic/cultural heritases.
B. EnvironmentalQuality
1. Noise
Alongthe alisnment,there are 84 relativelypopulated villases, but the scattereddensity of housesis not hish.Villases located on the both sides of the alignment are mostly long and narrow in shape and less buildinss are affected by noise. After monitoring the selected representative spots such as villages. schools, road crossings and wilder fields. the average noise levels are 43-51.2 dB(A) in day time and 32.2-37.6 dB(A) in night; the noise background value in where close to railways and highways is somewhat increased. Using monitoring data of Yufeng village of Pensbu town in the east suburban of Hangzhou as a representative, the average noise level is 48 dB(A)in day tine and 34 dBCA)in night,the existing noise quality is generallygood.
2. Air Quality
In theselected typical resident areas, wilder fields, existing road crossinssand the areasmixed by residence,commerce and transport oct. along the proposedexpressway, CO. NOx.S02. TSP and T1C have been monitoredand analyzedaccording to the specifications.The EIS based on the monitorinsindicated that the comprehensivequality indexes of sample points are within the extent of 0.33-1.10, of which, six points are clean, five points are in normal condition and one point is generallypolluted. Referred to the airquality along the whole alisnment,among the pollutants, the THC bas the lowest concentrationand the CO,NOx andTSP comenext. The alignment of the expresswayavoids bis citiesand townsand passesthrough the wilder agriculturalregions, so the airquality is relativelygood and could maintainthe classI or II statestandard.
3. WaterQuality
By sampling and analyzing the water body of uajor rivers and cultivation ponds for aquatic products along the alignment, it is confirmed that the reason for thewater body being polluted is mainly caused by the orsanic pollutant factors from fairly little rivers and cultivationponds and therun-off from agricultural fields. leading
3 CODnnto exceedthe waterquality standard and oneor two BOD5and COD to exceedthe standard. The value of Pb,SS and Dil in thewater body near the existingroads is farhigher than the monitoring value of thatnear the proposed expressway. For an example.the value of Pb in the cultivationpond at Rlanzhushais 0.009 m9/I, of SS is 249 mg/iand of Oilis 0.35mg/I. So, the water quality conditions basically meet the standardof cateSoryIV.
C. EnvironmentImpact Evaluation
1. In environmental impact evaluation, the environmental issues in the implementation phase of the expressway project are divided into 3 catesoriesi.e. air qualitychansins, noise impact and water quality impact. These categories of environmental issues are further divided into transient impact in construction phase and environmental issues in operation phase, these potential environsental issues are summarizedas follows:
Item Predicted impact degree
1) Resettlement Land to be acquired for the ROW totaled 208 ha saking up 3.6S of total paddy fields in this region. Although the per capita area of cultivated land in this resion is 839 sq.n hisher than that in other resion in the province. the decreasing of it will impact agricultural economy and it is evaluated that the annual agricultural production wil lose by 8260 ton.
2) Soil Erosion In constructionperiod of the project, earth cutting and filling. abandonins soil and the construction of subsrade, bridges and culverts will be liable to cause erosion of soil and loss of water, the soil erosion in the cutting and fillingsections is 695 kg/sq.z per year.
3) Visual Impact The greater part of the expressway passes through flat regions, being 3-4 a above ground level to swellthe smoothearth's surface as a hillock not only to
4 hamperperson walking but also to impairvisual field. 4) SocialActivities Somesection of the expressway and HistoricRelics cut throughvillases, influencins liaisonbetween villages and the convenienceof farmer'sproduction and life. Nowadays, the constructionlocation of the expresswaydon't impact on'history antiquities,but new antiquities willbe probablydiscovered during the constructionperiod, so, in the places identifiedby the antiquity department after investigating,the cuttingshould be donewith cautions in orderto reduce thedamage to antiquities to be discovered.
5) FloodingDrainase Thereare waterlossed land of 20 sq.ku and the irrigation departmenthas desisnedfour main canals used for drainins flooding and waterlogging into Qiantangjing River and Hanszhou Bay. Waterlogging and flooding may be occurred in local region if the bridges and culvertsare not desisned to satisfy the requirementfor flooding drainage or if the layoutsof roaddrainase are improper.
6) Environmentand Noisefrom construction plant, ConstructionRelated material loss from transport Impacts vehicles and spillage of constructionmaterials, fumes generatedby asphaltbeating and mixingand pollutant emoision-'and flyins dust from construction plants. 7) Environmentand Noisefrom vehicles (ensine and OperationRelated type);Air pollutionresulted from Impact vehicle exhaust emissions. includinsPb. NOs,CO and S02; Uncontrolleddischarse of fueland waste oil resultedfrom improper manasementof petrolstation and vehicleaccidents, water quality change of nearby water body resulted from the surface run-off. 5 2. ConstructionImpact
The EA indicatedthat the essentialenvironmental impact in constructionphase is dustfrom vehicle and storase,noise mobilized by constructionequipments and fumesgenerated by asphaltmixing plant and heatingprocess harmful to health.The EA has proposeddetail precausionsto the temporaryenvironmental impacts. By contrastingthe in-site surveying data with the standarddata, it is indicatedthat the constructionnoise would not exceedthe standard duringconstruction period of subgradeworks and couldmeet the limit of the equivalentnoise standardin constructionsite, but the constructionactivities in nishtor theconstruction of drivingpiles willinterference the quite of residentialareas.
3. OperationImpacts
The EA focusly forecasted the environmental impacts in noise air and water quality chanses occurred in operation phase of the expressway. Becausethis is not temporary,to pay attentionto these impactsis just the measureto be takenfor enviromentprotection in order to protectand improvethe ecological environment. Noise pollutionmainly comes from driving system of vehiclesand tiresmoving on theroad and will give ispacts to resident'slife and productionon bothsides of theexpressway, especially to schools, this has been forecastedin EIS and some protectivemitigation measures also have been proposed in EAP for reducing the same to an acceptable level. In EIS, air pollutionimpacts are believedthat the ranse of exceedingthe standardof communicationmainlines is minimal,not influencing on silkworm business along the alignment. The standard exceeding ranse of the NOxfactor in Pengbu-Chansan section will increasein certaindegree in adversemeteorological conditions. When the vehiclevolume decreased in the night,this phenomenon will not appear;the leadpollution from vehicle exhaust emissions referred to in EIS is a pollutionthat can not be neslected.to which certain concernsshould be givenand some precautions should be taken. The EIS indicatedthat the movingvehicle has littleimpact to the nearlywater bodies. but moreattention should be paidto the water pollutioncaused by surfacerun-off near the road. for which controllingthe water pollutionnear the road caused from petrol stations,machine repairins factories and fuel storagesalong the routeis essential.
6 RFcElVED 93OCt 25P: 43
E,xc~uti've Simmna.zy Ofr RIA o>m ShizuIghNai
Harng xlhc E:xp ressway Prcj e c t
( Shanghai. Suecticrn )
Shanghai Academy Of Environmental Sciences
Sept. 1993 Contents
1. Introduction 1
2. Project Description 1
3. Environmental Standards 2
4. Study on Existing Environment 4
5. Environmental Prediction 8
6. Mitigating Measures 12
7. Public Participation 15
B. Environmental Protection Countermeasures 17
9. Environmental Monitoring 19
10. Conclusion 19 1. INTRODUCTION
Shanghai-Hangzhou region is located on the Yangtse delta, with dense population and highly economic development. In recent years, accompanied by rapid industrial and agricultural growtli, transportation on land and water way is seriously overloaded, poor traffic condition has become a obstruction to the regional development, construction of new traffic facilities is in great need. To solve this problem, the Planning Economic Commission of Shanghai Municipality has submitted an applicatiorn report of "Project Proposal on Construction of Shanghai-Hangzhou Expressway, Shanghai Section" to the Planning Commission of the State Council, in Nov. 1989, and "Additional Report of Project Proposal on Construction of Shanghai-Hangzhou Expressway" in July 1992. In October 1992, the Ministry of Transportation of the State Council submitted the review document of the project to the Planning Committee of the State Council, to approve this project.
In 1992 and 1993, the Planning Commission and Ministry of Finance has replied and approved the construction of the project.
The length of Shanghai-Hangzhou Expressway is 131km, among which 48km is in Shanghai region, and 20.5km (from Xinzhuang to Songjiang section) has been constructed, another 27km (Songjiang to Fengjing) to be built will be as the study area of this EIA report. Shanghai-Hangzhou expressway is one of the 12 national main expressways. It is started from Shanghai, going through Songjiang, Jinshan (both in Shanghai region), Jiashan, Jiaxing, Tongxiang, and Yuhang to Hangzhou, and will be further extended to Jiangxi province, and terminated to Wanting, Yunnan Province-the western boundary of China. The route of Shanghai- Hangzhou-Ningbo expressway and Shanghai-Nanjiang expressway will connect with most of the important cities on Yangtse Delta together by means of modernizing traffic facilities, greatly stimulate the economic development in Shanghai municipality, and drive rapid economic growth in the vast inland region.
2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Three route-the east, west and central route have been studied as route selection. The central route possesses a smooth line, will be of benefit to more cities, easy to construction, higher in ground surface level, better in geological condition, and thus to be selected as the proposed route.
1 The expressway was designed as four lanes (predesigned six lane) in both directions full access controlled expressway. The width of road shoulder is 33.5m, the width of the right-of-the-way is 55m. The road surface is 4m above the ground level. The designed traffic speed is 120 km/hr, the designed target year is 2018. The designed traffic volume in the year of 2000 is 32,276 vehicles/day (PCU), 78,909 vehcles/day (PCU) in the year of 2018.
The vicinity area along the Shanghai section is dense in population and flourishing in economic development, and is in a dense water network region. Titere are 32 bridges, 2 interchanges, 16 times crossing the local roads, one time crossing the railway, 6 times crossing farm road, and adding passing for pedestrians, tractors and vehicles with arches of bridge and 38 culverts will be constructed. The total earth work of roadbed is 3,230,000 Ma3, 2,548 Mu of land requisition, and 31,880 M^2 of building will be demolished. The total cost will be 2.2 billion RMB (63 million US$). It is scheduled to be constructed in the end of 1994, and ended in 1998.
The expressway of Shanghai section will enter into Zhejiang Province at Fengjing, Jinshan county of Shanghai city, connect with the expressway of Zhejiang portion, and cross with the Shanghai suburban traffic network in Dagang. The expressway will also connect with the Shanghai Inner-ring Route and enter into the municipal area.
3. ENVIRONMENTALSTANDARD 3.1 Noise Standard
Noise from construction should be in compliance with "Noise Limit of Construction Site" Standard (GB12523-90) during construction period, see table 3-1.
Table 3-1 Noise limit during operation of various stages
Stage main noise source Daytime Night Earthwork Builidozer, 75 55 Digger, Loading machine _ _ Piling Various pile drivers 85 Construction inhibited Structure Cement stirrer, 70 55 shattering machine electric saw Fit up Crane, elevator 85 55
2 Noise quality standard on "both sides of main traffic" as objective value, i.e. no higher than 70 dBEA) in daytime and 55 dB(A) in night shown in Table 3-2.
Table 3-2 Environmental noise standard of urban area (GB3096-82) dB(A)
Served area Daytime Night Note Special 45 35 Silence are residential especially needed
Residential, 50 40 residential and cultural Cultural, official institutions 1st class mixed 55 45 Business and area residential mixed area 2nd class mixed 60 50 Busy commercial area commercial area, area with area some industry commerce Industrial area 60 55 Both sides of 70 55 Traffic main traffic volume > lOOveh/h
3.2 Air Quality Standard
The background air quality is rather good ale-ng the Shanghai-Hangzhou expressway. Because this express way avoid county and town centers and across through wide countryside, so only minor impact by air pollution exists.
Air quality within lOOm along the highway should in compliance with 'Air Quality Standard" 3rd class standard, outside lOOm the 2nd class standard should be implemented.
3 Air Quality Standards GB3095-82
Pollution Concentration limit (mg/rn Time interval 1st 2nd 3rd class class class SPM Daily average 0.15 0.30 0.50
______Any once 0.30 1.00 1.50 Fine Daily average 0.05 0.15 0.25 Particulate Any once 0.15 0.50 0.70 s02 Annual daily average 0.02 0.06 0.10 Daily average 0.05 0.15 0.25 Any once 0.15 0.50 0.70
NO1 Daily average 0.05 0.10 0.15 Any once 0.10 0.15 0.30 CO Daily average 4.00 4.00 6.00 Any once 10.00 10.00 20.00
3.3 Water Quality Standard
Surface Water Quality Standard IGB3838-88), category III should be implemented.
4. STUDY ON EXISTING ENVIRONMENT 4.1 Natural Environmental Condition
A great part of the expressway, Shanghai section is at Songjiang county and a small part at Jinshan county, on the lower land of Taihu Basin, the ground surface is 1.5-Z.Om above the sea level, and is easy to attack by flooding. The soil along the expressway is majorly as bule-violet mud or blue-yellow mud, the soil is wet and heavy, and poor in loading capacity. The intensity of earthquake i6 grade 6, and will be taken as grade 7 in engineering design.
The expressway, Shanghai section is passing through the water network of the upper reach of Huangpu River, part of the water way qualified as water resource preservation zone of Huangpu River. The water level in these rivers is influenced by tide, the highest water level is 3.87m, the lowest water level is 0.56m, the average water level is 2.4m. Most of water ways, including Xietang, Dazhenggang, Shenjingtang, Youdungang, Guputang, Xiangtanggang, Xinzhoutang etc, are important navigation courses. The ground water level is 0.3-1.Om.
4 The study area belongs sub-tropical monsoon season climate, prevailing wind direction is north west in winter and south east in summer, annual wind speed is 3.4 m/sec, (table 4-1). Atmospheric stability is majorly as Class D. Annual average temperature is 15.4C. The coldest monthly average temperature is 3.1 C in January, the extremely coldest temperature is -12.1 C, the highest monthly average temperature is 27.9 C in July. Annual precipitation is 1072 mm in average. Annual strong windy days are 21, fogy days 36, snow days 9, snow accumulating days 4, deptL of snow accumulating is 1-3cm, typhoon attack once a year in average.
Table 4-1 Wind speed in each month and most wind direction
month I 2 3 A I 5 & I 1 9 to 11 12 yar
Sengjim average 3I5 3.3 3.8 3.1 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.0 2.9 3.1 3.2 3.4 | " windspeted
mstmirid H IN ESE SE SE SE SSE SE I II inK 1 ESE direction INV SE
treouutxy 1 14 10 13 16 15 17 14 11 1 14 14 9
Jinshan average 3.8 3.3 4.0 3.1 3.7 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.2 3.1 3.4 3.5 3.A vindspeed
anst vind oV INI E ESE ESE ESE SE ESE I I nI 1N ESE direction ESE NN! SE
Ltrevency 15 14 10 is 11 1 11 Li 14 1 l e_
4.2 Existing Environmental Quality
According to survey of main water ways along the proposed expressway in January 9,1993, water quality in study area are poor, qualified as grade 3- 4 of national water quality standard, few parameter up to grade 5. (grade 2-3 is qualified as water resource of drinking, grade 4-5 is polluted or heavily polluted). Organic substances are the major pollutants, such as BOD5, COD, NH3-N and oil etc. Toxic contamination is in low level, qualified as grade 1-2 (shown in Table 4-2).
5 Table 4-2 Survey ofWater Quality in mainrivers along the ProposedExpressuay
section Oil Pb c..r Ph-OR
ShenjingtangNonitoring Category klonitoring CNtegory lonitoringCategory NoitOring Category Value value value Value
.lS IV (0.030 it 31.2 v (0.002 I
VoudUnqang 0.17 IV (0.030 II 23.2 V (0.002 I
lietang 0.14 IV (0.D30'- I 23.2 V (0.002 I
limjting 0.06 IT (0.030 11 11.2 V D0.002 I liangtang 0.13 IT (0.030 _ 117.2 IT (0.00_ I
liuzhout.nq 0.21 IT (0.030 II 37.2 Y 0.004 II Iit-tn IZ - -DW - 3. - 6 -.
Six monitoring points along the expressway were chosen. During December 8-16, 1992. continuing air quality survey was carried out in above- mentioned six point. According to the survey, air quality is good, qualified as Class 1-2 (shown in Table 4-3), suitable to class II of national air quality standard.
Table 4-3(a) Mointoring Concentration of CO (mg/m3)
Bonitoring .otal Valid kDtective flax Bin 1-day kverageperday Point Saples Samples Rate average
Lijiachang 42 42 LOD 2.01 0.23 0.1 l.Sl2 0.41
Ocqshajinq 42 42 10 2.0t 0.21 0.t9 L.19 0.47
Iishiian 42 42 1ice 3.S 0.23 0.11 2.01 0.41 fanq3iath 42 40 3 2.41 10.31 0.14 1.619 0.45 IiziyuU 42 42 100 .291' 6.24 o.99 1.94 0.33
hi4iiilo 42 41 1 3.2S 0.21 I.01 Z.D 0 .S1
6 Table 4-3(b) Monitoring Concentration of NOx (mg/m3 _
ionitoring Total Valid ketective Nl Kin 1-diy Avengeper day Paint SamPlesSamples Rte average hai Kin
Lijiechang 42 42 100 0.101 OJ.Dl 0.032 0.061 0.011
Dongshanjing42 42 1 10 0.077 LO1 0.031 0.041 0.01D
lishiqian iZ 42 100 0.093 Lila 0.039 L.OUI0.018 Fangijaha 42 42 100 0.017 0.011 0.026 0.031 0.011
Tizhiyu 42 42 100 0.169 0.002 0.022 0.042 0.011
liuialo '2 413 0.0110.013 10.032 0.0430.01I
Table 4-3(c) Monitoring Concentration of NMHC (mg/m3)_____
ioningrir Total Valid DetectiTeNix Kin 1-*y Averageperday Point SamplesSamles bat average in Rim
Lijiachang 42 41 1s 1.31 3.03 U.5 0.1 | 0.21 leonsgniing 42 39 9s 1.13 0.08 0.60 0.6e 0.31
lishigian 42 39 i3 1.71 0.04 0.41 1.15 0.24 Fangiiaha 42 37 tt 4:91 0.01 0.39 0.6 0.11
lizhiyu 42 33 90 1.33 0.01 0.48 0.13 0.I1
Riqiaclo 42 38 I 1.0 U.02 0.29 0.48 1.14
Table 4-3(d) Monitoring Concentration of TSP (mg/m3)
lonitoring Total / Valid Detective| -ay |Averageper day Point SapIes Saples lte averaw1
Lijiachang 1 1 100 | .151 1.293 0.0O4 Oorgshmnjing 1 7 10e 0.112 0.272 0.0|O Ishiq7an1 1 100 | .LOU 0.10S| 0. 3
7 Fllngiiaha 1 7 1 7 III 0.119 021 .o.st lJ
!ilhiyu 1 7 100 0.116 0.151 L.O3U
liqiaolo 7 17 0loo 0.191 182(0 .4
Table 4-3(e) Monitoring Concentration of Pb (ug/m3)
iitaring Total Yalid Ottective I1-y iverageper day Point Samples Saipler hate average
Lijiachang 7 7 10 0.431 0.126 0.201
Dongshanjing 1 7 100 0.416 0.316 0.l11
lishiiaii 1 7 101 0.271 0.170 0.130
Fangjiaha I 1 100 0.272 10.523 0102
Tizhiyu 7 1 100 0.213 0.333 0.X11
Iiqiaolo I I 100 0.318 0.411 0.L3
According to the survey of existing sound environment in January, 1993, sound environment is also good, noise level in day time is 47-55 dB(A), and 42-47 dB(A) in night time, qualified to Class A mixed zone noise standard, except higher noise level near the railway and traffic line.
4.3 Ecological Environment
Ecological environment of study area is majorly as artificial agricultural ecological system. Major crops is rice, wheat, cotton, oil seed, vegetable, and , fruit, etc, The study area is also flourishing in animal husbandry, such as raise of swine poultry etc.
5. ENVERONMENTALPREDICTION
5.1 Impact on Socio-economic Development and Quality of Life 5.1.1 Promoting Local Socio-economic Development
The construction of Shanghai-Hangzhou expressway will be greatly convenienced to the vicinity road side with Shanghai or Hangzhou, even with anl the country in terms of traffic, speed up the communication of
8 substance and information, further promote local economic development, and raise the li-ving standard of local people. Thus it will be benefit to all the people along the expressway.
5.1.2 Impact on Land Use Pattern and Population Distribution
The socio-economic development along the road corridor will greatly influence the local land use pattern and population distribution. It is predicted that soon after the expressway open to traffic, an economic development belt will be formed along the road side, land use pattern will be changed from farm land to industrial estate. More population will be migrated to this area, a belt shape area will be gradually formed.
5.1.3 Loss of Farmland
The permanent land requisition of expressway construction will be 2,548 Mu, which may be the biggest farmland loss in a area of land shortage. Traffic construction land requisition has been occupied about 20X of total land area. Thus land requisition along the expressway alignment wiLl cause significant impact on the local economic pattern.
5.1.4 Resettlement of Local People
Approximately 2,000 people will lose their farm land, most of them will change life style from farmers to urban inhabitants, but resettlement may not be required. 31,880 M-2 of house will be demolished by expressway construction, or about 600 people should be resettled, most of them will be resettled to township, these people will leave their homeland forever, and leave the land they have lived for generations permanently. The changes of life style for these people is another major impact on the local people.
5.1.5 Soil Contamination During Expressway Construction
What is more important is temporary obstruction to existing traffic in land or water way, due to the fact that this expressway will cross roads, railways, farm road, and pedestrian lanes, totalled 29 times, cross through a variety of rivers, totalled 61 times. If unappropriate protection, serious loss of water and erosion of soil will be caused. 323 Mu farmland will be temporary borrowed as construction site, during construction stage, these land may be contaminated by leaking, spilling, or spreading, such as cement, gravel, oil, and other construction garbage on the soil, causing unable to be cultivated and further loss of farmland resource.
9 5.1.6 Other Environmental Impacts
A. After the expressway construction, many existing farmland will be segmented into small parts, caused inconvenient for farming. Some of the existing communities will also be separated, causing difficult for people to visit with their relatives or friends, or pupils and workers who are lived in this side of expressway and needed to go to the other side for school, go to farming or go to work. People should spend a long way round going through the underpass to the other side, causing a lot of inconvenient work or daily life. In the area where the expressway crossing the railway, two narrow closed areas will be formed, in that area both sides are obstructed either by railway or expressway. It is even more difficult for people in external communication, field drainage and irrigation and arrangement of daily life.
B. The expressway will cross 232 field ditches and 26 fish ponds. This construction will cause adverse impact on local irrigation system and fishery production.
C. There are none important historical relics or habitation ror rare or endanger species extinction along the road side. There will be less significant impact on these field.
5.2 Impact on Atmospheric Environment 5.2.1 Construction Stage
There are a lot of earth work excavated and filled again during the construction. A lot of material and equipment need to be transported. stored, and used. To transport this equipment and earth work will cause air pollution.
5.2.2 Highway Operation Stage
The EIA report has predicted atmospheric environmental impact during different years, different traffic volume, different intervals (daytime, rush hour and night) and different climate conditions.
CO: During all predicted year, all intervals and all kinds of climate conditions, CO which emitted from exhaust gas of vehicles will not exceed the Class II national ambient air quality standard in down wind of variety of wind direction.
HC: In the same condition as above, HC will not exceed the late USSR
10 ambient air quality standard.
NOx: See table 5-1.
Table 5-1 The Status of NOx Concentration Exceeding the Standards
Year 2000 2010 2013 Stability Period nutral stable neutral stablecondition neutrulcondition stablecondition condition condition condition daytime accord accord accord willexceed the accordwith will exceedthe with with with ClassII within standard Class11l within standard stundard standard 40wand exceed the 90mand exceed Class 111004-50 the Class11 100- trot tke road 4SOufro road ditch ditch night accord accord accord accordwith accordwith accordwith with witb with standard standard standard standird standard standard
rnh hor accord s accord willtieed the with with ClassIII within strdard standard Uc*and exceed the Clas 11 100- 1101tsi the rruddith
5.3 Noise Impact Prediction 5.3.1 Construction Stage
Local noise pollution will be caused by transporting material and operating equipment in the construction.
5.3.2 Highway operation Stage
The status of traffic noise exceeding the standard is shown in table 5-2.
11 Table5-2 The Status of Traffic NoiseExceeding the Standard
Year 2010 . . Story Period 2000
first daytime accord accordwith standard accordwith standard floor with stadrd
night accord mill exceedwithin will exceedwithin with JiS fromrod ditch 5DOfroe rad ditch standard
second daytiae accord will exceedwithin will exceedwithin floor with lO fromroad ditch 25wfrum road ditch standard
night accord will exeed within will exceedwithin with 10Dmfrom road ditch 200afrom road ditch standard
5.4 Ground Surface Vibration Prediction 5.4.1 In all prediction year in day or night time, ground surface vibration caused by traffic flow will not exceed standard.
5.4.2 In rush hour in the year of 2018, the area exceeded vibration standard will be within 5m from the line of the right-of-way.
6. MITIGATING MEASURES 6.1 Mitigating Measures of Rational Route Selection During Design and Planning Stage
Thorough study has been done in route selection and road structure during project planning and design stage, in order to achieve the maximum socio-economic benefit and minimum environmental impact. The proposed central route in general meet the requirement. It will be a great help, to reduce adverse environmental impact and easier to solve environmental protection matters.
6.2 Protection of Land Resource
Comparatively, land resource is shortage in this area due to lower ground
12 level and dense population, for about 40 years, average farm land per farmer has been reduced from 2.3 Mu in 1949 to 1.04 now, expressway construction will require large amount of precious farmland, strong mitigation measure should be made in protecting the farmland.
6.2.1 Minimum Temporary Land Requisition During Road Construction
During expressway construction, borrowed farmland temporarily as construction site should keep a minimum level and avoid to borrow too much fertile farmland and too scattered, protection the soil not to be contaminated by construction materials or construction garbage. After completion of the construction, garbage in borrowed land should be appropriately cleaned, and returned only if meeting the requirement of cultivation. In cases when can not return borrowed land on schedule, or if soil contamination has been occurred, compensation should be paid in accordance with the degree of soil contamination.
6.2.2 Utilizing Coal Ash as Roadbed Felling Material
Coal ash should be greatly developed to use as roadbed filling material.According to calculating, using 800 tons of coal ash can save one mu of farmland. A lot of benefit were existed when using coal ash instead of soil, such as: light in dead weight of roadbed, Little settlement in roadbed easier to be constructed during rainy days, etc. In the utilization of coal ash, Shanghai has achieved abundant experience. The only disadvantage of using coal ash is the cost, which is 3-10 RMB higher than that of using soil per cubic meter as roadbed consturction material. or corresponding to 2,000-8,000 RMB the additional benefit of selling soil than using coal ash Mu of farmland, the additional benefit is too few In comparison with the permanent loss of farmland. The cost problem of coal ash can be solved or partial solved by means of adjusting price policy, special compensation from cost of coal ash landfall, improviLng transportation facilities. About 4 million tons of coal ash will be produced annually, among most of coal ash has not been utilized, and huge amount of land and capital are required for storage the waste. The fees as transport, build storage, occupied land are completely used to compensate the construction of expressway. Thus the cost of coal ash can be further, reduced. The report strongly recommended the use of coal ash as roadbed filling material, so as to reduce the damage of farmland.
6.2.3 Rational Utilization of Damaged Farmland as Fish Ponds
Planning should be made when ponds are formed due to soil excavation tihe
13 soil excavation site, depth and extent of excavation, and shape of pond after excavation should be studied, so as to reduce the loss of fertilized land, and to make the pond easier to be constructed as fish ponds, speed up the period of land use transformation, reduce the cost of secondary input, and increase the land use benefit.
6.3 Appropriate Arrangement of Resettlement
627 farmers are needed to be resettled, and more people will be lost their lands, their life styles are needed to be changed. To these people, appropriate arrangement is necessary, adequate compensation should be made to cover their properties loss, appropriate arrangement should be made in their re-employment, instruction and professional training are required for their re-employment, so as not to reduce their quality of life after the resettlement.
6.4 Appropriate Solution of Disturbance of Road and Waterway Traffic
The expressway construction will cross numerous rivers and roads, and many bridges are needed to be constructed. During bridge construction, fully attention should be paid in satisfying navigation of traffic requirement. The construction cycle should be speed up, so as to reduce the obstacle of traffic to minimum. There is a culvert for vehicles and pedestrians every SOOm in average. That is to fully consider for pedestrians and vehicles to cross the expressway in two sides.
6.5 Appropriate Solution to impact on Irrigation System
About 200 local irrigation ditches will be, cut by expressway construction, causing impact on irrigation to a certain extent. New arrangement is needed to local irrigation and drainage system, and appropriate compensation should be considered.
6.6 Prevention of loss of water and soil Erosion
The expressway is located in a area with plenty of rain. Serious loss of water and soil erosion will be occurred when appropriate prevention measures are not to be taken. Soil erosion will decrease the efficiency of construction activities, increase the engineering cost, block water way, result in the degradation of water quality, and thus influence on aquatic ecology and fishery production by siltation. So, serious attention should be paid to prevent this problem and possess appropriate arrangement during
14 design, construction and operation stage.
6.7 Re-arrangement of Land Use and Crops Production
In view of air pollution and noise problem caused by expressway traffic, it is suggested that within 100m along the expressway, no hospitals, schools, communities and other environmental sensitive target could be constructed.
6.8 Prevention of Air Pollution and Noise
This problem majorly relies on improvement of character of vehicles, and un-engineering management measures.
6.9 Traffic Accident Prevention During Unfavourable Climate
Forecasting and stipulation should be established for preventing traffic accident during unfavourable climate, such as Typhoon, thunderstorm, flooding,fog, snow, or road surface frost. The expressway should be closed to traffic if necessary, so as to ensure traffic safety.
6.10 Prevention of Toxic Chemical Spilling Incident
In order to reduce hazardous and toxic chemical spilling incident, avoid economic damage and environment degradation, appropriate stipulation should be made for handling of hazardous and toxic chemical materials, such as establishment of toxic material identification system, label system, reporting system, license system, or escorting system etc, providing necessary communication add urgent responsible facilities, and equipping necessary communication and treating and curing implements.
7. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
During EIA performance period, the study team conducted public participation program in porder to collect questions and requirement from the local people who are directly influenced by expressway construction. Persons who are being visited by study team including township officials, representatives of people's congress, members of political negotiation committee, village cadres, and mostly farmers, totally 50 persons. Some major ideas from public participation are:
15 7.1 Welcome the Construction of Expressway
To most local people especially local cadres or township enterprise owners, they are highly appropriate the expressway construction, they believe that the expressway construction will be greatly helpful to improve local environment, which will benefit to the development of local economy.
7.2 Understanding and Acceptance of Resettlement Arrangement
Most being visited people who will be resettled showing that they understand and accept the arrangement of resettlement, they are satisfactory to compensation and believe that it is enough to cover their properties. They believe that they will get a better life when they are resettled from village to township. They prefer the life style change.
7.3 Re-organizing Local Administration and Economic Development
The expressway construction will make society and natural environment divided into two parts, cut communication among blocks and communities which are as a whole. The local administrative structure and economic development are needed to be reorganized, and re-planned to develop in the future.
7.4 The Borrowed Land of Construction Site Should Not Be Too Separated
During expressway construction, the temporarily borrowed land should be appropriately used and protected, Before returned, these land must meet the requirement suitable to be re-cultivated. The local people hope that the temporarily borrowed land as construction site should not be too separated. The borrowed land should be returned on time. Compensation should be paid to any damage of soil and neighbouring environment.
7.5 Additional Ramps
The local people expresses that there are not enough ramps and they wish appropriately/ to add same ramps in this expressway, so as to pass this road more conveniently. If insufficient in budget, local may finance the additional ramps construction.
7.6 Ideas Against the Expressway Construction
16 Few people, mostly who are pure farmers showing that they don't like the expressway construction, they think that the expressway construction will bring more inconvenience than benefit to their daily life. Even they get enough compensation for their loss, but they ha,! to pay more energy to gain a stable life again. The soil excavation has formed many ponds which may be good for fish production. Experience has been shown in other expressway construction that too much fish will break fish market balance, result in decreasing fish price, and hurt the existing people who raise fish as major production activities. So it is necessary to develop fishery market before developing fishery production.
7.7 No Idea To Expressway Construction
Quite a number of people show no idea to expressway construction, they think that things has been decided already, it is no use to say agree or not agree. The reason is that local people Lack of experience in participation of public affairs, they have less opportunity in participating such important development project, so lack of participating awareness.
8. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION COUNTERMEASURES
The environmental protection countermeasures are shown in Table 8-1.
Table B-1 Environmental Mitigation Measures
Stage Envi.Problen itigatingMeasurs ExecutiveInstitution A. planningat pasing ddingpassing far pedestrians,tractors FPlaning andvehicles with archs at bridge Kuaicipalengineering planmingon releae of flood accordingto floodonce a bhndred designing year,o- three-hundredyear for biggestbridge requisitionof lnd 2,54 lo comenationto landaener according to rod unaementprweneat( Climnelam local aduiuistration 155hase demolished a. cmenstin - road anagentprcpeut( 1. ~ 33 persmnresettled . correspodinghoe af better localadainistration PrWrpti@i 2,14 mneqpleaees re-employment roaduungeent prcpeneatI af loal adaiunistratice Construction_ 1 plantsinfluenced A.cmentian readunugeent prenent/ b. relocatian loul administration
17 Comaunicationand broadcst only limiledwithin construttion width road mnagementpropeumntj euipent constructor
tree resettling relocationof trees only limitedwithin roadunigetnlt proelunt constructionwidth
2S5Hlu of borrowedland ceaningto recoveringcapability of contractor/roudunagement cultivation propen t
C. road temporarilycolsed buildingtaeprary posing contractor
Constructing farmlandtemporarily colsed buildingteuproary passing contractor Stage constructionthrough river a. showingidentification of contractor cnstruction at night b. informingships to navigatin other river
Impactionto ditches buildingagricultural ditches contractorlroadumnggemnt pr_ent
listorical relics stepingconstruction if finding contractorlroadanaugeent historical relia proetent
soil eicavated usingabandoned soil formthe Secod- coatractor(roadunagement tern drawingdrinking-water project by proenent ShanghaiDrinking Eater Corporation
lake and river re-excavatingaccording to requirement rad anagementarwenentl ShanghaiContractor
fly dust preventfly-dust by meas of spilling contractor water
river pollutedby rnoff buildingsm settling tans for contractor t____ _ .reneving sNil andsua
lox pollution glantingtrees in road-sectionsshon in road nagementpropenentl 0. lable 5-1 for prrmntingpollution loul administration OIeratioc noiseand viberation no civil buildings,schols and local administration
piUts, etc. withinlOOn along tbe
trsorttion of harzardous usingspecial vehiclesto transportand roadunaement propenent andtai chnicals econtiog
uter loss andsail erosion a grn belt in sides of txpmssy roadunagement propelnt
18 9. ENVIRONMENTALMONITORING
It is proposed that environmental monitoring program should be conducted in both period during expressway construction and operation. And according to the result of monitoring to improve environmental protection planning the major monitoring program are:
J * Follow up investigation on local socio-economic development during expressway construction and operation periods.
* Continuously monitor on air quality, noise and soil lead pollution during expressway construction and operation periods.
* The monitoring program can be done by local EPB, financially supported by construction proponent.
* Office is needed to be established under Shanghai Highway Department, Municipal Construction Bureau of Shanghai, specially for charge of environmental protection affairs for all highways (including expressways) of Shanghai region.
Monitoring budget is approximately 200,000 RMB annually.
10. CONCLUSION
Corresponding with the rapid socio-economic growth of Shanghai, traffic conditions of the Yangtse Delta are over-loading either in water way or in roadway, which became the major problem to hinder the further regional development. The Shanghai-Hangzhou expressway construction is in great necessity and will provide more opportunities to the socio-economic development of Shanghai city, and make benefit to the whole YangLse Delta and the vast inland area.
Thorough study has been made in route and type selection, both type and route of the proposed expressway are rational.
* The major environmental impact by expressway construction is charge of land use pattern, resettlement of local people, land borrowed and * contaminated, soil excavation causing the damage of land during road construction, the stimulating of local socio-economic development is also a major impact Strong measures should be taken to mitigate loss and damage of land resource.
Attention should be paid for in reducing soil erosion during
19 expressway construction and operation stage.
* Limited impact will be occurred on air pollution and noise pollution, the distance which exceeded environmental standard will be 50-lOOm away from the line of the right-of-way.
* The construction of expressway itself is in good economic benefiL
From the view of regional or national development, the construction of Shanghai-Hangzhou expressway is necessary in economic development, feasible in engineering, and rational in environmental protection.
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