Shakespeare Variorum Handbook: a Manual of Editorial Practice
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Shakespeare Variorum Handbook: A Manual of Editorial Practice MLA Committee on the New Variorum Edition of Shakespeare Web publication, 2003 © 2003 by The Modern Language Association of America All material published by the Modern Language Association in any medium is protected by copyright. Users may link to the MLA Web page freely and may quote from MLA publications as allowed by the doctrine of fair use. Written permission is required for any other reproduction of material from any MLA publication. Send requests for permission to reprint material to the MLA permissions manager by mail (26 Broadway, New York, NY 10004-1789), e-mail ([email protected]), or fax (646 458-0030). SHAKESPEARE VARIORUM HANDBOOK A Manual of Editorial Practice Second Edition Revised and enlarged by Richard Knowles Prepared for the Committee on the New Variorum Edition of Shakespeare of The Modern Language Association of America New York 2003 ii Approved in April 2003 by the Committe on the New Variorum Edition of Shakespeare: Thomas L. Berger (2000-4) A. R. Braunmuller (1999-2005); 2002-5 (Ch.) William C. Carroll (2002-6) Richard Knowles (general editor; ex officio 1992-) Anne Lancashire (1999-2003) Leah S. Marcus (2000-4) Scott McMillin (2002-6) Mary Beth Rose (1999-2003) Paul Werstine (general editor; ex officio 1997-) Copyright © 2003 by the Committee on the New Variorum Edition of Shakespeare of the Modern Language Association of America. All rights reserved. iii CONTENTS Preface and Acknowledgments vi I. Introduction: The Scope and Purpose of the New Variorum Shakespeare 1 II. The Treatment of the Text 6 The choice of copy-text 6 The general nature of the Variorum text 6 Substantive emendation 6 Dramatis personae list 8 Bibliographical information 9 Emendation of accidentals 9 Lineation 12 III. Act-and-Scene Division and Numbering 14 IV. Line-Numbering 22 Line-numbering procedures for TLN 22 Riverside act-scene-line numbers 25 V. A Procedure for Typing the Text 26 VI. Textual Notes 28 Mechanics 28 Emendations of the copy-text 33 Emendations recorded in the textual notes 33 Emendations recorded in the appendix 34 Emendations not recorded 34 Historical collation 35 General principles 35 Substantive variants 37 Semi-substantive variants 37 Variants of accidentals 40 Variant lineation 42 Variant stage directions 45 Variant speech prefixes 46 Variant act and scene headings 47 Variant place headings 47 Conjectures 48 General principles of writing (and re-writing) textual notes 49 Lists of editions collated 51 VII. Collating Editions: Procedures 52 Preliminaries: choosing and ordering the editions 52 Mechanics: a working method for historical collation of texts 53 VIII. Notes on Editions of Shakespeare 58 iv IX. Commentary Notes 106 Scope and contents 106 Quotation and citation 107 Definitions 107 Proverbs 107 Biblical parallels 107 Shakespeare 107 Style of the notes 107 Writing Variorum commentary 108 Working space 108 Preliminaries 108 Note-taking 109 Selection 110 Consistency of form 111 Cross-references 112 Citation of dictionaries 113 X. The Appendices 115 Emendations of Accidentals 115 Conjectural emendations 115 Text 116 Date of composition 116 Sources 116 Criticism 118 Style 119 Topicality 119 Staging and stage history 120 Performances 120 Special problems of staging 121 The text of the play on the stage 121 Costume, scenery 122 Doubling of parts 122 Music 122 Bibliography 122 Index 123 XI. Editorial Policy and Style 124 Permissions 124 Quotations 124 Citation of sources 127 Cross-references 129 Act-scene-line reference 129 Use of Abbreviations 130 Spelling 130 Capitalization and italics 130 Spacing 131 Numbers 131 Dates 131 Submitting the manuscript 132 XII. Abbreviations and Sigla 133 Shakespeare’s plays and poems 133 v Journals, series, and reference books 135 Scholarly and editorial terms 136 Editions of Shakespeare 142 XIII. Bibliographies 148 The contents of the entries 148 The style of the entries 151 Procedures 155 XIV. The Role of Computers 157 Practical uses of personal computers 157 Internet research resources 159 Anticipating electronic publication 164 XV. Appendices: Supplementary Finding-Lists 166 1. Commentators and Conjectors 166 Persons 166 Manuscript annotations 172 2. The Stage Historian at the British Library and the Folger 175 3. Theatrical Records at the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust 178 4. Theater Editions 182 5. Notes on Shakespeare in the Gentleman’s Magazine 184 6. Notes on Shakespeare in the St. James Chronicle 190 vi PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (2003) The Shakespeare Variorum Handbook is intended primarily to establish standards for Variorum editions and to specify how formal details of their apparatus are to be handled. The rules have grown out of the practice of past Variorum editors and the experience of those who are presently at work on Variorum volumes. In his Foreword to the first edition, James G. McManaway cautioned, “As experience increases it will be necessary to add to the rules or to modify them, although no changes are expected to be so radical as seriously to affect the uniformity of the volumes.” In fact, since 1971 the General Editors and individual editors of the New Variorum series have collectively learned a great deal about the making of Variorum volumes. Much of this knowledge has been shared in yearly meetings of the editors and has been circulated in annual supplements to the Handbook. By now these supplements, with their countless cross-references, deletions, addenda, and revisions, have become too multifarious and bewildering to be a sure and easy guide to editors. The time has arrived for consolidation into a second edition of the Handbook. The time is right for another reason, and that is the decision of the New Variorum Shakespeare Committee of the Modern Language Association to publish future Variorum volumes in electronic as well as paper form. In addition to all the old problems of making a Variorum, future editors will have also to face a wholly new set of considerations arising from electronic publication. This edition of the Handbook includes substantially all of the advice given to past editors, but it includes as well a new ch. XIV on the role that computer research tools, delivery systems, markup languages, and forms of publication will play in the preparation and uses of Variorums in the future. Advice for this chapter has been offered by Clifford Wulfman of the Perseus Project at Tufts University; the list of helpful web sites is largely the contribution of Prof. Michael Best at the University of Victoria, with additions suggested by several Variorum editors. Earlier guidance on matters electronic was generously provided by S. W. Reid, Robert O’Hara, John Nitti, Todd Bender, Michael Sperburg-McQueen, Edward Mendelson, Janet Murray, Peter Donaldson, Donald Foster, Susan Hockey, Ian Lancashire, Allen Renear, John Unsworth, Joachim Neuhaus, Greg Crane, and Clifford Wulfman. As was the case with the first edition, the examples provided to illustrate rules or principles are usually real, occasionally fictitious. We wish to thank again the contributors to the first edition, whose many and various offerings are acknowledged throughout. The chief contributor to this second edition is Robert K. Turner, whose expertise, unflagging dedication, imagination, good judgment, and sense of humor are responsible not only for many of the improvements in this revision but for the general health of the whole New Variorum enterprise. I wish to thank also George Walton Williams, who arranged to have the original Handbook scanned into electronic form at the Duke University Humanities Computing Facility, and Bernice Kliman, who had the many supplements typed onto electronic discs. Among the editors who shared their Shakespearean knowledge and discoveries are Cyrus Hoy, Mark Eccles, G. Blakemore Evans, John Velz, John Hazel Smith, David George, Marvin Spevack, William Woodson, James Kuist, Paula Glatzer, Michael Hiltscher, Paul Werstine, Joseph Candido, Michael Steppat, William P. Williams, Eric Rasmussen, and Andrew Gurr. It is also a pleasure to acknowledge the continuing and generous support of the New Variorum Shakespeare by Kenneth L. Frazier, Director of Libraries at the University of Wisconsin--Madison, and by Peter Watson-Boone, Director of the Golda Meir Library at the University of Wisconsin--Milwaukee. Without the matchless special collections of Shakespeare editions and reference works maintained at these two libraries and made available to the Variorum General Editors for more than a quarter of a century, the writing of this book and the editing of the New Variorum series would hardly have been possible. Several proofreadings were the gift of my inestimable wife, Dr. Jane B. Knowles. Any surviving errors are my responsibility. Special thanks also go to Joseph Gibaldi and David vii Nicholls for enabling and supervising this publication, and to Judith Altreuter for making its electronic version possible. R. K. Madison, February 2003 PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (1971) After a meeting of New Variorum Shakespeare editors in December 1968 the General Editor appointed a three-man committee to write a handbook to help and guide fellow-editors, to insure uniformity within the New Variorum series, and if possible to find more economical ways for the editions to encompass the present mass and variety of Shakespeare scholarship. Many new departures have been adopted; many other proposals (e.g., a liberally edited critical text) were adopted in early versions of the Handbook only to be withdrawn later because of the immense problems they created. We have followed many of the practices of previous Variorum editions not simply out of respect to custom and a wish for continuity in the series, but because lengthy comparison with alternate proposals persuaded us often that our illustrious predecessors had in fact found the best way of doing things. We are indebted to the wisdom and imagination of many people associated with the New Variorum: to the editors and bibliographers who responded to lengthy questionnaires; to the Variorum Committee--Fredson Bowers, Mark Eccles, Charlton Hinman, Richard Hosley, James G.