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Social Sciences in Pakistan: a Profile Social Sciences in Pakistan: A Profile Edited by Inayatullah, Rubina Saigol and Pervez Tahir Council of Social Sciences, Pakistan [COSS] Islamabad Social Sciences in Pakistan: A Profile Edited by Inayatullah, Rubina Saigol and Pervez Tahir Council of Social Sciences, Pakistan [COSS] Islamabad Website: www.coss.sdnpk.org Email: [email protected] # 307-Dossal Arcade, Jinnah Avenue, Blue Area, Islamabad Social Sciences in Pakistan: A Profile Edited by Inayatullah, Rubina Saigol and Pervez Tahir Printed with the financial assistance of the UNESCO office in Islamabad Copyright Council of Social Sciences, Pakistan ISBN No. : 969-8755-06-3 First Edition: March 2005 Price: Rs. 500 /20 US $ Printer: Pisces Enterprises, Islamabad Preface This book is focussed on the evaluation of the state of social sciences in Pakistan. The Council of Social Sciences (COSS) – a non-profit and autonomous organisation of social scientists – initiated this study in 2003. In preparing the book, COSS is indebted to: • The writers of studies, the two joint editors with me Rubina Saigol and Pervez Tahir; and Mr. Yasser Arafat who looked after grammatical correctness and stylistic consistencies in the book. • Islamabad office of UNESCO and its former Director/Representative Ms. Ingeborg Brian (presently working in UNESCO’s office in Geneva) and Dr. Humala Khalid for providing funds, which enabled COSS to pay honorarium to the writers and editors of this book and meet its printing cost. • Local office of ActionAid and its then Director Fauzia Saeed for providing funds for establishing an independent office of COSS, for purchasing certain office equipment and for paying the salaries of the staff. • To Dr. Zarina Salamat, Dr. Rais Ahmad Khan, Dr. Syed Ahmad-uddin Hussain, the volunteer members of the Executive Committee of COSS, and Mr. Muhammad Anwar, partly volunteer office incharge of COSS. • Mr. Imran Iqbal, Mr. Irtaza Abbas Naqvi, Mr. Khubaib Atta, Mr. Shahid Iqbal, Mr. Tahir Jamil, Mr. Waheed Ahmed, Mr. Abubakar Siddique, Mr. Asim Shehzad and Ijaz Anjum who assisted COSS in processing the data for use in the book. • To the deans of the faculties of social sciences and arts, chairpersons of social sciences departments and directors of Area Studies, Pakistan Studies, and Women’s Studies Centres in public universities for helping us in the collection of data used in this book. Notable among them are: Dr. Ijaz Hussain (the then Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences of Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad), Dr. Muhammad Pervez, Dr. Ghulam Hyder Sindhi, Dr. Muhammad Islam, Dr. Farzana Bari and Dr. A. H. Dani of Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad; Dr. Asad Zaman of International Islamic University, Islamabad; Dr. Riffat Haque of Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad; Dr. Abdur Rauf Butt, Dr. Rubina Javed, Dr. Naeem Ahmad and Dr. Munawar Mirza of Punjab University, Lahore; Dr. Najeeb Jamal and Dr. Razia Musarrat of Islamia University, Bahawalpur; Prof. Abdullah Phulpoto of Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur; Prof. Iqbal Ahmed Qureshi, Dr. Rafia Ahmad Sheikh, Prof. Chand Bibi Sultana Bukhtiar Zai and Dr. Parveen Shah of Sindh University, Jamshoro; Dr. Abu Zar Wajidi, Dr. Syed Jaffar Ahmed and Dr. Nasreen Aslam Shah of Karachi University, Karachi; Dr. Karamat Ali and Dr. Ishtiaq Ahmad Chaudhary of Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan; Dr. M. A. K. Malghani, Dr. Qamar Zafar, Dr. Naudir Bakht, Prof. Farkhanda Aurangzeb and Dr. Munir Ahmed Baloch of Balochistan University, Quetta; Dr. Taqi Bangash and Dr. Taj Moharram Khan of Peshawar University. • To Registrars, Controllers of Examinations, Chief Librarians and Librarians of the public sector universities for providing data needed for this book. They include Dr. Waheed Ahmad and Kashif Khurshid of Punjab University, Lahore; and Dr. Muhammad Iqbal of University of Peshawar, Peshawar. • Mr. Muhammad Ashraf, Research Officer, Ministry of Women Development, Social Welfare & Special Education, Islamabad. Inayatullah February 15, 2005 CONTENTS Preface Introduction Inayatullah.......................................................................................... 1 1. Teaching of International Relations in Pakistani Universities Rasul Bakhsh Rais ............................................................................. 9 2. Development of the Discipline of Political Science in Pakistan Inayatullah........................................................................................ 31 3. The Development of Strategic Studies in Pakistan Ayesha Siddiqa ................................................................................ 53 4. The State of Educational Discourse in Pakistan Rubina Saigol................................................................................... 77 5. Development of Philosophy as a Discipline Mohammad Ashraf Adeel ............................................................. 129 6. The State of the Discipline of Psychology in Public Universities in Pakistan: A Review Muhammad Pervez and Kamran Ahmad...................................... 153 7. Development of Economics as a Discipline in Pakistan Karamat Ali.................................................................................... 177 8. Sociology in Pakistan: A Review of Progress Muhamamd Hafeez........................................................................ 199 9. Anthropology in Pakistan: The State of Discipline Nadeem Omar Tarar ...................................................................... 221 10. Development of the Discipline of History in Pakistan Mubarak Ali ................................................................................... 237 11. The Discipline of Public Administration in Pakistan Zafar Iqbal Jadoon and Nasira Jabeen ...........................................255 12. Journalism and Mass Communication Mehdi Hasan...................................................................................269 13. Area Studies in Pakistan: An Assessment Muhammad Islam...........................................................................285 14. Pakistan Studies: A Subject of the State, and the State of the Subject Syed Jaffar Ahmed .........................................................................305 15. The State of the Discipline of Women’s Studies in Pakistan Rubina Saigol .................................................................................343 16. Peace and Conflict Resolution Studies Moonis Ahmar & Farhan H. Siddiqi .............................................387 17. Linguistics in Pakistan: A Survey of the Contemporary Situation Tariq Rahman .................................................................................403 18. Contribution of the NGOs to Social Science Research in Pakistan Anwar Shaheen...............................................................................427 19. Quantitative Development of Social Sciences Pervez Tahir....................................................................................459 20. Conclusions Rubina Saigol .................................................................................471 Contributors....................................................................................485 Index ...............................................................................................491 List of Tables and Annexes............................................................509 Abbreviations..................................................................................511 Introduction Inayatullah Introduction Be it an individual, group, institution or a system of knowledge, critical self-evaluation is a necessary condition for its growth and development. Such evaluation is more important in the field of knowledge because only through rigorous evaluation, testing and verification, it gains validity, accuracy and a scientific status. Evaluation of knowledge both at a given point and over time needs an explicit set of criteria. If the criteria are not explicit, or different criteria are used for evaluation of similar phenomena at different times, one cannot achieve comparability of results and identify the changes over time in the phenomena under study. In countries with advanced social sciences, evaluation is part of academic activities of the practitioners of a discipline. Individual scholars write papers about it and present them in annual conferences of their professional associations. The presidents of associations in their presidential addresses often review the progress of disciplines, analyse problems they face and identify the challenges that they need to meet. These multiple activities set the directions and future agenda for a discipline and act as a self-correcting mechanism for it. In Pakistan the process of evaluation of social sciences, both at the level of separate disciplines or taken together, has remained underdeveloped. With a few exceptions, the practitioners of different disciplines have not conducted systematic studies of their disciplines. Only a small number of studies on the disciplines of Economics, Sociology and Mass Communication 1 Social Sciences in Pakistan: A Profile appeared in mid and late 1990s.1 To some extent, this happened due to the absence of functioning professional associations of individual disciplines. For some disciplines no professional association emerged. The associations that emerged for others remained moribund during most of their existence and (with rare exceptions) did not make any significant contribution towards evaluation and development of their
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