NEW DIMENSIONS OF ANTI-AMERICANISM IN PAKISTAN AND ITS IMPACT ON PAK-US RELATIONS PhD DISSERTATION Submitted By Muhammad Rafique Reg. No. NDU-IR/PhD/S-13/019 Supervisor Dr. Muhammad Sheharyar Khan Co- Supervisor Dr. Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema Department of International Relations Faculty of Contemporary Studies National Defense University Islamabad, Pakistan 2017 NEW DIMENSIONS OF ANTI-AMERICANISM IN PAKISTAN AND ITS IMPACT ON PAK-US RELATIONS PhD DISSERTATION Muhammad Rafique Reg. NDU-IR/PhD/S-13/019 Supervisor Dr. Muhammad Sheharyar Khan Co- Supervisor Dr. Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema This Dissertation is submitted to National Defense University, Islamabad in fulfillment for the degree of PhD in International Relations Department of International Relations Faculty of Contemporary Studies National Defense University Islamabad, Pakistan 2017 i Certificate of Completion We hereby recommend, that PhD dissertation submitted by Muhammad Rafique, entitled: “New Dimensions of Anti-Americanism in Pakistan and its Impact on Pak-Us Relations” is comprehensive and sufficient standard to justify its acceptance by Department of International Relations, Faculty of Contemporary Studies, National Defense University Islamabad for the award of Doctorate of Philosophy (PhD) Degree. _______________________ Supervisor (Dr. Muhammad Sheharyar Khan) __________________________ Co-Supervisor (Dr. Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema) _______________________ External Examiner Countersigned By: ____________________________ ________________________ Controller of Examinations Head of the Department ii Declaration I, Muhammad Rafique s/o Jamal ud Din, Registration number NDU-IR/PhD/S-13/019 NDU, hereby declare that “New Dimensions of Anti-Americanism in Pakistan and Its Impact on Pak-US Relations” is my own work and that all sources that I have used or quoted, have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. __________________________ Muhammad Rafique PhD scholar Department of International Relations, Faculty of Contemporary Studies, National Defense University, Islamabad iii Dedication I dedicate my PhD dissertation to my beloved parents and respected teachers (may Allah Almighty bless them all) who, with their sincere prayers and guidance, guided me to attain the level of understanding. iv Supervisor’s Declaration This is to certify that the PhD dissertation submitted by Muhammad Rafique, entitled: “New Dimensions of Anti-Americanism in Pakistan and its Impact on Pak-US Relations” was supervised by me, and is submitted to meet the requirements Degree of Doctorate of Philosophy (PhD). Dated: __________ ____________________________ Dr. Muhammad Sheharyar Khan Department of International Relations, Faculty of Contemporary Studies, National Defense University Islamabad Dated: __________ _____________________ Dr. Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema Dean, Faculty of Contemporary Studies, National Defense University, Islamabad v Acknowledgements First of all, I bow my head in front of Almighty Allah and thank Him for granting strength to complete my research work of PhD dissertation. I offer my special thanks to my Supervisor Dr Sheharyar Khan who guided me all the time during my research work. I am highly grateful to my co-Supervisor, Dr Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema who provided me the expert guidance. I express my heartiest thanks to Head of the Department and faculty members of IR department FCS NDU. My special thanks and regards to Dr Muhammad Khan, Dr Nazia Fiaz, Dr Shaheen Akhter, Dr Khurram, Dr Rashid and Dr Zulifqar for their scholarly guidance during my research work. I am thankful to my fellow researchers, classmates and friends for their valuable views during interactive sessions. Local universities and think tanks were the greatest source of information for my study. I thank to respective in charges and staff of the local libraries, especially SYK Library NDU, Army Central Library GHQ, National Library Islamabad, Allama Iqbal Open University Library and HEC digital library for their support during my research. I extend the heartiest gratitude and love to my entire family who provided me the environment during my prolonged research work at my house. I express my special thanks to the valued respondents including the senior scholars who contributed their valuable opinions for the study. I am thankful to HEC government of Pakistan for providing me the scholarship to visit USA for my research and I was much benefited from this opportunity. I am thankful to Georgetown University, Washington, DC, where I learnt a lot and my research skills were improved; my thesis became much better with the most advanced research facilities available in the US. I express my heartiest and deepest gratitude to Dr Jonathan Brown who was my supervisor during my stay at Georgetown University. I am also thankful to Ms Christine Kidwell Lynn Screen, other scholars, professors and officials of Georgetown University for their cooperation in my research work during my stay at USA. I was lucky enough during my stay at USA to get maximum opportunities to visit many think tanks and universities where I attended many research events and met many renowned American scholars. I am grateful to all the concerned people of United States who facilitated me to avail such a unique and valuable experience. vi Abstract The study provides an understandable account of the phenomenon of anti-Americanism that widely prevailed in Pakistan and it became further intense after the start of 21st century. The US drone attacks on Pakistani territory, the Abbottabad operation of the US against OBL and the US attack on Pakistani military post ‘Salala’ remain the leading causes of anti-Americanism in Pakistan. The research identifies that regional policies of United States have created a new dimension of the discourse of anti-Americanism in Pakistan and this phenomenon has brought negative impact on Pak-US relations. The super power’s interests in the region are seen with more clarity by using the lens of realist approach. The Neorealist school of thought comprehensibly covers the international political structure and element of anti-Americanism at global and domestic level. The Neoclassical realism explains the influence of the elite class on policy making and domestic structure of the politics. The theories of Superpower Syndrome and the Dilemma of the Superior observe an image problem of the superpower and also identify an element of jealousy against the superpower. The agenda setting role of Pakistan media analyzes the various dimensions of anti- Americanism in Pakistan. The study explains the multiple causes and the impact of anti-Americanism at global, regional and domestic level. The research at length explains the causes and the impact of the discourse that have significance in the Muslim world, particularly in Pakistan. The Pakistani media identify the media perceptions in highlighting the nature of the Pak-US relations and the element of anti-Americanism. The content analyses of the selected media reveals that content were significantly unfavorable for the US image. The survey also provides the result that depicted the new dimensions of anti-Americanism and its impact on Pak-US relations. The study also provides the viable recommendations for better Pak-US relations in future. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Serial Topic Page Certificate of Completion i Declaration ii Dedication iii Supervisor’s Declaration iv Acknowledgement v Abstract vi Table of Contents vii List of Abbreviations and Acronyms xii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Aim and Objectives of the Study 10 1.2 Scope of the Study 10 1.3 Significance of the Study 11 1.4 Justification and likely Benefits of the Research 12 1.5 Research Gaps 13 1.6 What is New in the Study? 14 1.7 Statement of the Problem 15 1.8 Hypothesis 16 1.9 Research Questions 16 1.10 Organization of Study 17 1.11 Methodology 17 1.12 Justifications of the Content Analysis and the Survey 20 1.13 Use of Software 20 1.14 Research Support 20 1.15 Limitation and the Challenges of the Study 20 CHAPTER 2 THE LITERATURE REVIEW 22 2.1 Definition and Explanation of the Discourse 22 2.2 Anti-Americanism: The Construct of the Discourse 24 2.3 Anti-Americanism: The Global Phenomenon 28 2.4 Anti-Americanism in the Muslim World 31 2.5 The Construct of Anti-Americanism in Pakistan 33 2.6 Anti-Americanism and the Media Discourse 47 2.7 New dimensions of anti-Americanism 47 2.8 Conclusion 50 CHAPTER 3 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 51 3.1 Justifications and Relevance of Theories: Theoretical Construct 52 3.2 Realism 57 3.3 Neorealism 62 3.4 Neoclassical Realism 66 3.5 The Super Power Syndrome and Dilemma of the Superior 67 3.6 Agenda Setting Role of the Media 70 viii CHAPTER 4 EVOLUTION OF PAK-US RELATIONS AND ANTI- 74 AMERICANISM 4.1 Introduction 74 4.2 The Opening Phase: The Choice of Engagement 74 4.3 The Consolidation Phase: The Regional Alliances 76 4.4 Pak-US Relations from 1965 to 1971: Testing and Disappointment 78 4.5 Pak-US Relations from 1972 to 1978: Vulnerabilities and Opportunities 82 4.6 Pak-US Relations from 1979 to 1988: Convergences of Interests 85 4.7 Pak-US Relations from 1988 to 1998: Suspicions and Reliance 87 4.8 Pak-US Relations from 1998 to 2001: Prospects and Pressure 89 4.9 Forced Coalition of WOT: Expectation and Contribution 90 4.10 94 Pak-US Relations Post 2014 and Way Forward 4.11 Conclusion 96 CHAPTER 5 CAUSES AND IMPACT OF ANTI-AMERICANISM ON 97 PAK-US RELATIONS 5.1 Global Context 98 5.2 Regional Context 105 5.3 In the Context of Muslim World 107 5.4 Specific to Pakistani Context 110 5.5 Conclusion 122