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Journals Bratton, M., and C. Chango. 2006. State Building and Democratisation in Subsaharan Africa: Forwards, Backwards or Together? In Comparative Political Studies 39 (9): 1059. Online: http://cps.sagepub.com/content/39/9/1059.full.pdf+html. Accessed 10 Oct 2016. Bratton, M., and N. van de Walle. 1992. Popular Protest and Political Reform in Africa. In Comparative Politics 24 (4): 419–442. Available Online: www.jstor. org. Retrieved 30 Oct 2016. Cohen, J. 1995. Ethnicity, Foreign Aid and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan: The Case of Kenya HIID Development Discussion Paper No. 520. Online: http://www.cid.harvard.edu/hiid/520.pdf. Accessed 12 Jan 2017. Kagwanja, P. 2003. Facing Mount Kenya or Facing Mecca? The Mungiki, Ethnic Violence and the Politics of the Moi Succession in Kenya, 1987–2002. African Affairs 102 (406): 25–49. Nyinguro, P., and E. Otenyo. 2007. Social Movements and Democratic Transitions in Kenya. In Journal of Asian and African Studies 42 (1): 5–24. Available Online: http://jas.sagepub.com/content/42/1/5. Accessed 22 Oct 2016. Shilaho, W. 2013. Ethnic Mobilisation and Kenya’s Foreign Policy in the Face of the International Criminal Court (ICC). Journal for Contemporary History 41 (1): 103–125. Smith, Z.K. 2000. The Impact of Political Liberalisation and Democratisation on Ethnic Confict in Africa: An Empirical Test of Common Assumptions. Journal of Modern African Studies 38 (1): 21–39.

Reports Africa Centre for Open Governance. 2009. The Maize Scandal. Online: http:// www.africog.org/reports/Maize%20Report.pdf. Accessed 11 Nov 2011. Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa. 2010. Kenya: Interim Independent Boundaries Review Commission Online: http://www.eisa.org. za/WEP/keniibrc.htm. Accessed 22 Dec 2015. International Criminal Court (ICC). 2009. Prosecutor’s Application Pursuant to Chapter 58 as to Francis Karimi Mutahura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammed Hussein Ali. Online: http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/ doc1050845.pdf. Accessed 11 Nov 2016. International Criminal Court (ICC). 2009. Prosecutor’s Application Pursuant to Chapter 58 as to William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua arap Sang. Online: http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1050835.pdf. Accessed 11 Nov 2016. Bibliography 179

Kenya Human Rights Commission (KHRC). 2016. Kenya: Termination of Ruto and Sang Case at the ICC: Witness Tampering means Impunity Prevails over justice again April 7. Online: http://www.khrc.or.ke/2015-03-04-10-37- 01/press-releases/528-kenya-termination-of-ruto-and-sang-case-at-the-icc- witness-tampering-means-impunityprevkenya-termination-of-ruto-and-sang- case-at-the-icc-witness-tampering-means-impunity-prevails-over-justiceagain. html. Accessed 10 Dec 2016. Kenya National Commission on Human Rights; Transparency International Kenya. 2006a. Living Large Counting the Cost of Offcial Extravagance in Kenya: Online www.knchr.org. Accessed 5 Oct 2016. Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR). 2006b. ‘Referendum Report’. Available online: http://www.knchr.org. Accessed 28 July 2016. Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR). 2007. Still Behaving Badly Online: www.knchr.org. Accessed 5 Oct 2016. National Cohesion and Integration Commission (NCIC). Online: http://www. cohesion.or.ke/index.php/about-us/goals-objectives. Accessed 25 July 2016. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. https://www.icc-cpi.int/nr/ rdonlyres/ea9aeff7-5752-4f84-be94-0a655eb30e16/0/rome_statute_eng- lish.pdf. Accessed 14 July 2015. The Draft Constitution of Kenya (Bomas Draft) 2004. Available online: http:// www.coekenya.go.ke/images/stories/Resources/bomas_draft.pdf. Accessed 22 Dec 2016. The Hansard. 2008. National Assembly Offcial Report Thursday 20th March at 2.30 p.m. Online www.parliament.go.ke. Accessed 18 Aug 2016.

Newspapers Daily Nation. 2002. New President Spells Out His Vision, December 31. Daily Nation. 2002. Raila’s Party to Dissolve and Merge with New Kanu February 15. Kenya National Archives & Documentation section: Daily Nation Newspapers-13.2.2002–7.3.2002: Microflm No. 370. Daily Nation. 2002. Kanu Plans Sweeping Powers for the Party Boss February 21. Kenya National Archives & Documentation Section: Daily Nation Newspapers-8.3. 2002–22.3.2002: Microflm No. 371). Daily Nation. 2002. Uhuru’s Challenge as He Takes the Baton’ November 18. Kenya National Archives & Documentation Section: Daily Nation Newspapers-8.11.2002 continuation includes 2003: Microflm No. 282. Daily Nation. 2009. ‘Return of Kimunya Followed an Emerging Trend in Kenya’ 25 January. Online http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/ Letters/-/440806/519562/-/ibgqo4/-/index.html. Accessed 4 Oct 2016. 180 Bibliography

Daily Nation. 2009. ‘Ruto and Kiraitu Under Fire over Scandals’ January 22. Online: http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/518438/-/view/ printVersion/-/8xscdn/-/index.html. Accessed 4 Oct 2016. Daily Nation. 2009. ‘Kimunya Censure Motion Stands’ 26 January. Online: http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/520398/-/item/0/-/res6ov/-/ index.html. Accessed 21 Sep 2016. Daily Nation 2009. ‘Ruto Survives Censure Motion’, February, 18. Online http://www.nation.co.ke/News/politics/-/1064/531934/-/ygaxw3z/-/ index.html. Accessed 15 Sep 2016. Daily Nation. 2009. Shs 6 billion School Funds ‘Stolen’ December, 14. Online: http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/822668/-/vo33eb/-/index.html. Accessed 21 Sep 2015. Daily Nation. 2010. ‘Nilotes or Bantus? Debate Rages as Basuba Face Identity Threat’ October 27. Online: http://allafrica.com/stories/201110280070. html. Accessed 15 Nov 2011. Daily Nation. 2010. ‘‘No’ Camp Concedes Referendum Defeat’ August 5. Online: http://www.nation.co.ke/Kenya%20Referendum/-/926046/971494/-/ fxedndz/-/index.html. Accessed 13 Aug 2015. Daily Nation. 2010. ‘Kibaki, Raila Clash over Cabinet Purge’ February 14. Online: http://www.nation.co.ke/News/politics/-/1064/862086/-/wr7mmdz/ -/index.html. Accessed 21 Sep 2016. Daily Nation. 2010. ‘Ruto: I will Not Resign Over Maize Scandal’ February 10. Online http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/859784/-/vq2l5k/-/ index.html. Accessed 15 Sep 2016. Daily Nation. 2011. ‘Kibunja Should Now Find Out Why Certain Tribes Dominate Specifc Jobs’ April 13. Online: http://www.nation.co.ke/ blogs/Kibunjia+should+find+why+certain+tribes+dominate+specific+j obs+/-/446696/1143370/-/view/asBlogPost/-/hgy9tp/-/index.html. Accessed 13 Apr 2016. Daily Nation. 2012. ‘Fresh Doubts Over Election Date’ July, 23. Online: http://www.nation.co.ke/News/politics/MPs+foat+August+2013+date+fo r+polls+/-/1064/1461662/-/item/0/-/g0l66tz/-/index.html. Accessed 5 Aug 2016. Standard on Sunday. 2009. ‘Quorum Hitch Halts House Business’ 10 November. Online: http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/684470/-/ uon7ds/-/index.html. Accessed 21 Sep 2015. Standard on Sunday. 2010. ‘Public Waits for Answers to Scandals Whose Reports are Still Kept Secret’ January 1. Online http://www.nation.co.ke/News/- /1056/509492/-/u0qm58/-/index.html. Accessed 15 Sep 2016. Bibliography 181

Daily Nation. 2013. ‘Ruto to Pay Sh 5m in Land Case’ June 28. Online. http://www.nation.co.ke/News/politics/Ruto-to-pay-Sh5m-in-land- case/-/1064/1898406/-/f0kl3/-/index.html. Accessed 10 July 2013. Daily Nation. 2011. ‘Truth Commission Complains about Cash’ July 19. Online: http://www.nation.co.ke/News/Commission+complains+about+c ash+/-/1056/1204326/-/ui19xhz/-/index.html. Accessed 20 July 2016. Daily Nation. 2008. ‘Uproar over Six Permanent Secretaries Past Retirement Age’ July 20. Online: http://allafrica.com/stories/200806200131.html. Accessed 15 Nov 2015. Daily Nation. 2002. ‘‘Wedding’ a Purely Kanu Affair’ March 19. Kenya National Archives & Documentation Section: Daily Nation Newspapers-8.2.2002–22.3.2002: Microflm No. 371. Daily Nation. 2010. ‘Why Big Two Can’t Sack Minister’ February 6. Online: http://www.nation.co.ke/News/politics/-/1064/857128/-/wrpoamz/-/ index.html. Accessed 21 Sep 2016. Saturday Nation. 2011. ‘Bosire Has Strong Credentials But Past Kanu Ties Could Spoil For Him’ April 23. Available online: http://www.nation.co.ke/ News/-/1056/1149804/-/item/2/-/1kko90/-/index.html. Accessed 24 Apr 2015. Saturday Nation. 2002. ‘Road to Opposition Unity Will be Rough But Crucial’ October 20. Kenya National Archives & Documentation section: Daily Nation Newspapers-17.10.2002–8.11.2002: Microflm No. 381. Saturday Nation. 2009. No Such Thing as ‘Real Power Sharing’ in Law May 23. Online: http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/-/440808/602274/- /4knkld/-/index.html. Accessed 20 Aug 2015. Sunday Nation. 2009. Letter to the Cabinet: Are You Playing the Wrong Game?’ 18 July. Sunday Nation. 2002. Uhuru Factor in Moi Succession Strategy February 24. Kenya National Archives & Documentation section: Daily Nation Newspapers-13.2.2002–7.3.2002: Microflm No. 370. The Weekly Review. 1988. A New Chapter in Kanu Affairs’ October, 21. ———. 1988. ‘A Strategy for Kenya’s Future’ October, 21. ———. 1988. Kanu v/s Parliament How Parliamentary Group Meetings Preempt Discussions,’ August 12. ———. 1992. ‘I Will Contest’, July 3. ———. 1997. ‘Wooing Kikuyus’, April 11. ———. 1998. ‘Fruits of Cooperation’, May 1. ———. 1988. ‘Time to Leave’, September 23. ———. 1997. ‘Wooing Kikuyus’, April 11. 182 Bibliography

Presidential Speeches Kenya Presidential Speeches 1963–1988: Kenya National Archives Central Government Library Jamhuri Day Speeches Day Kenya became a Republic on 12th December 1964. Kenyatta day Speeches (Now Mashujaa-Heroes’ Day) The Day Kenya’s Freedom Fighters Were Released from Prison. Madaraka Day Speeches (Day Kenya Attained Internal Self Rule on 1st June 1963. Index

A C Aaron Ringera, 117 Capitalist mode of production, 35, 44 Afghanistan, 152 Central African Republic, 153 African Union, 150, 155 Charity Ngilu, 24, 103, 107 Akilano Akiwumi, 101 Charles Keter, 157 Akiwumi Commission, 101 Chepkok, 100 Alliance of the accused, 144 Circumcision ritual, 30 Amos Wako, 101, 132 Class, 3, 18, 19, 24, 30, 31, 38–40, Anachronism, 21, 40 42, 44, 45, 84, 88 Anachronistic misnomer, 32 Coast region, 8, 72, 101, 170 Ancien regime, 44, 106, 116, 122, Collectivist ideology, 36 123, 147 Corruption, 4, 15, 21, 24, 42–44, 52, Apili Wawire, 90 55, 57, 59, 74, 75, 85, 114, 116, Apollo Njonjo, 103 117, 119, 121, 124, 125, 127, The AU Constitutive Act, 150 133, 135, 145, 146, 167–169, Authoritarianism, 20, 21, 44, 52, 59, 171 83, 91, 125 County, 2, 13, 17, 36, 53, 171 Crimes against humanity, 22, 23, 136, 146, 150, 151, 153, 154, 159 B Bernard Chunga, 117 Big Man, 52, 55, 59, 65, 66, 68, 74, D 106 Daniel arap Moi, 5, 21, 37, 39, 51, Big Man politics, 11, 21, 135 70, 75, 93, 147, 172 Bildad Kaggia, 23, 73 Daniel Maanzo, 131 Divide-and-rule, 4, 18, 34, 36, 89

Dominic Ongwen, 153 I Donors, 85 Impunity, 5, 20–23, 42, 63, 72, 75, 100, 101, 119, 124, 133, 136, 144–146, 149, 151, 154, 155, E 157–159, 167, 169, 172, 174 8-4-4 education system, 60, 85 Incitement, 100, 121, 132 Emmanuel Karisa Maitha, 121 Indictment, 22, 134, 146, 158, 174 Ethnic alliances, 5, 10, 104, 159, 174 Intelligentsia, 20, 30, 38, 166, 167 Ethnic clashes, 21, 100, 101, 121 International criminal justice, 147– Ethnicity, 1–4, 6–8, 12, 14, 15, 149, 153, 155 17–21, 24, 29–42, 44, 45, 52, ‘Invention’ of certain ethnic groups, 53, 57, 63, 64, 69, 73, 82, 88, 36 91, 92, 96, 97, 104, 106, 116, Iraq, 152, 153 125, 132, 134–136, 144, 149, Israel, 153, 154 167–172, 174 Ivory Coast, 127, 154 Ethnic profling, 34, 169 Ethnic violence, 20, 36, 100, 133, 145, 147, 155, 168, 172 J Extrajudicial executions, 21, 127, 155 James Orengo, 13 JeanMarie Seroney, 71 Jean Pierre Bemba, 155 F Joe Khamis, 124 False consciousness, 34, 41 John Michuki, 119, 124, 129 Federalism, 8, 99 Johnny-come-latelies, 120, 131 Francis Muthaura, 98, 119 Jomo Kenyatta, 2, 5, 21, 34, 35, 39, Fred Kubai, 73 42, 52, 57, 70, 73, 75, 93, 107, Friedrich Neumann Foundation, 84 134, 136, 145, 147, 170 Josephat Karanja, 7 Joseph Kamotho, 120, 121 G Joshua Sanga, 144 Genocide, 30, 128, 150, 151, 154, Judiciary, 21, 45, 52, 75, 89, 116, 159 117, 125, 137, 144, 146 George Muhoho, 119 Julius Nyerere, 36, 168 George Saitoti, 120, 121 Justice, 20, 22, 23, 69, 117, 132, 135, George W Bush, 128 136, 144–148, 151, 153–159, Gerontocracy, 107 169

H K Hague,The, 151, 156–158 Kabarnet Syndicate, 43 Harambee, 58, 62, 68, 76, 104, 169 Kalenjin Warriors, 97, 147 Historical land injustices, 145 Kalonzo Musyoka, 120, 131 Index 185

Kamuren, 100 Mwai Kibaki, 11, 35, 39, 42, 69, 70, Kenneth Matiba, 85, 93, 96 75, 93, 94, 107, 116, 133, 147, Kenyatta University, 7 155, 170, 172 Kiambu Mafa, 6, 7, 43 Myanmar, 153 Kikuyu constituency, 92 Kikuyunisation, 7 Kiliku commission, 101 N Kimani wa Nyoike, 66, 87 National Accord,The, 145 Kiraitu Murungi, 117 Ndegwa commission, 43 Koinange, 7 Ndung’u commission, 70, 170 Kungu Karumba, 73 Neopatrimonialism, 55, 147, 149 Nicholas Biwott, 100 Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals, 149 L Nyanza region, 9, 23 Leakey, 23, 102, 103 Nyayo, 21, 52, 57–60, 74, 75, 169 Little general election, 9 Nyayo car, 60 Lucy Ndung’u, 10 Nyayoism, 58, 59 Luis Moreno-Ocampo, 156

O M Oath taking, 42 Majimbo, 8, 99 Ocampo six, 143, 158, 159 Majimboism, 99, 172 Oginga Odinga, 2, 3, 8, 19, 23, 54, Martha Karua, 157 67, 73, 82, 85, 88, 92, 93, 103, Martin Shikuku, 23, 82, 85 107 Mass hysteria, 40 Matere Keriri, 119 Mibei, 100 P Missionary education, 39 Palestine, 152, 153 Missionary stations, 35 Pastoralists, 35 Moody Awori, 120 Patronage, 5, 8, 12, 15, 17, 30, 32, Moral ethnicity, 32 36, 42–44, 51, 52, 54, 55, 57, Moses Kuria, 157 61, 62, 68, 87–90, 94, 96, 99, Moses Mudavadi, 65, 167 114, 132, 134, 169–172 Mount Kenya Mafa, 41, 115, 117, Patronage-clientelism, 149 136 Paul Muite, 23, 92, 102 Mugambi Imanyara, 131 Paul Ngei, 73 Mululu rural home, 65 Philip, 61, 102, 127 Mungiki, 98, 148, 155 Philip Leakey, 102 Munyua Waiyaki, 2 Philip Waki, 117 Musalia Mudavadi, 167 Pio Gama Pinto, 54 Musikari Kombo, 130 186 Index

Political assassinations, 54, 75, 119, Transition, 20, 22, 30, 35, 53, 82, 83, 145, 155 99, 106, 114, 122, 172 Political entrepreneur, 20, 169, 174 Tribalism, 4–6, 8, 9, 14, 20, 21, 29, Political mercantilism, 14 31–34, 41, 45, 52, 53, 58, 63, Political tribalism, 32, 37 68–70, 74–76, 83, 84, 86, 87, Prebendalism, 55, 115, 124 94, 107, 114, 120, 134, 136, Predatory politics, 124, 169 146, 149, 157, 158, 166, 168, Presidential music commission, 66 170, 171, 174 Protas Momanyi, 90 Tribal mobilisation, 5, 149 Provincial administration, 6, 15, 43, Tribal politics, 5, 18, 21, 30, 42, 54, 84, 130, 169 69, 84, 103, 136, 151, 169 Truth Justice and Reconciliation Commission(TJRC), 122, 145, R 146 Raila Odinga, 11, 24, 34, 94, 103, 107, 116, 118, 121, 130, 131, 133, 150, 157, 167 U Rational legal authority, 58, 75 Uhuru Kenyatta, 13, 22, 35, 42, 43, Referendum, 12, 22, 118, 126, 46, 68, 70, 75, 94, 98, 107, 120, 129–133, 135, 137, 149, 172 123, 131, 134, 136, 144–146, Rift Valley region, 14, 36, 41, 65, 71, 153, 155, 167, 170, 174 148, 156, 157 University of Nairobi, 7, 60 Rome Statute, 149–152, 154, 155, 159 V Veto wielding powers, 154 S Safna, 12, 23, 24, 102, 103, 106, 172 Schizophrenic, 102, 137 W Schizophrenically, 170 Waki commission, 136, 157 Sovereignty as responsibility, 152 Wamalwa Kijana, 116 Sri Lanka, 152, 153 War crimes, 150, 151, 154, 159 State violence, 16, 20, 21, 155 Watson Murigo, 59 Summit,The, 117 What have you done for yourself Kaggia? Queue voting, 73 William Ole Ntimama, 121 T Working class, 19 Summit,The, 117 Tom Mboya, 2, 3, 7, 41 Tom Obondo, 90 Y Transformation, 21, 45, 60, 69, 82, YK ’92, 96 83, 103, 106, 119, 125, 171 Yoweri Museveni, 153