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"The People of God" in the Old Testament: the View of Eichrodt and Gutierrez As Evaluated by Confessional Lutheran Hermeneutics

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Concordia Seminary - Saint Louis Scholarly Resources from Concordia Seminary Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Concordia Seminary Scholarship 5-1-1999 "The People of God" In the Old Testament: The View of Eichrodt and Gutierrez as Evaluated by Confessional Lutheran Hermeneutics Acir Raymann Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.csl.edu/phd Part of the Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons Recommended Citation Raymann, Acir, ""The People of God" In the Old Testament: The View of Eichrodt and Gutierrez as Evaluated by Confessional Lutheran Hermeneutics" (1999). Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation. 2. https://scholar.csl.edu/phd/2 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Concordia Seminary Scholarship at Scholarly Resources from Concordia Seminary. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Resources from Concordia Seminary. For more information, please contact [email protected]. "THE PEOPLE OF GOD" IN THE OLD TESTAMENT: THE VIEW OF EICHRODT AND GUTIERREZ AS EVALUATED BY CONFESSIONAL LUTHERAN HERMENEUTICS A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, Department of Exegetical Theology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Acir Raymann May 1999 Approved by Adviser Reader Reader TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii INTRODUCTION iv Chapter I. THE NATURE OF THE PEOPLE OF GOD IN THE OLD TESTAMENT 1 Introduction The Terms MD and Ma: General Aspects The Term CD The Term la Theological Implications Theological Implications with the Term CD The Covenant Simul iustus et peccator Theological Implications with the Term Ma II. THE MISSION OF THE PEOPLE OF GOD IN THE OLD TESTAMENT 28 Introduction An Exegetical Analysis of Exodus 19:4-6 Translation Exegetical Analysis An Exegetical Analysis of Isaiah 6:13 Translation Exegetical Analysis The People of God and the "Holy War" Approaches to War in the Old Testament Israel's Election Yahweh's Wars The Enemy Israel's Wars Conclusion III. WALTHER EICHRODT'S VIEW OF PEOPLE OF GOD 75 Introduction Eichrodt's Methodology The Covenant as the Organizing Center The Covenant Concept The People of God The Nature of the People of God Obedience to the Law The Mission of the People of God Unity in the "Holy War" Unity in Worship Conclusion IV. THE CONCEPT OF PEOPLE OF GOD IN GUSTAVO GUTIERREZ 103 Introduction Gutierrez's Methodology and Concepts The Praxis of Liberation The Preferential Option for the Poor The New Hermeneutics The Nature of the People of God The People of God and World Unity Hamartiology and the Kingdom of God The Purpose of the People of God Prophetic Denunciation Proclamation of the Kingdom for the Poor Conclusion V. EVALUATIONS AND CONCLUSION 154 Introduction An Evaluation of Eichrodt's Concept of People of God An Evaluation of Gutierrez's Concept of People of God Conclusion BIBLIOGRAPHY 166 ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND DEDICATION The multitude of those who have participated in a program like this is hardly possible to be named here. I owe gratitude to the Igreja Evangelica Luterana do Brasil and to the theological faculty and board of regents of the Seminario Concordia de SAo Leopoldo who granted me a leave of absence for my studies. I am also indebted to CRISP of the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod that provided financial assistance. Special thanks to Dr. Horace D. Hummel who went far beyond his duties of adviser dedicating many hours to the reading and discussion of this dissertation with patience and wisdom, to Dr. Wayne E. Schmidt who always found the right words to direct and counsel, to Dr. James W. Voelz for his encouragement, to Dr. Jacob A. 0. Preus III and Dr. Jeffrey A. Gibbs who found time in their busy schedules to read this research. My deep appreciation is due to all professors, students, and families of Concordia Seminary for the hospitality without which our stay in Saint Louis would have had an entirely different quality. I dedicate this dissertation to the LORD, the giver of all good gifts, and to my wife Beatriz, the best commentary of Proverbs 31.10-31, and our daughters Caroline and Gabriele for their love, patience and encouragement. Acir Raymann December 1998 Concordia Seminary, St. Louis iii INTRODUCTION This dissertation is about the concept of People of God in the Old Testament in late Academic Theology and in Liberation Theology as evaluated by Lutheran Hermeneutics. It has developed from the personal experience of its author with the confrontation with several views of the concept of People of God in theological movements of his country. By "late Academic Theology" is meant the movement in which a more biblical accent on theological themes is emphasized and some aspects of pure liberalism are rejected. Late Academic Biblical Theology is represented in this study by the analysis of the concept of People of God in the works of the German theologian Walther Eichrodt.1 By "Liberation Theology" is understood the religious movement that has had significant growth, especially in the last two decades in Latin America, "doing" theology with different hermeneutical approaches from those of confessional Lutheran theology. The concept of People of God from the point of view of 'Walther Eichrodt was born on August 1, 1890, in Grensbach, Germany. He was educated at the universities of Greifswald, Heidelberg, and Erlangen, and received an honorary doctorate from the University of Glasgow. He taught first at Erlangen, and then became Professor of History of Religions and Old Testament at the University of Basel in Switzerland. iv Liberation Theology will be seen in the works of Gustavo Gutierrez, considered one of its most exegetical theologians.2 On the basis of the authority of the Holy Scriptures as the revealed and inspired Word of God, this writer assumes that the Biblical accounts are true and historically accurate. The presuppositions and methodology of the critical approach are judged in this dissertation as inappropriate because of their failure to accept the material on its own terms. Therefore, the reconstruction of Israel's history as usually assumed by critical views of Scripture is discarded. The Sinai event is historical reality as the place where the ratification of the covenant happens. To view the historical narrative about the Exodus and the Sinai event as merely expression of faith or as idealistic retrojections does not do full justice to the nature and content of Israel's faith. The Sinaitic covenant as viewed in this study was an integral part of the Exodus-Sinai event, which took place in space and time and was decisive for the life, nature, and mission of the People of God in the Old Testament. It was on the basis of saving acts and deliverance that the covenant was made. Covenant is a gracious act of Yahweh whereby He established Himself in 2Gustavo Gutierrez was born in Lima, Peru, in 1928. For five years he studied Medicine in the National University of Lima. From 1951-1955 he studied Philosophy and Psychology in Louvain; from 1955-1959 he studied Theology in Lyon. In 1959 he was ordained bishop in Lima. Since 1960 he is Professor of Theology in the Catholic University of Lima. In 1985 Gutierrez received a doctorate in theology from the Catholic Institute of Lyons. communion with Israel. The People of God could not maintain sufficient purity to preserve this relationship. For this reason Yahweh instituted the cultic system as a means by which Israel's sins might be forgiven and by which the correct relationship was renewed in the presence of God. A mere traditional or magical compliance with the grace of God did not merit forgiveness. The correct and sound relationship with her God was not maintained by Israel's efforts. The forgiveness of God was granted "in, with, and under" His Word and sacraments. Hence the possibility for the People of God in the Old Testament of knowing God is present because He gives Himself to be known either in theophany, as often to the patriarchs, or through events such as the Exodus-Sinai, or through worship experiences that take place in the entire Old Testament period and since then in the Christian Church worldwide. One of the concerns of this work is an analysis of the concept of People of God in Eichrodt and Gutierrez. Since the concept in the Old Testament is considered the basis for this theological approach, the insights of both theologians will be made through this basis and in the perspective of the Lutheran Schriftprinzip It is the conviction of this writer that the Textus Receptus of the Old Testament is the first and primary authority on the matter of text-critical analysis. Attention to the material at the apparatus criticus will be given when an alternative vi is materially relevant. Except for the exegetical pericopes that are analyzed in the first chapter and that are of my own translation, other Biblical verses quoted are from the New International Version. This is a theological dissertation. Thus, the Word of God establishes the parameters of its development. The first chapter of this dissertation is the platform for the whole project. The Biblical view of the People of God in the Old Testament is seen beginning with the nature of this people through a textual investigation of ov (people) and (nation) in the Old Testament and their theological implications. Israel is in the midst of the other nations. Is Israel different from them? Chapter two presents the mission of the People of God in the Old Testament with a special focus on the theme of the "holy war" and how this theme is related to God's People.
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