Le Photographe Commissaire : Stratégies De Construction Et De Déconstruction Chez Joan Fontcuberta

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Le Photographe Commissaire : Stratégies De Construction Et De Déconstruction Chez Joan Fontcuberta View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Serveur académique lausannois Year : 2016 Le photographe commissaire : stratégies de construction et de déconstruction chez Joan Fontcuberta Ariadna Lorenzo Sunyer Lorenzo Sunyer, Ariadna, 2016, Le photographe commissaire : stratégies de construction et de déconstruction chez Joan Fontcuberta Originally published at : Mémoire de maîtrise, Université de Lausanne Posted at the University of Lausanne Open Archive. http://serval.unil.ch Droits d’auteur L'Université de Lausanne attire expressément l'attention des utilisateurs sur le fait que tous les documents publiés dans l'Archive SERVAL sont protégés par le droit d'auteur, conformément à la loi fédérale sur le droit d'auteur et les droits voisins (LDA). A ce titre, il est indispensable d'obtenir le consentement préalable de l'auteur et/ou de l’éditeur avant toute utilisation d'une oeuvre ou d'une partie d'une oeuvre ne relevant pas d'une utilisation à des fins personnelles au sens de la LDA (art. 19, al. 1 lettre a). A défaut, tout contrevenant s'expose aux sanctions prévues par cette loi. Nous déclinons toute responsabilité en la matière. Copyright The University of Lausanne expressly draws the attention of users to the fact that all documents published in the SERVAL Archive are protected by copyright in accordance with federal law on copyright and similar rights (LDA). Accordingly it is indispensable to obtain prior consent from the author and/or publisher before any use of a work or part of a work for purposes other than personal use within the meaning of LDA (art. 19, para. 1 letter a). Failure to do so will expose offenders to the sanctions laid down by this law. We accept no liability in this respect. UNIVERSITÉ DE LAUSANNE FACULTÉ DES LETTRES Mémoire de Maîtrise universitaire ès lettres en histoire de l’art Le photographe commissaire : stratégies de construction et de déconstruction chez Joan Fontcuberta par Ariadna Lorenzo Sunyer sous la direction du Professeur Olivier Lugon Session de printemps 2016 REMERCIEMENTS J’adresse mes remerciements aux personnes qui m’ont aidée dans la réalisation de ce mémoire. En premier lieu, je tiens à remercier le Prof. Lugon qui, en tant que directeur de mémoire, m’a guidée dans mon travail avec beaucoup de sagacité et de patience. Je remercie également Karin Daguet et Dimitri Besnard pour leurs corrections et remarques, toujours enrichissantes pour mes recherches. J’aimerais aussi remercier Adèle Etter pour ses conseils au début. Finalement, je tiens à remercier toute ma famille, et en particulier ma sœur, pour leur patience et soutien. J’aimerais aussi remercier notamment Dimitri Besnard pour son encouragement et soutien inconditionnel. TABLE DE MATIERES Introduction 10 Chapitre 1 14 Joan Fontcuberta et le commissariat d’exposition. De « faux commissaire » à commissaire de la « post-photographie » Joan Fontcuberta en tant que « faux commissaire » 19 Joan Fontcuberta en tant que commissaire d’expositions de la « post-photographie » 25 Conclusions 39 Chapitre 2 42 Exposer Fauna au MoMA en 1988 : le commissariat comme stratégie de construction et déconstruction d’un discours Exposer Fauna au MoMA I: le commissariat comme stratégie de construction d’un discours 45 Exposer Fauna au MoMA II : le commissariat comme stratégie de déconstruction 56 Conclusions 66 Chapitre 3 68 La « post-photographie » : nouveaux rapports entre l’appropriation et le commissariat De multiples auteurs à un système d’« appropriateurs » 73 Stratégies de multiplication de l’auteur 74 Les stratégies de multiplication dans la scène contemporaine 77 Les stratégies de multiplication de la figure de l’auteur comme organisation interne de la « post-photographie » 79 Le rôle de Fontcuberta dans la « post-photographie » 85 Conclusions 89 Conclusions 94 Bibliographie 98 Annexes 106 Introduction Le commissaire occupe des nos jours une place importante dans les institutions du monde de l’art et sa tâche de médiateur dans la création contemporaine est de plus en plus valorisée. Comme le remarque la commissaire Annie Fletcher, nous trouvons tous les jours de nouveaux livres écris « par des commissaires à propos des commissaires et du commissariat », qui étudient les différentes démarches curatoriales dans l’art contemporain et qui essayent de définir des types de commissaire tout en les inscrivant dans une histoire1. Ainsi, si les commissaires et intellectuels anglophones semblent s’intéresser au commissariat dans ses pratiques les plus contemporaines et à des analyses transversales de la figure du commissaire, utilisant l’entretien comme outil principal de recherche2, dans le monde francophone, l’intérêt pour ces questions semble s’inscrire dans une démarche plus académique. La sociologue Nathalie Heinich, à la fin des années 1980, est une des premières chercheuses à s’intéresser à la figure du commissaire d’exposition3. Cependant, ses recherches n’ont, jusqu’à il y a peu, suscité que peu d’émules dans le monde académique francophone. Ce n’est en effet que récemment que sont parues des analyses plus approfondies du commissariat, parmi lesquelles figurent les livres de Julie Bawin et de Jérôme Glicenstein qui étudient respectivement la figure de l’artiste commissaire4 et l’« invention du curateur »5. 1 « Everywhere we turn these days, there seems to be a new book by curators on curators and curatigne, analysing the contemporary circumstances of our production, weighing up the methodologies and approaches used to frame contemporary artistic practices or questioning the exhibition models currently in use » (Annie Fletcher, « Introduction », dans O’Neill, Paul (éd.), Curating subjects, London, Open Editions, 2007, p. 12). 2 Quelques exemples d’ouvrages du monde anglophone sur ces questions sont O’Neill, Paul (éd.), op. cit., ainsi que les différents livres du commissaire Hans Ulrich Obrist (Obrist, Hans Ulrich, Ways of curating, New York, Faber and Faber, 2014 ; et Obrist, Hans Ulrich, et Lionel Bovier, A Brief History of Curating, Zürich, JRP Ringier, 2011). En ce qui concerne l’entretien comme outil de recherche – une méthode autrement nommée « oral history », un des premiers à l’utiliser est évidemment Obrist, aussi pionnier en l’étude des questions de commissariat. Ainsi, A Brief History of Curating se compose principalement d’entretiens faits à des célèbres commissaires. L’ouvrage d’O’Neill se compose également de deux entretiens. 3 Heinich, Nathalie, et Michael Pollak, « Du conservateur de musée à l’auteur d’expositions : l’invention d’une position singulière », Sociologie du Travail, vol. 31 n°1, 1989, pp. 29-49 ; et Heinich, Nathalie, et Harald Szeemann, Harald Szeemann: un cas singulier: entretien, Paris, L’Echoppe, 1995. Suivant les méthodes du champ de la sociologie, Heinich utilise aussi l’entretien comme outil de recherche, comme nous pouvons le voir dans la publication à propos de Harald Szeemann. 4 Bawin, Julie, L’artiste commissaire: entre posture critique, jeu créatif et valeur ajoutée, Paris, Archives contemporaines, 2014. 5 Glicenstein, Jérôme, L’invention du curateur: mutations dans l’art contemporain, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 2015. Dans son ouvrage, Glicenstein utilise toujours le mot « curateur » et « curatorial » au lieu de « commissaire » et « commissariat ». Il considère que le curateur « connoterait l’idée d’assistance, puisqu’il s’agit à l’origine de prendre soin de quelqu’un ou de quelque chose, alors que le mot ‘‘commissaire’’ renverrait plutôt à une question de rapports de pouvoir, avec l’idée d’une délégation de responsabilité ». Tenant compte ces nuances terminologiques, nous avons décidé de nous en tenir à un seul terme dans ce travail : celui de « commissaire ». 10 Néanmoins, malgré ces recherches, les approches sur ces questions restent finalement plus ou moins les mêmes et les cas d’étude de commissaires se répètent souvent au long des publications. De nombreux aspects du commissariat restent donc encore à étudier. Un des champs du commissariat qui semble demander une étude plus approfondie est sans doute celui de la photographie. En effet, si l’histoire de l’exposition de la photographie est une question largement abordée, les pratiques de commissariat dans ce domaine sont un terrain inconnu qui reste encore à explorer. Le but de ce mémoire est donc de répondre à cette lacune en étudiant le développement des pratiques de commissariat dans le champ spécifique de la photographie. Pour ce faire, nous nous concentrerons sur l’analyse du cas de Joan Fontcuberta, artiste utilisant la photographie et commissaire d’une nouvelle photographie qu’il nomme « post- photographie ». Dans le premier chapitre, nous présenterons la démarche de Fontcuberta, puis nous mettrons en évidence la continuité entre sa production d’artiste et sa production de commissaires en analysant son exploration de l’exposition comme médium artistique. Les chapitres suivants étudieront en détail, d’un côté, le travail d’artiste de Fontcuberta et, de l’autre, son activité de commissaire et s’intéresseront, dans chaque cas, au développement des pratiques de commissariat dans la photographie. La deuxième partie sera dédiée, dans une approche historique, à l’analyse de l’exposition de Fauna au MoMA en 1988, un projet de Joan Fontcuberta et de Pere Formiguera. Ici, nous mettrons en rapport Fauna avec des pratiques artistiques qui utilisent l’exposition comme instrument de critique de l’institution muséale. Ce chapitre nous permettra, ce faisant, de parcourir brièvement l’histoire
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