An Analysis of the Socio-Economic Security Challenges Of

AN ANALYSIS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SECURITY CHALLENGES OF URBANISATION ON THE LIVELIHOOD OF THE RESIDENTS OF HAVANA AND GREENWELL MATONGO INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS OF WINDHOEK, NAMIBIA A THESIS SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE MASTER OF ARTS IN SECURITY AND STRATEGIC STUDIES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NAMIBIA BY Gerhard Erriky 200506226 August 2017 Supervisor : Dr Simon E. Akpo Co-Supervisor : Dr Vincent Mwange Approval page The undersigned certify that they have read and recommend to the Department of Management Sciences for accepting this thesis submitted by Gerhard Erriky in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Master of Arts in Security and Strategic Studies (MASSS) Degree, in SCHOOL OF MILITARY SCIENCE. SUPERVISORS: Dr Simon Akpo MAIN Supervisor---------------------------------------- Dr Vincent Mwange Co-Supervisor-------------------------------------- UNIVERSITY OF NAMIBIA i Declaration I am here by declaring that this Thesis is my own work and that to the best of my knowledge, this research paper has never been submitted to any other Institution. I have acknowledged all other author’s idea and referenced their work. ………………………… Signature Date: Therefore, no part of this research paper may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system, or transmitted in any form without the prior written permission of the author, or the University of Namibia. ii Dedication This study is dedicated to all my lecturers who devoted their tirelessly effort on presenting various modules to the students of Master of Arts in Security and Strategic Studies. To My fellow students who had been instrumental to overcome various challenges during our study. iii Acknowledgement This thesis would not be realised without the support of the following people and institutions: I would like to thank the Ministry of Defence specifically the Directorate of Education and Civil Training for the sponsorship of this course. I would like to thank General Officer Commanding 21 Motorized Infantry Brigade, Brigadier General Erastus Nomongula Kashopola and Deputy Brigade Commander, Colonel Erastus Mbaxu Nakapipi who granted me a permission to conduct my research. My sincere appreciation goes to Prof Blaauw Senior Lecturer, Prof van Rooyen Senior Lecturer, Ms Maria Rukoro Head of Department Security and Strategic Studies, Mr John Anghuwo Head of Department Aeronautic Science, Ms Gabriella Nguluwe Junior Lecturer and Major Heita Administrator School of Military Science, for their unwavering support during the compilation of my research paper. I would like to thank University of Namibia, Namibia Statistic Agency, City of Windhoek and Khomas Regional Council for providing me valuable information for my research paper. I would like to thank all the participants from Greenwell Matongo and Havana Informal Settlements. My sincere gratitude goes to my supervisor Dr Simon E. Akpo and co-supervisor Dr Vincent Mwange (Associate Dean for the School of Military Science UNAM) for their guidance and supervision throughout the research process. I would like to sincerely thank Ms Sepiso Mwange who edited my thesis. This research wouldn’t have reached this stage without your assistance. iv ABSTRACT The rural-urban migrations of the residents from the Havana and Greenwell Matongo informal settlements, to Windhoek, pose socio-economic challenges of urbanisation. These challenges are various security challenges such as unemployment, poverty, crime and the negative effect on the environment. Therefore, it is important to recognise that migration, in excess, is both a symptom of national security threats and instability. Understanding the causes, determinants, and consequences these security challenges pose, as a result of rural-urban migration, is important in formulating socio-economic wellbeing policies and strategies to curb human and environmental insecurity. These strategies shall to alter the pattern of environmental security and socio- economic security challenges such as land pollution, environmental protection, equal income distribution and control of population growth. It is crucial to note that these security challenges can be addressed by formulating socio-economic policy strategies that will address the income disparities between rural and urban residents which, will directly or indirectly, influence the migration process. The security challenges are analysed based on urban management such as citizens’ participation in the mainstream economy, good governance, access to urban infrastructure and services such as drainage system, water reticulation system, electricity supply, road networks, access to education and training, access to health facilities and access to decent housing. The impetus of the analysis further focuses on other social ills or human insecurities such as prostitution, alcohol and drug abuse, and the escalation of land grabbing. The combination of these socio-economic security challenges are all the products of urbanisation and have to be addressed urgently. Todaro and Smith (2012) rural-urban migration model theory was employed to understand the rural-urban migratory trends. v LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLE Figure 2.1: Schematic framework for analysing the migration decision Figure 2.2: push and pull factors Figure 2.3: Lee’s push-pull theory Figure 2.4: Chain migration and network development Figure 2.5: Urban population in the world and Africa 1950-2050 Figure 2.6: Percent of population distribution of school attendance Figure 2.7: Enrolment rate for school going population (5-24 years of age) by area Figure 2.8: Urban population pyramid in Namibia Figure 2.9: Rural population pyramid in Namibia Figure 2.10: Population distribution at national, urban and rural levels Figure 2.11: Namibia urban growth projection as from 1991 to 2030 Figure 2.12: Annual urban population growth in four Namibian cities and town Figure 2.13: Constituency comparison: housing type Figure 2.14: Pattern of development for informal and formal settlements Figure 2.15: Environmental security threats and opportunities in Namibia Figure 2.16: The social and ecological security challenges to the environment Figure 2.17: The security threats which affect sustainable livelihood in Namibia Figure 4.2.1: Factors influenced migration to Windhoek (n=350) Figure 4.2.2: Gender (n=350) Figure 4.2.3: The socio-economic security challenges by gender Figure 4.2.4: Marital status (n=350) Figure 4.2.5: Age category (n=350) Figure 4.2.6: Educational qualification (n=350) vi Figure 4.2.7: Inhabitants per household (n=350) Figure 4.2.8: Breadwinner of the household (n=350) Figure 4.2.9: Household income (n=350) Figure 4.2.10: Size of the house (n=350) Figure 4.2.11: Period of residence in the house (n=350) Figure 4.2.12: Ownership of the house (n=350) Figure 4.2.13: Access to public amenities (n=350) Figure 4.2.14: Nature of occupation (n=350) Figure 4.2.15: Place of origin (N=350) Figure 4.2.16: Main source of energy for cooking and lighting (n=350) Figure 4.2.18: Percentage of household with sanitation security challenges by constituencies Figure 4.2.17: City of Windhoek policies statistics Figure 4.2.19: Percentage of household rating educational services Figure 4.2.20: Percentage of household rating health services Figure 4.2.21: Percentage of household rating crime Figure 4.2.22: Percentage of household rating livelihood Figure 4.2.23: The types of materials used for your houses Figure 4.2.24: Socio-economic impact of urbanisation Figure 4.2.25: The crime activities in Havana and Greenwell Matongo Table 2.1: Informal settlement growth vii Acronyms/abbreviations AA - Affirmative Action AR – Affirmative Reposition AIDS – Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome BEE - Black Economic Empowerment CCTV - Close Circuit Television CEO - Chief Executive Officer COSAFA - Council of Southern Africa Football Association CO2 - Carbon Dioxide CoW- City of Windhoek GBV- Gender Based Violence GDP - Gross Domestic Product GNI - Gross National Income GNP - Gross National Product HIV - Human Immuno Deficiency Virus HPP - Harambee Prosperity Plan IUM - International University of Management LDCs – Less Developed Countries MAWF - Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry viii MOD - Ministry of Defence MVA - Mega Volt Amperes NALAO - Namibia of Local Authorities Officers Namvet- Namibia War Veterans Trust NBC - Namibia Broadcasting Corporation NDP4 - National Development Plan 4 NHE - National Housing Enterprise NHP - National Housing Policy NLFS - Namibian Labour Force Survey NPC - National Planning Commission NSA - Namibia Statistic Agency NTTU - Namibia Transport and Taxi Union NUST – Namibia University of Science and Technology O2 – Oxygen PLAN – People’s Liberation Army of Namibia PSUs - Primary Sampling Units SADC - Southern African Development Community SADF - South African Defence Forces SDFN - Shack Dwellers Federation of Namibia ix SMEs - Small and Medium Enterprises SPSS – Statistical Package for Social Scientists SWABOU - South West African Building Society SWAPO - South West Africa People’s Organisation SWATF - South West Africa Territorial Force TGNU -Transitional Government of National Unity TIPEEG – Targeted Intervention Programme for Employment and Economic Growth UN - United Nations UNAM - University of Namibia UNDP - United Nations Development Program UNFPA - United Nations Population Fund UNOs- United Nations Organisations U.S. - United States WASSP - Water and Sanitation Supply Policy x TABLE OF CONTENT Approval page ...............................................................................................................................................

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