Aeromonas Spp.: Evaluation of Genomic Diversity and Biofilm Forming Ability

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Aeromonas Spp.: Evaluation of Genomic Diversity and Biofilm Forming Ability View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Universidade de Lisboa: Repositório.UL Universidade de Lisboa Faculdade de Ciências Departamento de Biologia Vegetal Aeromonas spp.: evaluation of genomic diversity and biofilm forming ability Sara Sofia Pereira Craveiro Dissertação Mestrado em Microbiologia Aplicada 2013 Universidade de Lisboa Faculdade de Ciências Departamento de Biologia Vegetal Aeromonas spp.: evaluation of genomic diversity and biofilm forming ability Sara Sofia Pereira Craveiro Dissertação Mestrado em Microbiologia Aplicada Dissertação orientada pela Doutora Teresa Semedo-Lemsaddek e pela Professora Doutora Ana Maria Gonçalves Reis 2013 ii Aeromonas spp.: evaluation of genomic diversity and biofilm forming ability Sara Sofia Pereira Craveiro This thesis was performed at the Department of Animal Production and Food Safety (DPASA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Lisbon, under the direct supervision of Teresa Maria Leitão Semedo Lemsaddek in Applied Microbiology of the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon. This thesis was performed under the supervision of Ana Maria Gonçalves Reis (Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon) and the co-supervision of Maria Teresa Barreto Crespo (Institute of Experimental and Technologic Biology (IBET) and Institute of Biological and Chemical Technology (ITQB). 2013 iii “Aquele que nunca viu a tristeza, nunca reconhecerá a alegria.” (Kahlil Gibran) iv Agradecimentos Em primeiro lugar, agradeço às “minhas orientadoras externas”. À Doutora Teresa Semedo Lemsaddek, que me orientou ao longo de todo trabalho, pela enorme partilha de conhecimentos, paciência e apoio; e à Doutora Teresa Crespo, na qualidade de co-orientadora, que perante uma abordagem (quase) desesperada tornou possível a minha integração neste projecto. À minha orientadora interna, a Professora Doutora Ana Maria Reis, agradeço a paciência, a compreensão, apoio e disponibilidade constante. É sempre bom ouvir palavras tão reconfortantes. Agradeço aos professores e colegas da Tecnologia: Professor Doutor António Salvador Barreto, Professora Doutora Maria João Fraqueza, Engenheira Maria José Fernandes, Maria Helena Fernandes, Irani, Seliza, Ana Rita, Marta e Ana Martins. Às colegas de laboratório, Cynthia, Verónica e Mafalda, fica um agradecimento especial por terem acolhido tão bem a “enjeitadinha”! (obrigada Rainha, por aquela grande ajudinha) À Mafalda, Vero, Patrícia e Ani, agradeço especialmente a AMIZADE, o apoio, o carinho e as BOAS ENERGIAS. À Sónia e Marta, quero pedir desculpa pela constante recusa de convites e pela (quase) total ausência de notícias. À D. Cidália, agradeço a amizade e o “back up” na clínica. Aos meus pais, manos e sobrinho, quero agradecer a compreensão pela minha constante indisponibilidade, cansaço e mau-humor. Todos, de diferentes formas, contribuíram para que eu pudesse finalizar esta etapa. Obrigada por isso também. Ao mano, quero agradecer especialmente pela contribuição com o meio de transporte, sem o qual seria muito difícil a realização deste trabalho. À mana e ao sobrinho, obrigada sobretudo pelas visitas! Aos meus pais agradeço tudo o que fizeram e fazem por mim, a todos os níveis. Ao meu pai agradeço especialmente todos os esforços e sacrifícios que fez para me poder educar da melhor forma e que ainda faz hoje, para me poder ajudar. À minha mãe agradeço todo o amor e palavras de conforto, mesmo quando não percebia muito bem o que se passava. À minha companheira, menina dos meus olhos (também conhecida por Íris, Íris gatinis, Íris saquetas, princesa, gordinha ou ceguinha) e a “quem” os artigos serviam de cama para se poder deitar ao meu lado. Obrigada pelos artigos literalmente mastigados, pelas tampas e canetas constantemente atiradas ao chão e pelos milhões de pêlos deixados no computador! Definitivamente, fui (e sou) muito mais feliz assim! Ao meu príncipe e Sol da minha vida, obrigada por tudo. Mas especialmente por me fazeres sentir tão amada e protegida. v Abstract Aeromonas spp. are ubiquitous bacteria widely distributed among aquatic environments. Their persistence in water distribution systems is related to their ability to form biofilms, even in the presence of residual chlorine. Once in distribution water systems, aeromonads can contaminate drinking water, food processing facilities and food products. Moreover, members of this genus are known to be responsible for a variety of intra and extra-intestinal diseases in humans, their dissemination occurring essentially through the consumption of contaminated raw food or drinking water. Since the creation of this genus until the present days, Aeromonas taxonomy experienced several changes and numerous approaches have been applied attempting to resolve issues regarding aeromonads species allocation, but this important issue remains under debate. The present investigation had two main objectives: (i) determine the genomic diversity of aeromonads isolated from food, food processing surfaces, water and clinical samples using a multilocus sequence scheme, previously described and (ii) assess for the biofilm forming ability of a restricted number of isolates representing the microbial collection, and evaluating the effects of three commercial disinfectants on biofilm removal and prevention of biofilm formation. For multilocus sequence analysis PCR amplification of six housekeeping genes (gyrB, gltA, groL, metG, ppsA e recA) was performed for 118 Aeromonas spp., followed by nucleotide sequencing of the correspondent amplicons. Data analysis demonstrated the high genomic diversity of the isolates under study and further analysis, based on a dendrogram built with the concatenated sequences of five housekeeping genes, allowed aeromonads separation into five well-defined clusters, attributed to the species A. hydrophila, A. salmonicida, A. caviae and A. media. Regarding biofilm forming ability, the selected isolates were able to form biofilm on stainless steel coupons, at both refrigeration (4 oC) and room (20 oC) temperature. The disinfectants under study demonstrated to be efficient in removing biofilms at both temperatures, but were unsuccessful in preventing biofilm formation. Overall, the data obtained clearly demonstrated the high genomic diversity of the aeromonads under analysis and also showed promising results regarding species allocation. Furthermore, aeromonads ability to produce biofilm on stainless steel was proved, highlighting the importance of adequate cleaning and disinfection procedures, with emphasis on food processing settings. Keywords: Aeromonas spp., multilocus sequence analysis, biofilms, food safety. vi Resumo Os membros do género Aeromonas são ubíquos na natureza, podendo ser isolados de uma grande diversidade de ambientes aquáticos e estando associados a uma grande variedade de infecções intestinais e extra-intestinais em humanos e animais. Desde a sua criação até à atualidade, o género Aeromonas tem sido alvo de grande controvérsia, especialmente no que diz respeito à taxonomia. A análise concomitante de características fenotípicas e moleculares é, normalmente, incoerente. A utilização de inúmeras técnicas moleculares tais como hibridação DNA-DNA, sequenciação do rRNA 16S, Amplified Lenght Polymorphisms -RFLPs-, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA -RAPD- e Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis -PFGE-, tem sido levada a cabo com o principal objetivo de ultrapassar esta barreira e, indubitavelmente definir a identificação dos membros deste género a nível de espécie, mas sem grande sucesso. A presença de aeromonas em ambientes aquáticos está intimamente relacionada com a sua resistência à cloração da água e à sua capacidade para produzir biofilmes. Uma vez sob a forma de biofilme, estes microorganimos tornam-se uma possível fonte de contaminação de águas para consumo e de alimentos, por contacto direto ou por contaminação dos locais de processamento dos mesmos; sendo que a disseminação para o Homem ocorre essencialmente por ingestão de água ou consumo de alimentos crus contaminados. Assim, o presente estudo teve dois objetivos principais: (i) avaliar a diversidade genómica de Aeromonas spp. isoladas de alimentos, ambientes de processamento alimentar, diferentes fontes de água e amostras clínicas, através de Multilocus Sequence Analysis e, adicionalmente, avaliar o potencial identificativo desta metodologia; (ii) avaliar a capacidade de formação de biofilme por membros representativos da coleção acima descrita e avaliar a eficácia de três desinfetantes comerciais na remoção de biofilme e na prevenção da formação do mesmo. De forma a cumprir o primeiro objetivo do trabalho, 118 estirpes de Aeromonas foram submetidas à amplificação de seis genes housekeeping, isto é, genes conservados no genoma de Aeromonas spp., que codificam para enzimas responsáveis por funções vitais na célula bacteriana. Esta técnica foi recentemente aplicada a membros do género Aeromonas por vários autores, embora a escolha dos genes a analisar não tenha sido consensual. No presente trabalho a escolha recaiu sobre o esquema delineado por Martino et al. (2011), que analisa os genes gyrB, gltA, groL, metG, ppsA e recA, uma vez que foi esta a metodologia que permitiu a criação da “Aeromonas MLST database”, disponível online através da plataforma NCBI- National Center for Biotechnology Information. Após amplificação dos genes selecionados por PCR, os respectivos amplicões foram enviados para sequenciação (Macrogen, The Netherlands) e os cromatogramas das sequências
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