DOCSLIB.ORG

Identification of Macrolide Resistance Alleles in Environmental

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Identification of Macrolide Resistance Alleles in Environmental Identification of Macrolide Resistance Alleles in Environmental Metagenomes Robert Schmieder1,2, Anca Segall3, Molly Schmid4 and Robert Edwards2 1 Computational Science Research Center, SDSU; 2 Department of Computer Science, SDSU; 3 Department of Biology, SDSU; 4 Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences E D W A R D S L A B A T S A N D I E G O S T A T E U N I V E R S I T Y Why do we care about antibiotic resistance ? How do we identify resistance alleles ? What did we find ? (cont.) Anbiocs are substances Anbioc misuse 1 Idenfy 23S rRNA‐like sequences in metagenomes Base frequencies that kill or inhibit growth contributes to emergence of 296 publicly available metagenomes (over 42M sequence reads) DB of 23S rRNA sequences Base frequencies for the 13 of bacteria from fully sequenced bacterial posions of interest listed by resistant bacteria genomes in NCBI their posion in the E. coli K‐12 MG1655 23S rRNA gene. The Bacteria can bars are in order of (S)ILVA, (D)B, and (M)etagenomes. develop resistance Growing problem of BLAST 480 Species 23S DB SILVA counts are based on anbioc resistance 755 Strains 6,685 23S rRNA sequences in health care and with length between 2,200 bp and 3,200 bp (as of version Modified image from: www.answersingenesis.org 2211 Sequences commercial farming 100). DB counts are based on Aim: Examine 23S rRNA drug resistance determinants in metagenomes from 2,211 unique 23S rRNA 2 Idenfy base substuons in candidate sequences sequences of all completely different environments. The results may contribute to characterizing the sequenced bacterial genomes reservoir of anbioc resistance determinants in an environment. Map mutaon sites in reference organism E. coli K‐12 MG1655 to other species in the NCBI database and with using global mulple alignments length between 2,200 bp and 3,200 bp (as of 11/23/09). The number of metagenomic What is macrolide resistance ? A2058C/G/T A2059C/T Mutaon sites sequences are shown above G2057A A2062C the bars. Macrolides are anbiocs that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis G2032A/C/T Sequence logo of region composed of 2 amino or neutral sugars aached to lactone ring of variable size in domain V showing high conservaon over Several key posions were invariant in all tested metagenomes. Posion 754 shows the 480 different species highest frequency of base substuons, followed by posion 2057, 2611, and 2032. Overall Macrolide groups infrequent occurrence of resistance alleles. 14‐membered: Clarithromycin, Dirithromycin, 2% G2032A 7% G2057A Erythromycin and Roxithromycin G2032A: Helicobacter pylori J99 ‐ source paent was exposed to macrolides Mutaon frequencies # Metagenomes 15‐membered: Azithromycin G2057A: Chlamydia trachomas D/UW‐3/CX ‐ clinical isolates obtained aer ineffecve therapy Frequency of reference and altered # Sequences of urogenital chlamydiasis with fluoroquinolones and macrolides 16‐membered: Josamycin, Midecamycin, Miocamycin, sequences in the metagenomes. The Rokitamyin, Spiramycin and Tylosin majority of sequences similar to the Figure taken from Poehlsgaard and Douthwaite (2005) Analysis workflow resistance regions were found in the Macrolide resistance mechanisms microbial metagenomes. The human Preprocess metagenomic dataset Summary of the computaonal gut samples contained the highest • Ribosomal modificaon (methylaon or mutaon) process that was integrated into a number of altered and/or resistance sequences. • Efflux of the macrolide out of the cell Point mutaons in 23S rRNA Run BLASTn against 23S rRNA database pipeline for automac analysis An addional web‐service allows the • Macrolide inacvaon Parse BLAST results data processing through a user‐ friendly interface. Modificaon by point mutaon(s) in 23S rRNA Realign candidate sequences The bases at the alleles known to Domain II Domain V (pepdyl‐transferase region) determine resistance to macrolides Idenfy and count base substuons were used to calculate the frequency of resistance for each Calculate mutaon frequencies single metagenome. Modified image from rna.ucsc.edu/rnacenter/ribosome_images.html Mutaon site What did we find ? What comes next ? Single base substuon Streptococcus pneumoniae at posion 2059 will cause a >100‐fold increase in resistance against the macrolide Erythromycin Healthy Japanese individuals The study will be extended to analyze addional sites in the 23S rRNA gene that allow No anbiocs for at least 4 weeks bacteria to gain resistance against other anbiocs such as Oxazolidinones. Furthermore, a Why use metagenomes ? web‐service is under development to idenfy resistance alleles in metagenomic data sets. Metagenomes are community genome sequences with minimal sampling bias. Global ocean survey Further information In combinaon with next‐generaon sequencing techniques, analysis of metagenomic sequences can efficiently assess the reservoir of resistance Please contact [email protected]. This poster is available online at determinants in an environment. hp://edwards.sdsu.edu/posters/macrolide_resistance2.pdf .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology Table of Contents
    TM Pharmaceutical Microbiology Table of Contents Pharmaceutical Microbiology ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 1 Strains specified by official microbial assays ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 2 United States Pharmacopeia (USP) �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������2 European Pharmacopeia (EP) Edition 8�1 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������5 Japanese Pharmacopeia (JP) ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7 Strains listed by genus and species �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������10 ATCC provides research and development tools and reagents as well as related biological material management services, consistent with its mission: to acquire, authenticate, preserve, develop, and distribute standard reference THE ESSENTIALS microorganisms, cell lines, and related materials for research in the life sciences� OF LIFE SCIENCE For over 85 years, ATCC has been a leading authenticate and further develop products provider of high-quality biological materials and services essential to the needs of basic and standards to the life
    [Show full text]
  • Nature Nurtures the Design of New Semi-Synthetic Macrolide Antibiotics
    The Journal of Antibiotics (2017) 70, 527–533 OPEN Official journal of the Japan Antibiotics Research Association www.nature.com/ja REVIEW ARTICLE Nature nurtures the design of new semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotics Prabhavathi Fernandes, Evan Martens and David Pereira Erythromycin and its analogs are used to treat respiratory tract and other infections. The broad use of these antibiotics during the last 5 decades has led to resistance that can range from 20% to over 70% in certain parts of the world. Efforts to find macrolides that were active against macrolide-resistant strains led to the development of erythromycin analogs with alkyl-aryl side chains that mimicked the sugar side chain of 16-membered macrolides, such as tylosin. Further modifications were made to improve the potency of these molecules by removal of the cladinose sugar to obtain a smaller molecule, a modification that was learned from an older macrolide, pikromycin. A keto group was introduced after removal of the cladinose sugar to make the new ketolide subclass. Only one ketolide, telithromycin, received marketing authorization but because of severe adverse events, it is no longer widely used. Failure to identify the structure-relationship responsible for this clinical toxicity led to discontinuation of many ketolides that were in development. One that did complete clinical development, cethromycin, did not meet clinical efficacy criteria and therefore did not receive marketing approval. Work on developing new macrolides was re-initiated after showing that inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by the imidazolyl-pyridine moiety on the side chain of telithromycin was likely responsible for the severe adverse events.
    [Show full text]
  • WO 2016/120258 Al O
    (12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date W O 2016/120258 A l 4 August 2016 (04.08.2016) P O P C T (51) International Patent Classification: (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every A61K 9/00 (2006.01) A61K 31/00 (2006.01) kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, A61K 9/20 (2006.01) AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BN, BR, BW, BY, BZ, CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, (21) International Application Number: DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, PCT/EP20 16/05 1545 HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IR, IS, JP, KE, KG, KN, KP, KR, (22) International Filing Date: KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, MG, 26 January 2016 (26.01 .2016) MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, OM, PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, RW, SA, SC, (25) Filing Language: English SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, (26) Publication Language: English TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW. (30) Priority Data: (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every 264/MUM/2015 27 January 2015 (27.01 .2015) IN kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, GM, KE, LR, LS, MW, MZ, NA, RW, SD, SL, ST, SZ, (71) Applicant: JANSSEN PHARMACEUTICA NV TZ, UG, ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, RU, [BE/BE]; Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse (BE).
    [Show full text]
  • US 2002/0071822 A1 Uhrich (43) Pub
    US 20020071822A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2002/0071822 A1 Uhrich (43) Pub. Date: Jun. 13, 2002 (54) THERAPEUTIC POLYESTERS AND provisional application No. 60/261,337, filed on Jan. POLYAMIDES 12, 2001. (76) Inventor: Kathryn E. Uhrich, Hoboken, NJ (US) Publication Classification Correspondence Address: (51) Int. Cl." ..................... A61K 31/785; A61K 31/765; SCHWEGMAN, LUNDBERG, WOESSNER & C08G 63/685; CO8G 63/688 KLUTH, PA. (52) U.S. Cl. ....................... 424/78.37; 528/288; 528/293 P.O. BOX 2938 MINNEAPOLIS, MN 55402 (US) (57) ABSTRACT (21) Appl. No.: 09/917,194 Polymers (i.e. polyesters, polyamides, and polythioesters or (22) Filed: Jul. 27, 2001 a mixture thereof) which degrade hydrolytically into bio logically active compounds are provided. Methods of pro Related U.S. Application Data ducing these polymers, intermediates useful for preparing these polymers, and methods of using these polymers to (63) Non-provisional of provisional application No. deliver biologically active compounds to a host are also 60/220,707, filed on Jul. 27, 2000. Non-provisional of provided. US 2002/0071822 A1 Jun. 13, 2002 THERAPEUTIC POLYESTERS AND POLYAMDES 0012. The invention also provides processes and inter mediates disclosed herein that are useful for preparing a PRIORITY OF INVENTION polymer of the invention. 0001. This application claims priority from U.S. Provi DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE sional Application No. 60/220,707, filed Jul. 27, 2000 and INVENTION U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/261,337, filed Dec. 1, 2001, which are incorporated herein by reference. 0013 Definitions 0014. The following definitions are used, unless other BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION wise described: halo is fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Chlortetracycline and Copper Supplementation on Levels of Antimicrobial Resistance in the Feces of Weaned Pigs
    EFFECTS OF CHLORTETRACYCLINE AND COPPER SUPPLEMENTATION ON LEVELS OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN THE FECES OF WEANED PIGS by GETAHUN EJETA AGGA DVM, Addis Ababa University, 2003 MSc, Utrecht University, 2008 AN ABSTRACT OF A DISSERTATION submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology College of Veterinary Medicine KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 2013 Abstract The use of antibiotics in food animals is of major concern as a purported cause of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in human pathogens; as a result, alternatives to in-feed antibiotics such as heavy metals have been proposed. The effect of copper and CTC supplementation in weaned pigs on AMR in the gut microbiota was evaluated. Four treatment groups: control, copper, chlortetracycline (CTC), and copper plus CTC were randomly allocated to 32 pens with five pigs per pen. Fecal samples (n = 576) were collected weekly from three pigs per pen over six weeks and two Escherichia coli isolates per sample were tested phenotypically for antimicrobial and copper susceptibilities and genotypically for the presence of tetracycline (tet), copper (pcoD) and ceftiofur (blaCMY-2) resistance genes. CTC-supplementation significantly increased tetracycline resistance and susceptibility to copper when compared with the control group. Copper supplementation decreased resistance to most of the antibiotics, including cephalosporins, over all treatment periods. However, copper supplementation did not affect minimum inhibitory concentrations of copper or detection of pcoD. While tetA and blaCMY-2 genes were associated with a higher multi-drug resistance (MDR), tetB and pcoD were associated with lower MDR. Supplementations of CTC or copper alone were associated with increased tetB prevalence; however, their combination was paradoxically associated with reduced prevalence.
    [Show full text]
  • Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption in Europe 2013-2014 SURVEILLANCE REPORT
    SURVEILLANCE REPORT SURVEILLANCE REPORT Surveillance of antimicrobial consumption in Europe in Europe consumption of antimicrobial Surveillance Surveillance of antimicrobial consumption in Europe 2013-2014 2012 www.ecdc.europa.eu ECDC SURVEILLANCE REPORT Surveillance of antimicrobial consumption in Europe 2013–2014 This report of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) was coordinated by Klaus Weist. Contributing authors Klaus Weist, Arno Muller, Ana Hoxha, Vera Vlahović-Palčevski, Christelle Elias, Dominique Monnet and Ole Heuer. Data analysis: Klaus Weist, Arno Muller and Ana Hoxha. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the ESAC-Net Disease Network Coordination Committee members (Marcel Bruch, Philippe Cavalié, Herman Goossens, Jenny Hellman, Susan Hopkins, Stephanie Natsch, Anna Olczak-Pienkowska, Ajay Oza, Arjana Tambić Andrasevic, Peter Zarb) and observers (Jane Robertson, Arno Muller, Mike Sharland, Theo Verheij) for providing valuable comments and scientific advice during the production of the report. All ESAC-Net participants and National Coordinators are acknowledged for providing data and valuable comments on this report. The authors also acknowledge Gaetan Guyodo, Catalin Albu and Anna Renau-Rosell for managing the data and providing technical support to the participating countries. Suggested citation: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Surveillance of antimicrobial consumption in Europe, 2013‒2014. Stockholm: ECDC; 2018. Stockholm, May 2018 ISBN 978-92-9498-187-5 ISSN 2315-0955
    [Show full text]
  • T Genetic Name of Midecamycin Acetate(MOM)
    1086 THE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS AUG.198Z SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS OF A MACROLiDE AND A CELL WALL-AFFECTING ANTIBIOTIC ON PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA IN VITRO AND IN VIVO 3.INCORPORATION OF[14C]MIDECAMYCIN ACETATE(MOM)† INTO P.AERUGINOSA PRETREATED WITH CELL WALL-AFFECTING. ANTIBIOTICS TAKAo KAsAI,*TosHlo ToMITA, SHIRo KANEGAsAKI and J, YuzuRu HoMMA** Department of Bacteriology,Institute of Medical Science, Universityof Tokyo, Shiroganedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo lO8, Japan (Received for publicatioll April l7,1982) Thc occurrence inρ 一lactam treated patiellts of unstable L-forms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa hlscnsitivc to various antibiotics and synergistic effect ofcombined action of celi wa11-affecting antibiotics and macrolide on Pseudomonas infection led us to examine thc effects of macrolidc on P.aeruginosa pretreated with cell wail-affbcting antibiotics. The effects of macrolide antibiotics such as midecamycin acetate(MOM)on P. aeruginosa was investigated, a rapid killing effect by MOM was lloted after treatmellt wkh suboptimal doses of ce11 wa11-affecting antibiotics such as polymyxin B, carbenicillin, dibekacill or fosfomycin. IIlcorporation of [1.4C]MOM lllto intact P.aeruginosa cells was not significant, but was apparent into L-form cells or cells pretreated wiIh cell wall-affecting antibiotics, The incor- porated radioactlvity was found in thc 70 S ribosome fractio11, binding with the 50 S subunits of ribosome in both cases, These results indicate tllat under certain conditions a macrolidc antibiotic can emer the P.aeruginosa cell, YAMAMoTo and HoMMA1)reported isolating unstable L-forms from clinical specimens of patients with chronic respiratory tract infection and cow mastitis due to P.aeruginosa who were undergoingβ 一 l actanl antibiotic therapy.
    [Show full text]
  • Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance
    This is a free sample of content from Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance. Click here for more information on how to buy the book. Index A Antifolates. See also specific drugs AAC(60)-Ib-cr, 185 novel compounds, 378–379 ACHN-975 overview, 373–374 clinical studies, 163–164 resistance mechanisms medicinal chemistry, 166 sulfamethoxazole, 378 structure, 162 trimethoprim, 374–378 AcrAB-TolC, 180 Apramycin, structure, 230 AcrD, 236 Arbekacin, 237–238 AdeRS, 257 Avibactam, structure, 38 AFN-1252 Azithromycin mechanism of action, 148, 153 resistance, 291, 295 resistance, 153 structure, 272 structure, 149 Aztreonam, structure, 36 AIM-1, 74 Amicoumacin A, 222 Amikacin B indications, 240 BaeSR, 257 structure, 230 BAL30072, 36 synthesis, 4 BB-78495, 162 Aminoglycosides. See also specific drugs BC-3205, 341, 344 historical perspective, 229–230 BC-7013, 341, 344 indications, 239–241 b-Lactamase. See also specific enzymes mechanism of action, 232 classification novel drugs, 237 class A, 67–71 pharmacodynamics, 238–239 class B, 69–74 pharmacokinetics, 238–239 class C, 69, 74 resistance mechanisms class D, 70, 74–77 aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes evolution of antibiotic resistance, 4 acetyltransferases, 233–235 historical perspective, 67 nucleotidyltransferases, 235 inhibitors phosphotransferases, 235 overview, 37–39 efflux-mediated resistance, 236 structures, 38 molecular epidemiology, 236–237 nomenclature, 67 overview, 17, 233 b-Lactams. See also specific classes and antibiotics ribosomal RNA modifications, 235–236 Enterococcus faecium–resistancemechanisms,
    [Show full text]
  • Miconazole Nitrate Add Methanol to Make Exactly 20 Ml, and Use This Solution As the Standard Solution
    JP XV O‹cial Monographs / Micronomicin Sulfate 893 sample solution. Pipet 1 mL of the sample solution, add methanol to make exactly 20 mL, pipet 1 mL of this solution, Miconazole Nitrate add methanol to make exactly 20 mL, and use this solution as the standard solution. Perform the test with these solutions ミコナゾール硝酸塩 as directed under Thin-layer Chromatography <2.03>. Spot 50 mL each of the sample solution and standard solution on a plate of silica gel for thin-layer chromatography. Develop the plate with a mixture of n-hexane, chloroform, methanol and ammonia solution (28) (60:30:10:1) to a distance of about 12 cm, and air-dry the plate. Allow the plate in iodine vapor for 20 minutes: the spots other than the principal spot from the sample solution are not more intense than the spot from the standard solution. Loss on drying <2.41> Not more than 0.5z (1 g, in vacuum, C18H14Cl4N2O.HNO3: 479.14 silica gel, 609C, 3 hours). 1-[(2RS)-2-(2,4-Dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4- Residue on ignition <2.44> Not more than 0.1z (1 g). dichlorophenyl)ethyl]-1H-imidazole mononitrate [22832-87-7 ] Assay Weigh accurately about 0.35 g of Miconazole Ni- trate, previously dried, dissolve in 50 mL of acetic acid (100) Miconazole Nitrate, when dried, contains not less by warming, cool, and titrate <2.50> with 0.1 molWL perchlor- than 98.5z of C18H14Cl4N2O.HNO3. ic acid VS (potentiometric titration). Perform a blank deter- mination, and make any necessary correction. Description Miconazole Nitrate occurs as a white crystal- line powder.
    [Show full text]
  • Zebrafish As a Screening Model to Study the Single and Joint Effects Of
    pharmaceuticals Review Zebrafish as a Screening Model to Study the Single and Joint Effects of Antibiotics † Roxana Jijie 1,2,*,‡, Gabriela Mihalache 3,4,‡, Ioana-Miruna Balmus 2, Stefan-Adrian Strungaru 2 , Emanuel Stefan Baltag 1 , Alin Ciobica 5, Mircea Nicoara 5,6 and Caterina Faggio 7,* 1 Marine Biological Station “Prof. dr. I. Borcea”, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, Nicolae Titulescu Street, No. 163, 9007018 Agigea, Romania; [email protected] 2 Department of Exact and Natural Sciences, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, 11 Carol I, 700506 Iasi, Romania; [email protected] (I.-M.B.); [email protected] (S.-A.S.) 3 Integrated Center of Environmental Science Studies in the North Eastern Region (CERNESIM), “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, 11 Carol I, 700506 Iasi, Romania; [email protected] 4 Department of Horticultural Technologies, “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 700440 Iasi, Romania 5 Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, B-dul Carol I, 700505 Iasi, Romania; [email protected] (A.C.); [email protected] (M.N.) 6 Doctoral School of Geosciences, Faculty of Geography-Geology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, B-dul Carol I, 700505 Iasi, Romania 7 Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno, d’Alcontres, 31 98166 S. Agata-Messina, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] (R.J.); [email protected] (C.F.) † This paper is dedicated to the memory of Stefan-Adrian Strungaru, colleague, researcher and friend, who prematurely passed away in April 2021.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of Novel Antibiotic Classes
    60 years ago… The changes in antibiotic research as shown by patent publications Development of Novel Antibiotic Classes 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2003 Daptomycin 1999 Linezolid 1962 Quinolones 1962 Streptogramins 1958 Glycopeptides 1952 Macrolides 1950 Aminoglycosides 1949 Chloramphenicol 1949 Tetracyclines 1940 Beta-Lactams 1936 Sulfonamides Harald Labischinski Products in the Pipeline Product Class Main Segment Status ABT 492 Quinolone Community Ph II DK507k Quinolone Community Ph I Daptomycin Lipopeptide Hospital Reg. Oritavancin Glycopeptide Hospital Ph III Dalbavancin Glycopeptide Hospital Ph III Tigecycline Glycylcycline Hospital Ph III AR 100 Trimethoprime Hospital Ph II BAL 9141 Cephalosporin Hospital Ph II BB-83698 PDF-inhibitor Community Ph I CS-023 Carbapenem Hospital Ph II Until 2008 very few antibiotics will reach the market ! Harald Labischinski 60 years ago… 1942 Gardner and Chain discover a substance with antibacterial activity, produced by a strain of Proactinomyces (later Streptomyces gardneri), which they name proactinomycin A. Macrolide structure • Macrolides are lipophilic molecules with a characteristic central lactone ring bearing 12 to 17 atoms, few if any double bonds and no nitrogen athoms (until the advent of the azalides). • Several amino and/or neutral sugars can bind to the lactone ring. MACROLIDE ANTIBIOTICS 12-membered-ring 14-membered-ring 15-membered-ring 16-membered-ring 17-membered-ring Methymycin Natural Semi-synthetic Azithromycin Natural Semi-synthetic Lankacidin Neomethymycin compounds derivatives compounds derivatives complex YC-17 Litorin Erythromycin A to F Roxithromycin Josamycin Rokitamycin Oleandomycin Dirithromycin Kitasamycin Miokamycin Sporeamicin Flurithromycin Spiramycin Clarithromycin Midecamycin • The macrolides narrow the entrance of the tunnel through which the nascent polypeptide chain is extruded from the ribosome.
    [Show full text]
  • WHO Report on Surveillance of Antibiotic Consumption: 2016-2018 Early Implementation ISBN 978-92-4-151488-0 © World Health Organization 2018 Some Rights Reserved
    WHO Report on Surveillance of Antibiotic Consumption 2016-2018 Early implementation WHO Report on Surveillance of Antibiotic Consumption 2016 - 2018 Early implementation WHO report on surveillance of antibiotic consumption: 2016-2018 early implementation ISBN 978-92-4-151488-0 © World Health Organization 2018 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non- commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization. Suggested citation. WHO report on surveillance of antibiotic consumption: 2016-2018 early implementation. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data.
    [Show full text]