DOCSLIB.ORG

Gamification in Education: Top 10 Gamification Case Studies That Will Change Our Future12

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Gamification in Education: Top 10 Gamification Case Studies That Will Change Our Future12 Gamification in Education: Top 10 Gamification Case Studies that will Change our Future12 Education Gamification in Action If you ask children, “What is work?” They will say, “School and homework!!” But if you ask them, “What is play?” Many of them will say, “Video/games!!”6 Clearly there should be a way to help kids learn from what they do best – play. This is why many educators are looking into a variety of new tools and techniques in Education Gamification. No longer viewed as a mundane process for presenting information while testing for retention and understanding, the modern educational challenge involves tasks of engaging students, stimulating their interests, retaining their attention, and maintaining a positive attitude in a nurturing environment. Key to these goals is the effort to maintain a rich communications environment that encourages feedback and reinforcement, not only between the instructor/teacher and students, but also between the students themselves. These socially interactive mechanisms, with the proper level of control for encouragement and discipline, can be designed in effective ways to create “fun” learning situations. The following examples reveal a number of ingenious approaches for not only improving the learning process, but also producing more effective educational environments. Education Gamification Example #1 – DuoLingo:Learn a language while translating the Web4 Duolingo is a massive online collaboration which combines a free language- learning website with a paid crowdsourced text translation platform. The service is designed so that students can learn a given language online, while helping to translate websites and documents. Beginners start out with basic, simple sentences from the web, while advanced users receive more complex sentences. As one progresses, so does the complexity of the sentences they are asked to translate. In each case Duolingo provides the learning and translation tools to help the student to properly understand and memorize the words that they encounter. Each student can also vote on the quality of the other students’ translations, providing valuable feedback for comprehension and learning. The top rated translations for each sentence are made available for public viewing and collection. As students learn a language, they earn skill points when lessons are completed or web content is translated. Lessons associated with a skill are successively completed when a give number of translations are completed. Since web content is inherently more interesting than “made up” sentences, the translation assignments are more engaging. The site also includes time-based elements, such as skill points and time bonuses when questions are answered correctly within a given time limit. Incorrect answers result in a loss of points and “lives”, as well as the delay of leveling up. Since the system is adaptive, it tracks each completed lesson, translation, test, and practice session to provide feedback to the student and plan future lessons and translation assignments to better address their needs. All this adds up to a great Education Gamification experience. Education Gamification Example #2 – Ribbon Hero: Epic game that teaches you how to use Microsoft Office Ribbon Hero is an add-in game, available as a free Microsoft download, to help educate users of Office 2007 and 2010 on how to use the tools available in the new ribbon interface. Wow, what a creative use of Education Gamification! Once installed, the game can easily be initiated from any of the key Office programs, such as Word, Excel, and PowerPoint. Once in the game, the user (player) is presented with challenges which can yield points if completed. The challenges are grouped into four sections: text manipulation, page design and layout, artistic presentation, and a more generalized quick points section. With the first three sections, each challenge is designed to introduce users to a key feature and have them edit a sample document using that feature. The quick points section doesn’t offer specific challenges, but lists features instead, which can be used outside the game to accumulate points. Half of all available points can be earned through the game challenges offered in the first three sections, while the remaining points must be earned from implementing the same features outside of the game. Microsoft has taken great care in designing the challenges by creating short, relevant tasks and providing immediate feedback and reinforcement to help keep the user engaged and interested. Also, by keeping the the difficulty level manageable, yet challenging, and providing enough support to insure reasonable success, the game encourages further play and development of Office skills. Another feature of Ribbon Hero is it’s ability to track the progress of the user in learning to use the Office features and tools, and adjust the challenges accordingly. Not only by following the game progress, but by monitoring the features used outside of the game. The game can then adjust the order of training content to ensure that users see only features and tools that they haven’t seen before. Because Ribbon Hero can link to Facebook, each player can share their scores and compare their progress with friends on Facebook who also play the game. In essence, Ribbon Hero is a software tutorial within a game that can be socially connected. This is one of the best corporate education gamification examples out there. Note: Ribbon Hero was followed by the sequel, Ribbon Hero 2: Clippy’s Second Chance. This sequel adds a time travel element to the original game, where the user can follow the in game hero, Clippy, into different periods in time. The featured periods are Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, the 1960’s, and the future. In each case there are several Office-based tasks that must be completed before a move to the next period can be made. Education Gamification Example #3 – ClassDojo: Turns Class into a Game of Rewards and Instant Feedback ClassDojo is a classroom management tool to help teachers improve behavior in their classrooms quickly and easily. It improves specific student behaviors and helps engagement by issuing awards and recording real-time feedback. Each student gets an avatar which can be visibly displayed in ClassDojo. For positive behavior it is easy for the teacher to initiate quick feedback to the student, awarding feedback points with a simple click on her mobile device or computer. This instantly reinforces good behavior and engages other students. Great education gamification techniques at play here. Because the feedback time is shorten, the resulting positive reinforcement helps students develop a sense of purpose in the classroom, which enhances intrinsic motivation over time. By giving students visibility and data on their own behavior, the class becomes less disruptive, creating a more positive learning environment. The system also provides print or email reports for behavior-tracking analytics to help engage parents and school administrators. All with a simple click on a mobile device, laptop, or tablet – no data entry required. This saves time for teachers, freeing them up to devote more time to the student and delivering instruction. Education Gamification Example #4 – GoalBook: Brings student teams together around their individual Learning Plans Goalbook is an online platform that helps teachers, parents and students collaboratively track progress. Blending qualities of social networking and Individualized Education Program (IEP) tracking software, the program makes it simple for students and teachers to set goals and for all involved parties to watch everything unfold. With GoalBook, a teacher can easily access the profiles of all her students and review their goals. The teacher can then monitor the progress of each student as they complete the objectives for each goal. When a goal is met, the teacher can quickly update the student’s profile and then share it with his team. From her webpage, she can easily update and celebrate the accomplishments for any of her students, as well as see what they are sharing. An amazing gamification tool for any special education teacher, GoalBook turns hours of record keeping and tracking into minutes – allowing them to immediately notify their students’ parents and primary instructors of any changes, progress, or problems. A great education gamification solution. Education Gamification Example #5 – The World Peace Game: Game-based Political Simulation in the Classroom An ingenious creation of Virginia educator John Hunter, the World Peace Game is a rich and elaborate political simulation that invites young students to explore a world not unlike our own, consisting of four or five prominent nations. As each country is directed by student teams, the kids are encouraged to explore the global community and learn the nature of the complex relationships between nations. To view the world in terms of social, economic, and philosophical issues, and be confronted by challenges from environmental crises to imminent threats of war. Now over 28 years in continuous development, the World Peace Game is a hands on, group interactive theater of involvement for students and student teams, centered around a large geographical game board representing the fictional world. The teacher introduces information which provides the initial scenarios – a mixture of existing conditions, favorable resources and political positions, with new and evolving crises, ranging from environmental issues to military situations. The students are encouraged to use their imagination and cognitive skills, seek collaboration and cooperation, and find solutions that will benefit their teams as well as the global community. The main goal of this education gamification tool is to achieve a reasonably harmonious state for each nation and enhance global prosperity with the least amount of military intervention. A subsequent objective is for the students of each nation team to gain a greater understanding of the critical impact of information and how it is used. Often the solutions that these young fourth and fifth grade minds produce are quite innovative and surprising.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Unicraft: Exploring the Impact of Asynchronous Multiplayer Game Elements in Gamification
    UniCraft: Exploring the impact of asynchronous multiplayer game elements in gamification FEATHERSTONE, Mark <http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6701-6056> and HABGOOD, Jacob <http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-0507> Available from Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive (SHURA) at: http://shura.shu.ac.uk/21261/ This document is the author deposited version. You are advised to consult the publisher's version if you wish to cite from it. Published version FEATHERSTONE, Mark and HABGOOD, Jacob (2018). UniCraft: Exploring the impact of asynchronous multiplayer game elements in gamification. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies. Copyright and re-use policy See http://shura.shu.ac.uk/information.html Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive http://shura.shu.ac.uk UniCraft: Exploring the impact of asynchronous multiplayer game elements in gamification Mark Featherstone, PGCE, BSc [email protected] Sheffield Hallam University Sheffield, UK Corresponding author Bio: after many years working as a games developer, I now run the games development undergraduate course as a senior lecturer at Sheffield Hallam University. While working as a commercial game developer I helped create video games on PC and Xbox for companies such as Gremlin, Rage Games, Infogrammes, NCSoft and more recently as an independent game developer at Moonpod. My research focus is in the area of games based learning and the use of video game design principles in education. I'm also the Technical Director at Steel Minions Games Studio, which provides work-based simulation for game development students. Dr. Jacob Habgood, PhD, BSc, PGCTLHE [email protected] Sheffield Hallam University Sheffield, UK Bio: I teach games development at Sheffield Hallam University and manage the university's PlayStation teaching facility.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gamification Inventory 133
    The Gamification Inventory An Instrument for the Qualitative Evaluation of Gamification and its Application to Learning Management Systems Jan Broer October 25, 2017 A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Engineering (Dr.-Ing.) to the faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science at the University of Bremen. 1st supervisor: Prof. Dr. Andreas Breiter 2nd supervisor: Prof. Dr. Thomas Köhler Abstract Gamification has risen meteorically in popularity since the beginning of the decade, both in practitioner circles and among researchers. We show that empirical results of gamification’s effects do not match the hype around it as studies have largely failed to prove any effects. We posit that a proper evaluation of gamification requires an understanding of how gamification can be expressed in real-world applications and employ Wittgensteinian family resemblances as a basis for such a definition. We have collected a set of properties that gamified applications can have through the analysis of goals and means of gamification mentioned in the literature and through an expert survey. We then used those results to create the Gamification Inventory, an instrument for the qualitative assessment of gamification in a given system. We have tested the instrument with a set of evaluators in the field of learning management systems (LMSs), informing both a refinement of the instrument and the preparation of an experiment with the intent of testing the effectiveness of common forms of gamification. The analysis of these LMSs led to results very similar to what our analysis of pre- vious empirical studies in gamification, and especially gamification in education, have shown: most gamification is concentrated on using points, badges, levels and leader- boards as game design elements.
    [Show full text]
  • Softening the Learning Curve of Software Development Tools
    Softening the Learning Curve of Software Development Tools João Fernandes Prof. Dr. Mário Rui Instituto Superior Técnico Gomes [email protected] Instituto Superior Técnico [email protected] Prof. Dr. Rui Prada Eng. Lúcio Ferrão Instituto Superior Técnico OutSystems [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT steep learning curve to novice users. This allows illustrat- In the software industry, albeit wide spread techniques to ing the typical learning tools, and their adequacy according make the development cycle more agile, it is not easy for a to the expertise of the user. Even though a set of tools company to implement, maintain and deliver tools that sup- are deployed, novice users still take much time to evolve, port the learning stages of their users. As such, the learn- since these tools present low retention rates. In order to ing processes and tools tend to receive fewer budget on the address the problem of steep learning curves, this document product backlog. With this in consideration, a framework presents a framework that intends to: increase the learn- for computer assisted learning was devised. This framework ers' retention rate, meaning that learners should be able is intended to increase the subject matter retention rate, to perform better given a transfer test, not slowing the per- minimize the learners' frustration levels, while keeping the formance of advanced users, and not to significantly increase development and maintenance costs low. the maintenance costs. The learning curve presented by an Integrated Development 2. THE LEARNING CURVE OF AN IDE Environment is discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Jennifer Beaudette Manager
    Jennifer Beaudette Manager – IT Business Analysis, Applications & Development Fish & Richardson *Served as Project Manager for Windows 7/Office 2010 Rollout 11 Offices 1100 Users 400 Attorneys Generic Timeline & Checklist Wednesday, September 22, 2010 10:24 AM Office Name Deployment Date (3 weeks before) - [Date] Initial Communication Email to Office Project Manager Management Draft End User Initial Communication Marketing Lead Training Equipment Hardware Check Local IT End User Hardware Check Local IT Finalize Deployment Team and Announce Project Manager Travel Schedules Finalized and Approved All Traveling Team Members Marketing Materials Drafted & Sent For Approval Marketing Lead Marketing Materials Produced Marketing Lead (2 weeks before) - [Date] Initial Communication Email to End Users Project Manager Plan and Announce Promotional Event Marketing Lead Resend User Survey to Prior Users Project Manager Marketing Materials Received and Displayed Local IT Production of all Pre-Approved Training Marketing Lead Materials/ Ship to Assigned Trainer Training Schedule Drafted and Sent For Approval Training Lead Promotional Materials Double-Checked Local IT Any New Equipment Tagged and Delivered Hardware Lead Submit Any Changes/Updates to Project Team Manager Training Schedule Finalized and Entered into Training Lead Online Learning System Begin User Scheduling for Upgrade Time/Day - Local IT Entry into SharePoint Delivery Pre-Upgrade Information Sheet to End Local IT Users Arrange and Book Conference Rooms for Local IT Training/Alternate
    [Show full text]
  • Wordcamp 2010-Public.Pdf
    1 Does anyone here use Microsoft Office? It is used by hundreds of millions of people to create billions of documents across thousands of different communities. What happens when you combine Microsoft Office, one of the oldest and most complex works of consumer software with games? This is exactly the question that Office Labs asked. Office Labs is the wild side of the Office developer organization. 2 What we came up with is something called Ribbon Hero, a plugin for Word, Excel and Powerpoint that is turns the act of learning the various features of Office into a social game that can be played during your coffee break. I’ll dig into Ribbon Hero in more depth later in the talk, but first I wanted to cover a more important issue. Why did we do this? What did we mix the chocolate of games with the peanut butter of everyday applications? 3 Here’s what I’ll be talking about today. First, we’ll cover Holes in modern application and user experience design. The tools we have for designing software are good, but they are missing a major aspect of how users actually use products. Next, I’ll give you a brief overview of the vast and exciting field of game design and how it offers unique techniques for filling the holes in application design. Then we’ll take a quick look at Ribbon Hero, an example of how game mechanics improve applications. Finally, if there is time, I want to show what happens when you design a tradtional application like a blog with game mechanics in mind from the very beginning.
    [Show full text]
  • Free Tools from Microsoft: This Is a List of More Free Tools from Microsoft That Many Teachers Have Found Useful
    Free Software and Tools from Microsoft Have the following free software installed on your laptop: Before you come to the Institute in November, install these six pieces of software and play around with each of them. You should have a basic understanding of each of these. You will want to use at least one of these for your Learning Excursion project. 1. AutoCollage (from Partners in Learning) http://us.partnersinlearningnetwork.com/Resources/Pages/AutoCollage.aspx Photo collages celebrate important events and themes in our lives. Pick a folder, press a button, and in a few minutes AutoCollage presents you with a unique memento to print or email to your family and friends. 2. Photosynth http://photosynth.net/create.aspx Photosynth takes your photos, mashes them together and recreates a 3D scene out of them that anyone can view and move around in. Different than static photos and video, Photosynth allows you to explore details of places, objects, and events unlike any other media. You can’t stop video, move around and zoom in to check out the smallest details, but with Photosynth you can. And you can’t look at a photo gallery and immediately see the spatial relation between the photos, but with Photosynth you can! 3. Image Composite Editor http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/redmond/groups/ivm/ice/ Microsoft Image Composite Editor is an advanced panoramic image stitcher. Given a set of overlapping photographs of a scene shot from a single camera location, the application creates a high-resolution panorama that seamlessly combines the original images.
    [Show full text]
  • FULL LIST of APPS ACE-MSI SR2 1040 Works Acroprint Attendance Rx 1040Scan ACT! 1099-Etc
    FULL LIST OF APPS ACE-MSI SR2 1040 Works Acroprint Attendance Rx 1040Scan ACT! 1099-Etc. Act-3D Lumion Free 1Password actiTime 247Security DVRViewer Active State Password Gorilla 2BrightSparks SyncBackPro ActiveHelper Support Panel Desktop 2X SecureRDP Acumatica ERP 3M Products for Microsoft Office Adams Tax Forms Helper 3Rivers Cotton Merchant Application AdaptCRM Enterprise 4Team Sync2 Address Accelerator/ Postal Saver Plugin for Raiser's Edge 5 Minute Financials ADLware QuickBooks Integration 7-Zip Adobe Acrobat Standard A2iA CheckReader Adobe Acrobat AutoPortfolio AbacusLaw Adobe Acrobat Pro AbacusLaw Accounting Adobe Acrobat Reader AbacusLaw Workstation Adobe AIR ABBYY FineReader Adobe Contribute Abila Fundraising Adobe Creative Cloud Abila MIP Fund Accounting Adobe Creative Suite Ability PC-ACE Adobe Customization Wizard Able2Extract Adobe Digital Editions Able2Extract PDF Converter Adobe Dreamweaver About Time Adobe Firework AbstractExpress Adobe Flash Player Accelrys Materials Studio Adobe FormsCentral Account Ability Import Adobe Illustrator Account Ability PDF Writer Adobe InCopy CS6 Account Ability Tax Form Preparation Adobe InDesign Accountants Workflow Solutions Access Database Adobe LiveCycle Designer AccountEdge Pro Adobe PageMaker Accounting CS Adobe PDF iFilter Accounting Link for NAPA TracsAcct1st Adobe Photoshop ACCTivate! Adobe Reader Accubid ChangeOrder Adobe Shockwave Player Accubid Livecount ADP PayConnexion Accubid Pro ADP Payroll for Windows AccuLink Adapter ADP PaySpecialist AccuPOS ADP ReportSmith AccuServer
    [Show full text]
  • Getting Started with Microsoft Office 2010
    Getting started with Microsoft Office 2010 Microsoft Corporation Published: May 2010 Author: Microsoft Office System and Servers Team ([email protected]) Abstract This book provides an overview of the Microsoft Office 2010 suites and information about how to get started with Office 2010. The audience for this book includes IT generalists, IT operations, help desk and deployment staff, IT messaging administrators, and consultants. The content in this book is a copy of selected content in the Office 2010 Resource Kit technical library (http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc303401(office.14).aspx) as of the publication date. For the most current content, see the technical library on the web. This document is provided “as-is”. Information and views expressed in this document, including URL and other Internet Web site references, may change without notice. You bear the risk of using it. Some examples depicted herein are provided for illustration only and are fictitious. No real association or connection is intended or should be inferred. This document does not provide you with any legal rights to any intellectual property in any Microsoft product. You may copy and use this document for your internal, reference purposes. © 2010 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Access, Active Directory, Backstage, Excel, Groove, Hotmail, InfoPath, Internet Explorer, Outlook, PerformancePoint, PowerPoint, SharePoint, Silverlight, Windows, Windows Live, Windows Mobile, Windows PowerShell, Windows Server, and Windows Vista are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. The information contained in this document represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation on the issues discussed as of the date of publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Gamification on the Rise Gamification on the Rise
    Gamification on the Rise Gamification on the Rise Executive Summary Gamification is the incorporation of aspects of games into business processes. It is a massively increasing trend that has drawn huge interest in the past years. In fact, we are going to see a tsunami of gamification in the next few years; the facts speak for themselves. Gamification Predictions: In just one year it is estimated that 70% of the leading 2000 global businesses will include at least one aspect of a gamified application or system. In two years analysis suggests that a quarter of redesigned business processes will include an element of gamification. In three years gamification is projected to be a $2.8 billion dollar industry of itself. These facts suggest that no one in an executive or IT position can ignore the phenomenon. It’s on the rise. This white paper examines what Gamification is and what it is not. Most importantly, we will show you what it can do to help your business. 2 Gamification on the Rise technologyadvice Introduction A Gamification system takes elements of games, such as: fun, transparent competition, a progressive challenge, incentivization A Classic Real-World Design Example and aesthetically pleasing design. It then applies them to real world tasks. The areas Gamification can assist with are vast; it can incorporate everything from improving routine office tasks A Classic real world design to promoting a corporate brand. The ultimate objective of example of taking an idea Gamification is to improve productivity. from the gaming industry is the design of the Challenger The term Gamification is a relatively new one that has generally 2, The UK’s main battle become accepted within the last five years; however, the idea is tank, gun control systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Microsoft Partners in Learning
    Microsoft Partners in Learning By Jennifer M. Tabone Primary School Teacher, Malta. Our Mission The Partners in Learning Network is the personalized content and offers engine; driving recruitment and engagement with educators and school leaders. Partners in Learning is a global initiative designed to help increase technology access for schools, foster innovative approaches to pedagogy and teacher professional development, and provide education leaders with the tools to envision, implement, and manage change. Partners in Learning Network Objectives resources support c Enable educators to find resources that can Acquiring the skills needed to use ICT O be immediately used in the classroom: teaching and learning practices through a o software, tools, lesson plans, and user meaningful set of professional development c generated content content and curriculum p Our Focus access support enable to resources for immediate use acquisition of ICT teaching and opportunities to connect and in the classroom learning practices collaborate globally Register www.pil-network.com the home page INSPIRE AND ENGAGE landing page is designed to provide context to the Partners in Learning story through the voice of our educators and school leaders access to resources educators want most Free tools for educators More than 30 free tools (set in different sub-headings) can be downloaded for a trial period or for an unlimited period of time. learning activities SHOWCASE INNOVATION AND AMPLIFY THE WORK OF DEPTH TEACHERS activities Learning Activities can be uploaded by anyone, put in a queue, and are then approved for display Autocollage • Autocollage – Automatically creates collages from images Digital story telling: - Digital Story Telling Teaching Guide - Windows Live Photo Gallery - Windows Live Movie Maker – Children can use their own pictures to create their own digital story.
    [Show full text]
  • Playing Games for Fun and Profit. the Line Between Work and Play Is Becoming Increasingly Blurred in Companies All Across America Today
    Playing games for fun and profit. The line between work and play is becoming increasingly blurred in companies all across America today. To illustrate that point, technology industry research firm Gartner estimates that by 2014 approximately 70 percent of large enterprises will use game techniques for at least one business process. For its part, market researcher M2 Research expects that revenue from “gamification” software, consulting and marketing will explode – from about $100 million today to more than $900 million by 2014. These bullish forecasts – and Gartner’s belief that enterprise expectations for gamification have yet to peak – reflect the fact that online gaming has become a significant pursuit for people when they’re not on the job. A research survey by GSN Games Network, for instance, indicates that 60 percent of respondents play online games daily and spend more than 11 hours a week playing. Driven in large part by the rapid emergence and expansion of social networks and smartphones, gaming is seen by legions of off-duty workers as a way to relax and stimulate the brain. When it comes to using games in the workplace, however, it’s all about enhancing employee engagement and learning as companies strive to become knowledge organizations that can move quickly and smartly in the complex and competitive global marketplace. 2 From my perspective, there are five main • STOKING OUR Another noteworthy enterprise learning reasons why the business community has COMPETITIVE INSTINCTS game, in my opinion, is Microsoft’s Ribbon embraced gamification as a learning tool: People like to face off and test Hero 2, which teaches people about themselves against friendly rivals.
    [Show full text]
  • Enterprise Gamification: the Gen Y Factor How Businesses Can Use Gamification to Engage & Motivate Gen Y Employees And, in the Process, Benefit Everyone
    WHITE PAPER THETHE GEGENN YY FACTORFACTOR Enterprise Gamification: The Gen Y Factor How Businesses can use Gamification to Engage & Motivate Gen Y Employees and, in the Process, Benefit Everyone. The emergence of Generation Y, people born from the early eighties to mid-nineties, as a demographic force is driving dramatic change in education, technology, media, and most critically, at work. Gen Y makes up 25% of the workforce today, and their numbers are growing rapidly. These new entrants into the workforce expect even more from their work experience than their Gen X and Baby Boomer counterparts, making it imperative that businesses understand the unique characteristics of this group, and how to best engage and motivate them. In this white paper we’ll discuss the most salient characteristics of Gen Y for managers to be aware of, in particular their affinity for games and social media. We will also show how that knowledge can be used to design systems and processes that not only engage and motivate Gen Y, but also better engage all employees. Gen Y Employees Live Online Gen Yers are digital natives. They live and breathe online: play, school, and now work. They are accustomed to cutting edge technology & innovation at home, and expect the same quality of technology in the workplace. They have been playing video games— console, mobile, MMORPGs, social, and more—since childhood, and have thus been immersed in the language and metaphors of gaming their entire lives. In a recent 2011 study conducted by MTV, Gen Yers reported that a “game-like metaphor” applied to almost every aspect of their life.
    [Show full text]