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The London School of Economics and Political Science Living Together In

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The London School of Economics and Political Science Living Together In The London School of Economics and Political Science Living Together in the Post-Conflict City: Radio and the Re-Making of Place in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire Fabien Cante A thesis submitted to the Department of Media and Communications of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, September 2017. 1 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 101 183 words. 2 Abstract This thesis examines the role of proximity radio (radio de proximité) in the re-making of place in post-conflict Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Proximity radio stations are area- based, non-commercial broadcasters introduced in the late 1990s as part of the liberalisation of the Ivoirian airwaves. Following recent politico-military conflict, stations have become key actors in national and local efforts to rebuild ways of living together. To understand the role that proximity radio stations play in post-conflict cohabitation, it is necessary to move beyond policy discourses of "reconciliation" and "social cohesion." These discourses are ubiquitous in Abidjan but they provide an abstracted and de-politicising account of togetherness. Instead, putting critical media and urban studies in dialogue, I ground my approach in the layered complexities of everyday mediation, as well as the contested politics of city life. Theoretically, the work of proximity radio stations can be understood in terms of what I call the mediated production of locality. This situates radio's significance in its ability to sustain habits of shared space from which encounters can spring and new commonalities can emerge. It also conceives of urban place as thoroughly political terrain, challenging top-down discourses that posit the local as a realm of social activity separate from (national) politics. The centrality of place, as a concept for inquiry, informs an ethnographic methodology attuned both to the multiple sites of media-related practices and to discourses linking (or de-linking) locality, media and politics in Abidjan. Asking what kind of place proximity radio stations make in the Ivoirian metropolis allows us to grasp local mediation in its full ambivalence - that is, considering both its challenges and its potential for new commonalities. My empirical analysis shows that, on the one hand, proximity radio stations carry discourses in which the local serves to contain and constrain urban dwellers' ability to question their situation. On the other hand, stations foster a sociability of encounter in which it is possible to discern the promise of a new form of local politics, rooted in the shared experiences of everyday urban life. In the end, I argue that proximity radio should allow inhabitants to make their own place in the city, rather than tell them what kind of meaning the local should take in their lives. 3 Acknowledgements Although I am the one who initiated it and ended up writing it, this thesis is in many ways co-authored by the people who supported me along the way. I cannot thank my supervisors, Nick Couldry and Wendy Willems, enough, for the generosity, the open- mindedness, the rigour and the patience with which they have mentored my research. Without their steering, I would still be tangled in the intricate webs of interdisciplinary debate and ethnographic interpretation. I could never have finished this thesis without Carmen. Your razor-sharp questioning, endless curiosity and keen eye for detail were crucial to the final articulation of my arguments. Your emotional support cannot be over-emphasised; it repelled countless onslaughts of doubt and anxiety. Much the same goes for my family - Béatrice, Olivier, Cyril, Axel. I hold you responsible for all of this, in the very best way imaginable. I owe a special thanks to Andrew Harris, Myria Georgiou, Alison Powell, Scott Rodgers, Maxime Lepoutre, Marcos Hernando, Richard Banégas, Marie-Soleil Frère, Maureen Grisot, Aghi Bahi, Marika Tsolakis, Line Kuppens, Soul Oulaï and Anne Schumann for giving me direction at various points in my project - a much-needed push, a contact, an idea. Many colleagues at the LSE have played a determining role in the maturation of my research. They have made the PhD an unforgettable - and fun! - time of exploration and exchange, even in the most difficult moments. So, thank you Amalia, Anthony, Bart, Ben, Brooks, César, Corinne, Nora, Mabu, Meagan, Olivier, Paula, Rafal, Ram, Richard, Seeta, Shaku, Sonia and Yanning. Elsewhere in London, a big hug to Jacob, Olga, David, Sofy, Murari, Elina, Thiago, Marita, Irina, Fabio, Alessia and Alex for the friendship, the intellectual challenge, and the much-needed political animation. Un immense et éternel merci aux ami.e.s de Côte d'Ivoire. Merci pour votre hospitalité, votre disponibilité, votre verbe, votre humour, votre courage. Merci d'abord à Clay, pour les bras ouverts en novembre 2014, puis le soutien intellectuel, moral et pratique au jour le jour. Je ne me serais jamais retrouvé dans Abidjan sans toi. Merci à Alassane, pour les longues soirées de discussion, pour le thé et le kédjénou. Merci à Lass, Ernest, MJ, Ako, Traoré, Charly, JM, Dylan, Peter, Mahilé, Doug, Jean-Luc, Phalash, Marie Jo, Arnaud, Georges, Monique, Nicole, Christian et Sonia, et bien d'autres encore, pour les arpentages, les soirées, les doutes et les rigolades. Je ne peux nommer tout le monde, mais sachez que ce sont les moments passés avec chacun d'entre vous qui sont la sève de ce travail. Les idées sont les vôtres, à peine reformatées. 4 Table of Contents Introduction 10 Media and City Life in the Aftermath 10 Place as a Frame of Inquiry 13 An Interdisciplinary Dialogue 15 An Ethnographic Project 16 Structure of the Thesis 18 Map of Abidjan 22 Chapter 1 - A City Divided? Conflict and the Question of Living Together in Abidjan 23 1.1 - Introduction 1.2 - Abidjan: A "Super-Diverse" Metropolis 25 1.3 - A Brief Sketch of "Crisis" in Côte d'Ivoire 27 1.3.1 - The 1980s and 1990s: Decline, Democratisation, and the Birth of Ethno-Nationalism 28 1.3.2 - 1999-2000: Premises of Violence 30 1.3.3 - 2002-2011: From Rebellion to War 30 1.4 - Everyday Life in Crisis 32 1.4.1 - Against the Indoctrination Thesis 33 1.4.2 - Against the "Ethnic War" Thesis 37 1.4.3 - Local Alignment and Its Apparatus in Abidjan 40 1.4.4 - Territorialising Identities: A War of "Who is Where" 42 1.5 - Living Together in the Aftermath 45 1.5.1 - The CDVR, Local Reconciliation and Social Cohesion 45 1.5.2 - Proximity Radio and Local Peace-Building 47 1.5.3 - "Silencing the Past": Deferrals of Justice and Public Truth 51 1.6 - Conclusion: Toward an Interrogation of Place and Its Re-Making in Abidjan 54 Chapter 2 - Proximity, Encounter, Togetherness: Theorising the Mediated Production of Locality 58 2.1 - Introduction 2.2 - Urban Closeness and Togetherness: An Everyday Perspective 60 2.2.1 - Beyond Policy Concepts 60 2.2.2 - A Critical Urban Perspective: Everyday City-Making 62 2.2.3 - Everydayness as Analytical Frame: Some Clarifications 64 5 2.2.4 - Media Practices and Everyday City Life: Experience, Representation, Infrastructure 67 2.3 - Place and Place-Making: Understanding Closeness and Its Geographies 70 2.3.1 - Place, Its Multiple Proximities, and the Challenge of Making Close 71 2.3.2 - Place and Its Mediations: Renewed Dialogues 74 2.3.3 - Mediating from Place: Promises and Limits of Community Media Studies 76 2.4 - Producing Senses of Place: Familiarity and Encounter 79 2.4.1 - Urban Familiarity and Indifference 80 2.4.2 - Radio and the Making of Familiarity 82 2.4.3 - Encounters and the Possibilities of Heightened Closeness 84 2.4.4 - The Mediation of Urban Encounters 88 2.5 - Conclusion: In (Careful) Praise of the Everyday 90 Chapter 3 - Understanding Power in the Making of Place: Localism and Its Constraints 93 3.1 - Introduction 3.2 - How Power Makes Place 94 3.2.1 - Place in Power, Power in Place: The Geographers' Warning 94 3.2.2 - A Contemporary and Global Trend: The "New Localism" 96 3.2.2.a - Localism as Historical Trend 97 3.2.2.b - The Workings of Localism 99 3.2.2.c - The Paradox of Localism 101 3.2.3 - Localism as Analytical Frame 103 3.2.4 - Media and Mediations of Localism 106 3.3 - Containment, Social Control and Depoliticisation: Critiques of Localism 108 3.3.1 - Defining "Local Issues": Localism as Containment 109 3.3.2 - Defining the "Good Place": Localism as Social Control 112 3.3.3 - Curtailed Claims and Consensus: Localism as Depolitisation 115 3.4 - Conclusion: Place-Making and Localism on Proximity Radio - Toward a Dialectical Inquiry 120 Research Questions 121 Chapter 4 - Writing the World from the African Metropolis: Methodological and Representational Challenges 122 4.1 - Introduction 4.2 - Why Abidjan? 123 4.2.1 - Justifying an African Research Site - and a Comparative, Ethnographic Ethos 123 6 4.2.2 - First Encounters with the City: Pilot Research (November-December 2014) 126 4.2.3 - Selecting Case
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