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Analysis of Subdural Injection During Lumbar Interlaminar Epidural Injection in Failed Back Surgery Syndrome

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Analysis of Subdural Injection During Lumbar Interlaminar Epidural Injection in Failed Back Surgery Syndrome Journal of Clinical Medicine Article Analysis of Subdural Injection During Lumbar Interlaminar Epidural Injection in Failed Back Surgery Syndrome Jin Young Lee 1 , Woo Seog Sim 1, Ji Yeong Kim 2, Yu Ri Ko 2, So Young Lee 2 , Mihyeon Lee 2, Seunghee Cho 3 and Hue Jung Park 2,* 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea; [email protected] (J.Y.L.); [email protected] (W.S.S.) 2 Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea; [email protected] (J.Y.K.); fi[email protected] (Y.R.K.); [email protected] (S.Y.L.); [email protected] (M.L.) 3 Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon 21431, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-2-2258-6157 Received: 9 August 2020; Accepted: 22 September 2020; Published: 28 September 2020 Abstract: Persistent or recurrent back and leg pain following spinal surgery, known as failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS), significantly limits daily life activities. A lumbar epidural injection can reduce adhesions, inflammation, and nerve compression, although the epidural space can be distorted due to dura mater and epidural tissues changes after spinal surgery. This study analyzed subdural injection during lumbar epidural injection in FBSS patients. We retrospectively analyzed data from 155 patients who received a lumbar interlaminar epidural injection to manage FBSS. We grouped the patients based on the injected contrast medium appearance in the subdural (group S) or epidural spaces (group E) in fluoroscopic contrast images. Demographic, clinical, surgical and fluoroscopic data were recorded and evaluated, as were the pain scores before and after injection. There were 59 patients (38.1%) in the subdural group. Injection distance from the surgery level differed between the groups. Risk of subdural injection at level 1 distance from the surgery level had an odds ratio of 0.374, and at level 2, it was 0.172, when compared to level 0. Subdural incidence differed with the ≥ distance from surgical site. Physicians should strive to reduce subdural incidence when the injection is planned at surgery site in FBSS. Keywords: epidural; interlaminar; lumbar; subdural; failed back surgery syndrome 1. Introduction Persistent and recurrent back and leg pain following spinal surgery significantly limits everyday life activities [1]. Failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) has many etiologies: including lesions to disc or facet area adjacent to the surgery site; persistent or recurrent neural compression; neuritis; fibrosis; hardware-associated pain; and psychosocial factors [2–5]. Lumbar epidural injection of local anesthetics, steroids, and hyaluronidase limits adhesions, inflammation, and nerve compression in patients with FBSS [2,6–8]. However, the lumbar epidural space can become distorted due to spinal surgery-associated dura mater and epidural tissue changes [9–11]. The subdural space is described as a potential cavity between the dura and arachnoid maters [12]. Reina and colleagues [12] examined the ultrastructure of spinal meninges in human cadavers. They reported that the arachnoid mater had two parts: a compact laminar part covering the dural sac’s internal surface, and a J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 3132; doi:10.3390/jcm9103132 www.mdpi.com/journal/jcm J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 3132 2 of 9 trabecular part extending like a spider web around the pia mater of the spinal cord and the medullar roots. The space between the laminar arachnoid and the innermost dura mater layer is known as the dura-arachnoid interface [12]. A subdural space can be formed by the junctions between the neurothelial cells breaking due to mechanical pressure, air, or injected fluid, creating fissures within the interface [12]. These fissures grow larger towards weaker areas, producing an incomplete form, or creating an actual subdural space [12]. The formation of a subdural space by post-surgical changes in patients with FBSS has not been evaluated. If the subdural space forms after surgery, incidence of injections into subdural space may increase, even when using a routine, standardized epidural injection technique. Moreover, uncertain tactile feedback when using the loss of resistance (LOR) technique can increase subdural injection risk due to epidural tissue changes. Accidental subdural injection of local anesthetics can lead to devastating neurological complications, including high sensory and motor block, moderate hypotension, bradycardia, progressive respiratory difficulty, loss of consciousness, or cardiac arrest [13–15]. The subdural incidence is reported to be between 0.03% and 3.2% in epidural blocks [12,13,15,16]. However, subdural injection mechanisms, incidence, and patterns among patients with FBSS are not known. In this study, we analyzed subdural injection to identify the differences in subdural incidence based on the injection distance from the surgery level among patients with FBSS. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Patients We retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical records of 157 patients with lower back and leg pain in FBSS, who underwent lumbar interlaminar epidural injection between July 2019 and March 2020 at two tertiary care hospitals. The patients’ ages ranged from 29 to 90 years old. The inclusion criteria were: (a) over six months had elapsed since the patients’ lumbar spinal surgery; (b) a primary diagnosis of lower back pain radiating to the lower limbs; (c) a cross-sectional imaging study (either computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging) of the lumbosacral spine among patients diagnosed with spinal stenosis or herniated nucleus pulposus [17]. The exclusion criteria included lumbar vertebroplasty, lumbar neuroplasty, neoplastic diseases, peripheral vascular disease, or the use of medications affecting the vascular system [17]. The epidural injection level was chosen based on clinical manifestations, physical examination, and review of the imaging studies [17]. Lesion severity was categorized as one of three levels (mild, moderate, severe) by reviewing the imaging data [17]. This study was approved by our departmental ethics committee (KC20RIDI0315, SMC 2020-03-129) and registered with CRIS (Clinical Research Information Service of the Korea National Institute of Health, http://cris.nih.go.kr/cris/index.jsp, KCT0004892). The need for individual consent was waived by the institutional review board, as this was a retrospective study involving medical record review. 2.2. Interventions All procedures were standardized and performed by one of six experienced pain physicians under fluoroscopic guidance. Patients were placed in the prone position, and anteroposterior and lateral view images were obtained with a C-arm (OEC series 9800, GE healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA) to ensure the proper site of entry. Following aseptic preparation and application of 1% lidocaine, a 20-gauge Tuohy needle (Tae-Chang Industrial Co., Seoul, Korea) was inserted through the skin surface and into the interlaminar space of the target spinal lesion. Aspirations to assess for the presence of blood or cerebrospinal fluid were routinely performed. When LOR was felt, the aspiration test ® 1 was performed, then 3–5 mL of contrast medium (Omnipaque , 300mgI.ml− , GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, Buckinghamshire, UK) was injected to confirm the needle position in the epidural space. The contrast medium spread pattern was defined as a subdural or epidural spread. We assumed subdural spread when the contrast medium was observed to be thick, loculation (elongated high density) away from the posterior epidural space in lateral view, and not extending or outlining to the foramen in anteroposterior view [14]. When subdural contrast spread was observed, the procedure J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 3132 3 of 9 was terminated, and psoas compartment injection was performed with 10 mL 0.4% lidocaine on the affected side. In the case of subdural injection during a midline interlaminar approach, psoas injection was performed on both sides. We assumed epidural spread when the contrast medium was observed between the anterior and posterior epidural space in lateral and anteroposterior views. After confirming epidural space positioning, an injectate volume of 7 mL, containing 0.4% lidocaine, dexamethasone 5 mg, and hyaluronidase 750 IU, was infused. Injection distance from the surgical site was defined by intervertebral levels. When the injection levels were within the surgical level, it was defined as level 0. When the injection was 1 or 2 intervertebral levels away from the surgical ≥ level, it was defined as level 1 or level 2, respectively. Two physicians participating in the procedure ≥ analyzed the fluoroscopic images. Following the procedure, the patients were observed for any adverse effects. The pain was scored using a numerical rate scale (NRS, ranging from 0 = no pain to 10 = absolutely intolerable pain). The pain score was recorded before and 30 min after the epidural or psoas compartment injection. 2.3. Statistical Analysis All data were analyzed using SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Data are expressed as the mean standard deviation (SD) or numbers (percentages), as appropriate. We assigned patients to ± group S when subdural contrast medium was observed after the injection, and into group E when epidural contrast medium was observed after
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